DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO MISSISSAUGA Course Code EDS100H5F Term Fall Course Title Introduc on to Educa on Studies Instructor Dr. Ilan Danjoux Email: ilan.danjoux@utoronto.ca COURSE LOCATION & TIME Class Loca on IB120 Class Time Wednesday 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM Course Website Found on Quercus Ilan’s o ce Hours Loca on: MN 4108 Virtual o ce hours Monday 5:30-6:30 PM h ps://utoronto.zoom.us/j/89664668837 Tutorial Assistants To be announced COURSE DESCRIPTION This course explores broad social and cultural issues in educa on. It will address ques ons about how we advance knowledge, who controls how and what we learn and what role educa on has in how socie es are shaped, changed and reproduced. Students will evaluate the in uence educa on can have on who we are, how we wish to live and what we aspire to as ci zens in a global and digital community. This inves ga on will also consider how language, race, gender, class and culture intersect with teaching and learning. Learning Outcomes ti ti ti ti ti fl ti ti fi ti ff ff ff ti ti ff ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ffi ti ti ffi ti ti ti ti ft tt A er comple ng this course, students will be able to 1. Explain the impact of educa on on di erent stakeholders. 2. Understand the origin, development and e ect of public schooling. 3. Draw connec ons between educa on studies and di erent elds of study. 4. Iden fy the contribu ons of di erent disciplines to the study of educa on. 5. Research and cri cally assess various topics related to educa on. 6. Ar culate their opinions on educa on-related issues, research and policy. Textbooks and Other Materials Required readings are listed below. Students are expected to complete and re ect though ully on course readings prior to the weekly lesson. Your instructor may not necessarily cover all of the materials in your reading. It is the responsibility of students to understand the concepts presented in readings as well as those during lectures. If you are unclear about any concepts, please ask for clari ca on. Technology requirements Classes take place in person. O ce hours are available through Zoom. Students are required to register for a UTM Zoom account using their UTORid and password. (Web Portal Login: h ps:// utoronto.zoom.us). Course videos and materials belong to your instructor, the University, and/or other sources depending on the speci c facts of each situa on and are protected by copyright. Do not download, copy, or share any course or student materials or videos without the explicit permission of the instructor. For ques ons about recording and use of videos in which you appear, please contact your instructor. Access to Quercus is an essen al component of the course. To access the course website, go to the UofT dashboard page at < h ps://q.utoronto.ca > and log in using your UTORid and password. If you do not have a working UTORid, go to < h p://www.utorid.utoronto.ca > to ac vate it. If you need help ac va ng your UTORid, contact < help.desk@utoronto.ca >. If you need help accessing Quercus, check < h ps://q.utoronto.ca/courses/46670 >. Important informa on and addi onal readings for this course are posted on Quercus. Students should regularly check the Announcements sec on of Quercus for ongoing no ces. Grade Distribu on Assessment Weight Due Date Re ec on on Educa on 15% September 28, 2022 Annotated Bibliography 20% October 23, 2022 Essay/ White board anima on 25% November 16, 2022 Exam 30% During exam period Par cipa on 10% Ongoing (a endance, discussion posts, in class quizzes) Par cipa on Regular a endance is paramount. Absenteeism has an indirect bearing upon all other aspects of your learning experience in this course: lectures, tasks, ac vi es, discussions, and informa on shared in class are integral parts of your learning. Being physically in class does not cons tute ac ve learning; your posi ve contribu on to class ac vi es and a estable progress (in your coursework) is part of this evalua on. LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I (we) wish to acknowledge this land on which the University of Toronto operates. For thousands of years it has been the tradi onal land of the Huron-Wendat, the Seneca, and the Mississaugas of the Credit. Today, this mee ng place is s ll the home to many Indigenous people from across Turtle Island and we are grateful to have the opportunity to work on this land. Source: UTM Land Acknowledgement tt tf ti ti fi ti ti fl ti ti ti ti ti ti ti tt tt ti ti tt fi ti ffi ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti tt tt tt ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti fl Page 2 of 11 