I
Social Media Use, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), and Factors Contributing FOMO
among Senior High School Learners.
Reynaldo Ilustre
Kassandra Andon
Roewann Jae Calzado
Vincent Lex Depositario
Red Alexandria Fajutrao
Jace Andrei Matillano
Rei Ann Jane Tinte
Ayeizha Marie Vidal
Khrizel Villalobos
University Senior High School
Central Philippine University
Jaro, Iloilo City
Research Report
Prof. Maria Fe B. Dequito, MSM
June 2023
i
APPROVAL SHEET
This study entitled “SOCIAL MEDIA USE, FEAR OF MISSING OUT (FOMO), AND
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING FOMO
AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS” by
Reynaldo Ilustre, Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado, Vincent Lex Depositario, Red
Alexandria Fajutrao, Jace Andrei Matillano, Rei Ann Jane Tinte, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, and Khrizel
Villalobos, is hereby accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
RESEARCH REPORT.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Prof. Maria Fe Dequito, MSM
Research Adviser
MR. JOHN LORD AGUSTINO
Panelist
DR. BELINDA VALAQUIO
Panelist
MR. HERMAN JORNADAL
Panelist
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the course of finishing this research study, the researchers would like to give honor
and extend their gratitude to the following people who, in many ways, helped in the success of
this endeavor:
To the researchers’ parents, for financial help and moral support that kept the
researchers going through thick and thin;
To Prof. Ma. Fe B. Dequito, the Research Adviser and Research Capstone teacher, for
allowing the researchers to conduct this study and for providing the researchers with her
expertise, patience, and guidance, as well as the time and effort she invested for the successful
completion of this study; for sharing her time, knowledge, and effort in helping the researchers
refine this study for the researchers to ultimately get reliable results;
To Prof. Benjie Ne Gallinero, the CPU-SHS Principal, and Dr. Belinda R. Valaquio, Mr.
Herman Jornadal, and Mr. John Lord Agustino for their approval, support, and insight that
significantly contributed to the study, and for lending the researchers their valuable time by
sitting as the researchers panelists for the pre-oral defense and final defense.
Most of all, to God the Almighty Father, who never fails to extend His comfort, guidance
and fatherly grace in times of great distress and struggle while conducting this study.
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ABSTRACT
This study entitled Social Media Use, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), and Factors
Contributing FOMO among Senior High School Learners, by Ilustre et.al focuses on Fear of
Missing out or otherwise known as FOMO is regarded as a form of problematic attachment to
social media and is linked to a number of unfavorable life events and emotions, including sleep
deprivation, diminished life skills, emotional stress, and detrimental impacts on one's physical
well-being. The present study sought to describe how social media use contributes to fear of
missing out among senior high school learners, and to look for the differences in these
measures across different strands for the school year 2022 - 2023. Simple Random Sampling
was used to select the researchers' respondents. Gay’s formula was utilized, wherein only 10%
of the entire population of Senior High School students were asked to participate in this
research study. Results in the study were found that there are no significant differences in the
extent to which social media use contributes to the level of FOMO among senior high school
learners across all strands in one private university in Iloilo City. The mean score of 2.79 and
frequency of 1.348 were not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level.
Keywords: Fear of Missing Out, Social Media, FOMO, Senior High School
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I: Introduction
Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………… 1
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………….. 3
Hypotheses………………………………………………………………………………..… 4
Theoretical Framework…………………………………….……………………………… 4
Conceptual Framework…………………………….……………………………………… 5
Definition of Terms…………………………………………...……………………………. .6
Significance of the Study…………………………………….……………………………. 7
Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………………………………. 8
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
Overview……………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Conceptual Literature……………………..…………………………..……………....……9
Related studies………………………………………………...…………………..………. 14
Synthesis of the Study……………..………………………………………………………. 15
Chapter III: Methodology
Research Design…………………………………………………………………………… 17
Study Population and Sampling………………………………..…………………..…….. 17
Instruments of the Study……………………………………………………………..……. 18
Validity and Reliability………………………………………….………………...………… 18
Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………….….…………………. 20
Ethical Considerations…………………………………..…………………………………. 20
Statistical Analysis Treatment …………………………………………………..………… 20
Chapter IV: Results and Discussion
Descriptive Data……………………………………………………………………………. 23
Inferential Data…………………………………………………………………….………. 23
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Further Discussions…………………………………..…………………………….…….. 29
Chapter V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary…………….…………………………………………………………..…………. 33
Findings……………………………...………………………………………..……………. 34
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..……………. 36
Recommendations……………………………………………………………..…………. 37
References
Appendices
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1.1
Title
Mean scale of the frequency of social media use.
Page
21
Frequency of Social Media use among Senior High School
1.2
Learners when respondents were taken as an entire group
23
and classified according to strand.
One-Way Anova results used to check if social media use
1.3
frequency differed significantly among senior high school
26
students based on academic strand.
Mean scale of the level of fear of missing out of senior high
2.1
21
school learners.
Level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school
2.2
learners when taken as an entire group and when classified
23
according to strand.
One-Way Anova used to check if FOMO levels differed
2.3
significantly among senior high school students based on
27
academic strand.
Mean scale on the extent of social media use contributes to
3.1
21
the level of fear of missing out on senior high school learners.
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Extent of social media use contributes to the level of FOMO
3.2
among senior high school learners when taken as an entire
25
group and when classified according to strand.
One-Way Anova used to check if factors contributed
4.1
differently to FOMO among senior high school students based
on academic strand.
28
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
1
Title
The IPO model of the Study
Page
5
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix.
Title
Page
A
Letter to the Respondents
44
B
Informed Consent Form and Assent Form
46
Research Instrument/ Data Collection Tool
C
58-65
Google Forms Survey Questionnaire
D
Letter of Invitation to Panelists, Pre-oral Defense
74
E
Validation letters
80
F
Letter of Invitation to Panelists, Final Defense
89
G
Raw Data
95
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background and Rationale of the Study
The term "Fear of Missing Out" (FOMO) is used to describe a type of anxiety
experienced by users of social networking sites that were launched in 2004 (Gupta & Sharma,
2021). FOMO is regarded as a type of unhealthy attachment to social media and is associated
with a number of negative life events and emotions, such as lack of sleep, diminished life skills,
emotional stress, negative effects on one's physical well-being, anxiety, and an inability to
control one's emotions. The desire to constantly be aware of what other people are doing is how
it is described. Although FOMO has been prevalent on social media platforms like Facebook
and Instagram, these platforms seem to amplify the perception that others are having more fun
or have better lives than you do. Self-esteem issues, anxiety, and increased social media use
can all be brought on by the perception that you're missing out on things (Robinson & Smith,
n.d.).
Many people have all experienced FOMO at some point in their lives, which makes it
relevant. In terms of an actual age range, teenagers and young adults are more likely to
experience FOMO. Dr. Datillo (2023) elucidates that younger people are significantly more at
risk since they spend more time online and have more needs for and sensitivity to social
validation and belonging. Youths aren't the only ones who might suffer from FOMO, though.
Consider that social media is frequently linked to the fear of missing out. Anyone who uses
social media frequently runs a higher chance of developing FOMO than people who rarely use
it. Due to the fact that they are viewing the "highlight reels" of other people's life when using
social media, it is possible that this can make us feel FOMO. Furthermore, it stands to reason
that those who place a high value on their social connections will be more drawn to social media
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and more likely to suffer from FOMO (Vogel, 2023). The average time spent on social media
globally is predicted to reach 147 minutes, or two hours and 27 minutes, per day in 2022,
especially given the growth of social media. This is not only a two-minute improvement over the
figures from 2021; it is also the highest ever noted (Lin, n.d.). It has drawbacks in addition to its
advantages.
According to Dr. Datillo (2023), similar to other anxiety-related illnesses, FOMO causes
a "fight or flight" reaction in the brain. The brain detects a social threat and raises its alertness.
As the nervous system becomes agitated, people feel uncomfortable and are compelled to find
relief. People who are in need of relief frequently go straight to their preferred social media
platforms. Unfortunately, by doing so, they just perpetuate or even intensify the anxiety that was
the original cause of it. Additionally, FOMO has been connected to mental health problems.
Being FOMO-afflicted has been linked to depression, stress, and a decline in life satisfaction.
It's also possible that FOMO has a harmful effect on health.
Social media is such a powerful driver of FOMO. It's crucial to comprehend the potential
influence of apps like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok on how someone can become
dependent on them. When someone "likes" one of your posts on social media, the brain's
reward system is activated, which increases the levels of the dopamine hormone. According to
Dr. Dattilo (2023), posting on social media and receiving positive feedback in the form of
comments, likes, and followers is very satisfying to the brain. Social media use has the potential
to literally become addictive in this way.
It has been shown to cause anxiety psychologically because "social media envy can
affect people's levels of anxiety and depression." In addition, additional possible sources of
anxiety and depression have been found and need to be investigated (Karim et al., 2020).
Because FOMO negatively impacts both the physical and mental wellbeing, the researchers aim
to seek out what senior high school learners perceive the factors of FOMO anxiety on social
media to be, which will describe to what extent these said factors contribute to the level of
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FOMO on social media. The researchers also aim to describe the frequency of the use of social
media and levels of fear of missing out on social media; as the senior year of high school is the
point where most students face adulthood. This way it can contribute to the current and future
generations by pinpointing the possible factors that cause such psychological strain so they are
aware of what factors to be aware of to allow them to be mentally healthy.
Statement of the Problem
Generally, the researchers aim to describe how social media use contributes to fear of
missing out among senior high school learners, and to look for the differences in these
measures across different strands for the school year 2022 - 2023.
Specifically, the researcher seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the frequency of social media use among senior high school learners when
taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
2. Are there significant differences in the frequency of social media use among senior high
school learners when classified according to strand?
3. What is the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school learners when
taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
4. Are there significant differences in the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior
high school learners when classified according to strand?
5. To what extent does social media use contribute to the level of FOMO among senior
high school learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according to
strand?
6. Are there significant differences in the extent of contribution of the perceived factors to
the FOMO among senior high school learners when classified according to strand?
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Hypotheses
From the foregoing research questions, the following null hypothesis was formulated:
a. There are no significant differences in the frequency of social media use among senior
high school learners when classified according to strand.
b. There are no significant differences in the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among
senior high school learners when classified according to strand.
c. There are no significant differences in the extent of contribution of perceived factors to
the FOMO among senior high school learners when classified according to strand.
Theoretical Framework
This research paper is anchored to Self-determination theory by Edward Deci and
Richard Ryan (2012) and Compensating Internet Use Theory (Kardefelt-Winther, 2013).
Self-determination theory
Self-determination theory is an empirically derived explanation of human motivation and
personality in social circumstances that distinguishes between motivation that is autonomous
and controlled. The theory identifies FOMO as an emotional reaction to unmet psychological
requirements (Przybylski et al., 2013). It holds that the satisfaction of three needs—the ability to
engage in society, the degree of personal independence, and feelings of social
connectedness—is the foundation for self-regulation and psychological health. Some people
may develop a broad sensitivity to the fear of missing out if their needs are not met. It supports
the study, as fear of missing out could act as a connecting factor between social media activity
and psychological need deficits.
