The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
Brands
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Background of the Study
Cosmetics are classified according to their intended use, which includes whether they are
meant to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, sprayed, or applied in any other way to the human body.
They may be used for washing, beautifying, increasing attractiveness, or changing the
appearance. Skin moisturizers, lipsticks, nail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations,
cleaning shampoos, permanent waves, coloring products for hair, and deodorants are among the
items covered by this definition. It also includes any chemical intended for use as an ingredient
in a cosmetic product In using cosmetic products, sellers prioritize the safety and health of the
consumers. However, in prioritizing the health and safety of consumers who will use the
products of cosmetic brands, this will lead to the so-called “Animal Testing.” Animal testing has
always been a contentious issue in the cosmetics industry. It is essential to the creation and safety
of cosmetics, but it also gravely infringes on the rights of experimental animals to survive.
While a sizeable portion of the populace is opposed to all forms of animal testing, another
group only opposes the use of animals in cosmetics testing, believing that it is abhorrent and
terrible to use animal life for the sole purpose of advancing human beauty technology. People are
worried about using animals for scientific purposes, and they wish to reduce animal suffering.
Since 2013, no member state of the European Union, including the United Kingdom, is permitted
to use animals for the purpose of testing cosmetic products. Because of the widespread
opposition to animal testing and the usage of animals in the cosmetics industry, professionalism
and ethics play a significant role in this field. The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which
mandated that cosmetic goods be safety tested before being offered to customers, was passed in
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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1938, and this led to the widespread use of animal testing for cosmetics. Animal testing by
manufacturers seeking to market new products may be used to establish product safety.
In some cases, after considering available alternatives, companies may determine that
animal testing is necessary to assure the safety of a product or ingredient. Even though some
courts have decided that the FDA has failed to demonstrate that the results of animal studies may
be extended to humans, companies do animal testing to offer data that they can use to defend
themselves when they are sued by aggrieved consumers. Cosmetics and home goods that blind or
poison animals during testing are frequently nevertheless marketed. Companies assert their
commitment to ethics by citing the fact that their products have undergone testing rather than the
findings of such tests.
According to research, for the entirety of their lives, laboratory animals are involuntarily
kept in artificial settings, frequently in chambers without windows. Artificial illumination,
human-made noises, and confined living quarters, which are typical of biomedical laboratories,
can hinder species-typical behaviors and cause distress and deviant behaviors in animals. More
than 110 million animals, including mice, rats, frogs, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs,
primates, fish, and birds, are slaughtered every year in laboratories in the United States for
biology classes, medical training, curiosity-driven experiments, and chemical, drug, food, and
cosmetics testing. Prior to their demise, some are made to breathe deadly fumes, while others are
made to spend hours immobilized in restraints, and have holes drilled into their skulls, their skin
burned off, or their spinal cords crushed. Animals in laboratories undergo physical and
psychological anguish in addition to the agony of the actual tests. They are kept in lifeless cages
and are robbed of everything that is normal and significant to them. Animals employed in
research that have thought and feelings are treated like disposable pieces of lab equipment.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Every living thing has the right to exist and to be treated with respect in all facets of
existence. The goal of the animal rights movement is to raise public awareness of the idea that
animals are intellectual, sensitive, and emotional beings who should be treated with respect. In
the opinion of proponents of animal rights, non-human animals ought to be allowed to spend
their lives without being used, exploited, or subjected to other forms of human interference.
Cosmetics have since gained widespread recognition. To enhance their appearance, both men
and women utilize cosmetics today. To raise public awareness of cosmetic companies that test on
animals, this study's goal is to benefit people. To advance animal welfare and animal rights,
come up with other methods for doing cosmetic testing. Aside from that, to learn more about the
use of animal testing by cosmetic companies. Through these methods, the research will play a
significant role in advancing animal welfare.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Conceptual Framework
PROCESS
INPUT
1.
What
is
the
importance
of
animal welfare?
2.
What
is
the
significance
of
becoming aware
of the brands that
utilize
animal
testing?

Information
collection
via
survey instrument
utilization.

Transcribing and
tabulating student
responses using
statistical analysis
and
data
interpretation.
OUTPUT
“The Importance of
Animal Welfare: The
Inhumane Animal
Experimentation of
Cosmetic Brands”
3. What alternatives
can be used to
reduce
animal
testing of cosmetic
products?
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
The researchers will collect data for the study "Importance of Animal Welfare: The
Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic Brands" using the Input-Process-Output (IPO)
model shown in Figure 1. Data will be collected through the use of survey questionnaires. A
narrative approach will be used for non-numerical data, and several statistical tools, such as
tallies, percentages, and means, will be used to understand the numerical data. The data will be
carefully reviewed and evaluated to determine the significance of learning about the brands that
use animal testing. This framework will serve as the researchers' direction and flow throughout
the whole research project.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Statement of the Problem
This study aims to assist individuals in developing awareness about the inhumane animal
experimentation of cosmetic brands and to further advance the rights and welfare of animals.
This study will also answer the following questions:
1.
What is the importance of animal welfare?
2.
What is the significance of becoming aware of the brands that utilize animal testing?
3.
What alternatives can be used to reduce animal testing of cosmetic products?
Research Hypothesis
Ho: The animal welfare is not important, the animal experimentation of cosmetic brands is
ethical and is not against to animal welfare and animal rights.
H1: The animal welfare is important, the animal experimentation of cosmetic brands is not
ethical and against to animal welfare and animal rights.
