Complete
MSK Study
Bundle
Subjective assessment cheat sheet
Objective assessment cheat sheets
Origins & Insertions cheat sheets
Exercise prescription cheat sheet
7 topics to know before placement
Worth $28
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd.© 2021.
Built For Students
Progressively overload each of
these exercises by adding
resistance, repetitions, sets,
decreasing rest time etc. You can
also increase difficulty by adding
unstable surfaces, dual tasking,
increasing ROM, increasing
eccentric or concentric
contraction time etc. Also
remember the importance of
specificity! Use sets/reps
appropriate for training goals
i.e. strength, power, endurance.
Hip/Glutes
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, ER, IR
o Isometric contractions with
5+ sec hold
o Bridges: double leg (DL) ->
DL + theraband -> single leg
(SL) -> SL + theraband -> +
weight
o Clamshells in supine -> in
side-lying -> side-lying +
theraband
o Sit to stand -> STS no hands
-> STS lower height
o SL STS
o Straight leg raise
o Squats
o Goblet squats
o Sumo squats
o SL squats
o Deadlift
o Trap bar deadlift
o SL deadlift
o Romanian deadlifts
o Sumo deadlift
o Crab walk
o Banded lateral side steps
o Lunge/reverse lunge
o Front foot elevated lunge
o Step down/up
o Jump squats
o Box jumps
o Lateral lunge
o Lateral step up
o Lateral bounds surface
o Good mornings
o Donkey kickbacks
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
o
o
o
o
o
o
Supermans
Feet-on-ball hip thrust
Wall sits
Glute ham raise
Reverse back extensions
Kettlebell swings
Quads
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
knee extension, hip flexion
o Isometric contractions with
5+ sec hold
o Inner range activation
o Leg extension machine
o Sit to stand -> STS no hands
-> STS lower height
o SL STS
o Squats
o Bulgarian split squat
o Sissy quats
o Goblet squats
o Sumo squats
o SL squats
o Deadlift
o Trap bar deadlift
o Leg press machine
o Lunge/reverse lunge
o Front foot elevated lunge
o Step down/up
o Jump squats
o Box jumps
o Kettlebell swings
o Wall sits
Hamstrings
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
knee flexion, hip extension
o Isometric contractions with
5+ sec hold
o Bridges: double leg (DL) ->
DL + theraband -> single leg
(SL) -> SL + theraband -> +
weight
o Straight leg raise
o Squats
o SL squats
o Deadlift
o Trap bar deadlift
o SL deadlift
o Romanian deadlifts
o SL Romanian deadlifts
o Seated/lying leg curl
machine
o Nordic curls
o Glute ham raise
o Reverse back extensions
o Kettlebell swings
o Exercise ball hamstring curls
o Good mornings
Calf Muscles
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
plantarflexion
o Isometric contractions with
5+ sec hold
o Standing calf raise
o Standing single leg calf raise
o Seated DL/SL calf raise
o DL/SL calf raise off step
o Leg press machine DL/SL
calf raise
o Lunges
o Jump squats
o Skipping variations
o Bounds/lateral bounds
o Hopping
Ankle Rehab
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
dorsiflexion, plantarflexion,
eversion, inversion
o Ankle alphabet
o Towel scrunches
o Any of the above calf raise
exercises
o SL balance: 30+ sec
o DL/SL balance with eyes
closed
o Balance on unstable
surfaces
o Wobble board -> + SL ->
squatting ->
throwing/catching
o SL stance with other foot
tapping in front, side, back
o SL stance throwing ball
against wall/with partner
o SL stance with external
perturbations
o DL/SL hopping, skipping,
bounding
Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd.© 2021.