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Compensating Internet Use Theory
The fundamental assumption of the theory of compensating internet use is that the
source of the issue is an individual's reaction to unfavorable life circumstances, made possible
by an internet application. The theory supports that people may be driven to excessive use of
technology, such as social media, in order to manage or make up for their perceived lack of
social requirements as well as unpleasant feelings or stressors connected to their personal
situations (Wolniewicz et al., 2018). According to the theory, those who suffer from FOMO,
which is anxiety and, therefore, a type of negative emotion, would be compelled to use social
media more frequently in order to deal with and make up for it.
Conceptual Framework
The research paradigm shown in the figure above demonstrates the relationship
between the frequency of social media use which is expected to have an effect on the level of
FOMO experienced by the participants.
Figure 1. The IPO model of the study.
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Definition of Terms
For clarification, the important terminologies used in this study have been defined.
The following terms are:
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). The term "fear of missing out" (FOMO) is an acronym for
the anxious feeling that you might miss exciting events that other people are attending,
especially because of what you see on social media (Cambridge Dictionary). It is described in
this study as a process involving two distinct primary elements: a) the worry that others are
enjoying rewarding experiences while one is not present, and b) the steadfast desire to stay in
touch with those in one's social network.
Senior High School Learners. Grades 11 and 12, the final two years of the K–12 Basic
Education Program, are referred to as Senior High School (SHS). According to the Department
of Education, SHS students in this study are required to complete a core curriculum and
subjects under a track of their choosing. They are referred to as the study's participants in this
study and will be students in grades 11 and 12 in all strands at one of Iloilo City's top private
universities.
Social media. To share information, ideas, private messages, and other content, users
of social media create online communities (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). It is described in this
study as a collective term for websites and applications that emphasize collaboration,
interaction, sharing of content, and input from the local community.
Significance of the Study
The study aims to determine the factors that contribute to F.O.M.O anxiety on social
media among SHS learners. It is undeniable that this generation has truly embedded itself in
social media and technology. Among its benefits are its downsides, It truly depends on how one
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perceives information seen on social media. Thus, this study will have a major impact on the
following beneficiaries:
Students. Through this study, students would be able to relate to and reflect on the
determined factors and avoid experiencing the said “FOMO anxiety”. If it’s already been
experienced, the student may identify ways to cope with the said matter while avoiding major
harmful outcomes.
Teachers. Through this study, teachers would be able to identify learners with this
certain case and develop ways to help his/her student, as this situation may cause the student
to be affected in ways that can harm his/her academic performance.
Parents. Through this study, parents can be well informed of cases like this, which can
help them reach out to their children and ameliorate the situation if their children do experience
this type of problematic attachment.
Future Researchers. Through this study, future researchers can use this study as a
basis or as related literature that can benefit their ongoing research.
Scope and Delimitation
This study mainly focused on the description of Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School
learners of one to the private universities in Iloilo city social media use and how it contributes to
fear of missing out among senior high school learners, and to look for the differences in these
measures across different strands.
This study was conducted in one of the private universities in Iloilo City during the
second semester of the school year 2022-2023. The respondents of this study were only limited
to all strands of grade 11 and 12 senior high school students. In addition to that, the data was
gathered through questionnaires, observations, and surveys that may be conducted through the
phone, mail, internet, or at school and will only be based on the responses of the respondents.
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The study was conducted as a descriptive study in nature- to which it will be limited to in that
particular type of research design.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Overview
Fear of Missing out is an emotional response to the stimuli of social media, that other
people are living better lives or is the fear that one is missing out on the events that may happen
in the lives of others. This anxiety is amplified by the use of social media, wherein people share
updates about the happenings in their life; and this has affected most of the masses who use
social media. This study will focus on the Senior High School Student body demographic. The
literature covers the following sections: 1) Factors leading to FOMO on social media 2)
Relationship of FOMO and one’s well-being on Social Media, 3) High School Student’s Social
Media Addiction, 4) Ways of Measuring FOMO.
Conceptual Literature
Factors leading to FOMO on social media
The availability of social media has made it easier for individuals to draw social
comparisons, contributing to the growth of FOMO. Wang et al. (2023) discovered that the urge
to retain social status and connections is one of the causes of this said fear of missing out. This
can result in jealousy, insecurity, and inferiority complexes. Moreover, it might drive users to
exaggerate the pleasure and success of their friends, resulting in a false picture of the actual
situation. People might sometimes get preoccupied with keeping up with the most recent trends
and styles. This can be because of a want to belong and suit in with the organization, resulting
in a worry of being excluded.
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Social media has had a enormous effect on present day lifestyles, developing a complex
community of facts and communique. Another take a look at dwelt on Fear of missing out
(FOMO), which they defined as “a pervasive apprehension that others might be having
worthwhile reviews from which one is absent” (Alutaybi et al., 2020). This fear of FOMO can
lead to emotions of tension and despair as individuals are constantly uncovered to the lives of
others via social media, inflicting them to fear that they may be not experiencing enough. This
fear also can cause feelings of envy, as people compare themselves to others and grow to be
disappointed with their own lives.
Furthermore, the researchers endorse that FOMO can cause impulsive selection
making, as human beings attempt to maintain up with the lives of those round them (Alutaybi et
al., 2020). The researchers also stated that social media can cause fear of FOMO due to its
pervasive presence, main to anxiety, despair, envy and impulsive choice making.
Another examine went into that FOMO is described by using Tandon et al. (2021) as
"the uneasy and on occasion overwhelming feeling that you're missing out – that your friends
are doing, aware about, or in possession of greater or something higher than you." FOMO is
basically driven by perceived social evaluation, as individuals regularly examine themselves to
their peers in terms of existence experiences, sports, and economic standing, in line with the
have a look at (Tandon et al., 2021). This can cause feelings of inadequacy and is a prime
contributor to excessive social media use.
Moreover, it has been suggested that FOMO can make people more susceptible to
negative social media experiences, such as cyberbullying (Tandon et al., 2021).
And finally, according to Alt, D. & Boniel-Nissim, M. (2018), this study explored the role
of FOMO in partially explaining the connection between parent-child communication and the
child's PIU. There has been an increase in research on the role of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
as a mediator, linking deficits in psychological needs to Problematic Internet Use (PIU). The
main research hypothesis, which states that parents' positive communication practices, such as
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listening to their kids, attempting to understand how they feel and think, and fostering a positive
and encouraging environment for discussions, can lessen adolescents' FOMO experiences,
which in turn may lessen their PIU, has been supported by the path analysis results. Poor
parent-adolescent communication, on the other hand, leads to the conclusion that an
adolescent's fear of being left out of social media is a contributing factor.
Relationship of FOMO and Frequency of Using Social Media
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) has been related to the growing usage of social media in
recent years. Rozgonjuk et al. (2020) studied the effect of FOMO on social media usage and
found that fear of missing out was positively connected with social media usage and time spent
on these sites. Specifically, people with greater FOMO ratings were much more likely to utilize
numerous social media platforms and spend extra time on social media than people with lower
FOMO tiers. In addition, humans with extra FOMO degrees were more likely to revel in regret
and jealousy while seeing the posts of others, according to the look at. The findings of this take
a look at suggest that FOMO may have a considerable impact on how customers make use of
social media and the quantity of time they spend on these sites.
According to a observe posted inside the Journal of Business & Economics by way of
Abel, J.P., Buff, C.L. & Burr, S.A. (2016), Fear of lacking out (FOMO) has a full-size effect on
social media usage. The researchers found that users who revel in FOMO spend more time on
social media and engage in more sports, which include sharing and liking content, than folks
that do not. In addition, FOMO can bring about multiplied ranges of hysteria and despair as
users come to be more and more worried about what they're missing in their lives. This may
have an destructive impact on their standard fitness. FOMO is an critical component to keep in
mind whilst examining how people use social media and the way it affects their intellectual
health, in line with the findings of the observe. By comprehending the outcomes of FOMO, it's
12
far possible to expand strategies to mitigate its outcomes and inspire more healthy social media
usage.
According to Roberts, J.A. & David , M.E. (2020) in their study published in the
International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, FOMO is a powerful motivator for social
media use. These motivations can be further divided into: anticipatory FOMO, which involves
worrying about the possibility of missing future activities, and retrospective FOMO, which
involves evaluating feelings about activities that of missing the past It is associated with feelings
of jealousy and low self-esteem They also note that FOMO can decrease overall well-being, as
it can cause a person to focus too much on the lives of others rather than besi on his own life.
High School Students abnormal levels of social media use
Lack of pals or friends is indexed because the pinnacle reason for social media use
within the look at by way of Aksoy (2018), which is accompanied via social media use being
seen as an activity, finishing a venture, preserving up with present day activities, and
subsequently being entwined with real life. The results of the study showed that there were no
distinctions in rankings between men and women. Women, on the other hand, require
socialization through interaction with actual peers. Males have been observed to make more
new friends in this situation. It has also been proven that social media addiction has a beginning
and a continuing phase. It has been found that people in the early stages of addiction (with a
social media usage history of no more than six months) frequently use it to pass the time in their
daily lives by being unable to make friends or being socially awkward. A person who has used
social media for more than six months and is in the continuity phase of addiction uses it to keep
up with current affairs, feel like they are doing their duty, safeguard their social contacts, and for
other purposes.
Another study by Tunc-Aksan (2019), aimed to analyze certain factors which were used
to predict social media addiction on highschool students. The study used correlational research
13
models to find out the variables that predicted social media addiction, their research group
contained a total of 296 high school students in Anatolian High Schools and Vocational High
Schools in Mersin in the 2017-2018 academic year. With their investigation the researchers
found that three major factors, one of these factors is fear of missing out, which was found to be
the second factor which predicted social media addiction among high school students. The
study also cited an article which conducted a study on 3000 adolescents which reported that
fear of missing out was the major outlier in their problematic use of social media sites.
Ways of Measuring FOMO
Fear of missing out (FOMO) can be measured in several ways, including interviews and
self-report questionnaires. Elhai et al. (2020) listed several self-report scales that have been
developed to measure FOMO in their overview study. The most popular scale for measuring
Fear of Missing Out is specifically the 10-item Likert scale FOMO scale created by Przybylski et
al. However, the researchers also noted that there have been only a few studies that have
examined whether fear of missing out (FOMO) leads to negative affectivity or if negative
affectivity leads to FOMO. They also advised future researchers on the same topic to use
repeated measures, longitudinal, daily diary and/or experience sampling designs to further
assess FOMO.
Related Studies
Local Studies
In response to the current increase in social media use in the Philippines, a study was
conducted by Reyes et al. (2018) that looked at the relationships between FOMO, social media
use as measured by the Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS), and problematic
Internet use. The goal of their study, which they characterized as cross-sectional predictive in
14
nature, was to ascertain whether Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) is related to increased social
networking and problematic internet use. According to a study's findings, out of all the social
media platforms, Facebook was used by 98.39% of the participants. Other platforms mentioned
in the study include Instagram, Google, YouTube, and Messenger. The outcomes also
demonstrated a significant association between problematic Internet use, social media use, and
fear of missing out (FOMO) at the.01 level. This indicates that there is a good chance that these
three variables are connected in some way.