IMPORTANT COURSE INFORMATION This course’s lectures are taught in person. Your course schedule is subject to modi ca on. Changes will be communicated to students via Quercus. Please check Quercus and ac vate Quercus no ca ons so that you may receive all your communica on on me. Lectures begin the week of September 14th , 2022 Inclement weather day If an inclement weather day is declared, all classes are cancelled, whether online or in-person. Campus closures are posted on the Campus Status page. Email Policy When emailing, please include the course code in the subject of your email and allow up to 48 hours for a response. Emails must be sent from your University of Toronto email account. Expecta ons Ac ve par cipa on and though ul engagement in classroom ac vi es are important for gaining a deeper understanding of course content. While lecture slides are posted on Quercus, they are only a guide to the content presented in class and do not represent the en rety of the work covered in class. Missing classes, not doing readings and failing to par cipate in classroom ac vi es are detrimental to both your learning and your nal grade. O ce Hour Policy Students requiring assistance are encouraged to speak to the course TA or instructor during class or o ce hours. Please use Quercus to book an appointment slot. Include the reason you wish to meet. It is to the student’s advantage to keep such appointments. Should you wish to meet outside of o ce hours, please reach out by email. Enrolment Con ict Students who enrol in courses with con ic ng lectures, tutorials, lab, or prac cals (scheduled at the same or overlapping me slot) may NOT receive accommoda ons for con ic ng tests, quizzes, assignments, lecture material, in-class par cipa on and a endance. Source: Academic Calendar Copyright in Instruc onal Se ngs If a student wishes to record, photograph, or otherwise reproduce lecture presenta ons, course notes or other similar materials provided by instructors, they must obtain the instructor’s wri en consent beforehand. Otherwise, all such reproduc on is an infringement of copyright and is absolutely prohibited. In the case of private use by students with disabili es, the instructor’s consent will not be unreasonably withheld. Source: Academic Calendar IMPORTANT DATES - September 8, 2022 – Classes begin in F & Y courses September 21, 2022 – Waitlist ends for F & Y courses at UTM. Last day to add or change a sec on in an F or Y course on ACORN. October 10, 2022 – Thanksgiving Day – University closed - ti fi ti ffi tt ti ti fi ti ti fl ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti tt ti ti ti ti ti ti fl ti tf tti fi ti ti fl ti ti ti ti ti ffi ffi Page 3 of 11 - October 11–October 14, 2022 – Reading Week November 16, 2022 – Last day to drop an F course from academic record December 7, 2022 – Last day of F classes; Y courses break for holidays December 8, 2022 – Study Break December 9–December 20, 2022 – Final exam period for F courses December 21–December 30, 2022 – Winter Break – University closed January 9, 2023 – Y courses resume and S courses begin. January 22, 2023 – Waitlist ends for S courses. Last day to add/change a sec on in an S course on ACORN. February 20, 2023 – Last day to drop a Y course from academic record February 20, 2023 – Family Day – University closed February 21–February 24, 2023 – Reading Week March 19, 2023 – Last day to drop an S course from academic record April 6, 2023 – Last day of Y & S courses April 7, 2023 – Good Friday – University closed April 11, 2023 – Study Break April 12–April 24, 2023 – Final exam period for Y & S courses - Please check the UTM Registrar’s website for detailed deadlines. GRADING SCHEME Students are assigned a grade in each course as follows: Percentage Grade Value 90 - 100 A+ 4.0 85 - 89 A 4.0 80 - 84 A- 3.7 77 - 79 B+ 3.3 73 - 76 B 3.0 70 - 72 B- 2.7 67 - 69 C+ 2.3 63 - 66 C 2.0 60 - 62 C- 1.7 57 - 59 D+ 1.3 53 - 56 D 1.0 50 - 52 D- 0.7 Grade De ni ons Excellent Good Adequate Marginal Strong evidence of original thinking; good organiza on, capacity to analyze and synthesize; superior grasp of subject ma er with sound cri cal evalua ons; evidence of extensive knowledge base. Evidence of grasp of subject ma er, some evidence of cri cal capacity and analy c ability; reasonable understanding of relevant issues; evidence of familiarity with the literature. Student who is pro ng from their university experience; understanding of the subject ma er; ability to develop solu ons to simple problems in the material. Some evidence of familiarity with subject ma er and some evidence that cri cal and analy c skills have been developed. Li le evidence of even super cial understanding