Effectiveness between the Different Types of Water on Growing
Capsicum frutescens (Wild Chili)
A Research Paper Presented to
the Faculty of Senior High School
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand
Basic Education Division, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
STEM Research Project
Mary Rosary P. Cabahug
Jasper T. Escañan
Godwynne A. Limpiado
Christian Bernard A. Nuñez
Jhon Lloyd P. Peliña
May 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled “EFFECTIVENESS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
WATER ON GROWING Capsicum frutescens (WILD CHILI)” prepared and submitted
by Mary Rosary P. Cabahug, Jasper T. Escañan, Godwynne A. Limpiado, Christian
Bernard A. Nuñez, and Jhon Lloyd P. Peliña in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for STEM RESEARCH PROJECT has been reviewed by the Panel of Examiners and is
recommended for acceptance and approval.
RESEARCH PANEL
VANBETH R. CAMSON, MS, LPT
Member
WILBERT V. WEE
Member
JAN VINCENT M. NAZARENO
Research Advisor
Accepted and approved by the panel for partial fulfillment of requirements for
STEM RESEARCH PROJECT
ANGELIE B. PALARION, MS, LPT
STEM Research Coordinator, Senior High School
SUZZANNE C. SANIEL, MA, LPT
Principal, Senior High School North Campus
ii
ABSTRACT
The type of chili that the Filipinos considered their own is called Capsicum frutescens
(Wild Chili), which is found only in the Philippines. This research helps in identifying
which type of water is found around the area that is the best suited for your plant’s growth.
Doing this research would also help the researchers know which type of water fits best to
the species of C. frutescens (Wild Chili). It consists of two variables that are seen, recorded,
and compared to determine the real outcomes. The correlation between the dependent and
independent varied variables will be investigated after conducting experimentation. Water
should contain the right pH level and the right amount of natural chemicals that will aid in
plant growth instead of harm. Such water would either be distilled, due to it having the
most balanced pH level or less to no concentration of other chemicals that could potentially
hurt the plant. The Capsicum frutescens (Wild Chili) would grow on any type of water, but
it would have different growth effects because of the different types of neutral chemicals.
Through this experiment, the researchers would determine which of the waters that are
found in our surroundings would best fit the Wild Chili. From the results from the ANOVA
test, since the p-value is 0.99 for both the growth (in inches) and the leaf count is greater
than the alpha 0.05. This would mean that the null hypothesis is accepted since the p-value
is more than alpha 0.05 which denotes statistical significance.
Keywords: Capsicum frutescens (Wild Chili), Chili, Growth, Water
iii
Acknowledgements
We would like to extend our sincerest thank you to those who made this research
possible. After all the hard work and dedication of the researchers it still can not be done
without the help of the people that made this research possible.
Firstly, we would like to acknowledge our research advisor, Sir Jan Vincent
Nazareno. We thank him for guiding us throughout the research process. For correcting
our mistakes and for his patience with our research group. We also thank his help for
improving our research.
Besides Sir Jan Vincent Nazareno, we would also like to thank our research panelist
Mr. Wilbert Wee and Mrs. Vanbeth Camson for offering us their time, effort and ideas on
our paper. We would also like to thank them for having a big impact on the certain changes
we have to make throughout the research.
We would like to thank our parents for our financial support because our research
is an experimental type of research which needs financial assistance. And with this, without
them, this research will be nothing but a dream.
Lastly we would like to thank God for providing us good health and protection as
we continue our research through the year. We would like to give our thanks to him because
at the end he made us work together and finish our research.
Once again thank you!
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Table of Contents
Title
Page
Title Page
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i
Approval Sheet ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii
Abstract
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii
Acknowledgement -------------------------------------------------------------------------
iv
Table of Contents -------------------------------------------------------------------------
v
List of Figures -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
vii
List of Tables ––--------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii
Chapter 1. Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------
1
Statement of the Problem
----------------------------------------------------
4
Significance of the Study
----------------------------------------------------
5
Scope and Limitations
----------------------------------------------------
6
Definition of Terms
----------------------------------------------------
7
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature -------------------------------------------
11
The “Siling Labuyo” of the Philippines ----------------------------------------
11
Plant Water Relation -------------------------------------------------------------
12
Effect of water quality on seed germination -----------------------------------
13
Plant perception, transport, and reaction to water ----------------------------
14
Effects of Water --------------------------------------------------------------------
14
Short-Term Drought ---------------------------------------------------------------
15
Effect of Plant Growth and Development on Extreme Temperature -------
16
Conceptual Framework -----------------------------------------------------------
17
Chapter 3. Methodology
-------------------------------------------------------------
19
Research Design
-------------------------------------------------------------
19
Experimental Set-up
------------------------------------------------------------
20
Research Methods
------------------------------------------------------------
20
Data Gathering -------------------------------------------------------------------
22
Statistical Data Analysis and Procedure ---------------------------------------
23
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion
Calculations
-------------------------------------------------
25
---------------------------------------------------------------------
26
v
Data Collected --------------------------------------------------------------------
27
Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ---------------------
33
Summary of Finding -------------------------------------------------------------
33
Conclusion
----------------------------------------------------------------------
33
Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------
34
References
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37
Appendices
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
43
Appendix A Budget Proposal --------------------------------------------------
44
Appendix B Working Schedule ------------------------------------------------
45
Appendix C Line Graph ----------------------------------------------------------
46
Appendix D Bar Graph ----------------------------------------------------------
47
Appendix E Transmittal Letter 1 -----------------------------------------------
48
Appendix F Transmittal Letter 2 -----------------------------------------------
49
Appendix G Growth of Plants (in inches) -------------------------------------
50
Appendix H Analysis of Variance (Leaf Count) -----------------------------
53
Curriculum Vitae ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
vi
List of Figures
Figure
Title
Page
Growth (in inches) of Capsicum frutescens in Different Types of
1
Water.