Significance of the Study
The study entitled “ The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal
Experimentation of Cosmetic Brands” is carried out for the following beneficiaries:
Chemical Engineers
For the chemical engineers, in an effort to minimize the use of animal testing, the study
will assist them in thinking of alternatives to the practice of testing cosmetic products on animals.
Consumers
For the consumers, with the help of this study, they will become more knowledgeable
about cosmetic product testing on animals.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Cosmetic Brands
For the cosmetic brands, they will be able to minimize animal experimentation and
advance animal welfare with the assistance of the research.
Future Researchers
For the future researchers, this study will serve as their reference when they tackle the
same subject. This will serve as a guide to further develop their research and help them achieve a
successful research.
Students
For the students, the study will help the students actively participate in advancing the
ban of animal cruelty and increase their awareness of cosmetic companies that test on animals.
Scope and Limitations
The research is titled the importance of animal welfare: the inhumane animal
experimentation of cosmetic brands. The research will encompass animal welfare and why it is
significant. Becoming aware of the rights of animals that are being held captive in laboratories
for experimentation. Furthermore, analyzing human morality or ethics and how they feel about
the implementation of animal testing in cosmetic brands. The thoughts and opposition of
consumers and senior high school students of STI College Lipa regarding animal testing of
cosmetic products. In becoming aware of and better understanding the significance of animal
welfare and animal rights, this will result in having alternative ways for product testing of
cosmetic brands to ensure the safety of the products for consumers. In gathering data that will be
used in the research, researchers will conduct a survey from Grade 11 and Grade 12 students of
STI College Lipa. The time frame of this research is from September 2023 to January 2024.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Whilst studying the research, limitations are also identified and acknowledged.
Limitations cover the accessibility of having primary contact with government officials and
cosmetic companies to gather their perception regarding animal experimentation. Being in touch
with the Philippine Animal Welfare Society throughout the research is also not to be expected.
As these factors are considered as some of the barriers that takes part in the research, the
possibility of foreseeing the process of animal testing is also not included. Considering the
respondents, only students from STI College Lipa will have the sanction to participate with the
researchers and the study.
Definitions of Terms
To have a better understanding of this study, following terminologies and their
operational and conceptual definitions are defined:
Abhorrent
In this study, this refers to doing anything incorrectly or poorly. According to the
Merriam Webster (1599), it refers to causing or deserving strong dislike or hatred : being so
repugnant as to stir up positive antagonism.
Abide
In this study, this refers to the act of following or complying. According to the Merriam
Webster (1200), it refers to to bear patiently or to endure without yielding.
Autonomy
In this study, this refers to the freedom, mental, and physical well-being of animals.
According to the Merriam Webster (1623), it refers to the quality or state of being self-governing
especially; the right of self-government.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Demise
In this study, this refers to animal exploitation. According to the Merriam Webster (1500),
it refers to a cessation of existence or activity.
Feasible
In this study, this refers to an ineffective process. According to the Merriam Webster
(1500), it refers to capable of being used or dealt with successfully; suitable.
Humane
In this study, this is used to describe a procedure that supports animal rights. According
to the Merriam Webster (1552), it refers to marked by compassion, sympathy, or consideration
for humans or animals.
Inhumane
In the context of this study, this describes a procedure that is unethical or incompatible
with animal rights. According to the Merriam Webster (1536), not humane; very cruel.
Melancholy
In the context of this study, this alludes to an animal's assertion of emotion. According to
the Merriam Webster (1400), it refers to a depression of spirits; dejection.
Progeny
The offspring of animals. According to the Merriam Webster (1400), it refers to a
person’s children; the young of animals and plants.
Sympathetic
In this study, refers to the care and treatment given to animals in a lovely and healthy
habitat. According to the Merriam Webster (1644), it refers to existing or operating through an
affinity, interdependence, or mutual association.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature & Related Studies
The studies and related literature that the researchers discovered after a thorough search
are presented in this chapter. The cited literature and studies helped the researchers grasp
concepts and ideas about developing awareness about the inhumane animal experimentation of
cosmetic brands and further advancing the rights and welfare of animals.
Local
Concerning the welfare of animals, major problems include animal welfare and
protection. According to the Official Gazette (2013), the Philippines has regulations in place to
safeguard animals from abuse, neglect, and cruelty. For the purpose of ensuring the ethical
treatment of animals and advancing their welfare, it is crucial to understand these regulations.
Republic Act No. 8485, also known as the Animal Welfare Act of 1998. It was passed with the
intention of protecting and promoting the welfare of all terrestrial, aquatic, and marine animals in
the Philippines by monitoring and regulating the construction and operation of all facilities used
for breeding, caring for, keeping, treating, or educating all animals, whether as commodities for
trade or as domestic pets.
The physical and mental health of animals is considered to be their welfare for the
purposes of this Act. It includes, but is not limited to, preventing abuse, maltreatment, cruelty,
and exploitation of animals by humans by upholding appropriate standards of housing, feeding,
and general care; preventing and treating illness; ensuring freedom from fear, distress,
harassment, and unnecessary discomfort and pain; and permitting animals to exhibit normal
behavior. Section 9 of the Republic Act of 8485 states that any person who subjects any animal
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to abuse, maltreatment, cruelty, or exploitation shall be guilty of an offense. According to
Section 10 of the Republic Act of 8485, the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture must
appoint volunteers who have received the required training as animal welfare enforcement
officers from non-governmental organizations, citizen groups, community organizations, and
other groups. Officers responsible for enforcing animal welfare laws will be appointed by the
Philippine National Police, the National Bureau of Investigation, and other law enforcement
organizations. Therefore, according to the constraints of current laws, rules, and regulations on
arrest and detention, animal welfare enforcement agents shall have the ability to seize and rescue
illegally sold and mistreated animals as well as to arrest those who violate this Act.