of subject ma er; weakness in cri cal and analy cal skills, with limited or irrelevant use of literature. Source: Academic Calendar – Grades and Academic Records 0 - 49 F 0.0 Inadequate ti ti tt ti ti tt ti ti tt fi ti ti ti fi ti tt fi ti ti tt ti tt Page 4 of 11 PROCEDURES AND RULES ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION Assignments must be submi ed directly to Quercus by 11:59 PM on the due date. The EDS, CTEP, and Language Studies o ces will not accept assignments from students. Submissions are not accepted over email. Assignments are usually graded within 2 weeks of their submission. A er assignments are graded, an announcement will be posted on Quercus sta ng that grades and feedback are available for viewing. Please do not email inquiring if grades are posted before the announcement is made. A er the announcement is posted, it is your responsibility to check and monitor your grades to ensure your assignment has been received. ACADEMIC GUIDELINES It is your responsibility to ensure that you have met all prerequisites listed in the UTM Academic Calendar 2021-2022 for this course. If you lack prerequisites, you may be removed from the course up un l the last day to add a course. If you do not have the prerequisites, you have the op on to submit a prerequisite waiver request to the Department. Prerequisite waiver requests must be submi ed before the rst day of classes. Further informa on about academic regula ons, course withdrawal dates, and credits can be found in the University of Toronto Mississauga Academic Calendar. Please ensure that you comply with and understand all of the academic and non-academic policies, rules and regula ons of the University as set out in the Calendar. PENALTIES FOR LATENESS A penalty of 10% per calendar day (i.e. including weekends and holidays, during which students are not able to submit term work) up to and including the last day of classes, will be applied by the Instructor. No penalty will be assigned if the request for special considera on, as described below, is successful. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION Students who miss a test due to circumstances beyond their control (e.g. illness or an accident) can request that the Department grant them special considera on. Students must present their case to the Department (not the Instructor). ➢ For graded work worth less than 10% Individual Course Instructors have discre on about the way they grant special considera on. ➢ For graded work worth more than 10% If you miss a midterm, nal test, quiz or assignment deadline for reasons beyond your control (see Note below), you may submit a request for special considera on within three days of a missed work deadline, test/quiz date. To submit your request you must 1) complete the Special Considera on Form online on the Department of Language Studies website 2) declare your absence on ACORN ➢ Missing Final Exam If your course has a scheduled nal exam during the nal exam period, please consult these guidelines set by the O ce of the Registrar ft tt ti ti ti ft ti ti ti ti fi ti ti ti ti fi tt fi ffi ffi fi ti Page 5 of 11 IMPORTANT NOTES TO STUDENTS The department evaluates special considera on requests carefully. Approval is not guaranteed. ✓ You may not submit a special considera on request to re-write a test/quiz once the test has begun. If you feel ill, you must leave the session/room before star ng your test/quiz and seek medical a en on immediately. ✓ Reasons such as vaca ons, pre-purchased plane ckets, family plans (unless cri cal, such as the death of an immediate family member), lack of prepara on, late course registra on, tra c delays, or con ic ng course deadlines are not considered to be beyond a student’s control and will not be accommodated. ✓ If you do not complete the make-up as and when required, you will receive a grade of zero for the original missed test; further special considera on is not permi ed. ✓ Should your special considera on request be approved, no further considera on can be applied to the same request. False statements and/or documenta on will be treated as academic o ences and handled accordingly. For more detailed procedures and informa on, please consult the guidelines in the Academic Calendar. For more detailed procedures and informa on, please consult the guidelines in the Academic Calendar. ACADEMIC HONESTY AND PLAGIARISM All suspected cases of academic dishonesty will be inves gated following procedures outlined in the Code of Behaviour on Academic Ma ers. If you have ques ons or concerns about what cons tutes appropriate academic behaviour or appropriate research and cita on methods, you are expected to seek out