According to the researchers, using social media and the internet to maintain virtual
connections with others can result in problematic usage of these platforms in the Philippines.
This might happen when people have an overwhelming urge to use the internet and social
media in a way that is detrimental to their health. The ability of social media and the internet to
keep people connected and informed may help explain this behavior because it may satisfy a
need for relatedness.
International Studies
A thesis study by Franchina et. al. (2018) conducted a study among Flemish
Adolescents with one of their objectives being exploring if the teenagers with a greater deal of
Fear of Missing Out Anxiety reported a higher level of problematic social media use. The
researchers used an omnibus survey, and with this their study found support that the hypothesis
being tested is that adolescents who experience a greater fear of missing out (FOMO) use a
larger number of social media platforms. And concluded that on the basis of the findings
presented in their study is an important factor explaining teenagers’ social media use.
Synthesis of the Study
15
Based on the review of related literature, the availability of social media has made it
easier for individuals to draw social comparisons, contributing to the growth of FOMO. It has
been discovered that the urge to retain social status and connections is one of the causes of
this said fear of missing out (Wang et al., 2023). The fear of FOMO can lead to feelings of
anxiety and depression as individuals are constantly exposed to the lives of others through
social media, causing them to worry that they are not experiencing enough (Alutaybi et al.,
2020). FOMO is also in large part pushed by way of perceived social evaluation, as people often
compare themselves to their friends in phrases of existence reviews, activities, and financial
status (Tandon et al., 2021). This can result in feelings of inadequacy and is a chief contributor
to excessive social media use. The effect of FOMO on social media usage found that worry of
lacking out turned into positively related with social media usage and time spent on the sites
(Rozgonjuk et al., 2020). FOMO may additionally have a full-size impact on how users make
use of social media and the amount of time they spend on these web sites. It has been found
that users who revel in FOMO spend extra time on social media and interact in extra activities,
including sharing and liking content, than those who do no longer (Abel et al., 2016). As
customers fear more and more approximately what they are missing out on, FOMO can purpose
better ranges of hysteria and depression. Their general fitness can also go through because of
this. FOMO is also a powerful motivator for social media use (Roberts & David, 2020). In
addition to being a strong inducer of social media use, FOMO can also result in an overall
decline in wellbeing due to an undue emphasis on other people's lives over one's own. FOMO
was also revealed to be the second factor that predicted social media addiction among high
school students (Tunc-Aksan, 2019).
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter illustrated the methodological elements used in order to come up with the
results of the study. It described the research design, respondents of the study, sampling
procedure, data gathering procedure, research instrumentation, ethical considerations,
confidentiality, and statistical analysis.
Research Design
This study incorporated quantitative measures and employed a non-experimental type of
design, wherein the study is descriptive in nature. In the next chapter, as per the studies’
descriptive nature, the researchers go into detail about each matter that they want to measure
which are: the frequency of social media use of senior high school learners, the level of fear of
missing out of the target demographic, and to what extent does social media use contribute to
the level of FOMO among senior high school learners. The design was used because it was the
best way to answer the research questions in which the researchers described what they found
and make a detailed analysis about the subject matter. The design provided descriptive
information about the frequency of social media use, levels of fear of missing out and extent of
contribution of social media to the level of fomo.
Study Population and Sampling
The respondents of this study were Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School students across
all strands in one of the private universities in Iloilo City for the school year 2022-2023, who were
avid or frequent users of social media. In order to acquire the number of respondents needed, the
researchers used Gay’s formula, wherein only 10% of the entire population of Senior High School
17
students were asked to participate in this research study. The respondents were randomly
selected using simple random sampling, specifically the fishbowl method. The population size of
the university Senior High School student body was 1922. The 10% of 1922 is 192. The study
was conducted with a minimum of 192 respondents.
Instrument of the Study
The research instrument of the study was the use of a research questionnaire. The
questionnaires for the study had two parts. Part I consisted of the respondents’ personal
information, including their name, strand and section, e-mail address, and contact number.
Names and their contact numbers in this part of the instrument were optional to keep the
respondents anonymous. Part II of the questionnaire contained a 5-point Likert scale to
determine the frequency of social media use, level of fear of missing out, and perceived factors
contributing to FOMO. The Likert scale was answered in the following scales:
5 - Always
4 - Often
3 - Sometimes
2 - Rarely
1 - Never
Ethical Considerations
The following were the primary ethical principles that were considered while conducting
this study:
Consent. The researchers made certain that the respondents had the right to decide
whether or not to participate in this research study. This was stated prominently in the upper
section of the questionnaire, right before answering the questions. The respondents were made
18
completely aware of the validity of the survey's findings. The researchers properly informed the
respondents about this study's information. On the other hand, respondents were able to
withdraw from the study at any time without receiving negative criticism from the group.
Confidentiality. In the data collection, analysis, and publication of the results, the
researchers ensured the confidentiality of the information provided by the research subjects and
the anonymity of the respondents. The researchers also guaranteed that their information would
never be released publicly or on any documentation platform.
Protection. The researchers ensured to prioritize the psychological and mental wellness
of the respondents. This research included certain mental aspects that may be sensitive to
some respondents and can possibly affect their academic performance and mental health. With
this in mind, the researchers made certain to inform the respondents of the topics and concepts
within the study. The respondents were not subjected to any unnecessary physical or
psychological harm due to their participation in the study.
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
Three specialists validated the survey questionnaire before administering it. The
research adviser and specialists immediately made any required changes to the questionnaire
and sent it back for validation before pilot testing.
The pilot test had a total of 33 respondents who answered the questionnaire. The pilot
test results were added and assessed using Cronbach's alpha to determine equipment
dependability. Reliable Cronbach alpha is 0.70 or above, the reliability test results were the
following: Section 1: Frequency of Social Media Use scored a Cronbach alpha value of 0.728,
Section 2: Level of Fear of Missing out scored a Cronbach alpha value of 0.848 and Section 3:
Perceived Factors contributing to Fear of Missing out scored a Cronbach alpha value of 0.878.
When tested as an entire survey, the results showed a Cronbach alpha value of 0.909. With that
19
being said, the researcher’s survey questionnaire was proven to be reliable, by all three
validators.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers sought permission from the officer-in-charge to conduct the study and
conducted a pilot test of the questionnaire to ensure its validity and reliability. They then sent the
survey to respondents via messaging platforms like Facebook Messenger and collected the
completed responses. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel
and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, respectively. This study used online
surveys through Google Forms to collect data. The said online surveys were based on the
researcher’s questionnaires to answer the objective of the research.
Statistical Analysis Plan
The following were the statistical tools that were used to answer the specific questions of
the research study. These statistical tools were subject to change depending on the result of the
normality test and homogeneity test.
Mean. Mean was the statistical measure used to find out the average frequency of social
media use, level of fear of missing out and extent of social media use contribution to the level of
FOMO among senior high school learners.
20
Tables for Basis of Interpretation (Mean Scale)
Table 1.1 Mean scale of the frequency of social media use.
Mean Scale
Description
4.50 – 5.00
Very Frequently
3.50 – 4.49
Frequently
2.50 – 3.49
Occasionally
1.50 – 2.49
Rarely
1.00 – 1.49
Very Rarely
Table 2.1 Mean scale of the level of fear of missing out of senior high school learners.
Mean Scale
Description
4.50 – 5.00
Extreme Fear
3.50 – 4.49
High Fear
2.50 – 3.49
Moderate Fear
1.50 – 2.49
Slight Fear
1.00 – 1.49
No Fear at All
21
Table 3.1 Mean scale on the extent of social media use contributes to the level of fear of
missing out on senior high school learners.
Mean Scale
Description
4.50 – 5.00
Very High
3.50 – 4.49
High
2.50 – 3.49
Moderate
1.50 – 2.49
Low
1.00 – 1.49
Very Low
Standard Deviation. Standard Deviation was the statistical measure employed to
evaluate the spread of the individual values from their respective means.
One-Way ANOVA. One way analysis of variance was the statistical measure used to
test if there was a significant difference between the variables in the study.
22
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter discusses the study's relevant findings. It includes data analysis,
interpretation, and discussion. The chapter further discusses and elaborates on the findings of
the researchers which will answer the research questions. Tables will show the frequency of
social media use and the levels of fear of missing out anxiety on social media of senior high
school learners. Lastly, it further elaborates the significance between the responses when
grouped according to strand.
Descriptive Data
Frequency of Social Media Use
Table 1.2 Frequency of Social Media use among Senior High School Learners when
respondents were taken as an entire group and classified according to strand.
Category
Mean
Description
SD
3.93
Frequently
0.63
ABM
3.84
Frequently
0.54
HUMSS
3.87
Frequently
0.75
STEM
3.96
Frequently
0.62
Senior High School
Learners
Table 1.2 shows the Frequency of Social Media use among Senior High School
Learners when respondents were taken as an entire group and classified according to strand. In
Table 1.2, the mean frequency of social media use among senior high school learners was
found to be 3.93, with a standard deviation of 0.63. This indicates that, on average, the
23
respondents have a frequent amount of social media use. When analyzed, the data according to
the respondents' strand, was observed that each individual strand falls in the 3.50-4.49 scale,
which also means that it falls into the "frequent" category of social media use.
When looking at the specifics of the data, table 1.2 shows that the strand STEM got the
highest mean- a score amounting to 3.96 while the lowest mean score would fall into the ABM
strand with 3.84 average. However looking at these numbers, it would still be classified as
belonging to the “frequent or frequently” category as it does not exceed a value of more than
4.49.
Level of Fear of Missing Out
Table 2.2 Level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school learners when
taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand.
Category
Mean
Description
SD
Senior High School
3.23
Moderate Fear
0.83
ABM
3.03
Moderate Fear
0.85
HUMSS
3.12
Moderate Fear
0.75
STEM
3.29
Moderate Fear
0.84
Learners
In Table 2.2, the mean level of fear of missing out among senior high school learners
was found to be 3.23, with a standard deviation of 0.83. According to Table 2.1, a mean of 3.23
falls under the "moderate fear" category. This means that on average, senior high school
learners have a moderate level of fear of missing out when using social media. Diving into the
24
specifics, it was found that the STEM strand still had the highest average with a mean score of
3.29 while the lowest average would still fall into the ABM strand with a mean score of only 3.03.
With all this the data presented would still fall into the category of the senior high school
learners having a moderate level of fear of missing out on social media.
Extent of Social media use contribution to level of fear of missing out
Table 3.2 Extent of social media use contributes to the level of FOMO among senior high
school learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand.
Category
Mean
Description
SD
Senior High School
2.98
Moderate
0.88
ABM
2.79
Moderate
0.94
HUMSS
2.82
Moderate
0.61
STEM
3.04
Moderate
0.91
Learners
Table 3.2 shows the data on the extent to which social media use contributes to the level
of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school learners. Upon analysis, the mean
score was found to be 2.98, with a standard deviation of 0.88. Referring to Table 3.1, this score
range falls within the moderate category. It is noteworthy that the STEM strand once again took
the highest mean score of 3.04. This can be attributed to the fact that the majority of the
respondents came from this strand, followed by HUMSS and ABM with fewer respondents.