Built For Students
Neck
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
flexion, extension, lateral
flexion, rotation, retraction
o Chin tucks in supine -> +
overpressure
o Chin tucks in prone -> +
overpressure
o Chin tucks in sitting -> +
overpressure
o Isometric contractions
o Cat/cow
o Cobra extensions
o SNAGs
o Foam rolling upper traps
o Bird-dog
o Thoracic extensions over
chair
o Sustained stretches
Shoulder
o PROM (use broomstick)->
AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
flexion, extension, IR, ER,
abduction, adduction
o Scapular
retraction/protraction
exercises
o Sleeper stretch
o Doorframe pec stretch
o Pendulum swings
o Table slides
o Dumbbell lateral/front
raises
o Internal/external rotation in
sidelying/standing
o Tabletops
o Broomstick extensions
o Overhead press
o Pallof press
o Row exercises
o Wall pushups
o Horizontal prone scaption
Y’s
o Turkish get-up
o Arm pedals/cycling
o Boxing
o Nerve sliders/gliders
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Biceps
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
elbow flexion, supination,
pronation, shoulder flexion
o Curls
o Hammer curls
o Isolation curls
o Reverse grip curls
o Incline curls
o Pull ups
o Dumbbell
supination/pronation
o Grip strength exercises
o Shoulder front raises
o Any of the rotator cuff
exercises in the shoulder
section
o Scapular stabilisation
exercises
Triceps
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
elbow extension, shoulder
extension
o Tricep kickbacks
o Overhead tricep extensions
o Skull crushers
o Dips
o Pushdowns
o Shoulder/scapular exercises
o Eccentric bicep exercises
Elbow/Forearm/Wrist
o PROM -> AROM -> Resisted
Movements (+theraband):
elbow extension/flexion,
supination, pronation, wrist
flexion/extension,
radial/ulnar deviation
o Towel squeeze isometrics
o Weighted
supination/pronation
o Dumbbell wrist
flexion/extension
o Theraputty/ball squeezes
o Towel wringing
o Tabletops +/- rocking
forwards/backwards/lateral
o Triceps/biceps exercises
o Nerve sliders/gliders
Thoracic/Lumbar Spine
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Supine flexion
Prone extension
Rotational stretches
Cobras
Cat/cow
Foam rolling
Thoracic extensions over
chair
Bridges
Supine knee tucks
McKenzie repeated
movements
Bird-dogs
Deadbugs
Planks
Side-planks
Supine open book rotations
Happy baby
Downward dog
Core activation exercises
Compound movements:
squats, deadlifts, pushups,
pullups, lunges, hip thrusts
Straight leg raise
Deep muscle activation
exercises
Core
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd.© 2021.
Sit up/crunch variations
Plank variations
Side planks
Pikes (towel under feet)
Bird-dogs
Deadbugs
Bicycle crunches
Weighted standing oblique
crunches
Farmers carry
Suitcase carry
Mountain climbers
Weighted bridges
V-sits
Leg raises
Dragon flags
TRX plank movements
L-sits
Russian twists
Any compound movement
Flutter kicks
Pushups
Supine toe touches
Pallof press
Built For Students
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Date:
Name:
DOB:
©Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd 2021
Built for Students.
Age:
History of Presenting Condition
Current symptoms:
VAS Score:
Date pain started:
Pain a result of: specific event/insidious onset
Aggravations:
Eases:
24 Hour Pattern:
Treatment to date:
Condition is: improving/stable/worsening
Cross areas of pain
Tick areas that are cleared
Past Medical History:
Red Flags
Is patient experiencing symptoms of any of the following
conditions? Tick or cross each one.
- Cauda Equina Syndrome or spinal cord compression
- Fracture
- Infection and/or inflammatory condition
- Malignancy
- Night pain
- 5Ds’: dizziness, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia and
drop attacks
- Urinary/bowel incontinence/retention
- DVT
- Marked weakness or sensory changes
Current Medications:
Social History
Occupation:
Leisure activities:
Home environment:
Family/support:
Personal ADLs – needs assistance? yes/no
Community ADLs – needs assistance? yes/no
Domestic ADLs – needs assistance? yes/no
Smoke/ETOH/IV drug use:
Pain is stopping them from:
Previous exercise tolerance:
Current exercise tolerance:
Patient Goals:
Patient would like to return to:
By this date:
Why is this important for them?
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Yellow Flags
Is patient experiencing any of the following? Tick or cross
each one. (Consider your approach when asking about the
following potentially sensitive topics)
- A negative attitude towards their pain
- Fear avoidance behaviour
- Reduced activity because of excess caution
- A PMHx of depression, anxiety, low morale and/or
social withdrawal
- Social and/or family problems
- Financial and/or compensation problems
- Work problems
- An expectation that there is a “quick fix”
- Has seen multiple different healthcare practitioners
Goals of Treatment Session:
Patient wants to know:
Patient wants to leave feeling:
.
©Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd 2021.
Built for Students.
Muscular Origins,
Insertions, Actions &
Innervation:
Full Body
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Study less. Retain more.
Muscular Origins, Insertions, Actions &
Innervations
Muscle
Brow
Corrugator
supercilii
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Frontal bone
Underneath the
eyebrow
Facial nerve
Occipito-frontalis
(occipital belly)
Occipito-frontalis
(frontal belly)
Occipital bone,
mastoid process
Epicraneal
aponeurosis
Epicraneal
aponeurosis
Underneath the
skin of the
forehead
The action of
frowning,
eyebrows move
medially and
downward
Unfurrowing brow
Furring the brow
Facial nerve
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Flares nostrils
Facial nerve
Mandible
Underneath chin
Facial nerve
Maxilla, mandible,
sphenoid bone
Mandible
Orbicularis oris
Mandible
Underneath lower
lip
Orbicularis oris,
corners of mouth
Corners of mouth
Protrusion and
elevation of lower
lip and skin of chin
Lateral cheek
movement
Opens mouth,
sliding lower jaw
laterally
Pulls lower lip
downwards
Elevation of upper
lip
Movement of lips
Corners of mouth
Draws angle of
mouth laterally
Facial nerve
Corners of mouth,
orbicularis oris
Mandible
Action of smiling
Facial nerve
Closes mouth,
chewing
Mandibular
division of the
trigeminal nerve
Mandibular
division of the
trigeminal nerve
Medial division of
the trigeminal
nerve
Motor branches of
the mandibular
nerve
Nose
Nasalis
Mouth
Mentalis
Buccinator
Depressor angulus
oris
Depressor labii
inferioris
Levator labii
superioris
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Zygomaticus
major
Masseter
Maxilla
Tissue
surrounding lips
Fascia of the
parotid salivary
gland
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla arch,
zygomatic arch
Corners of mouth
Lateral pterygoid
Pterygoid process
on sphenoid bone
Mandible
Opens mouth
Medial pterygoid
Sphenoid bone,
maxilla
TMJ, mandible
Closes mouth
Temporalis
Temporal bone
Mandible
Closes mouth
Muscle
Muscles of the
suboccipital region
Rectus capitus
posterior major
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Origin
Insertion
Spinous process of
the C2 vertebrae
Action
Lateral portion of
Extend and rotate
the inferior nuchal the head
line of the
occipital bone
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Innervation
Suboccipital nerve
Study less. Retain more.
Rectus capitus
posterior minor
Posterior tubercle
of the C1
vertebrae
Obliquus capitus
superior
Obliquus capitus
inferior
Muscles that move
the neck
Sternocleidomastoid
Transverse
process of C1
Spinous process of
C2
Sternum, clavicle
Temporal bone’s
mastoid process,
occipital bone
Longissimus capitis
Transverse and
articular processes
of c/spine and
t/spine vertebrae
Spinous processes
of cervical and
thoracic vertebrae
Temporal bone’s
mastoid process
Spinous processes
of cervical and
thoracic vertebrae
Temporal bone’s
mastoid process
Spinous processes
of T3-T6
Transverse
processes of C1C3
Spinous process
Splenius capitis
Muscles that move
the back
Superficial Layer
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Intermediate layer
Spinalis
Longissimus
Transverse and
articular processes
of c/spine and
t/spine vertebrae
Iliocostalis
Between the
transverse
processes of the
corresponding
vertebrae
Deep Layer
Rotatores (brevis
and longus)
Multifidus
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Connect the
transverse
processes of the
thoracic vertebrae
Articular,
transverse and
mammillary
processes
Medial portion of
the inferior nuchal
line of the
occipital bone
Occipital bone
Extend and rotate
the head
Suboccipital nerve
Rotation of the
head
contralaterally,
bilateral flexion
Lateral flexion and
rotation of the
head, bilateral
extension
Lateral flexion and
rotation of the
head, bilateral
extension
Accessory nerve
CNXI
Lateral flexion and
rotation of the
head, bilateral
extension
Posterior rami of
cervical spinal
nerves
Between the
spinous processes
of the
corresponding
vertebrae
Between the
transverse
processes of the
corresponding
vertebrae
Extend and
laterally flex spine
Posterior rami of
spinal nerves
With the spinous
processes of the
vertebrae one
level above
Spinous processes
2-5 vertebrae
levels above
Extend, rotate and
laterally flex the
spine and head
Posterior rami of
spinal nerves
Transverse
process of C1
Temporal bone’s
mastoid process
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Anterior rami of
C1-C6
Posterior rami of
the middle
cervical nerves
Study less. Retain more.