addi onal informa on on academic integrity from your instructor or from other ins tu onal resources. Honesty and fairness are considered fundamental to the University's mission, and, as a result, all those who violate those principles are dealt with as if they were damaging the integrity of the University itself. When students are suspected of chea ng or a similar academic o ence, they are typically surprised at how formally and seriously the ma er is dealt with -- and how severe the consequences can be if it is determined that chea ng did occur. The University of Toronto treats cases of chea ng and plagiarism very seriously. Please take the me to review the sec on of Academic Honesty in the Academic Calendar. Examples of o ences for which you will be penalized include (but are not limited to): - Using any unauthorized aids on an exam or test (e.g., "cheat sheets," cell phones, electronic devices, etc.) - Represen ng someone else's work or words as your own -- plagiarism - Falsifying documents or grades - Purchasing and selling an essay - Submi ng someone else's work as your own or providing your answers to someone else - Submi ng the same essay or report in more than one course (without permission) - Looking at someone else's answers during an exam or test - Sharing your answers during an exam or test - U lizing someone else’s answers (e.g., ge ng help from a tutor) in an exam and test ffi ti ti ti ti ti ff ti ti tt ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti tt tti ti ti ff ti ti ti ti ti ti tt ti ti ff ti fl ti ti tt tti tti ti ti ti Page 6 of 11 - Impersona ng another person at an exam or test or having someone else impersonate you Making up sources or facts for an essay or report Accessing unauthorized resources (search engines, chat rooms, Reddit, etc.) for assessments Using technological aids (e.g. so ware) beyond what is listed as permi ed in an assessment Pos ng test, essay, or exam ques ons to message boards or social media Crea ng, accessing, and sharing assessment ques ons and answers in virtual “course groups” Working collabora vely, in-person or online, with others on assessments that are expected to be completed individually Plagiarism is a serious o ence. It can take several di erent forms. Two of the most common are: a. handing in work that was done in conjunc on with or by another student and passing it o as your own; and b. using published work(s) in a way that does not give credit to the author. From the Code of Behaviour on Academic Ma ers: “It shall be an o ence for a student to knowingly: represent as one's own any idea or expression of an idea or work of another in any academic examina on or term test or in connec on with any other form of academic work, i.e. to commit plagiarism. Wherever in the Code, an o ence is described as depending on "knowing”, the o ence shall likewise be deemed to have been commi ed if the person ought reasonably to have known.” All students must refer to these websites to obtain informa on on what cons tutes plagiarism: h ps://www.utm.utoronto.ca/academic-integrity/about-us h p://www.wri ng.utoronto.ca/advice/using-sources/how-not-to-plagiarize If ques ons arise a er reading the material on the websites, consult your instructor. Plagiarism will not be tolerated. Normally, students will be required to submit their course essays to the University’s plagiarism detec on tool for a review of textual similarity and detec on of possible plagiarism. In doing so, students will allow their essays to be included as source documents in the tool’s reference database, where they will be used solely for the purpose of detec ng plagiarism. The terms that apply to the University’s use of this tool are described on the Centre for Teaching Support & Innova on website (h ps://uo .me/pdt-faq). ADDITIONAL INFORMATION LIBRARY RESOURCES The University of Toronto Library provides access to a vast collec on of online and print resources to faculty, sta , and students and is the largest academic library in Canada. The UTM Library o ers Reference and Research Help virtually, through chat, Zoom, and individual research consulta ons, to help students navigate library databases, nd relevant ar cles for their research, and cite correctly. The Library Workshops and Events help students learn about the search techniques and specialized so ware needed to be successful in their academic journey. For more informa on, visit h p:// library.utm.utoronto.ca. ff ti tt ft ti ff ft tt ti tt ti ff ti ti ti ti ff ti ti tt ti tt fi ti ff ft ti ti ff ti ft ti ti ff ti ti ti ti ff tt tt Page 7 of 11 ACADEMIC RIGHTS You, as a student at UTM, have the right to: - Receive a syllabus by the rst day of class. - Rely