However, it is important to note that all strands fall under the moderate category in terms of the
extent to which social media use contributes to FOMO. Additionally, the ABM strand garnered
25
the lowest mean score of 2.79, indicating that the respondents in this strand have a relatively
lower level of FOMO compared to other strands. However, it is still worth noting that this score
falls under the moderate category, indicating that social media use contributes to FOMO among
ABM students as well.
Inferential Data
Frequency of Social Media Use
Table 1.3 One-Way Anova results used to check if social media use frequency differed
significantly among senior high school students based on academic strand.
Category
Mean
F
p
ABM
3.84
0.655*
0.521
HUMSS
3.87
STEM
3.96
Remarks
No significant differences
Note: Asterisk (*) means not significant at 0.05 probability level.
Upon further testing, table 1.3 shows the results of the One-Way Anova statistical
treatment. The analysis found that there is no significant difference in the frequency of social
media use among senior high school learners when grouped according to strand. It has a
frequency of 0.655 which is not significant at 0.05 probability level. This suggests that learners
across all strands have a tendency to utilize social media at a comparable frequency, with out a
particular strand standing out in phrases of social media usage. The survey implies that senior
high school learners are frequent users of social media, irrespective of their selected strand.
Furthermore, it changed into observed that there was no significant difference on the frequency
26
of social media use among senior high school learners when they were labeled based totally on
their respective strands.
Level of Fear of Missing Out
Table 2.3 One-Way Anova used to check if FOMO levels differed significantly among
senior high school students based on academic strand.
Category
Mean
F
p
ABM
3.03
1.439*
0.240
HUMSS
3.12
STEM
3.29
Remarks
No significant differences
Note: Asterisk (*) means not significant at 0.05 probability level.
Upon further testing, table 2.3 shows the results of the One-Way Anova statistical
treatment. Table 2.3 shows that there is no significant difference in the level of FOMO in all
strands. It has a frequency of 1.439 which is not significant at 0.05 probability level. Moreover,
when analyzing the data according to the respondents' strand, it was observed that there is no
significant difference in the level of fear of missing out on social media when taken as a group
and when grouped according to strand. This indicates that the level of FOMO is relatively similar
across different strands, and there is no particular strand that stands out in terms of FOMO.
27
Extent of Contribution of Factors to the level of fear of missing out
Table 4.1 One-Way Anova used to check if factors contributed differently to FOMO
among senior high school students based on academic strand.
Category
Mean
F
p
ABM
2.79
1.348*
0.262
HUMSS
2.82
STEM
3.04
Remarks
No significant differences
Note: Asterisk (*) means not significant at 0.05 probability level.
Upon further testing, table 3.3 shows the results of the One-Way Anova statistical
treatment. Table 3.3 shows that there are no significant differences in the extent social media
use contributes to the level of FOMO in all strands. It has a mean of 2.79 and a frequency of
1.348 which is not significant at 0.05 probability level. This means that the highest ranked listed
factors taken from various related studies and literature, had no significant impact on the level of
fear of missing out among the senior high school learners on one of the private universities of
Iloilo city.
Further Discussions
In this part, the results of the study are discussed and how they reflect the theoretical
frameworks of Edward Deci and Richard Ryan's (2012) Self-Determination Theory and
Kardefelt-Winther's (2013) Compensating Internet Use Theory and its implications; also will
further provide further discussion on the review of related literature as per the results of the
study.
28
When senior high school students were analyzed as a whole and categorized by strand,
the researchers discovered that social media use was frequent among them. Students spend a
lot of time using social media sites every day. This fits with the ideas of Self-Determination
Theory, which says that people try to meet their psychological needs, such as feeling linked to
others, being independent, and being involved in society. The fact that students use social
media so much may mean that they are trying to meet their need for social relationships, which
is especially important when they are teenagers.
Also, the amount of FOMO (fear of missing out) among senior high school students was
found to be moderate. This result backs up the idea of Self-Determination Theory that when
people's psychological needs aren't met, they may become more sensitive to the fear of missing
out. The data show that the fear of missing out could be a link between social media use and
the psychological needs that the theory says aren't being met.
In line with the Compensating Internet Use Theory, which says that people may use the
internet too much, including social media, to make up for what they think are social deficits and
bad feelings, the researchers looked at whether there are significant differences in how often
people use social media and how much FOMO they feel across different academic fields.
Surprisingly, the results show that these measures did not vary significantly between the
different strands. This means that the effects of social media and the feeling of "fear of missing
out" (FOMO) may go beyond academic differences and be more closely linked to individual
psychological processes. This backs up the ideas of the Compensating Internet Use Theory.
Next up, the discussion of the results compared to the existing review of related
literature. The obtained results of our study on the frequency of social media use and the level
of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school learners provide intriguing insights that
29
align with the existing body of literature. In this section, the researchers discuss these results in
light of the reviewed studies, shedding light on the similarities, differences, and implications for
our understanding of the topic.
As per the Frequency of Social Media Use, the descriptive analysis of the data reveals that
senior high school learners, on average, spend a considerable amount of time on social media
platforms each day, as the results show that the learners have a frequent amount of time spent
on social media. This finding corresponds with prior research that highlights the widespread
adoption and engagement with social media among young individuals (Smith & Anderson,
2020). The allure of social media platforms, with their appealing content and interactive
features, seems to captivate high school students regardless of their academic strand.
Interestingly, the study did not uncover any significant differences in the frequency of
social media use across the various academic strands. This finding challenges the assumption
that certain strands, such as STEM or HUMSS, might have differing patterns of social media
engagement. Previous studies have suggested that academic interests and pursuits could
influence the extent of social media use (Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010), but our results indicate a
more consistent usage pattern among senior high school learners.
As per the Level of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), regarding the level of FOMO
experienced by senior high school learners, the findings align with the existing literature that
suggests a moderate level of FOMO among adolescents (Przybylski et al., 2013). The mean
FOMO score obtained in our study falls within this range, indicating that these learners
experience a sense of anxiety or apprehension about missing out on social experiences and
events mediated through social media.
30
Contrary to the researchers initial expectations, upon analysis, the researchers did not
reveal any significant differences in FOMO levels across the different academic strands. This
finding diverges from previous studies that proposed potential variations in FOMO based on
individual interests and preferences (Elhai et al., 2016). The lack of significant differences
suggests that FOMO might be a common experience shared by senior high school learners,
regardless of their academic focus.
As per comparing the results to the literature, when comparing our results to the
reviewed literature, some interesting insights emerge. This study supports prior findings that
social media use is prevalent among high school students, reflecting the broader societal trend
of increased digital engagement. Moreover, the moderate level of FOMO reported by senior
high school learners aligns with the notion that FOMO is a common emotional reaction to unmet
psychological needs in the context of social media (Przybylski et al., 2013).
However, results also offer new perspectives by challenging certain assumptions in the
literature. The absence of significant differences in the frequency of social media use and
FOMO levels across academic strands suggests that these factors may transcend individual
academic interests and be more closely tied to the shared experiences and social dynamics of
high school students.
These findings highlight the importance of considering the broader context of adolescent
development, social interactions, and psychological needs when exploring the relationship
between social media use and FOMO.
Overall, this study provides empirical evidence that enriches the understanding of the
frequency of social media use and the level of FOMO among senior high school learners. By
comparing the results to the existing literature, there have been identified areas of agreement as
31
well as novel insights that warrant further investigation. These findings contribute to the growing
body of knowledge on the impact of social media on adolescent well-being and inform potential
interventions or strategies for promoting healthy social media habits among high school
students.
32
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
In this chapter, you may locate the have a look at the findings, conclusions, and hints.
We delve into the principal research questions and look at the statistics evaluation results, all
geared toward addressing the have a look at objectives. We take a detailed have a look at the
information analysis consequences and explore the implications these conclusions have for
each the individuals and readers of the observe. Lastly, we offer hints for future research and
speak how the examined conclusions can be applied in real-world situations. This chapter
thoroughly evaluates the observer’s contributions and highlights its importance in expanding our
expertise of the topic. Our study focused on know-how how social media use contributes to the
worry of missing out among SHS learners, at the same time as additionally exploring potential
differences in these measures throughout extraordinary strands. This study is descriptive in
nature and used a web-based research questionnaire. The data were obtained from 195 senior
high school learners across the different strands, specifically 137 students from the STEM
strand, 30 students from the ABM strand, and 28 students from the HUMSS strand. The
respondents were selected through simple random sampling, using a random number generator
on each class. The data needed to answer the objectives of this study were encoded,
processed, and analyzed manually using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages for Social
Science (SPSS) program. Mean and standard deviation were calculated and used as a
statistical treatment to answer what was the frequency of social media use, the level of fear of
missing out and the extent to which social media use contributed to the level of fear of missing
out among the said population. Lastly, to answer the research questions involving if there are
significant differences on certain metrics, One-Way Anova was used.
33
Findings
After the researchers conducted their data analysis, The following are the findings which
will follow according to the order of questions stated previously in the statement of the problem
way back in Chapter 1. To answer the first question which the researchers aim to know what is
the frequency of social media use among senior high school learners when taken as an entire
group and when classified according to strand? The findings were that the frequency that senior
high school students used social media was found to be a value of 3.93, with a standard
deviation of 0.63. When interpreted according to the mean scale of frequency, the results
demonstrate that the respondents fell on the “frequently” range meaning. The STEM strand
received the greatest mean, a score of 3.96, while the ABM strand received the lowest mean, a
score of 3.84 on average.
To answer the second question which aims to know if there are significant differences in
the frequency of social media use among senior high school learners when classified according
to strand? The researchers have found out that regardless of their strand, senior high school
students use social media frequently, and according to the survey's findings. When strands
were taken into account, the researchers discovered no significant variations in the frequency of
social media use among senior high school students.
In terms of the level of fear of missing out on the respondents on social media, which
answers the third question- What is the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high
school learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?.
The results were that the mean level of fear of missing out among senior high school learners
was found to be a value of 3.23, with a standard deviation of 0.83. According to the mean scale
of the level of fear of missing out on social media, the researchers found that on average the
respondents only had a moderate level of fear of missing out on social media. The STEM strand
34
continued to have the greatest average, with a mean score of 3.29, while the ABM strand
continued to have the lowest average, with a mean score of just 3.03. still fall into the
description of senior high school students who have a moderate level of social media anxiety.
The level of FOMO is similar across all strands.
Next is that the researchers aim to know if there are significant differences in the level of
fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school learners when classified according to
strand?. When the difference was considered across the strands, it was found to have a
frequency of 1.439, which is not statistically significant at a 5% probability level, meaning that
there is no significant difference in the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high
school learners when classified according to strand.
To the extent of which social media contributes to the level of FOMO of the population,
which answers question no.5- the results were that a value of 2.98, with a standard deviation of
0,88 was found. When consulting the mean scale of extent, it was found that the extent of social
media’s contribution to the level of FOMO is on average to be moderate.
Lastly, it was found that there are no significant differences in the extent to which social
media use contributes to the level of FOMO among senior high school learners across all
strands in one private university in Iloilo City. The mean score of 2.79 and frequency of 1.348
were not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. This indicates that the factors
identified from previous studies and literature, which were ranked highest, did not have a
significant impact on the level of FOMO among the senior high school learners in the study.