According to the Word Animal Protection (2020), the Administrative Order No. 40 of
1999 states that this category of animals in the Philippines is covered under the Animal Welfare
Act of 1998. The abuse or use of animals in research or studies that aren't specifically approved
by the Committee on Animal Welfare is forbidden by Section 6 of the Animal Welfare Act of
1998. Additionally, Section 6 stipulates that an animal must be killed humanely—that is, using
the most advanced scientific techniques possible, as judged by the Committee—after
participating in approved research or experiments. Administrative Order No. 8 of 1999
establishes guidelines for the registration of establishments, which includes facilities housing
laboratory animals. However, the regulations only apply to those establishments in which the
temperature cannot be regulated within predetermined bounds; it seems that temperaturecontrolled indoor facilities are exempt from this. Basic housing requirements include things like
room, cover, and ventilation (section 3.1.9). Apart from these, the only other regulation that is
explicitly mentioned as being applicable to laboratories is the requirement that brochures on
animal care be included with each sale, which doesn't seem to be pertinent to these kinds of
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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establishments. The scope of Administrative Order No. 40 of 1999 on Rules and Regulations on
the Conduct of Scientific Procedures Using Animals is restricted because only vertebrates (both
domestic and wild) are included in the definition of "animal," and the order does not apply to
animals used in clinical trials for veterinary products. The Administrative Order stipulates that
animals utilized in scientific study in the Philippines must adhere to the guidelines set forth by
the Institute of Laboratory study, National Research Council, USA, for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals.
Section 6 of Administrative Order No. 40 stipulates that euthanasia of animals should be
done swiftly and compassionately and includes a number of various procedures, i.e. Subject to
Administrative Order No. 40, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees must approve
animal studies for scientific study. These committees must make decisions based on the 3Rs.
Carbon dioxide, sometimes known as barbiturates, per species. The Committee is mandated to
conduct an annual inspection of animal care and usage facilities and assess the following areas:
veterinarian care, housing, behavioral management, and physical environment.
The Animal Welfare Act of 1998, Republic Act No. 8485, and other laws have been
implemented to support animal rights and welfare. According to the Pinoy Attorney (2018), the
Anti-Cruelty Law, or Presidential Decree No. 1602, is a significant piece of legislation in the
Philippines that punishes acts of cruelty to animal. It covers actions like beating, torturing, or
killing animals, as well as staging animal fights or utilizing animals for experimentation without
the necessary permits. Additionally forbidden by this rule is the use of poison, harmful
substances, or chemicals to kill or seize animals. The Animal Welfare Act of 1998 is
strengthened by Republic Act No. 10631, the Philippine Animal Welfare Act of 2013, which
increases the severity of the penalties for animal cruelty. Higher penalties and harsher prison
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
Brands
terms are part of it for criminals. The law also contains guidelines for responsible pet ownership,
such as the need for pet owners to vaccinate, register, and properly care for their animals.
Department of Agriculture Administrative Order No. 40, Series of 2011, Rules and Regulations
Governing the Operation of Slaughterhouses: This administrative order establishes standards for
the humane handling, transportation, and slaughter of animals in slaughterhouses. To guarantee
that animals are treated properly throughout the slaughtering process, it includes criteria for
suitable facilities, tools, and staff training. By doing this, it is made sure that animals don't
endure needless suffering when being killed.
The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act also ensures the protection and
conservation of wildlife species, including their habitats, in the Philippines. In order to stop
wildlife from being illegally exploited and trafficked, it governs how it is captured, moved,
traded, and owned. Poaching, hunting, and trade in endangered animals are all prohibited by law
as are other acts of cruelty toward wildlife. Fisheries Code of the Philippines: The Fisheries Code
of the Philippines has rules for the conservation of marine wildlife, including whales, dolphins,
and sea turtles, all of which are in risk of extinction. In addition to outlawing their capture,
killing, or selling, it also establishes rules for the management and conservation of marine
resources in Philippine waters. The importance of remaining current on animal welfare
regulations: It's essential to stay current on the most recent and official sources of animal welfare
laws in the Philippines. It's critical to abide by the most recent rules in order to safeguard the
welfare of animals because these laws are subject to revisions and adjustments.
To forward the goals of Republic Act No. 8485, Senator Grace Poe has proposed an
amended version. Senate Bill (SB) 2458, also known as the Revised Animal Welfare Act, was
filed by Senator Grace Poe, who stated on Tuesday that the measure also proposes to establish an
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Animal Welfare Bureau (AWB) with expanded authority to guarantee the nation's advancement
of animal welfare and safeguarding of animals from cruelty. SB 2458 would impose fines of not
less than PHP30,000 but not more than PHP100,000 and prison terms ranging from one year and
six months to three years on anyone found to be subjecting any animal to cruelty, maltreatment,
or any of the prohibited acts under the measure, if signed to become a legislation. Similarly
severe penalties apply to animal abandonment, operating an animal facility without permits, and
using animals for scientific, educational, or entertainment purposes without the necessary
authorization (Bacelonia, 2023).
