When did the US global expansion start?
• The US started to expand its international hand in the 1860’s and 1870’s
following the end of the American Civil War.
• The Spanish American War was the first war abroad that America fought in.
• It continued through World War I, The Roaring 20’s, World War II and into the
1960’s and continues today.
IMPERIALISMacquiring
territory or
gaining control
over the political
or economic life
of other countries
American Imperialism Crash Course
WHY IMPERIALISM?
• needed world wide markets for growing industrial and agricultural surpluses
• needed sources of raw materials for manufacturing
• gaining oversea territories might take people’s minds off of labor violence and
farmer unrest
• politicians were allied with businesses who wanted more markets so the
government was supportive
Anti-Imperialist
League-led by
Williams Jennings
Bryan
Williams
Jennings
Bryan
Spanish
American WarApril to August
1898
IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Theodore Roosevelt (Assistant
Secretary to the Navy) ordered a fleet
under the command of Commodore
Dewey to the Spanish controlled
Philippines
• May 1st – fleet opened fired on
Spanish ships in Manila Bay
• August 13th – American and Filipino
rebels captured Manila
CUBA
• June-U.S. volunteer force
landed in Cuba
• Spanish forces fought against
the Americans and the
Cubans
• Disease killed about 5,000
while fighting killed about 500
CUBA
• Battle of San Juan Hill – cavalry
charge by the Rough Riders
led by Theodore
Roosevelt (resigned
from being
Assistant Secretary
to the Navy to take part
1985 Interview with Veteran
in the war) Rough Riders Movie Clip
Rough Riders Training Video Charge Up San Juan Hill Movie Clip
• July 3rd – Spanish navy was
destroyed at Santiago Bay
• August – Spain surrendered
• Treaty of Paris signed December 10,
1898
• recognized Cuban independence
• U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and
Guam
• U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the
Philippines
(Senators argued about taking over
the Philippines since it could
entangle the U.S. in Asian conflicts)
• Treaty was narrowly ratified
• U.S. defeated Spain and ended
400 year old empire
• U.S. became a colonial power
• U.S. became an Asian power
• increased anti-Catholic feelings
in U.S. because Spain was a
Catholic nation
• U.S. became more cordial with
Great Britain
• Filipinos were not happy about being
denied their independence
• Emilio Aguinaldo (Filipino nationalist
leader) now led bands of guerillas against
the US (they had fought on side of
Americans against the Spanish)
• 1902 – after 3 years and thousands of lives
Americans brutally suppressed the
rebellion
• 1916- Jones Act granted the Philippines
independence
U.S. in the Philippines
• U.S. troops remained in Cuba from
1898-1901
1901 PLATT AMENDMENT
• Cuba could never sign a treaty with a
foreign power that impaired its
independence
• could not owe money to other countries
• U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs to
preserve independence, law and order
• U.S. could maintain naval bases in CubaGUANTANAMO BAY
• Made Cuba a PROTECTORATE – subject to
U.S. oversight and control
History of U.S and Cuba in 2 Minutes
Supreme Court cases that ruled
that people in the newly acquired
territories were not U.S. citizens.
US Territories: John Oliver
POLITICS AND
FOREIGN
POLICY AT THE
TURN OF THE
CENTURY
Gold Standard,
Imperialism
William McKinley, Republican
Hip Hughes Election of 1900
Bimetallism,
Anti-Imperialism
William
Jennings Bryan,
Democrat
1901 – McKinley
assassinated by an anarchist
(Leon Czolgosz)
Last picture of McKinley
McKinley’s last speech
Leon Czolgosz
Assassination of McKinley Video
• McKinley's Vice President,
Theodore Roosevelt,
became President
• motto “speak softly and
carry a big stick”
• had an aggressive foreign
policy
• Wanted the government
to enforce the Sherman
Anti-Trust Act
• His presidency ushered in
the Progressive Era
• Signed the Newlands
Reclamation Act (funding
for irrigation projects in 20
arid Western states)
Histeria! Teddy Roosevelt
Mini-Bio of Roosevelt
The
Progressive Era
1901-1918
PROGRESSIVES - middle
class Americans who
worried about unrest
among the poor, excesses
of the rich, corruption of the
government and decline of
morality
•
Believed that honest
government and just
laws would improve the
human condition
•
Stole popular socialist
ideas without
becoming socialists
•
Wanted to make
government more
responsible to social
problems
•
Robert M. Lafollette Wisconsin progressive
governor
How Progressivism Happened
Robert M.
Lafollette
Photographers/authors- Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine
exposed the human face of child labor and
impoverished city residents
Jacob Riis – tenement and inner
city life
Jacob Riis Video
Lewis Hine – child labor
Lewis Hine Video
LEWIS HINE – exposed the human faces of child labor
throughout the nation with his photographs
Jacob Riis – exposed how the other half lives with
his photographs and book
SOCIALISTS -eliminate
private ownership of
factories
• EUGENE DEBSfounded the Socialists
Party of America, ran
for President in every
election between
1900-1920
Progressive Era Crash Course
• Offered a SQUARE DEAL -fair deal
Republican Theodore Roosevelt
for both labor and business
• Supported direct
intervention/negotiation by the
government in the strikes like the
Coal Strike of 1902
• Wanted to enforce the Sherman
Anti-Trust Act to TRUST-BUST (break
up many trusts)
• Wanted to strengthen the power of
the Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC) to stop railroad
companies from offering rebates
• Wanted conservation-federal land
in the west to be set aside for parks
Histeria! Trust Busting
Democrat Alton B. Parker
Republican Theodore Roosevelt
Hip Hughes Election of 1904
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
THEODORE
ROOSEVELT’S
PRESIDENCY
1901-1909
• U.S. needed a strong military
• Idea that the U.S. needed to
civilize nations unlike the U.S.