17
2
The Experimental Set-up
20
3
Pictures of the Data Obtained
24
4
The Liquidation of Expenses for the Experimentation
31
5
Work Schedule
43
6
Line Graph of Change in Height of Capsicum frutescens
7
Bar Graph of Leaf Count of Capsicum frutescens
44
45
vii
List of Tables
Table
Title
1
Growth (in inches) of Capsicum frutescens in Different Types
of Water
Page
26
2
Leaf Count of Capsicum frutescens in Different Types of
Water
27
3
Anova Summary for Growth of Plants
27
4
Anova Summary for Leaf Count
28
5
The Summary of Squares Between Groups (Growth of Plant)
49
6
The Summary of Squares Within Groups (Growth of Plant)
50
7
Data Summary (Growth of Plant)
51
8
The Sum of Squares Between Groups (Leaf Count)
52
9
The Sum of Squares Within Groups (Leaf Count)
53
10
Data Summary (Leaf Count)
54
11
ANOVA Summary of Formulas
54
viii
Chapter 1
Introduction
Almost 71% of our earth’s total surface is filled with water. This includes the
saltwater of the Pacific to the freshwater that flows through the streams and lakes down to
the frozen ice caps of the Antarctic. Water is a vital necessity for our survival. It is said that
water is life and it is no farther from reality. As citizens of this planet, each day of our lives,
we need water to quench our thirst and hydrate ourselves. But it is not only humans that
need this precious resource, but also the plants that grows within our surroundings (Blatt
et al., 2014).
When watering plants, several factors are taken into consideration, including the
amount to be dispensed and the type of water to be used. If the plant and the soil consume
too much water, its roots might rot and oxygen cannot flow throughout the plant’s system.
If it receives less water, the plant can grow properly because it nutrients are not distributed
properly, thus hindering the growth of the plants. (Limjuco et al., 2016). Different kinds of
water could be used to maintain plants including rainwater, tap and groundwater. Each type
has its own advantages and disadvantages, but it almost always boils down to availability
in the Philippine setting.
One crop that is known to be sensitive to water type and demand is the chili plant.
In a study by Widuri et al. (2020), it was found that drought-affected chili pepper varieties
(particularly Capsicum annum L.) exhibited delayed growth and recovery. Droughtaffected crops have fewer number of leaves (NoL), total leaf area (TLA), total accumulated
dry matter (TDM), and relative growth rate (RGR) than those that have not been damaged.
Significant differences across chili types, on the other hand, were only discovered on the
1
number of leaves during drought exposure, and subsequently on the overall amount of dry
matter accumulated and pace of relative growth following recovery.
Siling Labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) is a wild chili plant that is native to the
Philippines, with most Filipinos confusing it for another cultivar hybrid from Taiwan.
“Wild chili” is the literal translation of its Tagalog name. Locally it is called by numerous
distinct names, including: chileng bundok, siling palay, pasitis, pasite (Tagalog), katumbal,
kitikot, siling kolikot (Visaya), silit-diablo (Ilocano), lada, rimorimo (Bicolano) and paktin
(Ifugao). It is a 1-meter-tall perennial plant with small, tapering fruits that are around 2.5
centimeters in length and 0.75 centimeters in diameter at their widest point. The researchers
would like to aid in boosting the growth rate of the chilis as to increase in the numbers the
number of the said plant to be sold in the market. This is to combat the possibility of our
own chili to be replaced by the non–native variant, coming from Taiwan. Also with our
native chili being high in numbers, thus there is an overwhelming supply of it, causing it
to be cheaper so that it could be disposed of quickly.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using different types of water in
growing the Philippine wild chili, specifically distilled, tap, rain, and groundwater.
Moreover, this study also investigates which water will be a cost-effective solution and/or
efficient for farmers and for plantito’s/plantita’s. Additionally, this study seeks the
possibility of what minerals and chemicals are effective in growing Capsicum frutescens
(Wild Chili).
2
This study would specifically seek to:
1. Record the progress of growth of C. frutescens in the different types of water in
terms of:
a. Height of plants in centimeters (cm)
b. Number of leaves (NoL)
2. Determine as to which type of water is best to grow C. frutescens using analysis of
variance (ANOVA)
Significance of the study
The significance of the study is to discover which type of water is more effective
in growing wild chili. The researchers would compare the growth effect and if there is any
difference in the amount of leaves that would grow. Benefiting the study are the various
sectors as follow:
Plantito/Plantita
The research also benefits the “plantito” and “plantita” for personal consumption
in houses with the capacity to plant and produce their own source of spices, thus cutting
costs in buying ingredients in their households. And with the aid of proper water to grow
chili, it helps preserve the Wild Chili that is locally available in our country from extinction.
The Locals
The research would show or assist the locals on what type of water best fits on the
Wild chili. With this, it would help them determine the various effects of the waters on the
3
plant. Knowing the types of water used also helps them determine the safety of the plants
they are trying to grow.
Scope and Limitation
The main purpose of this study is to provide information on what type of water is
more effective in growing plants. This study focuses on which type of water is the best and
more effective for plants. The research takes place mainly in Cebu where Capsicum
frutescens (Wild Chili) and the water resources needed for the study. The growing of plants
is observed through the factors listed in standard operating procedure. The quantitative
study is done throughout the research process. Through observation, we can list down the
results on how the different types of water affects the growth of Capsicum frutescens (Wild
Chili) seedlings. It would take probably 2-3 months to see the actual results of the study.
There are in total, five test samples to show the water’s effectiveness on the growth and to
show its effect on the growing plant; and one of the test samples is a back-up, when one
of the test samples didn’t grow. By conducting this research, future researchers can further
break down hypotheses which they can use in their research as well. Factors can be broken
down into parts and even the research itself can determine what is needed to be studied
more.
4
Definition of Terms
Aquifer
Aquifers are levels of water-bearing permeable rocks, rock fissures, or poorly
consolidated materials near the ground. A water well can be used to harvest
groundwater from reservoirs.
Capsicum frutescens
Capsicum frutescens is a species of chili that grows in various places of the globe,
also known as the wild chili.
Chili
Chili, which is a capsicum berry-fruit, belongs to the family Solanaceae and is
found in the genus Capsicum.
Contaminants
Contaminants are polluting or poisonous substances that make something impure.
Distilled Water
Water that has been warmed into mist and then condensed to fluid in another
vessel.
Effectiveness
Effectiveness is the degree to which something succeeds in achieving the desired
outcome.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water that exists beneath the Earth's surface in the pore spaces
of rocks and soils, as well as in the fractures of rock formations and it has no added
chemicals to it.