35
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. Frequency of social media use among senior high school learners: The study found that
senior high school learners use social media frequently, with the majority accessing
social media platforms daily.
2. Differences in the frequency of social media use among senior high school learners: The
study found no significant differences in the frequency of social media use among senior
high school learners when classified according to strand.
3. Level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school learners: The study found
that senior high school learners experience moderate levels of FOMO.
4. Differences in the level of FOMO among senior high school learners: The study no found
significant differences in the level of FOMO among senior high school learners when
classified according to strand.
5. Contribution of social media use to the level of FOMO among senior high school
learners: The study found that social media use moderately contributes to the level of
FOMO among senior high school learners, with learners who use social media more
often experiencing higher levels of FOMO.
6. Differences in the extent of contribution of perceived factors to the FOMO among senior
high school learners: The study found no significant differences in the extent of
contribution of perceived factors to the FOMO among senior high school learners when
classified according to strand.
36
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:
1. The researchers recommend conducting long-term longitudinal studies to delve into the
ever-evolving relationship between social media use, fear of missing out (FOMO), and
mental health outcomes among senior high school learners. Tracking participants over
an extended period will give us valuable insights into the long-term effects and potential
causal relationships.
2. It would be beneficial to supplement quantitative data with qualitative research methods
like interviews, focus groups, or case studies. These approaches can provide us with indepth insights into the subjective experiences, motivations, and perceptions of senior
high school students regarding social media use and FOMO.
3. Exploring sociocultural variations in social media use and FOMO among senior high
school learners through cross-cultural studies is worth considering. By comparing
different cultural contexts, the understanding of how cultural factors influence the
experience and manifestation of FOMO and its impact on mental well-being.
4. The researchers suggest designing and implementing intervention studies to reduce
FOMO and promote healthy social media habits among senior high school students.
Testing the effectiveness of interventions like mindfulness training, digital well-being
programs, or educational campaigns will help us identify strategies to effectively mitigate
FOMO and its negative consequences.
5. It would be valuable to investigate the underlying mechanisms and potential factors that
influence the relationship between social media use, FOMO, and mental health
outcomes using mediation and moderation analysis. Exploring factors that amplify or
mitigate the impact of social media use on FOMO and mental well-being, such as selfesteem, social support, or coping strategies, will provide us with important insights.
37
6. Consider conducting comparative studies to compare social media use and FOMO
patterns among senior high school students with other age groups or educational levels.
This approach will shed light on developmental differences, age-specific challenges, and
potential variations in the impact of social media use on FOMO across different
educational stages.
7. The researchers suggest focusing on the design and development of social media
platforms with built-in features that promote healthy usage and mitigate FOMO.
Exploring ethical considerations and examining how platform design choices influence
user behavior, well-being, and perceptions of FOMO will contribute to responsible
technology design.
By pursuing these recommendations, we can deepen our understanding of social media
use, FOMO, and their implications for the mental well-being of senior high school learners. This
knowledge can inform the development of evidence-based interventions and strategies to
promote healthy digital habits and support students' overall well-being in an increasingly
connected world.
38
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Www.oberlo.com.ph. https://www.oberlo.com.ph/statistics/how-much-time-does-theaverage-person-spend-on-social-media
Merriam-Webster. (2023). Merriam-Webster dictionary. Merriam-Webster.com; MerriamWebster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/
Nesi, J. (2020). The impact of social media on youth mental health: Challenges and
opportunities. North Carolina Medical Journal, 81(2), 116–121.
https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.81.2.116
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2019). The social media party: Fear of missing out
(FOMO), social media intensity, connection, and well-being. International Journal of
Human–Computer Interaction, 36(4), 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1646517
40
Robinson, L., & Smith, M. (2021, October 21). Social media and mental health.
HelpGuide; HelpGuide. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/social-mediaand-mental-health.htm
Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2020). Fear of missing out
(FOMO) and social media’s impact on daily-life and productivity at work: Do WhatsApp,
Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat use disorders mediate that association? Addictive
Behaviors, 110(110), 106487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106487
Santos, M. E., Marasigan, J., Gonzales, H. J., & Hernandez, K. L. (2018, December).
Fear of missing out and its link with social media and problematic internet use among
Filipinos. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329163251_Fear_of_missing_out_and_its_link
_with_social_media_and_problematic_internet_use_among_Filipinos
Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Almugren, I., AlNemer, G. N., & Mäntymäki, M. (2021). Fear of
missing out (fomo) among social media users: A systematic literature review, synthesis
and framework for future research. Internet Research, 31(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/intr11-2019-0455
Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Kaur, P., & Mäntymäki, M. (2021). Dark consequences
of social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO): Social media stalking, comparisons,
and fatigue. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171(120931), 120931.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120931
Tunc-Aksan, A., & Akbay, S. E. (2019). Smartphone addiction, fear of missing out, and
perceived competence as predictors of social media addiction of adolescents. European
Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 559-569. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.2.559
Wang, H., Miao, P., Jia, H., & Lai, K. (2023). The dark side of upward social comparison
for social media users: An investigation of fear of missing out and digital hoarding
41
behavior. Social Media + Society, 9(1), 205630512211504.
https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221150420
42
APPENDICES
43
Appendix A
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
March 30, 2023
Dear Respondents,
Christian greetings!
The undersigned students are conducting their study entitled: Social Media Use, Fear of Missing
Out(FOMO), and Factors Contributing FOMO among Senior High School Learners. We are
asking for your cooperation to answer our research instrument honestly. Rest assured that the
collected data will be dealt with confidentiality and will be used solely for educational purposes.
Yours truly,
Reynaldo Ilustre
Kassandra Andon
Roewann Jae Calzado
Leader
Member
Member
44
Vincent Depositario
Red Alexandria Fajutrao
Jace Andrei Matillano
Member
Member
Member
Rei Ann Jane Tinte
Ayeizha Marie Vidal
Khrizel Villalobos
Member
Member
Member
Noted:
PROF. MARIA FE B. DEQUITO, MSM
Research Adviser
Endorsed:
BENJIE NE F. GALLINERO
SHS/Principal
45
Appendix B
INFORMED CONSENT FORM AND ASSENT FORM
Research Ethics Committee
Central Philippine University
INFORMED CONSENT FORM (ICF)
(VERSION No. 01-2021)
1. KEY INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCHERS AND THEIR STUDY
Title of the Study: Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its Correlation with
Social Media Use Among Senior High School Students
Name of Researchers: Reynaldo Ilustre, Jace Matillano, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, Rei Ann Tinte,
Khrizel Villalobos, Vincent Lex Depositario, Maria Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado, Red
Fajutrao
Research Adviser: Prof. Maria Fe B. Dequito, MSM
Department/College/Unit: University Senior High School
46
Institution: Central Philippine University
2. INTRODUCTION
We are Reynaldo Ilustre, Jace Matillano, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, Rei Ann Tinte, Khrizel Villalobos,
Vincent Lex Depositario, Maria Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado,and Red Fajutrao, from STEM
NMPL year 12 students of Central Philippine University who are currently conducting a study on
Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its Correlation with Social Media Use Among
Senior High School Students. We are giving you information regarding this study as an invitation (or
allow your child) to participate in this study.
3. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY (BRIEF INTRODUCTION- ONE PARAGRAPH IS ENOUGH)
The purpose of the study is to research the relationships between social media use and fear of missing
out (FOMO) among senior high school students, as well as to determine the perceived factors of FOMO.
The results of this study will the Students so they can decide how to handle the situation while
preventing serious negative consequences; Teachers would be able to recognize students that fit this
description and devise solutions to assist the student, as the circumstances may have an adverse effect
on the student's ability to function academically; Parents can be knowledgeable about situations like
this, enabling them to reach out to their kids and assist them out if they do suffer this kind of
troublesome connection; and Future Researchers can use this study as a main basis or as linked
literature to benefit in their ongoing research.
47
4. PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY
Before you decide to participate (or allow your child to participate) in this study, you will be
given enough time to read and understand the contents of the informed consent. Your questions will be
answered to your satisfaction. The study will begin once the informed consent form has been signed.
The study will include two parts. Part I consisted of the respondents’ personal information including
their name, strand and section, e-mail address, and contact number. Part II contained a 5-point Likert
scale (5 - always, 4 - Often, 3 - Sometimes, 2 - Rarely, 1 - Never) to determine the frequency of social
media use, level of fear of missing out, and perceived factors contributing to FOMO. Each participant
will be assigned an ID number only known to the researchers. The name of the Participants will not be
written or included in the forms that will be filled in by the researcher. You will be sent a google forms
questionnaire in Facebook Messenger to be filled by you (describe other procedures). The abovementioned procedure has been primarily made and intended for the purpose of this study. All
information gathered during this study will be private and strictly confidential.
5. VOLUNTARINESS OF PARTICIPATION
Your participation/ your child’s participation in this study is entirely voluntary. It is your choice
whether to participate or not. If you choose not to participate or to withdraw from the study at any
time, there will be no penalty or other consequences and without need to give any reason. If at any
time you withdraw from the study, your data will be discarded properly.
6. RISKS AND INCONVENIENCES
48
During the conduct of the study, you will be sent a google form questionnaire to be filled and
provide answers to the three-part questionnaire and rating factors that affect your choices through a 5point Likert scale. The questionnaire provided contains questions regarding your frequency of social
media use, your level of fear of missing out and the a checklist of the top perceived factors of fear of
missing out anxiety on social media. There is a possibility that certain topics might come out which may
cause anxiety, distress, and agitation.
7. BENEFITS
This study might help the following groups of people: Students, so they can decide how to
handle the situation without suffering severe negative effects; Teachers, so they can identify students
who fit this description and come up with solutions to help the student because the circumstances may
negatively impact the student's ability to function academically; Parents, so they can reach out to their
children and help them out if it..
8. COSTS AND COMPENSATION
There is no amount that the participant needs to pay in joining this study.
There is also no compensation of any form that will be granted to the participant of this study.
9. PROVISION OF INJURY OR RELATED ILLNESS
During the conduct of the survey, there is a possibility that certain topics may cause anxiety,
distress, and agitation. If this occurs, the researcher will not be responsibe.
49
10. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
All the information gathered is solely for the purpose of this study. The identity of the
participants will be kept private and confidential to the extent provided by law. Their information will
be assigned an ID number. The data collected will be stored with utmost respect for their privacy and
confidentiality. The electronic copy of the data will be kept in a computer that only the researcher(s)
has/have access to. Hard copies will be stored at the adviser’s office that only the researcher(s) will
have access to. The data collected will be stored for 1 year and will be destroyed after that period. The
results of this study will be presented to the Research Final Defense with the chosen panelists of the
researchers and research adviser at Central Philippine University.
11. WHO TO CONTACT
If you have any questions or clarifications regarding your participation in the study, you may contact the
researcher:
Lead Researcher: _REYNALDO A. ILUSTRE__
Address: R.S. Ilustre Bldg.Brgy. Sambag Jaro Diversion Road Iloilo City
Contact number: 09171480038
E-mail: reynaldo.ilustre-08@cpu.edu.ph
12. CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT
I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read and explained to me in a
50
language/dialect I know and understand. I have had the opportunity to ask questions about it
and any questions I have asked to have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily
to be a participant in this study.