According to Talamitam Staff (2022), due to the requirement for legal protection, animal
testing is unavoidable. Since animal testing is not covered by the legislation, not all locally
produced cosmetics or locally produced cosmetic brands are free of animal testing. A co-owner
of Golden LV Skin Essentials Corp. claimed that certain businesses in the cosmetics sector used
animal testing in order to collect information for use as evidence in consumer lawsuits. Animals
are being mistreated for technology, aesthetic purposes, and human necessities. 93% of Filipinos
backed a ban on animal testing for cosmetics, according to an Ipsos survey conducted in 2019 for
the Washington-based HSI. In order to prevent animal suffering, there are alternatives to
cosmetic testing. Alternative testing procedures, such as in-vitro methods (human cell-based
tests), in silico models (computer-modeling techniques), and studies using human volunteers, are
said to be more quicker, more efficient, and less expensive than animal testing, according to
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).
Animal abuse occurs across all industries, though, not just the cosmetic industry.
According to the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (2016) Dr. DizonFlores state that since human physiologies and anatomy are similar to those of animals, it makes
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sense to use animals in research and experiments to better understand and develop treatments for
a variety of human and animal diseases. Vaccines, medications, consumer goods, and a wide
variety of other substances are all subjected to animal tests in order to assess their efficacy and
safety. However, Dr. Dizon-Flores made the observation that animals utilized in testing and
research may feel pain and distress.
Animals are frequently used in study to aid scientists and researchers in determining the
effects of particular situations on living beings. Animals may also be used in study if it advances
our understanding of the natural world or has a direct impact on food production and agriculture,
which have a direct impact on human health. Since many of UPLB's research, instruction, and
extension activities directly involve animals, whether it be by creating new feeds or vaccines for
livestock or by researching a species and its interactions with the environment, ensuring the
humane and ethical treatment of animals in research is one of its main concerns. In order to
protect the welfare of animals employed in concerned UPLB units' research, instruction, and
processes, the university established the Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee
(IACUC) under the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Extension (OVCRE).
IACUC was established in 2016, and since then, it has been dedicated to safeguarding the
humane and ethical treatment of animals and their usage in training, testing, and other activities
carried out by various UPLB units and their linked research institutes for educational, scientific,
and societal purposes (Araguas, 2022).
According to Baltazar (2021), even with the government's coordinated efforts to eradicate
animal cruelty, there is no doubt that animal exploitation is a lucrative sector that makes its
money from slaughterhouses and the use of animals in lab research. It is truly depressing to
know that some producers turn to mistreating animals in order to increase their profits. They
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might not be conscious of the effects of their acts, though. Catastrophic natural events could arise
from an imbalance in the environment caused by the slow extinction of certain species.
For the Philippines to guarantee the treatment of animals humanely, animal welfare and
protection regulations are essential. For the purpose of preventing animal cruelty, abuse, and
neglect, it is crucial to comprehend and abide by these rules. We can help build a more
sympathetic and considerate society that values and defends the welfare of animals by staying
informed, reporting instances of animal cruelty, encouraging responsible pet ownership, and
supporting wildlife conservation. Together, let's spread knowledge about animal welfare
regulations, push for their tougher enforcement, and help the Philippines develop a culture of
compassion and respect for all living things.
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Foreign
Cosmetic testing or animal testing causes massive damage to the physical and mental
well-being of animals. According to the ProCon (2023), animal lives are wasted in the majority
of animal experiments due to flaws in design. Most publicly funded animal studies in the US and
UK using rodents and primates had serious flaws, according to a peer-reviewed study: "only 59%
of the studies stated the hypothesis or objective of the study and the number and characteristics
of the animals used." Another study from 2017 found even more flaws in animal studies, citing
things like "incorrect data interpretation, unforeseen technical issues, incorrectly constituted (or
absent) control groups, selective data reporting, inadequate or varying software systems, and
blatant fraud." Ninety-four percent of drugs that pass animal tests fall short in human clinical
trials.
Many stroke medications and more than 85 HIV vaccines that proved successful in
animal testing did not work on humans. Although treatments to reduce inflammation in critically
ill patients have proven successful in animal trials, nearly 150 clinical trials (tests on humans) of
these treatments have been conducted; all of them have failed. Not all drugs that pass animal
testing are safe. Animal testing was done before the 1950s sleeping pill thalidomide was
commercially released, and as a result, 10,000 babies were born with severe birth defects.
Subsequent tests on mice, rats, guinea pigs, cats, and hamsters that were pregnant did not show
any birth defects unless the drug was given at very high doses. In mice, the heart was protected
by the arthritis medication Vioxx in animal experiments, but the drug caused more harm than
good. Researcher bias towards the disregard of possible treatments and cures could be caused by
animal testing. When applied to humans, certain substances that are hazardous or ineffectual on
animals can be useful. For instance, some animal species are at risk from aspirin. Mice do not
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respond differently to intravenous vitamin C treatment for sepsis, despite human trials showing
positive results. According to neurologist Aysha Akhtar, studies on animals showed that Fk-506
(tacrolimus), a medication used to reduce the risk of organ transplant rejection, was "almost
shelved."
According to Nicol (2023), laboratory animals are subjected to eye irritation tests, also
known as the draize rabbit eye test, in which chemicals are introduced into their eyes. To prevent
them from struggling or wiping their eyes, these animals are placed in restraining stocks.