5
Growth
Growth refers to the process of becoming physically larger.
Guard Cells
Guard cells are specialized plant cells that regulate gas exchange in the epidermis
of leaves, stems, and other organs.
Loam Soil
Loam soil is soil made up of a friable mixture of clay, silt, and sand in various
quantities.
Minerals
Minerals are inorganic elements or compounds that have an ordered internal
structure, a specific chemical composition, crystal shape, and physical properties.
Nutrients
Nutrients are substances that supply critical nourishment for life's growth and
upkeep.
Oxygen
Oxygen is an essential component of life and is a colorless, odorless reactive gas
with an atomic number of 8.
pH
The pH scale is used to determine how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is.
Photosynthesis
Plants and other organisms use photosynthesis to transform light energy into
chemical energy.
6
Rain water
Rainwater is droplets of condensed water that have become heavy enough to fall
under gravity after condensing from air-water vapor.
Siling Labuyo
Siling Labuyo is a type of wild chili that originates from the Philippines.
Sustainability
Sustainability is the ability to maintain a specific rate or level of performance.
Taiwan Chili
Taiwan Chili, also known as Taiwan Chili Pepper, a tiny chili pepper cultivar,
which became popular in the Philippines.
Tap Water
Tap water is water from a piped supply and it has added chemicals like chlorine to
kill parasites, bacteria and viruses in order for it to be safe to drink. It is commonly used
for washing dishes and your hands.
Water Table
The Water Table is the subsurface boundary between the unsaturated and
saturated zones. Groundwater fills all gaps between sediments and within rock below the
water table.
Well water
Well water is water that is deep in the ground, also known as groundwater. Well
water is stored in a layer beneath the earth and is released into springs.
7
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter will cover up various studies related to the topic that is chosen:
Effectiveness between Tap, Distilled, Rain, and Groundwater on growing Capsicum
frutescens (Wild Chili). With the help of these past studies, the researchers are able to have
a deeper understanding and knowledge about their conducted study and how it will
contribute to society. The related study would also help the researcher identify how to start
their experiment. This would also help them indicate the possible time they should start
their experiment because of the possible temperature requirement of the chili.
The “Siling Labuyo” in the Philippines
In the Philippines, Siling labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) is a tiny chili pepper
cultivar. The English translation of its Tagalog name is "wild chili." Chileng bundok, siling
palay, pasitis, pasite (Tagalog), siling kolikot (Visaya), silit-diablo (Ilocano), lada,
rimorimo (Bicolano), and paktin are some of the most common local names for this dish
(Ifugao). Perennial, it grows to a height of one meter and bears little, tapering fruits that
are 2.5 cm long and 0.75 cm wide at their widest point. (Spaini et al., 2018)
Peppers come in a variety of colors, including red, yellow, purple, and black. Siling
labuyo has traditionally been used to treat a variety of ailments, including arthritis,
rheumatism, digestive disorders, and even toothaches. The plant is easy to grow and may
be found all around the country. If you have a sunny location, you can even grow it in
containers. Two provinces in the central Philippines, Bicol and Mindanao, are famed for
8
their fiery food, in part due to the use of siling labuyo, a type of chili pepper. Spaini et al.,
2018 said that it is popular for people to grow their own peppers at home, though this
practice is fading in some areas. They are also under threat by commercially imported
larger and less spicy peppers from neighboring nations getting erroneously marketed as
siling labuyo peppers.
Plant-Water Relation
Plant–water interactions are the study of how plants regulate the hydration of their
cells, such as how they absorb water from the soil, transport it throughout the plant, and
lose it through evaporation from the leaves. The algebraic total of the hydrostatic and
osmotic pressures of water in simple form is the 'water potential' of plants. It is the algebraic
sum of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of water in a simple form, has pressure units,
and is always negative.
The basic purpose of irrigation is to limit plant water shortages to a minimum. The
causes of water deficits in field crops, as well as the methods for measuring them, are
discussed in this paper, with an emphasis on their application in irrigation management.
Cotton, sunflower, lupin, pasture medic, and sugarcane are used as examples to
demonstrate that minor water shortages do not always result in decreased yields and can
even increase yields in some situations. This has consequences for irrigation management,
which are now being investigated.
9
Effect of water quality on seed germination.
The water quality used in growing plants should be the best quality of water, provided
that water is something that water consumes to aid it with its growth, as such, it is best to
know what would be the best water to be used to give optimal and desired results in plant
growth. It was noticed that, with combined water characteristics, it was able to give
desirable results within the given time frame, and the characteristics needed are as follows.
First is the water’s ph level, it was noticed when some plants were given less acidic water,
and others with less alkalinity, there was a significant boost in growth of some parts of the
plant, such as root, and stem, with this in mind, the optimal ph level would be somewhere
in the middle between acidic and alkali. The heavy metals that the water contained would
be the next factor that needs to be considered, due to it being present in waters, and the
possibility of it being more in natural sources, such as in rivers and banks, where water is
commonly taken from to storage. Having higher concentrations of heavy metal above the
standard limit would be possible to harm or even kill the plant, as stated above, knowing
the heavy metal content of waters that would be used in growing plants would be crucial
to get optimal results.
Upon knowing the optimal characteristics of water to be used in growing plants,
Proper utilization of such resource would be wise, due to desirable results seen when water
with the best quality was used in growing plants, furthermore, it would be best to use water
with the desirable quality constantly rather than occasionally to acquire desired results in
plant growth (Abdullatif, B. A., & Baeshen, A. A. 2013).
10
Plant perception, transport, and reaction to water
Plant viability depends on the availability of sufficient water in the environment.
Managing water intake and loss, as well as controlling plant development, requires a plant's
sense of water (Scharwies & Dinneny, 2019). Water is required to carry nutrients and
carbohydrates from the soil to the plants. All plants encountered water constraints or
drought at some point. This can be deadly or severely stifle the growth of such plants in
rare cases. Plants that have been drought-stricken for a long time may become prone to
pests and diseases. (Scharwies & Dinneny, 2019)
Changes in freshwater resources and loss influence gradients in water potential
within crops. Water potential gradients are also created by growth. Changes in these
gradients are proven to cause plants to react. Stomata regulate water flow and loss, whilst
aquaporins regulate hydraulic conductance. Water loss is minimized as water supply
declines by closing stomata and regulating hydraulic conductance to sustain cellular
functions. According to J. D. Scharwies and J. R. Dinneny, water availability and loss in
plants have a variety of consequences in 2019, and it's still unclear how these biophysical
signals are transcribed into signaling molecules that feed into signal transduction pathways
like an abscisic acid response or organ development.