Print name of participant__________________
Signature of participant ___________________
Date ___________________________
day/month/year
Statement by the researcher/person taking consent (if applicable)
I confirm that the participant was given an opportunity to ask questions about the study, and all
the questions asked by the participant have been answered correctly and to the best of my ability. I
confirm that the individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the consent has been given
freely and voluntarily. A copy of this ICF has been provided to the participant.
Print Name of Researcher/person taking the consent REYNALDO ILUSTRE
Signature of Researcher /person taking the consent
Date March 27, 2023
51
Research Ethics Committee
Central Philippine University
INFORMED CONSENT FORM (ICF)
(VERSION No. 01-2021)
1. KEY INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCHERS AND THEIR STUDY
Title of the Study: Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its Correlation with
Social Media Use Among Senior High School Students
Name of Researchers: Reynaldo Ilustre, Jace Matillano, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, Rei Ann Tinte,
Khrizel Villalobos, Vincent Lex Depositario, Maria Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado, Red
Fajutrao
Research Adviser: Prof. Maria Fe B. Dequito, MSM
Department/College/Unit: University Senior High School
Institution: Central Philippine University
52
2. INTRODUCTION
We are Reynaldo Ilustre, Jace Matillano, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, Rei Ann Tinte, Khrizel Villalobos,
Vincent Lex Depositario, Maria Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado,and Red Fajutrao, from STEM
NMPL year 12 students of Central Philippine University who are currently conducting a study on
Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its Correlation with Social Media Use Among
Senior High School Students. We are giving you information regarding this study as an invitation (or
allow your child) to participate in this study.
3. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY (BRIEF INTRODUCTION- ONE PARAGRAPH IS ENOUGH)
The purpose of the study is to research the relationships between social media use and fear of missing
out (FOMO) among senior high school students, as well as to determine the perceived factors of FOMO.
The results of this study will the Students so they can decide how to handle the situation while
preventing serious negative consequences; Teachers would be able to recognize students that fit this
description and devise solutions to assist the student, as the circumstances may have an adverse effect
on the student's ability to function academically; Parents can be knowledgeable about situations like
this, enabling them to reach out to their kids and assist them out if they do suffer this kind of
troublesome connection; and Future Researchers can use this study as a main basis or as linked
literature to benefit in their ongoing research.
4. PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY
53
Before you decide to participate (or allow your child to participate) in this study, you will be
given enough time to read and understand the contents of the informed consent. Your questions will be
answered to your satisfaction. The study will begin once the informed consent form has been signed.
The study will include two parts. Part I consisted of the respondents’ personal information including
their name, strand and section, e-mail address, and contact number. Part II contained a 5-point Likert
scale (5 - always, 4 - Often, 3 - Sometimes, 2 - Rarely, 1 - Never) to determine the frequency of social
media use, level of fear of missing out, and perceived factors contributing to FOMO. Each participant
will be assigned an ID number only known to the researchers. The name of the Participants will not be
written or included in the forms that will be filled in by the researcher. You will be sent a google forms
questionnaire in Facebook Messenger to be filled by you (describe other procedures). The abovementioned procedure has been primarily made and intended for the purpose of this study. All
information gathered during this study will be private and strictly confidential.
5. VOLUNTARINESS OF PARTICIPATION
Your participation/ your child’s participation in this study is entirely voluntary. It is your choice
whether to participate or not. If you choose not to participate or to withdraw from the study at any
time, there will be no penalty or other consequences and without need to give any reason. If at any
time you withdraw from the study, your data will be discarded properly.
6. RISKS AND INCONVENIENCES
During the conduct of the study, you will be sent a google form questionnaire to be filled and
provide answers to the three-part questionnaire and rating factors that affect your choices through a 5point Likert scale. The questionnaire provided contains questions regarding your frequency of social
54
media use, your level of fear of missing out and the a checklist of the top perceived factors of fear of
missing out anxiety on social media. There is a possibility that certain topics might come out which may
cause anxiety, distress, and agitation.
7. BENEFITS
This study might help the following groups of people: Students, so they can decide how to
handle the situation without suffering severe negative effects; Teachers, so they can identify students
who fit this description and come up with solutions to help the student because the circumstances may
negatively impact the student's ability to function academically; Parents, so they can reach out to their
children and help them out if it..
8. COSTS AND COMPENSATION
There is no amount that the participant needs to pay in joining this study.
There is also no compensation of any form that will be granted to the participant of this study.
9. PROVISION OF INJURY OR RELATED ILLNESS
During the conduct of the survey, there is a possibility that certain topics may cause anxiety,
distress, and agitation. If this occurs, the researcher will not be responsibe.
10. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
55
All the information gathered is solely for the purpose of this study. The identity of the
participants will be kept private and confidential to the extent provided by law. Their information will
be assigned an ID number. The data collected will be stored with utmost respect for their privacy and
confidentiality. The electronic copy of the data will be kept in a computer that only the researcher(s)
has/have access to. Hard copies will be stored at the adviser’s office that only the researcher(s) will
have access to. The data collected will be stored for 1 year and will be destroyed after that period. The
results of this study will be presented to the Research Final Defense with the chosen panelists of the
researchers and research adviser at Central Philippine University.
11. WHO TO CONTACT
If you have any questions or clarifications regarding your participation in the study, you may contact the
researcher:
Lead Researcher: _REYNALDO A. ILUSTRE__
Address: R.S. Ilustre Bldg.Brgy. Sambag Jaro Diversion Road Iloilo City
Contact number: 09171480038
E-mail: reynaldo.ilustre-08@cpu.edu.ph
12. CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT
I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read and explained to me in a
language/dialect I know and understand. I have had the opportunity to ask questions about it
and any questions I have asked to have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily
56
to be a participant in this study.
Print name of participant__________________
Signature of participant ___________________
Date ___________________________
day/month/year
Statement by the researcher/person taking consent (if applicable)
I confirm that the participant was given an opportunity to ask questions about the study, and all
the questions asked by the participant have been answered correctly and to the best of my ability. I
confirm that the individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the consent has been given
freely and voluntarily. A copy of this ICF has been provided to the participant.
Print Name of Researcher/person taking the consent REYNALDO ILUSTRE
Signature of Researcher /person taking the consent
Date March 27, 2023
57
Appendix C
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT /DATA COLLECTION TOOL
Sample Questionnaire
Greetings! We're a team of researchers from STEM 12-18, and we're conducting a study
on the Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its Correlation with Social Media
Use Among Senior High School Students. Our team is led by Reynaldo Ilustre, and includes
Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado, Vincent Lex Depositario, Red Alexandria
Fajutrao, Jace Andrei Matillano, Rei Ann Jane Tinte, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, and Khrizel
Villalobos.
You are one of the 12th-grade students selected to participate in our research study. We
kindly request that you complete the form with complete honesty. We guarantee that your
identity will remain anonymous, and that the information you provide will be kept strictly
confidential and used only for research purposes.
Your response is greatly valued! Thank you and best wishes for a blessed day.
Part I. Personal Information
Directions: Please fill in the blanks and check the appropriate answers that correspond.
Name (Optional):_________________________________
Academic Strand (ABM, HUMMS, STEM): _________________________________
School Email Address:_________________________________
Part II. Questionnaire Proper
58
Please check the boxes that correspond to the level of agreement of your views in the
given statements; These three sections are dedicated to gathering the Frequency of Social
Media Use, Level of Fear of Missing Out, and Perceived Factors Contributing to FOMO. A
higher score on this questionnaire may indicate a higher level of FOMO and a greater
perception that social media plays a role in missing out on various opportunities or experiences.
Section 1: Frequency of Social Media Use
Instructions: Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements by
checking the appropriate boxes. (5 - Always, 4 - Often, 3 - Sometimes, 2 - Rarely, 1- Never)
Always (5)
Often (4)
Sometimes
(3)
1. I go on
multiple
social media
sites.
2. I spend
more than 2
hours a day
on social
media.
3. I check my
social media
Rarely (2)
Never (1)
59
accounts as
soon as I
wake up.
4. I spend a
lot of time
checking on
what my
peers are up
to.
5. I spend
more time
sending
messages
online than
interacting
with people
around me.
6. I use social
media for
entertainment
purposes.
7. I use social
media so I
60
can be
updated with
the news.
Section 2: Level of Fear of Missing Out
Instructions: Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements by
checking the appropriate boxes. (5 - Always, 4 - Often, 3 - Sometimes, 2 - Rarely, 1- Never)
Always (5)
Often (4)
Sometimes
(3)
1. How often
do you feel
that you are
missing out
on things
when you are
not on social
media?
2. How often
do you feel
the need to
constantly
check your
Rarely (2)
Never (1)
61
social media
accounts for
updates?
3. How often
do you feel
pressure to
be constantly
connected to
social media?
4. How often
do you feel
like you are
missing out
on events or
experiences
because of
not being
active on
social media?
5. How often
62
do you
compare your
life to others
on social
media?
Section 3: Perceived Factors Contributing to FOMO
Instructions: Please rate the extent to which each factor contributes to your level of
FOMO. (5 - Always, 4 - Often, 3 - Sometimes, 2 - Rarely, 1- Never)
Always (5)
Often (4)
Sometimes
(3)
1. I find
myself
comparing
myself to
others on
social media.
2. I feel
pressure to
follow social
norms.
3. I fear that I
Rarely (2)
Never (1)
63
may miss out
on important
events or
information.
4. I feel
pressure to
be constantly
connected.
5. I fear
being left out
or excluded.
6. I worry that
others have
more
enjoyable
experiences
than I do.
7. I become
worried when
I don't know
what my
friends/family
are up to.
64
65
GOOGLE FORMS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
APPENDIX D
LETTER OF INVITATION TO PANELISTS, PRE-ORAL DEFENSE
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
December 21, 2022
Dr. Belinda Valaquio
FACULTY
University Senior High School Department
Dear Dr. Valaquio,
Christian Greetings!
The Practical Research 2 STEM 12- 18 will be having their research proposal pre – oral defense
schedules from December 19, 2022 - December 23, 2022. On behalf of my students, I would like
to invite you to be a member of the panel for the research proposal of the research paper with the
research title:
Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (F.O.M.O.) anxiety on social media among SHS
learners
The researchers are:
1. Reynaldo Ilustre
2. Khrizel Villalobos
3. Jace Andrei Matillano
75
4. Roewann Calzado
5. Rei Ann Tinte
6. Red Alexandria Fajutrao
7. Vincent Lex Depositario
8. Robyn Shea Angolia
9. Ayeizha Marie Vidal
10. Kassandra Andon
Defense schedule will be on December 22, 2022 (Thursday) 10-11 a.m. via Zoom Meetings
Herewith, I am sending you the research proposal manuscript and the research instrument for
your perusal. Looking forward to a favourable response regarding this matter.
Kind regards,
MRS. JULIE ANN A. CABALLERO
Research Adviser
76
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
December 21, 2022
Mr. Herman Jornadal
FACULTY
University Senior High School Department
Dear Sir Jornadal,
Christian Greetings!