upon a syllabus once a course is started. An instructor may only change marks’ assignments by following the University Assessment and Grading Prac ces Policy provision 1.3. - Refuse to use plagiarism detec on so ware (alterna ve submission / requirements will apply). - Have access to your instructor for consulta on during a course or follow up with the department chair if the instructor is unavailable. - Ask the person who marked your term work for a re-evalua on if you feel it was not fairly graded. You have up to one month from the date of return of the item to inquire about the mark. If you are not sa s ed with a re-evalua on, you may appeal to the instructor in charge of the course if the instructor did not mark the work. If your work is remarked, you must accept the resul ng mark. You may only appeal a mark beyond the instructor if the term work was worth at least 20% of the course mark. - Receive at least one signi cant mark (15% for H courses, 25% for Y courses) before the last day you can drop a course for H courses, and the last day of classes in the rst week of January for Y courses taught in the Fall/Winter terms. - Submit handwri en essays so long as they are neatly wri en. - Have no assignment worth 100% of your nal grade. - Not have a term test worth 25% or more in the last two weeks of class. - Retain intellectual property rights to your research. - Receive all your assignments once graded. - View your nal exams. To see a nal exam, you must submit an online Exam Reproduc on Request within 6 months of the exam. There is a small non-refundable fee. - Privacy of your nal grades. - Arrange for representa on from Downtown Legal Services (DLS), a representa ve from the UTM Students’ Union (UTMSU), and/or other forms of support if you are charged with an academic o ence. EQUITY, DIVERSITY, AND INCLUSION STATEMENT The University of Toronto is commi ed to equity, human rights and respect for diversity. All members of the learning environment in this course should strive to create an atmosphere of mutual respect where all members of our community can express themselves, engage with each other, and respect one another’s di erences. U of T does not condone discrimina on or harassment against any persons or communi es. Discrimina on, harassment and hate speech will not be tolerated. If you have any ques ons, comments, or concerns you may visit the UTM Equity, Diversity and Inclusion o ce or the University of Toronto Mississauga Students’ Union Vice President Equity at vpequity@utmsu.ca. As part of this commitment, the instructor will arrange reasonable accommoda ons due to religious observances. “Students have a responsibility to alert members of the teaching sta in a mely fashion to upcoming religious observances and an cipated absences.” Since students would normally be aware of upcoming religious observances as well as examina on schedules in advance, a minimum of three weeks advance no ce should be considered su cient. Source: U of T, Vice-Provost, Student Accommoda on ffi ti ti ti ff ti fi ti ti ti tt ti ti ti ti ti fi ti ffi ft tt fi ti ti fi fi fi ti ti tt fi ff fi ti ti ti ti ff Page 8 of 11 STUDENT RESOURCES ACCESSIBILITY Students with diverse learning styles and needs are welcome in this course. In par cular, if you have a disability/health considera on that may require accommoda ons, please feel free to approach me and/ or Accessibility Services as soon as possible. Accessibility sta (located in room 2037, Davis Building) are available by appointment to assess speci c needs, provide referrals and arrange appropriate accommoda ons. Please call 905-569-4699 or email access.utm@utoronto.ca. The sooner you let us know your needs the quicker we can assist you in achieving your learning goals in this course. WELLNESS AND MENTAL HEALTH ➢ UTM Mental Health Resources ➢ Student Mental Health Resource –U of T My Student Support Program ➢ Health and Counselling Centre RGASC The Robert Gillespie Academic Skills Centre (RGASC) is located in Room 3251 on the third oor of the Maanjiwe Nendamowinan Building. The RGASC o ers individual consulta ons, workshops (many CCR-accredited), and a wide range of programs to help students iden fy and develop the academic skills they need for success in their studies. In Fall 2022, their programming will include both in-person and online op ons. Visit the RGASC website to explore their online resources, book an in-person or online appointment, or learn about other programming such as Wri ng Retreats, the Program for Accessing Research Training (PART), Mathema cs and Numeracy Support, and dedicated resources for English Language Learners. UTM Library The University of Toronto Libraries