Effects of Water
Organs like flowers, apical meristems, and buds were destroyed due to lack of
moisture especially when water stress in the pepper occurs (Huguez and Philippe, 1998).
11
Norman (1992) recognized certain stages of a plant's growth, such as flowering and
fruiting, as the most vulnerable to water stress, which causes withering or even mortality.
Observing the different characteristics of the growth of wild chilis like the number of fruits
that would grow and also the plant height would help identify the effectiveness of different
types of water. Knowing which water is best to use would help reduce the costs of growing
the plant and would help potentially increase the income.
Water is required for the growth of all plants. Plants developed by expanding their
cells after they have divided to increase their number and size. Water is taken in by cells
as they expand. During the experiment, the amount of different types of water that is used
is being observed in order to indicate the right amount to be used. Also, because the amount
of water used by plants is optimal, growth is rapid because the leaves were able to absorb
enough water to enhance leaf area, plant height, and root development. However, according
to (Kramer, 1983, Wilcox, 1987, and Craft, 1999), if less water is utilized than the crop
requires, the plant's rate of metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, root respiration,
transpiration, and translocation, are all critical plant metabolic processes, would be
reduced.
Short-Term Drought
All jalapeño peppers investigated suffered from drought stress, which resulted in
fewer leaves, slower enlargement of leaf area, limited dry matter accumulation, delayed
growth rate, reduced chlorophyll fluorescence, decreased stomatal conductance, and poorer
photosynthetic and transpiration rates. All types, however, can recover from drought stress
12
after seven days. Drought stress showed a lower impact on the Genie chili pepper type than
it did on the Laris and Capsicum chili pepper varieties (Romario Widuri, L. I.et al 2020).
Except for NoL, all chili pepper varieties studied experienced slower growth during
drought exposure and recovery, as evidenced by a lower number of drought-affected plants
having fewer leaves (NoL), a smaller total leaf area (TLA), less total accumulated dry
matter (TDM), and a slower relative growth rate (RGR) than control plants, according to
Romario Widuri, L. I.et al (2020). Significant variations between chile kinds, on the other
hand, were discovered only after drought exposure on NoL, and then after recovery on
TDM and RGR. Because TLA in drought-treated Genie and Laris types was substantially
lower than in untreated plants after drought exposure, drought had no effect on leaf bud
formation, but it did impair leaf blade enlargement. Drought lowered the amount of water
in chili pepper shoots, leaves, and roots over time, according to Romario Widuri, L. I.et al
(2020).
Effect of Plant Growth and Development on Extreme Temperature
The rate of plant improvement is for the most part decided by temperature. Plant
efficiency got affected by hotter temperatures anticipated as a result of climate change, as
well as the potential for more extraordinary temperature occasions. The rate of plant
development and improvement is impacted by the temperature of the environment, and
each species has its own temperature to extend, which is spoken to by a least, greatest, and
normal temperature (Hatfield Et Al., 2008). (Hatfield Et Al., 2011) states that these values
were summarized for a number of diverse species utilized in grain generation. Agreeing to
13
(Meehl Et Al., 2007) Warm waves, too known as extraordinary temperature events, are
anticipated to end up more seriously, more visits, and hold on longer than they have in later
a long time. Extraordinary temperature events can final some days and result in temperature
spikes of over 5 degrees Celsius over normal.
Reactions to temperature change all through the life cycle of trim species and are
by and large phenological reactions or stages of plant advancement. The boundaries of
unmistakable development for each species are built up by a characterized extent of
greatest and most reduced temperatures. As temperatures climb to the species' ideal level,
vegetative advancement rises. The ideal temperature for vegetative advancement is
regularly more prominent than the regenerative improvement in most plant species. Crop
production is the parameter that makers and shoppers are most concerned about, hence the
impacts of climate change are most visible there. Changes within the length of the
development cycle are insignificant as long as the trim abdicate remains sensibly stable.
Conceptual Framework
This study aims to investigate the growth of Capsicum frutescens (Wild Chili)
using different types of water under the same environmental conditions within a limited
amount of time. As shown in Figure 1 below , it demonstrates what factors the subject will
be exposed to which are the amount of time given for the experiment, the different types
of water used and the atmosphere the chilis are planted in .
14
Figure 1.
Holistic Diagram
15
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
The water used in this research are the following: tap water, well water, distilled
water, rainwater and groundwater, as these waters contain certain chemicals that could
affect plant growth. The amount of water in the soil and the amount of humidity in the air
have a significant impact on plant development (Wangermann, 1961) Nutrients and
carbohydrates must be transported from the soil to the plants, which necessitates the use of
water. At some point, all plants face water scarcity or drought. In rare situations, this might
be fatal or severely limit the growth of such plants.
Research Design
The study would describe which type of water is the most effective in growing
Capsicum frutescens. This research has been conducted with a scientific approach using
two sets of variables. To gather the necessary information, the study utilized the
experimental research design in which we use different types of water. The researchers
would be exploring variables while using numbers and observations to assess results. This
design made use of collecting the data to identify the factors relating to the study. It was
done while the dependent variable and independent variables were correctly observed. The
independent variable is always changed or manipulated by the researcher in order to change
the study topic and gain control over the research process.
16
Experimental Set-up
The researchers went through on how the experiment will be carried out, as well as
how the data was summarized and collected in this section. The setup of each pot was
randomized for the experiment. The researchers started by gathering all of the supplies,
equipment, and tools that were needed and a schedule was set as to when the data was
collected. Recording the observations occurred at certain intervals to know and
comprehend the results better.