The Practical Research 2 STEM 12- 18 will be having their research proposal pre – oral defense
schedules from December 19, 2022 - December 23, 2022. On behalf of my students, I would like
to invite you to be a member of the panel for the research proposal of the research paper with the
research title:
Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (F.O.M.O.) anxiety on social media among SHS
learners
The researchers are:
1. Reynaldo Ilustre
2. Khrizel Villalobos
3. Jace Andrei Matillano
77
4. Roewann Calzado
5. Rei Ann Tinte
6. Red Alexandria Fajutrao
7. Vincent Lex Depositario
8. Robyn Shea Angolia
9. Ayeizha Marie Vidal
10. Kassandra Andon
Defense schedule will be on December 22, 2022 (Thursday) 10-11 a.m. via Zoom Meetings
Herewith, I am sending you the research proposal manuscript and the research instrument for
your perusal. Looking forward to a favourable response regarding this matter.
Kind regards,
MRS. JULIE ANN A. CABALLERO
Research Adviser
78
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
December 21, 2022
Mrs. Erna Mae Salazar-Tabujara
FACULTY
University Senior High School Department
Dear Ma’am Tabujara,
Christian Greetings!
The Practical Research 2 STEM 12- 18 will be having their research proposal pre – oral defense
schedules from December 19, 2022 - December 23, 2022. On behalf of my students, I would like
to invite you to be a member of the panel for the research proposal of the research paper with the
research title:
Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (F.O.M.O.) anxiety on social media among SHS
learners
The researchers are:
1. Reynaldo Ilustre
2. Khrizel Villalobos
3. Jace Andrei Matillano
79
4. Roewann Calzado
5. Rei Ann Tinte
6. Red Alexandria Fajutrao
7. Vincent Lex Depositario
8. Robyn Shea Angolia
9. Ayeizha Marie Vidal
10. Kassandra Andon
Defense schedule will be on December 22, 2022 (Thursday) 10-11 a.m. via Zoom Meetings
Herewith, I am sending you the research proposal manuscript and the research instrument for
your perusal. Looking forward to a favourable response regarding this matter.
Kind regards,
MRS. JULIE ANN A. CABALLERO
Research Adviser
80
APPENDIX E
VALIDATION LETTERS
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
February 9, 2023
MR. HERMAN JORNADAL
Faculty Member, University Senior High School
This University
Dear Mr. Jornadal :
Greetings!
We, Reynaldo Ilustre, Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado, Vincent Lex Depositario, Red
Alexandria Fajutrao, Jace Andrei Matillano, Rei Ann Jane Tinte, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, Khrizel
Villalobos, STEM Grade 12-18 learners of Central Philippine University, are conducting a
research study entitled, “Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its
Correlation with Social Media Use Among Senior High School Students” as our requirement
for subjects Practical Research 1 and Practical Research 2.
81
The research objectives are:
1. To determine what is the frequency of social media use among senior high school learners
when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
2. To determine if there are any significant differences in the frequency of social media use
among senior high school learners when classified according to strand?
3. To determine what is the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school
learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
4. To determine if there are any significant differences in the level of fear of missing out
(FOMO) among senior high school learners when classified according to strand?
5. To determine to what extent does social media use contribute to the level of FOMO among
senior high school learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according
to strand?
6. To determine if there are any significant differences in the extent of contribution of the
perceived factors to the FOMO among senior high school learners when classified
according to strand?
In line with this, we humbly request your assistance in validating the attached questionnaire and
interview schedule for the study.
We are looking forward to your response about this matter.
Thank you very much and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
82
REYNALDO ILUSTRE
Research Team Leader
Noted:
PROF. MARIA FE DEQUITO, MSM
Teacher, Practical Research 2
Approved:
Mr. Herman Jornadal
Panelist/English Critic
83
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
February 9, 2023
MR. JOHN LORD AGUSTINO
Faculty Member, University Senior High School
This University
Dear Mr. Agustino :
Greetings!
We, Reynaldo Ilustre, Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado, Vincent Lex Depositario, Red
Alexandria Fajutrao, Jace Andrei Matillano, Rei Ann Jane Tinte, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, Khrizel
Villalobos, STEM Grade 12-18 learners of Central Philippine University, are conducting a
research study entitled, “Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its
Correlation with Social Media Use Among Senior High School Students” as our requirement
for subjects Practical Research 1 and Practical Research 2.
The research objectives are:
84
1. To determine what is the frequency of social media use among senior high school learners
when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
2. To determine if there are any significant differences in the frequency of social media use
among senior high school learners when classified according to strand?
3. To determine what is the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school
learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
4. To determine if there are any significant differences in the level of fear of missing out
(FOMO) among senior high school learners when classified according to strand?
5. To determine to what extent does social media use contribute to the level of FOMO among
senior high school learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according
to strand?
6. To determine if there are any significant differences in the extent of contribution of the
perceived factors to the FOMO among senior high school learners when classified
according to strand?
In line with this, we humbly request your assistance in validating the attached questionnaire and
interview schedule for the study.
We are looking forward to your response about this matter.
Thank you very much and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
REYNALDO ILUSTRE
Research Team Leader
85
Noted:
PROF. MARIA FE DEQUITO, MSM
Teacher, Practical Research 2
Approved:
JOHN LORD AGUSTINO
Panelist/Statistician
86
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
February 9, 2023
DR. BELINDA VALAQUIO
Faculty Member, University Senior High School
This University
Dear Dr. Valaquio :
Greetings!
We, Reynaldo Ilustre, Kassandra Andon, Roewann Jae Calzado, Vincent Lex Depositario, Red
Alexandria Fajutrao, Jace Andrei Matillano, Rei Ann Jane Tinte, Ayeizha Marie Vidal, Khrizel
Villalobos, STEM Grade 12-18 learners of Central Philippine University, are conducting a
research study entitled, “Perceived Factors of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and its
Correlation with Social Media Use Among Senior High School Students” as our requirement
for subjects Practical Research 1 and Practical Research 2.
The research objectives are:
87
1. To determine what is the frequency of social media use among senior high school learners
when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
2. To determine if there are any significant differences in the frequency of social media use
among senior high school learners when classified according to strand?
3. To determine what is the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) among senior high school
learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according to strand?
4. To determine if there are any significant differences in the level of fear of missing out
(FOMO) among senior high school learners when classified according to strand?
5. To determine to what extent does social media use contribute to the level of FOMO among
senior high school learners when taken as an entire group and when classified according
to strand?
6. To determine if there are any significant differences in the extent of contribution of the
perceived factors to the FOMO among senior high school learners when classified
according to strand?
In line with this, we humbly request your assistance in validating the attached questionnaire and
interview schedule for the study.
We are looking forward to your response about this matter.
88
Thank you very much and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
REYNALDO ILUSTRE
Research Team Leader
Noted:
PROF. MARIA FE DEQUITO, MSM
Teacher, Practical Research 2
Approved:
DR. BELINDA VALAQUIO
Panelist/Field of Study Expert
89
APPENDIX F
LETTER OF INVITATION TO PANELISTS, FINAL DEFENSE
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
May 10, 2023
Dr. Belinda Valaquio
Faculty
University Senior High School Department
Dear Dr. Valaquio,
Christian Greetings!
The Research Report STEM 12- 18 class scheduled every Monday and Thursday at 9:00 – 11:00
AM via Zoom and Face to face will be having their research proposal final defense schedules
from May 2, 2023 - May 15, 2023. On behalf of my students, I would like to invite you to be a
member of the panel for the project proposal of the Group of Mr. Ilustre with the research title:
SOCIAL MEDIA USE, FEAR OF MISSING OUT(FOMO), AND FACTORS CONTRIBUTING
FOMO AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS.
90
The researchers are:
1. Reynaldo Ilustre
2. Kassandra Andon
3. Roewann Jae Calzado
4. Vincent Lex Depositario
5. Red Alexandria Fajutrao
6. Jace Andrei Matillano
7. Rei Ann Jane Tinte
8. Ayeizha Marie Vidal
9. Khrizel Villalobos
Defense schedule will be on May 12, 2023 (Friday) 10:30-12:00 a.m. at the CPU SHS Library.
Herewith, I am sending you the research proposal manuscript and the research instrument for
your perusal. I’m looking forward to a favorable response regarding this matter.
Kind Regards,
PROF. MARIA FE B. DEQUITO, MSM
Research Adviser
91
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
May 10, 2023
Herman Jornadal, LPT
Faculty
University Senior High School Department
Dear Sir Jorndala,
Christian Greetings!
The Research Report STEM 12- 18 class scheduled every Monday and Thursday at 9:00 – 11:00
AM via Zoom and Face to face will be having their research proposal final defense schedules
from May 2, 2023 - May 15, 2023. On behalf of my students, I would like to invite you to be a
member of the panel for the project proposal of the Group of Mr. Ilustre with the research title:
SOCIAL MEDIA USE, FEAR OF MISSING OUT(FOMO), AND FACTORS CONTRIBUTING
FOMO AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS.
The researchers are:
1. Reynaldo Ilustre
2. Kassandra Andon
92
3. Roewann Jae Calzado
4. Vincent Lex Depositario
5. Red Alexandria Fajutrao
6. Jace Andrei Matillano
7. Rei Ann Jane Tinte
8. Ayeizha Marie Vidal
9. Khrizel Villalobos
Defense schedule will be on May 12, 2023 (Friday) 10:30-12:00 a.m. at the CPU SHS Library.
Herewith, I am sending you the research proposal manuscript and the research instrument for
your perusal. I’m looking forward to a favorable response regarding this matter.
Kind Regards,
PROF. MARIA FE B. DEQUITO, MSM
Research Adviser
93
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
University Senior High School
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City
May 10, 2023
John Lord Agustino, LPT
Faculty
University Senior High School Department
Dear Sir Agustino,
Christian Greetings!
The Research Report STEM 12- 18 class scheduled every Monday and Thursday at 9:00 – 11:00
AM via Zoom and Face to face will be having their research proposal final defense schedules
from May 2, 2023 - May 15, 2023. On behalf of my students, I would like to invite you to be a
member of the panel for the project proposal of the Group of Mr. Ilustre with the research title:
SOCIAL MEDIA USE, FEAR OF MISSING OUT(FOMO), AND FACTORS CONTRIBUTING
FOMO AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS.
The researchers are:
1. Reynaldo Ilustre
2. Kassandra Andon
94
3. Roewann Jae Calzado
4. Vincent Lex Depositario
5. Red Alexandria Fajutrao
6. Jace Andrei Matillano
7. Rei Ann Jane Tinte
8. Ayeizha Marie Vidal
9. Khrizel Villalobos
Defense schedule will be on May 12, 2023 (Friday) 10:30-12:00 a.m. at the CPU SHS Library.
Herewith, I am sending you the research proposal manuscript and the research instrument for
your perusal. I’m looking forward to a favorable response regarding this matter.