Semispinalis
Interspinales
Intertransversarii
Levatores costarum
Muscle
Muscles of the
thoracic wall
Intercostal muscles
External intercostals
Internal intercostal
Innermost
intercostal
Scalene muscles
Anterior scalene
Transverse and
articular processes
of c/spine and
t/spine vertebrae
Spinous process
Transverse
process
Transverse
process of C7-T11
Spinous processes
the regional
vertebrae
Origin
Insertion
Spinous process
Transverse
process
Superior surfaces
of the ribs
immediately
below
Lower margin of
the rib to the
upper margin of
the next lower rib
Lower margin of
the rib to the
upper margin of
the next lower rib,
From costal angle
to sternum
Extend, rotate and
laterally flex the
spine and head
Posterior rami of
spinal nerves
Assists in
elevation of the
thoracic rib cage
Dorsal rami C8T11
Action
Innervation
Raise the ribs
during inspiration
1st to 11th
intercostal nerve
Lowers the ribs
during expiration
Intercostal nerves,
ventral rami of
thoracic spinal
nerves
Raise the upper
ribs during
inspiration
Raise the upper
ribs during
inspiration
C3-C6
Lower the ribs
during inspiration
Adjacent lower
intercostal nerve
C3-C6 transverse
processes and
anterior tubercles
C3-C7 transverse
processes and
anterior tubercles
C5-C7 transverse
processes and
anterior tubercles
Lower margin of
the lower ribs to
the inner surface
of the ribs 2-3
below
Sternum and
xiphoid process
1st rib (anterior
scalene tubercles)
2nd-6th ribs
Weakly lower the
ribs during
expiration
2nd-6th intercostal
nerve
Muscle
Muscles of the
abdominal wall
External oblique
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
5th to the 12th ribs
Linea alba,
anterior iliac crest,
pubic tubercle
Intercostal nerve
T7-T12
Internal oblique
Thoracolumbar
fascia, iliac crest
10th-12th ribs, linea
alba
Lateral flexion
ipsilaterally,
contralateral
rotation, pelvic
stabilisation
Lateral flexion
ipsilaterally,
contralateral
rotation, pelvic
stabilisation
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene
Subcostal muscles
Transversus thoracis
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
1st rib (posterior
to groove for
scalene artery)
2nd rib
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
C3-C6
Intercostal nerve
T7-T12
Study less. Retain more.