Research Methods
The experiment was conducted in Consolacion, Cebu, Philippines. For the
experiment, the researchers used loam soil and four different types of water. In planting
Capsicum frutescens, seeds were used and the amount of loam soil was set to be around 5
inches. Tap water was supplied through a water dispenser valve with added chlorine,
meanwhile groundwater has no added chemicals as they were drawn straight up from the
ground. Groundwater contamination is nearly always the result of human activity (Lima,
2019). The type of water that was used varied depending on what letter the plant was
assigned to: A was watered with Tap water , B with distilled water, C with rainwater, and
lastly D with groundwater.
In a single location, the researchers conducted the experiment with sixteen
different types of wild chilies. The arrangement of wild chilies in this experiment is
17
completely random, with four columns and four rows of chilies in each row, as seen in
Figure 2. This resulted in an equal dispersion of sunlight across the entire chili crop.
Figure 2.
The Experimental set-up
The researchers extracted the seeds out from the wild chilies and put certain
amounts of seeds in each hole. The researchers dug five inches deep around the perimeter
of the site to where the chilis were planted. Then mulching plastic was laid; to fasten and
hold the mulching plastic; it was buried with the soil that was dug out. The researchers cut
holes about six inches in diameter to where the chilis were planted. The amount of water
dispensed is 5 mL per chili plant, and the chili plants were watered two times a day
specifically at 7 o’clock in the morning and 5 o’clock in the afternoon. During every
weekend, the researcher conducted an examination on each of the chili plants and collected
data based on observation; this continued for a total of sixteen weeks. The experimentation
lasted at least 2 to 4 months until a specific result was obtained. Once the experimentation
18
was finished, the researchers collated the data and observations they had for comparison
before arriving at a conclusion.
Data Gathering
Data collection is defined as the process in which researchers are to gather data and
measure variables in a systematic manner which may help the researchers test their
hypothesis and as well as evaluate different outcomes (The Office of Research Integrity,
DC, n.d.). It is important to do data collection in order to proceed in the research and
validate the evidence accurately without misleading other researchers as well as the
audience. Similarly, data analysis is a process in which the researchers will apply
systematic and logical techniques to recap and illustrate the data that was collected (The
Office of Research Integrity, DA, n.d.).
The data gathered will be examined through experimental analysis; for the reasons
that the objectives of the researchers focus mainly on finding the different and common
reactions of plants to four different types of water. Experimental analysis is a scientific
approach on gathering data with different types of variables and seeking proof easily by
doing experiments on the product used. Furthermore, this would help the researchers to
derive one single answer or result. This method could be strengthened by adding a lot of
other research methods such as observational analysis and content analysis (observed
through the content of your product or results). To specify, the data was analyzed by
measuring its growth and the amount of leaves it may contain. A ruler was used to measure
its length and the leaves were manually counted.
19
Statistical Data Analysis and Procedure
Experimental analysis is a method in which data would be collected by
experimentation and observations of the results which easily answers the researcher’s
questions, evaluates outcomes, and most importantly shows the main root of why the
research was done in the first place. It is very important to gather the data so that we would
be able to evaluate the sudden reactions of the plants. These reactions would vary on what
water they use and to the environment they are in.
Preparation of the different types of materials that are going to be used must be
ensured first in order to proceed with the experiment with no mistakes and errors. Before
we are going to identify which of the waters really best fits the plant, we are going to
observe its reaction first, specifically which one they grow faster with and which one they
would be more healthy during the time given to us.
The researchers used Microsoft Excel as their statistical tool to compute the result
and come up with their conclusions. In order to do so, the researchers place in all the data
they have gathered during the spawn of the experiment in a graph then place in their similar
equations in order to come up with the estimated growth or amount of leaf that grew during
the week. After they have gathered the data, they once again place it in a specific graph
and then they start doing their unova. After the anova, they formulated a graph that would
support their research and come up with a conclusion.
There are a lot of ways we could come up with the data, but of course, each of these
methods has its own important aspects. It could and it could be bad. But all these different
types of aspects have their own way of giving the crucial information that would come with
20
it that helps a lot on our experimentation. This is why we chose the experimental method
because it best fits our type of research.
21
Chapter 4
Results And Discussion
This chapter the researchers gathered their final collected data and explained the
results they have observed from the different growth effects of Capsicum frutescens (Wild
Chili) from the four different types of water. This information was collected in the span of
eleven weeks from the time it was planted as a non-germinated seedling. As you scan
through the chapter you would be surprised by the different results collected by them as
the Capsicum frutescens (Wild Chili) growth rate changes drastically from week to week.
Figure 3.
This figure shows the growth of the Capsicum frutescens (Wild Chili) per week.
(Picture from upper left to right: 1-3 weeks old seedlings , 3-6 weeks old seedlings)
(Picture from lower left to right: 6-9 weeks old seedlings, 9-12 weeks old seedlings)
22
Calculation
The researchers calculated the data by measuring the height of the plant and
counting the amount of leaves it grew during the experimental process. They included the
amount of leaves to further prove our hypothesis that one type of water is likely to have a
difference and calculated the data carefully and surely. In order to do so they measured
each plant of the same type of water used. After that they added them up together and then
divided it by four which is the amount of plant sample each type of water should have. In
result they formulated the data which would be shown on our results below. For the amount
of leaves they did the same computation but the difference is that they carefully rounded
up or rounded down the amount. For example if the calculation shows that there are 4.3
leaves that grew on the group of plants they would round it down to 4.
23
DATA COLLECTED
Table 1.
Growth (in inches) of Capsicum frutescens in Different Types of Water.
Weeks
Plant A
(Distilled
water)
Plant B
(Ground
water)
Plant C
(Tapwater)
Plant D
(Rainwater)C
January 29, 2022
0
0
0
0
February 5, 2022
0.35
0.38
0.36
0.39
February 12, 2022
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.18
February 19, 2022
1.96
1.91
1.86
2.02
March 5, 2022
3.24
3.20
3.18
3.35
March 12, 2022
4.32
4.30
4.26
4.43
March 19, 2022
5.13
4.98
4.94
5.2
March 26, 2022
6.5
5.9
6.1
5.8
April 2, 2022
8
7.9
7.9
7.9
April 9, 2022
9.5
9.3
9.3
9.3
April 16, 2022
11
11
10.9
11.1
24
Table 2.
Leaf Count of Capsicum frutescens in Different Types of Water.