Without any analgesics, the animals' eyelids are forcefully kept apart. Similar to this, various
synthetic chemical preparations (such as gels, shampoos, and perfumes) are forced into test
subjects' mouths or noses or applied to their shaved skin to determine how severely their mucous
membranes react. They conduct experiments where animals are repeatedly force-fed cosmetic
chemicals in an attempt to identify any potential health risks, such as cancer, birth defects, or
general illness, associated with the ingredients. Weeks or even months may pass during these
exams. Moreover, using lethal dose tests, which purposefully administer high concentrations of
chemicals to animals in experiments to ascertain the dose at which they die. Animals are
frequently rendered immobile or housed in cages for the purpose of observing the likelihood of
allergic reactions and other circumstances during these studies and animal testing. Many of these
animals are definitely no longer in good health due to their extended exposure to chemical
mixtures; they have skin lesions, hair loss, stress, and pain.
After the animal tests, those that survive are usually put to death by asphyxiation,
decapitation, or breaking of the neck, frequently without any kind of analgesic medication.
Because they have been routinely tested on humans and are not required to be tested on animals,
many of the ingredients and chemicals found in common cosmetic preparations have been
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Brands
deemed safe for use for years. As they don't precisely replicate how the human body reacts to
substances, therapies, or medications, studies that appear promising in lab animals rarely
translate to humans. Research has demonstrated that human reactions to cosmetics can only be
predicted by cosmetics tests utilizing animal testing methods 40% to 60% of the time, whereas
human reactions can be predicted with 80% accuracy using alternatives to animal testing. Animal
experiments are also impractical because they are an expensive and time-consuming procedure
that can be completed more quickly and economically with the use of alternative scientific
techniques.
According to Stray Dogs Institute (2021), animals are regarded as property under law in
many nations, including the US, which permits the treatment of them as exploitable things rather
than sentient beings. This legal classification demonstrates how society has socialized people to
value human choices, interests, and aspirations over those of animals and their welfare. These
ideas, which were popularized by important intellectuals like René Descartes, who claimed that
animals are essentially machines responding to basic impulses in the seventeenth century, are the
basis for the widespread belief that animals cannot have interests, preferences, or desires of their
own.
Animal rights philosophy seeks to undo this objectification of animals by changing their
formal status from something to someone and, in the end, freeing them from all forms of human
exploitation, whether in farms, laboratories, or any other setting where their autonomy is
routinely denied. Because people frequently believe that animal thoughts are mysterious,
unreadable, and so irrelevant, people are generally okay with using animals for human needs.
Animal rights are denied because it is difficult to determine whether animals can feel emotions
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and suffering and whether they value safety and comfort due to the fact that humans cannot grasp
the expressive languages used by animals.
Yet the expanding body of scientific evidence indicating that animals most certainly feel
pain, have interior worlds with memories, and exhibit sophisticated emotional behavior is
challenging conventional ideas about the inferiority of animal minds. The numerous prejudices
and routines of humans that contribute to animal suffering and the travesty of animals' right to
live independent, pain-free lives are being challenged by this information. Improved treatment of
animals under human control, whether on farms, in labs, or in homes, is the goal of animal
welfare initiatives. The Animal Welfare Act is one of the main animal welfare regulations that
are in place in the US. However, the Act's restrictions highlight how unsatisfactory welfare is as
a model for comprehensive animal protection by still allowing a large quantity of suffering to
occur. Despite the fact that billions of animals are slaughtered and subjected to pain every year in
the US food system, farm animals, for instance, are not protected under the Act.
The animal rights movement, on the other hand, promotes an outright ban on the
exploitation of animals. The foundation of animal rights thought is a reevaluation of the morality
of controlling animals and the value placed on their existence. The essential rights of freedom
and self-determination are violated when an animal is kept in captivity, hence an animal rights
framework rejects all forms of animal captivity. Modern research has shown that animals can
think and feel, and that they can also feel pain, melancholy, and boredom, which contradicts the
common misconception that they are emotionless objects. And like us, they have a variety of
other unique ways to express themselves, like as singing, speaking, and laughing. In order for
humankind to progress in its comprehension of the complexity of animal brains and sensibilities,
it is crucial to increase recognition of and respect for animals' rights.
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Wright (2019) claims that for many years, the main purpose of animal experimentation
was to find innovative ways to improve the health of the human population. The bulk of the
animals bred in these institutions are only intended to be test subjects, leaving their progeny to
suffer the same fate as generations before them in order to guarantee the safety of the items that
people consume every day. Although larger animals like dogs, cats, rabbits, and non-human
primates are still utilized, rats and mice make up more than half of the testing animals. Even
products like fluoride and insecticides, both of which will unavoidably result in the death of the
test animals, must undergo animal testing before they can be sold. Although it may be inferred
that using animals to test the safety of medications is still essential, the question at hand is
whether this is still true for the research process as a whole.
The main objection to animal testing raises questions about the ethics of the practice.
Every year, countless rallies with signs about the harm that animal testing causes are organized
to raise awareness about the issue. People who think there is no difference between saving the
lives of humans and animals are in for an unpleasant surprise when millions of laboratory
animals who are slaughtered are brought back to life. Being able to observe how testing affects
an animal convinces many that, at the very least, changes need to be made in the way test
animals are treated and cared for. Despite the fact that mice make up the majority of the test
participants, the little portion of "cute" animals has a greater impact because they are also kept as
pets. All animals, even those used as test subjects, should continue to be treated with the same
regard for life as these domestic pets.