• American businessmen and
politicians should be
international leaders
The Canal Question
• U.S. wanted a canal to
connect the Atlantic to the
Pacific Ocean (so ships did
not have to go all the way
around South America)
• decided that Central
America was a good place
to put it
Panama Canal
Deconstructing History: Panama Canal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Columbia refused U.S. terms for the canal
Roosevelt found out that people in a province of Columbia (Panama) were upset with Columbia
1903 – U.S. backed a revolt in Panama and Panama became independent
Panama accepted exact deal for canal that had been offered to Columbia
HAY-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY - gave US long term control of the Panama Canal
Building of Panama Canal – 1904-1914
U.S. vessels were exempt from the canal toll
1921 – U.S. gave $25 million to Columbia to compensate them for the loss of Panama
EAST ASIA
• RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 19041905
• Roosevelt arranged a
conference between the
countries to construct a peace
treaty (he will get the Nobel
Peace Prize for this in 1906)
Roosevelt’s Nobel Peace Prize
Russo-Japanese War in 3 Minutes
EAST ASIA
• GREAT WHITE FLEET – 1907-1909 fleet cruised the world
• demonstrated U.S. naval power to Japan
Great White Fleet
“Vote for Taft this
time, you can
vote for Bryan
anytime!”
Democrat William
Jennings Bryan
Election of 1908
Republican William Howard Taft
(Roosevelt’s hand-picked
successor)
Figure 1. This photograph (a) of Theodore Roosevelt (left) and his hand-picked
successor William Howard Taft (right) just before Taft’s inauguration in 1909, was
echoed in a Puck magazine cartoon (b) where “cowboy” Roosevelt hands off his
“Policies” baby to “nurse-maid” Taft. Taft was seen, initially at least, as being a
president who would continue Roosevelt’s same policies.
William
Howard Taft’S
PRESIDENCY
1909-1913
TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST
FACTORY FIRE
March 1911
(New York City)
•
•
•
One of the nation’s
deadliest industrial disasters
146 died, mostly immigrants
and women
Led to legislation requiring
improved factory safety
standards and an overhaul
of the New York labor code
many of which will
eventually become federal
laws.
Hamlet Chicken Plant Disaster Song
Hamlet: The Untold Tragedy
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
• In 1909 Moorfield
Storey, Mary White
Ovington and W. E. B.
Du Bois established the
NAACP (National
Association for the
Advancement of
Colored People)
• Preceded by the
Niagara Movement
1905-1910
W.E.B Du Bois and the Niagara Movement
History of the NAACP
Roosevelt’s Progressive
Movement Platform incorporated
many ideas from the Populist
Party (1890s).
He wanted:
• direct election of senators
• Initiative
• Referendum
• Recall
• women’s suffrage
• 8 hour work day
• minimum wage for women
• a federal trade commission
Remembering the 1912 Election
Progressive Bull Moose Party
Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt and Bull Moose Party
Theodore Roosevelt, now
running as the Progressive
Party, or Bull Moose Party,
candidate, created an
unprecedented moment in
the country’s history, where a
former president was running
against both an incumbent
president and a future
president.
Republican
William
Howard Taft
16th Amendment
• It stated the congress had the power to levy federal income taxes
• The 16th Amendment was passed and ratified under Taft.
– Met the 36th state ratification requirement on February 3, 1913,
with Delaware's ratification.
– Florida never considered the Amendment
The Republican party
vote was split between
Roosevelt and Taft.
Wilson won 42% of the
popular vote and 435
electoral votes.
Democrat Woodrow Wilson
st
1
TERM OF
WOODROW
WILSON
1913-1917
• Clayton Anti-Trust Actunions and farm
organizations were not
trusts, peaceful picketing is
legal, and injunctions are
illegal unless there would
be irreparable injury to
property
• 16th Amendment (1913)-US
government could collect
income tax
• 17th Amendment (1913)direct election of senators
16th Amendment Explained
17th Amendment
The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII)
Established the direct election of United States senators in each state.
The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the
Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures.
• Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
(1916) – an attempt to end child
labor by prohibiting the interstate
sale of products manufactured by
children under the age of 14,
declared unconstitutional in 1918
(eventually overturned in 1941with
United States v. Darby Lumber Co)
• Adamson Act (1916) – established
an 8 hour work day and overtime
pay for interstate railroad workers
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Hammer v. Dagenhart
Sound Smart – Child Labor
the system in which
support is given only
to countries whose
beliefs are analogous
(similar) to that of the
nation.
MORAL DIPLOMACY
• Idea that the U.S. should play a key
role in promoting peace, selfdetermination, and democracy
throughout the world
•
American should be “the light which
will shine unto all generations and
guide the feet of mankind to the
goal of justice and liberty and
peace” (Wilson, 1914)
• Military intervention was sometimes
needed to help spread or preserve
democracy
RIGHTING PAST WRONGS:
• Repealed U.S. exemption of
Panama Canal toll
• Cost money for Florida shippers
to ship to the Pacific
• Cost money to import into Florida
RIGHTING PAST WRONGS:
• Philippines – made them a
territory with a bill of rights, all
men could vote and they could
become independent as soon as
a stable government was
established
• Puerto Rico – given U.S. citizenship
and limited self government