Weeks
Plant A
(Distilled
water)
Plant B
(Ground
water)
Plant C
(Tapwater)
Plant D
(Rainwater)
January 29, 2022
0
0
0
0
February 5, 2022
0
1
0
1
February 12, 2022
2
1
1
2
February 19, 2022
2
2
2
2
March 5, 2022
3
3
3
3
March 12, 2022
4
4
3
4
March 19, 2022
5
5
4
5
March 26, 2022
6
6
6
6
April 2, 2022
8
8
8
8
April 9, 2022
10
10
9
10
April 16, 2022
12
12
12
12
During the first and the second week of the experiment, the researchers have
observed that the seeds have not sprouted yet at this point. By the third week, the seeds
started to germinate and little shoots are starting to protrude from the soil. The researchers
25
can see from the data they have gathered on that week that Distilled water is the tallest
among all of the sproutlings, and Groundwater comes in second with, then Tap Water, and
Rainwater comes in last. From the fourth week up to the ninth week all of the chili plants
have a consistent growth rate. From the fifth week onwards, they grow fast in height and
number of leaves.
Table 3.
Anova Summary for Growth of Plants
𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭
= 0.0077
𝑷 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
= 0.9991
ANOVA Summary
Source
Degrees of
Freedom
(DF)
Sum of
Squares
(SS)
Mean
Square (MS)
F-Stat
P-Value
Between
Groups
3
0.288
0.096
0.0077
0.9991
Within
Groups
44
550.7034
12.516
Total
47
550.9914
26
Table 4.
Anova Summary for Leaf Count
Test Statistic F
= 0.0429
P-Value
= 0.9880
ANOVA Summary
Source
Degrees of
Freedom
(DF)
Sum of
Squares
(SS)
Mean
Square (MS)
F-Stat
P-Value
Between
Groups
3
1.8333
0.6111
0.0429
0.9880
Within
Groups
44
626.1667
14.2311
Total
47
628
If F Test Result > Critical Value (Value in F Table), Reject null hypothesis.
If F Test Result < Critical Value (Value in F Table), Accept null hypothesis.
On the basis of two hypotheses, the p-value is determined. In the null hypothesis,
it is considered that a treatment or exposure has no effect or difference. This means that
even if the results indicate a numerical difference or effect, It is presumed that it is due to
random variation and is therefore not statistically significant. According to (McLeod 2019),
0.05 denotes statistical significance (usually 0.05). It provides considerable evidence
against the null hypothesis, as its likelihood of being correct is less than 5 percent.
27
Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected (since
the outcomes are arbitrary).
Based on the results from the ANOVA, the p-value is 0.99 for both the growth (in
inches) and the leaf count. This would mean that the null hypothesis is accepted since the
p-value is more than 0.05 which denotes statistical significance. The results of this study
have once again proved that rainwater is the better water to be used in watering plants.
Rainwater is more effective at keeping plants green and growing than groundwater,
according to (Booher, 2012) in his study "Plants prefer rainwater," since the nitrogen and
sulfur that is dissolved in rainwater can be efficiently absorbed by plants. Rainwater also
has secondary and/or micronutrient properties, according to Booher. Rain takes up essential
micronutrients as it falls through the atmosphere, which form part of the soil water and
therefore accessible for plant growth. In this study’s findings in terms of change in height
agree with the study of (Limjuco et al. 2016), in their study states that there is a significant
difference in the height of plants between those grown in tap water and those watered with
rainwater, in which rainwater was the highest among them. Another study by, (Bouchard
et al. 2007), reports that rainwater produced taller plants.
According to the findings of (Bouchard et al. 2007), there was little variation in the
number of leaves present after a certain amount of time between those irrigated with tap
water and those watered with rainfall. The findings of Bouchard et al. have very similar
findings of this study.
28
Figure 4.
Portrait of the data collected. Red (Rainwater), Light blue (Distilled water), Orange
(Tap water), and Purple (Groundwater).
29
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
This chapter covers the summary of findings, the conclusion, and the
recommendations by the researchers for future research. This research was conducted to
better understand what the underlying effects of the different types of water are namely
Tap Water, Distilled Water, Rainwater, and Groundwater by watering them on Capsicum
frutescens (Wild Chili) and compare each of the plants height and number of leaves (NoL).
Summary of Findings
The study compared the different types of water namely: distilled, tap, rain, and
groundwater for growing Capsicum frutescens. This study examined which water is costeffective for several groups of people and if minerals and chemicals help grow Capsicum
frutescens (Wild Chili).
Through the experiment the researchers found out that there is a massive difference
during the first few weeks but as the experiment continues the growth starts to synchronize
or starts to even out except for the rainwater which grew rapidly. As for the amount of
leaves, you would see that it would almost have the same amount. but the tap water It
shows that the growth of leaf potential of tap water is far different among the rest.
Since the p-value of 0.99 for both the growth (in inches) and the leaf count is greater
than the alpha of 0.05, we may conclude that the two variables are significantly correlated.
This would indicate that the null hypothesis is accepted, as the p-value is greater than 0.05,
30
which signifies statistical significance.Our data results show that there is basically no
significant effect of certain types of water to Capsicum Frutescens (Wild Chili) to our
experiment.
Conclusion
Therefore, the researchers conclude that using different types of water has little to
no significant effect on plants growth and their health.
The first weeks had some
observable gap, among the plants using different types of water, The one with the
noticeable boost in growth was the plants that were using rainwater . Yet as days passed
the growth rate among the plants began to even out, as if there was no real difference in
using different kinds of water. Using rain water could perhaps indeed boost growth rate ,
but only a little.
Recommendations
The type of water used on the plant has a significant effect on the plant
growth.Water is essential as it invites good bacteria, fungi and microbes for the plants to
use. Due to the different types of waters containing different kinds of ph level, chemicals
due to exposure to certain environments, as such we can observe that each plant’s growth
was affected by the different type of water being used upon it, also it affected the number
of leaves that can be noticed on the plants, depending also the type of water being used.