connect students with the world-class collec ons needed to successfully conduct research and complete assignments. At the UTM Library, located within the Hazel McCallion Academic Learning Centre, students will nd dedicated support for their courses: - Reference and Research Help via in-person drop-in and the Ask a Librarian virtual chat service Research guides developed by subject expert liaison librarians, plus individual consulta ons on request Workshops on naviga ng databases, nding relevant ar cles, using so ware, ci ng correctly etc. - OTHERS ➢ For a variety of other student support services and resources – visit the website EVALUATION COMPONENTS No “extra work” to boost grades at the end of the course will be allowed. fl ti ti ti ti ti ti ft ti ff ff ti ti fi fi fi ti ti ti ti ti Page 9 of 11 COURSE SCHEDULE Lecture 1: Introduc on to Educa on Studies No Readings Lecture 2: Educa on Research 1. Makel, M. C., & Plucker, J. A. (2014). Facts Are More Important Than Novelty: Replica on in the Educa on Sciences. Educa onal Researcher, 43(6), 304–316. Link 2. Berliner, D. (2008). Educa onal Research: The Hardest Science of All. Educa onal Researcher. 31(8): 18–20. Link Lecture 3: The History of Educa on 1. Christou, T. (2009) Gone but not forgo en: the decline of history as an educa onal founda on. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 41 (5): 569-583. Link 2. Manzer, R. (2010). Public Schools, Democracy and Historical Trends. Educa on Canada, 44(4): 4–8. Link Lecture 4: Wri ng support Lecture 5: The Sociology of Educa on 1. Lauder, H., Brown, P., & Halsey, A. H. (2009). Sociology of educa on: a cri cal history and prospects for the future. Oxford Review of Educa on 35(5): 569–585.Link 2. Morris, E. (2005). “Tuck in that Shirt!” Race, Class, Gender, and Discipline in an Urban School. Sociological Perspec ves, 48(1), 25–48. Link Lecture 5: The Economics of Educa on 1. Dearden, L., Machin, S., & Vignoles, A. (2009). Economics of educa on research: a review and future prospects. Oxford Review of Educa on, 35(5), 617–632. Link 2. Smith, N. (2000). Who Rules This Sausage Factory? An pode, 32(3), 330–339. Link Lecture 6: The Poli cs of Educa on 1. Lefstein, A. (2002). Thinking power and pedagogy apart – coping with discipline in progressivist school reform. Teachers College Record, 104(8), 1627–1655. Link 2. Nouri, A., & Sajjadi, S. M. (2014). Emancipatory Pedagogy in Prac ce: Aims, Principles and Curriculum orienta on. The Interna onal Journal of Cri cal Pedagogy, 5(2), 76–87. Link Lecture 7: The Philosophy of Educa on 1. Laverty, M. (2014). Conceiving educa on: The crea ve task before us. Theory and Research in Educa on, 12(1): 109–119. Link ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti tt ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti Page 10 of 11 2. Hostetler, K. (2005). What Is “Good” Educa on Research? Educa onal Researcher, 34(6), 16–21. Link Lecture 8: The Psychology of Educa on 1. Crozier, W. R. (2009). The psychology of educa on: achievements and challenges. Oxford Review of Educa on, 35(5), 587–600. Link 2. Alexander, P. A. (2018). Past as prologue: Educa onal psychology’s legacy and progeny. Journal of Educa onal Psychology, 110(2), 147–162. Link Lecture 9: The Biology of Educa on 1. Lillard, A. S., & Erisir, A. (2011). Old dogs learning new tricks: Neuroplas city beyond the juvenile period. Developmental Review, 31(4), 207–239. Link 2. Pasquinelli, E. (2012). Neuromyths: Why Do They Exist and Persist? Mind, Brain, and Educa on, 6(2), 1–8. Link Lecture 10: Compara ve Educa on 1. Broadfoot, P. (2019). Compara ve Educa on fo Century: retrospect and prospect. Compara ve Educa on, 36(3), 357–371. Link 2. Beech, J. (2016). The Theme of Educa onal Transfer in Compara ve Educa on: A View over Time. Research in Compara ve and Interna onal Educa on, 1(1), 2–13. Link Lecture 11: The Problem(s) in Educa on 1. Zhao, Y. (2017) What works may hurt: Side e ects in educa on. Journal of Educa onal Change 18(1), 1–19. Link 2. Bodenheimer, G., & Shuster, S. M. (2019). Emo onal labour, teaching and burnout: Inves ga ng complex rela onships. Educa onal Research, 62(1), 63–76. Link Lecture 12: The Promise of Educa on Studies 1. Newton, P. & Burgess, D. (2008). Exploring Types of Educa onal Ac on Research: Implica ons for Research Validity. Interna onal Journal of Qualita ve Methods, 7(4), 18– 30. Link 2. Oreopoulos, P. (2006). The compelling e ects of compulsory schooling: evidence from Canada. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 39(1), 22–52. Link ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ff ti ti ti ti ff ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti Page 11 of 11