Kind Regards,
PROF. MARIA FE B. DEQUITO, MSM
Research Adviser
95
APPENDIX G
RAW DATA
Re
sp Str
Me
# and 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Me
an SD 1
2
3
4
5
3.5 0.7
1
1
3
4
3
3
4
5
3
7
9
1
4
5
4
4
5
5
3
9
6
4
3
2
4
3
1
5
5
2
3
2
5
5
6
6
2
4
3
2
4
1
4
3
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
2
4
4
2
1
4
4
3
3
3
5
4
1
6
2
3
2
3
1
1
5
4
4
3
2
3
4
7
8
3
4
2
3
4
1
5
5
3
2
1
5
3
3
2
3
3
2
4
3
1
3
2
1
2
4
5
2
1
8
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
7
3
4
3
2
3
2
5
3
3
0
0
4
2
3
3
3
4
4
0
0
1
1
3
3
5
2
5
0
4
2
2
4
2
1
1
4
0
4
4
4
4
5
4
5
5
0
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
0
5
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
3
4
3
2
3
3
4
3
3.2 1.4
4
3
3
5
1
2.5 0.5
9
0
1.6 0.5
2.7 1.3
8
7
3.0 0.7
3.4 1.6
7
6
3.2 0.8
3.5 0.9
6
5
2.2 0.8
3.7 0.7
5
4
3.0 1.0
3.4 0.5
4
3
3.0 1.0
3.8 1.4
3
2
3.2 0.8
4.2 0.7
2
an SD 1
0
8
2.8 0.4
3
3
2
3
3
0
5
96
3.7 0.4
10
1
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
1
9
3.2 0.8
3
4
4
3
2
3.7 0.7
11
1
4
5
3
3
3
4
4
1
6
1
4
5
3
2
3
5
2
3
7
2
4
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
9
9
4
2
1
3
4
1
4
4
3
5
2
5
5
0
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
4
1
5
4
4
6
4
4
1
5
2
1
2
4
3
2
1
5
3
6
5
4
4
2
4
3
1
5
5
4
3
3
5
3
0
0
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
4
4
3
3
5
4
1
6
3
4
4
2
2
1
4
4
4
3
3
5
5
0
2
4
5
3
4
2
2
4
5
2
4
3
5
3
1
1
4
3
3
3
4
3
5
5
4
3
3
4
4
0
2
9
2
1
4
3
2
2
2
0
0
4
2
3
1
3
3
4
0
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
0
4
2
1
5
2
1
1
5
0
9
4
2
4
3
4
1
2
0
9
3
2
4
1
4
1
3
0
0
3
2
3
3
4
2
2
0
4
2
4
5
3
3
2
3
0
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
5
5
3
4
3
3
2
3
4
1
4.0 0.0
4
4
4
4
4
4.0 0.8
21
0
3.4 0.5
3.7 1.1
20
4
3.6 1.1
4.0 0.8
19
3
3.0 1.0
3.7 0.7
18
3
1.6 0.8
4.0 1.0
17
3
3.4 0.8
2.8 1.3
16
4
3.2 1.6
4.1 1.4
15
3
2.0 0.0
4.0 1.1
14
2
2.8 1.3
2.2 0.4
13
4
2.6 0.8
3.4 1.2
12
0
0
0
3.2 0.8
3
4
3
2
4
0
4
97
3.4 1.2
22
1
4
5
3
2
2
5
3
3
7
1.4 0.5
2
2
1
1
1
2.5 1.1
23
3
3
4
3
3
1
1
3
7
3
2
4
5
3
3
3
5
4
6
0
3
2
3
4
2
1
5
5
3
3
2
5
5
0
9
2
3
4
3
2
2
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
6
8
4
4
3
3
2
2
5
5
2
5
3
5
4
4
1
5
5
5
5
5
2
4
5
4
3
3
4
4
6
9
2
2
2
3
2
1
4
5
4
4
3
5
4
4
9
2
3
2
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
2
5
5
1
8
4
5
4
4
2
1
4
5
3
3
3
5
4
6
0
4
2
2
2
2
1
4
5
3
4
4
5
3
0
2
3
3
4
4
5
2
3
5
5
4
3
4
5
4
0
4
1
2
3
3
2
1
1
0
4
2
4
5
4
5
5
5
0
4
2
2
3
2
3
1
1
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
5
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
0
5
3
3
4
4
3
2
4
0
0
2
3
4
4
3
2
3
0
9
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
0
4
4
1
3
4
5
5
3
5
3
4
3
5
5
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3.6 1.1
2
4
4
3
5
4.1 0.9
33
0
3.8 0.8
4.0 0.8
32
3
2.4 0.8
3.8 0.9
31
2
3.8 1.1
3.7 1.3
30
2
2.4 0.5
4.1 0.6
29
1
2.2 0.4
3.8 0.6
28
2
5.0 0.0
4.1 1.2
27
2
3.2 0.8
4.8 0.3
26
3
2.8 0.8
4.0 1.2
25
5
2.8 0.8
3.8 0.9
24
0
0
4
4.0 0.7
4
5
4
3
4
0
1
98
3.7 0.4
34
2
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
1
9
4.0 0.0
4
4
4
4
4
5.0 0.0
35
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
0
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
4
2
4
3
4
9
3
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
5
3
5
5
3
3
8
3
3
3
2
2
1
5
5
4
4
5
5
3
3
9
4
5
4
3
2
1
3
3
3
2
3
4
2
6
9
3
3
2
3
2
1
5
5
3
3
5
5
5
3
8
1
2
1
1
1
1
5
5
4
3
3
4
4
0
2
3
3
3
2
2
1
4
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
0
3
4
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
3
4
3
9
9
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
5
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
0
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
0
5
2
3
3
2
2
2
4
0
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
5
2
3
4
3
2
3
4
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
5
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
3
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
4.0 0.0
4
4
4
4
4
4.4 0.7
45
0
3.2 0.4
5.0 0.0
44
4
4.0 0.0
3.4 0.5
43
3
2.6 0.5
4.0 0.8
42
3
1.2 0.4
4.4 0.9
41
4
2.6 0.5
2.8 0.6
40
4
3.6 1.1
4.4 0.7
39
3
2.6 0.5
4.4 0.9
38
4
3.0 0.0
3.1 0.6
37
0
4.4 0.8
3.0 0.0
36
0
0
0
2.6 0.5
2
2
3
3
3
0
5
99
3.0 0.8
46
1
3
3
2
2
3
4
4
0
2
2.8 0.4
2
3
3
3
3
2.4 0.7
47
3
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
3
9
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
0
2
2
3
2
2
1
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
6
8
5
5
5
5
5
1
3
2
2
2
3
3
5
6
7
4
5
3
2
4
1
5
5
4
4
2
4
5
4
7
3
2
3
2
1
1
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
3
8
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
4
2
2
3
4
3
0
2
3
4
5
3
3
1
4
5
3
3
3
4
4
1
6
3
3
3
4
4
2
4
5
2
1
2
4
4
4
6
2
2
1
2
1
2
5
3
2
3
3
5
5
1
5
2
4
3
2
1
2
5
5
2
2
2
5
4
7
1
5
1
2
3
2
3
2
4
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
4
2
2
3
2
1
1
3
0
4
1
2
3
2
2
2
3
0
5
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
0
9
2
2
3
4
5
3
5
0
5
4
3
3
4
4
3
3
0
5
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
0
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2.2 1.6
2
5
1
1
2
3.5 1.5
57
0
2.4 1.1
3.7 1.2
56
3
1.6 0.5
3.1 1.4
55
2
3.4 0.5
3.7 0.7
54
2
3.6 0.8
3.0 0.8
53
4
2.8 0.4
4.4 0.9
52
3
2.2 0.8
4.1 1.0
51
2
3.6 1.1
2.8 1.0
50
3
5.0 0.0
4.8 0.3
49
5
2.2 0.4
5.0 0.0
48 1, 1 5
0
0
4
3.6 1.5
5
5
4
2
2
0
2
100
3.7 0.7
58
3
4
4
4
3
3
5
3
1
6
3.8 0.4
4
4
3
4
4
4.0 1.0
59
3
5
5
3
3
3
5
4
0
0
1
5
5
5
3
4
5
5
7
9
3
3
3
3
3
1
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
1
9
4
5
3
4
5
2
3
5
4
2
2
5
3
3
7
5
4
5
5
4
3
5
5
5
3
4
5
5
7
9
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
5
3
2
3
5
4
1
1
5
4
3
3
2
1
5
5
4
2
3
5
5
4
1
3
3
2
3
4
1
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
0
8
3
4
3
3
3
1
5
5
5
3
3
5
3
4
7
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
5
5
3
4
4
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3.2 0.4
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3.0 0.7
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3.4 1.1
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1.0 0.0
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4.6 0.5
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4.2 0.8
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61
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3.0 0.0
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60
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3.2 0.8
3
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79
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4.6 0.5
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78
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3.6 0.5
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4
2.2 0.8
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76
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2.4 0.8
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3.8 0.8
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72
0
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2.6 1.1
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3.7 1.2
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4.0 1.0
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92
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3.6 0.5
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91 1, 2 4
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4.4 0.5
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90
2
3.6 0.8
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89
2
4.0 0.0
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88
2
2.8 0.8
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87
2
3.6 0.5
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3.2 0.4
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4.7 0.4
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3.6 0.8
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105 1
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4.2 0.4
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104 1
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4.0 0.7
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103 1
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2.6 0.5
5.0 0.0
102 1
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4.2 1.1
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101 1
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4.6 0.5
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100 1
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4.0 0.7
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4
2.4 0.5
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4.2 0.8
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106 1
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107 1
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4.6 0.8
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117 1
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3.4 0.5
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116 1
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3.2 0.8
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115 1
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2.4 0.8
3.8 0.9
114 1
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4.8 0.4
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113 1
3
3.0 0.0
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112 1
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4.4 0.8
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3.0 0.7
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2.4 0.8
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118 1
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3.0 0.0
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3.7 0.4
129 1
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128 2, 2 3
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2.4 0.5
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127 1
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126 1
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3.8 0.8
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125 1
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124 1
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4.4 0.8
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123 1
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4.0 0.0
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122 1, 1 2
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4.8 0.4
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121 1
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120 1
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3.2 0.9
130 2
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2.4 0.5
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3.6 0.8
3
4
5
3
3
3.5 1.4
141 3
0
3.6 0.8
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140 2
2
3.2 0.4
4.5 0.7
139 2
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5.0 0.0
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138 3
2
1.8 0.4
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137 3
2
2.8 0.8
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136 1
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3.2 1.7
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135 3
2
3.0 0.0
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134 3
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2.2 0.8
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133 2
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3.0 1.5
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132 2
0
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2.0 0.0
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142 3
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143 1
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153 2
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3.2 0.4
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150 3
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149 3
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148 1
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146 1
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155 1
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3.2 0.4
3
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165 1
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164 1
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3.4 1.2
163 1
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2.8 0.4
4.4 0.5
162 1
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2.6 0.5
2.8 1.0
161 1
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3.8 0.4
3.5 0.5
160 1
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2.8 0.8
4.8 0.3
159 1
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3.8 0.4
2.8 0.9
158 1
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157 1
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156 3
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4.7 0.7
166 1
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167 1
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177 1
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175 1
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174 1
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172 1
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171 1
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169 1
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168 1
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178 1
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195 2
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