(Limjuco et al, 2016)
The water contents also influence the growth of plants as observed with plants using
water with more nutrient contents, growing bigger, than plants that were treated with more
31
saline content, due to saline reducing the ability of the plant to absorb nutrients. (Khaled et
al, 2011)
The temperature and amount are also importants factor to consider when watering
your plant. It’s best to water your plants at room temperature rather than using cold or hot
water. Extreme water temperatures can cause massive damage to plants. Meanwhile, not
all plants really need the same amount of water, too much and too less can cause the plants
to wilt or even die. (Beck, 2022)
There are also a lot of plants that can be used. Capsicum frutescens is a plant that
grows quickly and easily, and there are other plants like it. Since we are just starting out, it
is important to use plants that grow quickly and easily to save time and work. Growing
from seeds is cheaper, especially if you grow a lot of them. It also has more variety than
transplants in a nursery or seedlings, which are often limited in number and have a low
chance of surviving when moved from one place to another. Starting from seeds means
you can plant them directly in the soil or in the setup you are using. This gives you the
chance to plant new plants as well. You can make sure they are healthy and right from the
start if you start with seeds.
It is recommended to conduct this study with a similar set-up on a longer duration
since this study has been only carried-out on a short-time. Also, you can use other types of
water source, use many ways of watering plants such as irrigation and finally to explore
many plants that are easy and fast to cultivate.
32
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38
Appendices
Appendix A Liquidation of Expenses
Figure 5.
Liquidation of Expenses for the Experimentation
Unit Price
Qty
Amount
Loam - Sack
Php 80.00
1
Php 80.00
Distilled Water - Gallon
Php 50.00
1
Php 50.00
Plastic Flower Pot
Php 15.00
16
Php 240.00
Pail (emergency rain water)
Php 150.00
1
Php 150.00
Php 80.00
1
Php 80.00
Php 1.00
100
Php 100.00
Plant Requirements
Plant Seed Use
Half kilo Chili
Panelist
G-Cash
TOTAL:
Php 700
39
Appendix B Working Schedule
Figure 6.
Work Schedule of the Study
2021
DELIVERABLES
2022
December January February March
Calculating the total money we would
contribute to the experiment.
Acquisition of materials needed for the
experiment.
Material Preparations
Research Pre-Recorded Presentation
Q & A Session
Experiment Proper
Data Gathering
Organizing Data Collected
Finalization of Data Collected
- All group members
- Christian Nunez
- Mary Cabahug
- Jhon Lloyd Pelina
- Godwynne Limpiado
- Preparation
- Jasper Escanan
- Start of activity
40
Appendix C Line Graph
Figure 7.
This figure shows a line graph about the change in height of Capsicum frutescens (Wild
Chili)
Plant A - Tap Water Plant
Plant C - Distilled
Plant B - Ground Water
Plant D - Rain Water
41
Appendix D Bar Graph
Figure 7.
This figure shows a bar graph about the leaf count of Capsicum frutescens (Wild Chili)
42
Appendix E
Transmittal Letter 1
10 December 2021
Ms. Vanbeth R. Camson
Faculty – Biology Cluster
University of San Carlos – North Campus
Dear Ms. Camson,
Greetings of peace and goodwill!
We are the Research Group 7 of Grade 12 STEM Block E2 with the study entitled
“Effectiveness between the Different Types of Water on Growing Capsicum frutescens
(Wild Chili). This study aims to find the effectiveness between the different water types
namely: tap, rain, ground and distilled water on Capsicum frutescens.
With this, we humbly ask for your presence to take part in our journey as a panelist
for our research study and take part by giving us suggestions and sharing your thoughts
about it, which would be a great stepping stone in improving our research paper. We are
also inviting you to partake in our topic proposal next semester.
We are hoping for positive feedback on this.
Respectfully yours,
Mary Rosary P. Cabahug
19103453@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Christian Bernard A. Nuñez
21500150@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Jasper T. Escañan
17101038@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Jhon Lloyd P. Peliña
21600063@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 - Block E2
Godwynne A. Limpiado
20101775@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Appendix F
43
Transmittal Letter 2
10 December 2021
Mr. Wilbert V. Wee
Faculty – Biology Cluster
University of San Carlos – North Campus
Dear Mr. Wee,
Greetings of peace and goodwill!
We are the Research Group 7 of Grade 12 STEM Block E2 with the study entitled
“Effectiveness between the Different Types of Water on Growing Capsicum frutescens
(Wild Chili). This study aims to find the effectiveness between the different water types
namely: tap, rain, ground and distilled water on Capsicum frutescens.
With this, we humbly ask for your presence to take part in our journey as a panelist
for our research study and take part by giving us suggestions and sharing your thoughts
about it, which would be a great stepping stone in improving our research paper. We are
also inviting you to partake in our topic proposal next semester.
We are hoping for positive feedback on this.
Respectfully yours,
Mary Rosary P. Cabahug
19103453@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Christian Bernard A. Nuñez
21500150@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Jasper T. Escañan
17101038@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Jhon Lloyd P. Peliña
21600063@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 - Block E2
Godwynne A. Limpiado
20101775@usc.edu.ph
Stem 12 – Block E2
Appendix G
44
GROWTH OF PLANTS (in inches)
Table 5.
The Summary of Squares Between Groups
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
$
𝑆𝑆! = 𝛴"#1
𝑛1 (𝑥1 − 𝑥)2
GROWTH OF PLANTS (in inches)
GROUP 1
(Distilled Water)
GROUP 2
(Groundwater)
GROUP 3
(Tap Water)
GROUP 4
(Rainwater)
0
0
0
0
0.35
0.38
0.36
0.39
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.18
1.96
1.91
1.6
2.02
2.75
2.72
2.68
2.81
3.24
3.20
3.18
3.35
4.32
4.30
4.26
4.43
5.13
4.98
4.94
5.2
6.5
5.9
6.1
5.8
8
7.9
7.9
7.9
9.5
9.3
9.3
9.3
11
11
10
11.1
𝛴𝟏 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟗𝟏
𝛴𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟒
𝛴𝟑 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
𝛴𝟒 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝟖
Table 6.