According to Kabene and Baadel (2019), a sizeable portion of the population opposes
animal testing in its entirety, while another group only objects to the use of animals in cosmetics
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Brands
testing, believing that it is abhorrent and cruel to use animal life for the sole purpose of
advancing human beauty technology. People are concerned about using animals in study and
want to reduce animal suffering. Furthermore, The Animal Legal Defense Fund (2023), in order
to test cosmetic items like makeup, shampoo, deodorant, and perfume, many rabbits, mice, rats,
guinea pigs, and other animals are used for their labor and then slaughtered annually. In addition
to outlawing the sale of goods made via animal experimentation, the Humane Cosmetics Act
would put an end to cosmetic product testing on animals. Animals used in cosmetic testing not
only suffer horribly, but it is also needless to test them in the first place.
There are currently more efficient and frequently less expensive non-animal based
alternatives. Consumers throughout the world are choosing cosmetics that don't include
components from animals or that weren't tested on animals more frequently. The use of animals
in cosmetic testing has already been voluntarily discontinued by hundreds of businesses. With
the elimination of animal experimentation from its manufacturing process in 2018, Cover Girl
became one of the most well-known beauty brands. Similar laws prohibiting both the sale of
goods that have been subjected to animal testing in other jurisdictions and the testing of cosmetic
items on animals have been passed in dozens of other nations. In these areas, American
businesses already operate and abide by the rules. The Humane Cosmetics Act also encourages
the creation of fresh testing substitutes to guarantee the continued success of American
businesses abroad.
Despite the fact that people may believe that animal testing for beauty items is no longer
a practice, according to Grahams (2023), it still results in the deaths of 500,000 animals annually,
mostly rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice. Chemicals are rubbed onto the skin,
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Brands
injected into the body, or smeared on the eyes of these creatures. So that businesses can create
the newest lipstick or deodorant, they frequently endure excruciating bodily agony and mental
anguish. Aside from the fact that there is a substantial consumer demand to stop testing
cosmetics on animals, there are now a variety of alternatives available that are more effective and
accurate, and most importantly, don't endanger any human lives. There is little argument that
incidents like this must be avoided and that cosmetic goods must be safety evaluated before
being applied to human skin, but many strongly disagree that testing these items on animals is
the best method to accomplish it. In a 2019 survey in the United States, conducted by the group
Cruelty Free International, 79 percent of respondents said they would be in favor of a federal law
that banned the use of animals in the production of cosmetics.
It is no longer required to test on animals. The evolution of science has given us not just
more ethical and accurate alternatives for verifying the safety of cosmetics, but also solutions
that are more precise, effective, and affordable. There are several alternatives to testing
cosmetics on animals today because of recent scientific and technical advancements. In addition
to not resulting in the suffering and demise of thousands of animals, these options frequently
yield more trustworthy outcomes and are easier to carry out. Alternatives such as Organ on Chip,
computer modeling, human volunteer research, and in vitro human tissue. The use of animal
testing to confirm the safety of cosmetics is no longer acceptable. In addition to being ineffective
and not being economically feasible, animal experimentation results in enormous amounts of
suffering for millions of animals worldwide. Thankfully, as more and more jurisdictions outlaw
the sale of animal-tested products and the practice of animal testing for cosmetics, there is an
increasing demand for cosmetics that are cruelty-free and use alternative means of safety testing.
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According to Taylor and Rego (2020), for both new and current chemicals used in
cosmetics and other products, a number of toxicity studies are usually necessary to evaluate the
possible dangers to human health and the environment. Endpoints such as skin irritation, ocular
irritation, skin sensitization, acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity,
mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and toxicity to fish (ecotoxicity) are frequently examined through
animal testing. Extensive experiments to evaluate the hazard of a single chemical compound can
require over 8000 animals, with the number of animals per test ranging from 3 (skin irritation) to
around 3000 (reproductive generational tests) (data available upon request). Animals used in
these experiments may suffer greatly. Usually, oral gavage—a forceful feeding technique that
induces stress and occasionally results in harm or even death—is used to provide drugs to
animals. Other frequent ways of administration are dermal, which involves applying a drug to the
animal's shaved skin, and inhalation, which can be done using a whole-body gas chamber or a
breathing equipment while the animal is restrained. The design of many of the tests, especially
the subacute and subchronic tests, guarantees that the group of animals receiving the greatest
dose will suffer some side effects, even for those chemicals that are not very hazardous.
Alternative approaches can be substantially less expensive than the related animal test, especially
when it comes to in silico procedures for longer-term animal testing.
"Alternatives" or "non-animal methods" refer to techniques that can be used in place of
using live animals, or to test compounds without doing so. Some people prefer the term
"advanced technologies" over "animal tests" because the former frequently rely on more
advanced technology and the latter are more relevant to humans. These days, it's recommended
to refer to them as "new approach methodologies," or "NAMs." A wide range of in vitro and in
chemico assays, in silico techniques, and novel testing instruments, such as "high-throughput
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Brands
screening" and "high-content" techniques (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics), are among
them. Additionally, there are techniques that seek to enhance comprehension of toxic effects by
enhancing the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic knowledge of substances. Known as "non-testing"
approaches, in silico techniques encompass computer simulations of physiological functions in
addition to data mining instruments that aid in forecasting a substance's potential risk based on
available information from related compounds. This can be achieved through the use of expert
models and quantitative or qualitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). The in silico
definition frequently takes read-across and grouping methodologies into account, which likewise
seek to anticipate a substance's features based on other chemicals.
The 1970s saw a rise in public concern regarding the use of animals in cosmetic safety
evaluations, which intensified in the 1980s. In Europe, there have been proposals for a complete
prohibition on animal testing for cosmetic purposes, even where there are no suitable alternatives.