45
The Summary of Squares Within Groups
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
$
𝑆𝑆) = 𝛴"#1
(𝑛" − 1)𝑆" 2
GROWTH OF PLANTS (in inches)
GROUP 1
(Distilled Water)
GROUP 2
(Groundwater)
GROUP 3
(Tap Water)
GROUP 4
(Rainwater)
0
0
0
0
0.1225
0.1444
0.1296
0.1521
1.3456
1.3225
1.2996
1.3924
3.8416
3.6481
3.4596
4.0804
7.5625
7.3984
7.1824
7.8961
10.4976
10.24
10.1124
11.2225
18.6624
18.49
18.1476
19.6249
26.3169
24.8004
24.4036
27.04
42.25
34.81
37.21
33.64
64
62.41
62.41
62.41
90.25
86.49
86.49
86.49
121
121
100
123.21
𝛴𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟏
𝛴𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟖
𝛴𝟏𝟑 = 𝟑𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟐
𝛴𝟏𝟒 = 𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟒
Table 7.
46
Data Summary (Growth of Plant)
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦
GROUPS
N
∑𝒙
MEAN
∑x²
Group 1
12
53.91
4.4925
385.8491
3.6138
1.0432
Group 2
12
52.74
4.395
370.7538
3.5543
1.026
Group 3
12
51.46
4.2883333333333 349.9452
3.4281
0.9896
Group 4
12
53.48
4.4566666666667 377.1584
3.5524
1.0255
Total
48
211.59
4.408125
Standard Standard
Deviation
Error
1483.706
5
If F Test Result > Critical Value (Value in F Table), Reject null hypothesis.
If F Test Result < Critical Value (Value in F Table), Accept null hypothesis.
Appendix H
47
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡)
Test Statistic F
0.0429
P-Value
0.9880
Table 8.
The Sum of Squares Between Groups
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
$
𝑆𝑆! = 𝛴"#1
𝑛1 (𝑥1 − 𝑥)2
GROUP 1
(Distilled Water)
GROUP 2
(Groundwater)
GROUP 3
(Tap Water)
GROUP 4
(Rainwater)
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
5
5
4
5
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
10
10
9
10
12
12
12
12
𝛴𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓
𝛴𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓
𝛴𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎
𝛴𝟒 = 𝟓𝟔
Table 9.
48
The Sum of Squares Within Groups
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
$
𝑆𝑆) = 𝛴"#1
(𝑛" − 1)𝑆" 2
GROWTH OF PLANTS (in inches)
GROUP 1
(Distilled)
GROUP 2
(Groundwater)
GROUP 3
(Tap Water)
GROUP 4
(Rain water)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
9
9
4
9
9
9
9
9
16
16
9
16
25
25
16
25
36
36
36
36
64
64
64
64
100
100
81
100
144
144
144
144
𝛴𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒𝟏𝟏
𝛴𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟗
𝛴𝟏𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔𝟖
𝛴𝟏𝟒 = 𝟒𝟏𝟐
Table 10.
49
Data Summary (Leaf Count)
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦
GROUPS
N
∑𝒙
MEAN
∑x²
Group 1
12
55
4.5833333333333
411
3.8009
1.0972
Group 2
12
55
4.5833333333333
409
3.7769
1.0903
Group 3
12
50
4.1666666666667
368
3.8099
1.0998
Group 4
12
56
4.6666666666667
412
3.7009
1.0684
Total
48
216
4.5
1600
Standard Standard
Deviation
Error
Table 11. ANOVA Summary of Formulas
ANOVA Summary Formulas
Total Sum of
Squares
𝑆𝑆* = 𝑆𝑆! + 𝑆𝑆)
Mean Square
Between Groups
𝑀𝑆! =
𝑆𝑆!
𝑘−1
Mean Square
Within Groups
𝑀𝑆) =
𝑆𝑆)
𝑁−𝑘
Test Statistic F for
One Way ANOVA
Test
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆!
𝑀𝑆)
If F Test Result > Critical Value (Value in F Table), Reject null hypothesis.
If F Test Result < Critical Value (Value in F Table), Accept null hypothesis.
Curriculum Vitae
50
Personal Information:
Name: Mary Rosary Pepito Cabahug
Age: 19
Birthdate: March 27, 2002
Parents: Susana Pepito Cabahug
Reynaldo Vacunador Cabahug
Address: R. Ceniza Street, Sitio Lawis, Jugan, Consolacion, Cebu
Email Address: cabahugmawy@gmail.com
Mobile Number: 09956701512
Educational Background:
Elementary School: Our Lady of Joy Learning Center
Junior High School: Our Lady of Joy Learning Center
Senior High School: University of San Carlos
Personal Information:
Name: Jasper Trajano Escañan
51
Age: 21
Birthdate: October 30, 2000
Parents: Venus Trajano Escañan
Romeo Alob Escañan
Address: Yati Lilo-an Cebu
Email Address: Escanan.jap@yahoo.com
Mobile Number: 09991071309
Educational Background:
Elementary School: San Roque College De Cebu
Junior High School: San Roque College De Cebu
Senior High School: University of San Carlos
Personal Information:
Name: Godwynne Ang Limpiado
52
Age: 18
Birthdate: November 8, 2003
Parents: Myrna Ang Limpiado
Ralph Locquiao Limpiado
Address: Vicentillo St. Naval, Biliran
Email Address: limpiadogodwynne1@ gmail.com
Mobile Number: 09054955458
Educational Background:
Elementary School: Limpiado Memorial Foundation Inc.
Junior High School: Limpiado Memorial Foundation Inc.
Senior High School: University of San Carlos
Personal Information:
Name: Christian Bernard Abesia Nunez
Age: 19
53
Birthdate: October 9, 2002
Parents: Kate Ladd Abesia Nunez
Bernard Sable Nunez
Address: Bulacao Pardo Cebu City
Email Address:
Mobile Number: 09152657669
Educational Background:
Elementary School: Salazar Institute of Technology
Junior High School: University Of San Carlos South Campus
Senior High School: University of San Carlos
Personal Information:
Name: Jhon Lloyd Palermo Pelina
Age: 18
Birthdate: March 6, 2003
54
Parents: Rutheleen Palermo Pelina
Lloyd Miral Pelina
Address: Happy Valley Francisca Village 6th Street, Cebu City
Email Address: johnnypains68@gmail.com
Mobile Number: 09179876417
Educational Background:
Elementary School: Frobel International School
Junior High School: University Of San Carlos South Campus
Senior High School: University of San Carlos
55