Animal testing had to stop in the EU by a number of deadlines that were originally negotiated
and then renegotiated in 1993, first for product testing and then for ingredient testing. These
deadlines were ultimately reached in 2013.
According to Mehling et al. (2022), irritation and sensitization are the most common
adverse effects to drugs administered topically. This means that, in both the consumer and
workplace settings, identifying potential risks resulting from skin or eye contact is a crucial final
step in safety assessments. Accordingly, under many national legislations, determining a
substance's irritation and sensitization potentials is a fundamental prerequisite for chemical
registration. As of 2013, no formulations or substances may be subjected to animal testing for
regulatory reasons due to the EU Cosmetics Regulation's ban on animal testing and
accompanying marketing restriction. Non-animal methods of evaluating these endpoints are
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crucial because of this and the growing ethical concerns over animal experimentation.
Toxicological testing's primary goal is to accurately forecast harmful consequences in humans.
Tests are conducted on animals in vivo for this aim, or in vitro using cell culture, interactions
with biomolecules, etc. These are all inadequate substitutes for humans, though; animals are not
people, and cells, while frequently derived from humans, do not constitute the entire organism.
Fortunately, information on hazardous effects in humans is often lacking, with only animal
studies being accessible. As a result, novel in vitro techniques are created by referencing preexisting animal in vivo data. Unlike almost all other toxicological consequences, a substantial
amount of human evidence is available for skin sensitization. Consequently, the real human skin
sensitizing potentials of test compounds can be compared to the outcomes of conventional
animal testing and non-animal methods.
According to Barthe et al. (2021), a thorough toxicological evaluation must be done in
conjunction with cosmetic products that have demonstrated efficacy. Animal testing for cosmetic
products and ingredients was outlawed in 2004 and 2009, respectively, by the 7th Amendment to
the European Cosmetics Directive, which created the Cosmetic Regulation N°1223/2009. The
safety and effectiveness of cosmetic goods and chemicals are being tested using an increasing
variety of established and verified alternatives to animal testing. Extracted human skin is the
gold standard for evaluating dermal absorption, while 2D cell culture models from human skin
can be used to assess anti-inflammatory qualities or predict the potential for skin sensitization.
3D human skin equivalent models are used to assess the potential for skin irritation.
The scientists will create the scaffold internally using polymers and other inexpensive
biomaterials, while purchasing human-derived cells for the skin bioreactor's development. The
creation of a bioreactor with a structure that simulates lifelike diffusion rates and the
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development of remote monitoring techniques for cosmetic product penetration without
sacrificing the "living" reactor, according to Velliou, are the project's main chemical engineering
problems. Developing a flexible system that can be adjusted to reflect various skin structures,
such as younger and older skin, which would have varying collagen distribution and stiffness, as
well as managing the regeneration of the artificial skin are additional issues.
According to Madden et al. (2020), develop strong and dependable alternatives to animal
testing for a variety of industrial sectors, such as chemicals, medicines, personal care products,
food additives, and the regulatory bodies that oversee them. It is widely acknowledged that tests
based on more complicated toxicological endpoints cannot be fully replaced by a single
alternative technique. As a result, data from several approaches must be used. The field of
reducing and replacing animal studies will advance with a better knowledge of the time- and
concentration-dependent mechanisms underpinning chemical-biological system interactions and
the cascade of events that might lead to apical consequences. To build a complete picture of an
organism's possible reaction to a chemical stressor, complementing data can be obtained via in
silico modeling, in vitro experiments, high-throughput screening, organ-on-a-chip technologies,
omics, and mathematical biology. Logically integrating pertinent data from various sources is
made possible by adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and systems biology frameworks. Although
a researcher does not have to be an expert in every field, it is helpful to have a basic awareness of
what other scientific fields have to offer and how knowledge might be combined with them.
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Synthesis
A greater comprehension of the subject under examination was provided by the
researchers' assessment of relevant studies and literature. Animal testing is frowned upon as
cruel and against animals' rights. Every year, it causes the deaths of 500,000 animals, the most of
which are rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters. These creatures have chemicals rubbed
over their skin, injected into their bodies, or smeared on their eyes. They frequently go through
tremendous physical pain and mental torment so that companies can produce the newest products.
They must be liberated from all forms of human exploitation, whether it occurs in farms, labs, or
any other setting where their freedom is routinely suppressed. Animal testing is no longer
required. The advancement of science has provided us with more exact, efficient, and costeffective options for determining the safety of cosmetics in addition to more moral and accurate
alternatives.
Today, thanks to recent scientific and technological breakthroughs, there are a number of
alternatives to testing cosmetics on animals. These approaches frequently result in more reliable
results and are simpler to carry out, in addition to not causing the pain and death of thousands of
animals. Alternatives such in vitro human tissue, Organ on Chip, computer modeling, and human
volunteer research. It is no longer permissible to certify the safety of cosmetics using animal
testing. Animal testing causes millions of animals worldwide to endure excruciating amounts of
pain in addition to being unsuccessful and not being economically viable.
In the Philippines, laws are being adopted to reduce animal cruelty and suffering. By
overseeing and regulating the construction and operation of all facilities used for breeding, caring
for, keeping, treating, or educating all animals, whether as commodities for trade or as domestic
pets, legislation implemented in the Philippines aims to protect and promote the welfare of all
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
Brands
terrestrial, aquatic, and marine animals. It is essential to understand and comply by these
guidelines in order to prevent animal cruelty, abuse, and neglect. By remaining informed,
reporting incidents of animal cruelty, promoting responsible pet ownership, and supporting
wildlife conservation, we can contribute to the development of a more compassionate and
considerate society that appreciates and defends the welfare of animals. A significant action that
will assist in reducing the use of animals in cosmetic brand testing as well as advancing animal
welfare and animal rights is educating people about animal welfare laws, advocating for their
stricter enforcement, and assisting the Philippines in creating a culture of compassion and respect
for all living things.
Studies and related literature indicate that minimizing the cruelty that animals endure can
be achieved by being aware of the brands that use animal experimentation. Additionally, it
wishes to convey the significance of upholding the rights of all living things, particularly those of
animals. Reducing the use of animals in cosmetic tests will be made easier by promoting animal
rights and welfare.
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CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
This chapter discusses the research approach employed, the respondents of the study,
sampling method, the data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical
treatment of data.
Research Design
The researchers utilize descriptive research design under non-experimental research
design. The researchers came up with the decision to use a descriptive research design to
successfully bring out the information regarding cosmetics, animal welfare and the two subject
connecting as one. According to Jain (2023), descriptive design is a theory-based research
method describing the research’s primary subject matter. The researchers utilize the descriptive
research design to determine the importance of animal welfare in cosmetic fields as they utilize
animal testing. With this, researchers will able to assist individuals develop awareness the
inhumane animal experimentation of cosmetic brands and to further advance the rights and
welfare of animals. To successfully gather data from the respondents, the researchers will
prepare a survey. Afterwards, the derived results will be presented through a statistical form of
data which will be much easier to interpret.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents are the Grade 11 and Grade 12 senior high school students of STI
Academic Center Lipa. They will serve as participants for the researchers to gather data about
study entitled “The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Cosmetic Brands.” The respondents were used to collect the data that the researchers require in
order to solve the problem they are trying to address.
Sampling Method
Simple random sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of a population
has an equal chance of being chosen through the use of an unbiased selection method (Simkus,
2023). The respondents are randomly chosen to gather data about the study entitled “The
Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic Brands.”
Researchers are determined to assist individuals to become aware about the inhumane animal
experimentation of cosmetic brands and to further promote the rights and welfare of animals.
Researchers employed simple random sampling since it is more practical and makes it easier for
respondents to participate in the study.
Data Gathering Instrument
Data gathering is a vital process in research. A survey involves collecting data from a
group of people by administering a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire, or survey can
be written documentation that is administered either in person (door-to-door), on paper (through
the mail), by phone, or online. Survey research is a quantitative method that uses predetermined
questions that aim to describe or explain features of a very large group or groups ( Van Holm,
2021). Researchers used survey to gather information required for the study and to fulfill the
numerical data that is needed to answer the research problem. Data gathered will be compiled in
a spreadsheet to ensure the accuracy.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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Data Gathering Procedure
1.
To gather data about the study entitled “The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane
Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic Brands”, the researchers administered survey
questionnaires with open-ended questions to 25 Grade 11 and 25 Grade 12 students from
STI College Lipa.
2.
The researcher asked permission to the respondents before proceeding with the survey. An
agreement between the researchers and the respondents was required as a measure of respect
to rights to freedom.
3.
The researcher creates an ecstatic atmosphere for the respondents to not be uncomfortable
while being surveyed.
4.
The open-ended question asked respondents what are their opposition and views about the
inhumane animal testing of cosmetic brands and the importance of animal welfare.
5.
After the interview, the researchers thanked the respondents for willingly participating in
their study.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data was collected and will be analyzed using various formulas. The statistical
treatment will determine the responses' natural tendencies. Thus, the following statistical tools
were utilized by the researchers.
1.
Frequency and Percentage Distribution
It was used to organize the profile data based on the classifications or categories
generated in the analysis. This then show group based data, including and display the number of
observations in each group and their metrics.
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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1.1 Frequency. In a given population, frequency is used to calculate the total number of
responses.
1.2 Percentage. This statistical instrument is employed to ascertain the respondents'
demographic composition.
Formula:
%
Where:
P= Percentage
F= Frequency
N= Number of respondents
2.
Weighted Mean
A statistical technique that computes the weight by multiplying it by the corresponding
quantitative result, then adding the sum of the products. A weighted mean is obtained by
dividing this outcome by the total of all weights connected to the observations. The weighted
mean and the arithmetic mean are equivalent if every observation has the same weight (Geeks
for Geeks, 2022).
2.1 Mean Weight Formula
This will be used to measure the significance of becoming aware of the brands that utilize
animal testing.
Formula:
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Where:
X=
weighted average
N=
number of terms to be averaged
Wn =
weights applied to x values
Xn =
data values to be averaged
The weighted mean's related interpretation is displayed in the following table. Subtract 1
and divide by the highest point to obtain the interval point in the scale (N). Respondents
indicated their degree of agreement using a 4-Likert scale, which was employed by the
researcher.
Additionally, the computed weight means were interpreted using the following
descriptive interpretation:
Formula for interval
4 1
4
3

4
 0.75

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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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2.2 Likert Scale. By gauging the respondents' degree of agreement or disagreement with a given
question or statement, the researcher was able to gauge their attitudes.
Scale
Weighted Mean/Equivalent
Corresponding Remarks
1
1.00 - 1.75
Strongly Disagree
2
1.76 - 2. 51
Moderately Disagree
3
2.52 - 3.27
Agree
4
3.28 - 4.00
Strongly Agree
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The Importance of Animal Welfare: The Inhumane Animal Experimentation of Cosmetic
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