7th to 12th costal
cartilages,
thoracolumbar
fascia, iliac crest
Medial head: crest
of pubis to pubic
tubercle
Lateral head: crest
of pubis to pubic
tubercle
Linea alba, pubic
crest
T12-L5 vertebral
bodies (superficial
layer) or costal
processes (deep
layer)
T12-L1 vertebrae
and intervertebral
disks
Iliac fossa
Iliac crest and
iliolumbar
ligament
Lesser trochanter
12th rib, L1-L4
transverse
processes
Ipsilateral trunk
lateral flexion,
expiration
Superior pubic
ramus
Anococcygeal
ligament
Pelvic diaphragm,
supports pelvic
viscera
Sacral plexus S4
and inferior anal
nerve
Pubococcygeus
Pubis
Iliococcygeus
Coccygeus
Internal obturator
fascia of levator
ani
Sacrum
Anococcygeal
ligament, coccyx
Anococcygeal
ligament, coccyx
Pelvic diaphragm,
supports pelvic
viscera
Supports pelvic
viscera, flexes
coccyx
Sacral plexus S4
and inferior anal
nerve
Sacral plexus S4S5
Piriformis
Sacrum
Greater
trochanter
Sacral plexus S1S2
Obturator internus
Obturator
membrane
Medial surface of
the greater
trochanter
Hip external
rotation,
stabilisation and
abduction of
flexed hip
Hip external
rotation and
abduction of
flexed hip
Muscle
Muscles of the deep
perineal space
External urethral
sphincter
Compressor
urethrae (females)
Urethrovaginal
sphincter (females)
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Encircles urethra
Compresses
urethra
Pudendal nerve
S2-S4
Transversus
abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Muscles of the
posterior abdominal
wall
Psoas major
Psoas minor
Iliacus
Quadratus
lumborum
Muscles of the
pelvic floor
Levator Ani
Puborectalis
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Ischiopubic ramus
Anterior urethra
5th – 7th rib
cartilage, xiphoid
process
Rotates trunk to
same side,
compresses
abdomen
Flexes trunk,
compresses
abdomen,
stabilises pelvis
Intercostal nerve
T7-T12
Flexion and
external rotation
of the hip, trunk
lateral flexion
Lumbar plexus
Intercostal nerve
T5-T12
Pecten pubis,
iliopubic ramus,
iliac fascia
Ischial spine
External urethral
sphincter
Interdigitates with
opposite side
Femoral nerve
T12-L4 spinal
nerve
Sacral plexus L5S1
Compresses
urethra and
vagina
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Study less. Retain more.
Deep transverse
perineal
Muscles of the
superficial perineal
space
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
Superficial
transverse perineal
Quadratus
lumborum
Muscles of the anal
triangle
External anal
sphincter
Inferior pubic
ramus, ischial
raums
Runs anteriorly
from perineal
body to clitoris
(female) or penile
raphe (male)
Ischial ramus
posterior to
vagina
Wall of vagina or
prostate and
perineal body
Crus of clitoris or
penis
Perineal body
Iliac crest and
iliolumbar
ligament
12th rib, L1-L4
transverse
processes
Encircles anus
running
posteriorly from
perineal body to
anococcygeal
ligament
Supports the
prostate
Pudendal nerve
S2-S4
Females:
compresses
greater vestibular
gland, males:
assists in erection
Maintains
erection by
assisting in blood
flow
Stabilises perineal
body
Ipsilateral trunk
lateral flexion,
expiration
Pudendal nerve
S2-S4
Closes the anus
Pudendal nerve
T12-L4 spinal
nerve
Muscle
Muscles of the
pectoral girdle
Subclavius
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
1st rib
Inferior surface of
the clavicle
Nerve to
subclavius C5-C6
Pectoralis minor
3rd – 5th ribs
Coracoid process
Stabilises the
clavicle in the
sternoclavicular
joint
Moves scapular
downwards,
rotates glenoid
inferiorly, assists
in respiration
Serratus Anterior
Superior portion
1st – 9th ribs
Medial border of
the scapula
Lowers raised
arms
Laterally moves
scapula forwards,
elevates ribs
Lateral rotation of
scapula
Long thoracic
nerve C5-C7
Spinous processes
T5-T12
Scapula spine
Accessory nerve
CN X, C3-C4
Aponeurosis at
T1-T4 spinous
processes
Acromion
Moves scapula
inferiorly and
medially
Moves scapula
medially
Intermediate
portion
Inferior portion
Trapezius
Ascending portion
Transverse portion
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Medial and lateral
pectoral nerve C6T1
Study less. Retain more.
Descending portion
Occipital bone,
spinous processes
C1-C7
Clavicle
Upwards rotation
of scapula,
superior rotation
of glenoid cavity
Accessory nerve
CN X, C3-C4
Levator scapulae
Transverse
processes of C1C4
Superior angle of
scapula
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Rhomboid minor
Spinous process of
C1-C4
Medial border of
scapula
Draws scapula
medially upward,
inclines neck
ipsilaterally
Steadies scapula,
draws scapula
medially upward
Rhomboid major
Spinous process of
T1-T4 vertebrae
Adduction,
internal rotation,
assist in
respiration
Adduction,
internal rotation,
extension, “cough
muscle” assists
with respiration
Adduction,
internal rotation,
extension
Medial and lateral
pectoral nerve C5T1
Flexion, internal
rotation,
adduction
Abduction
Adduction,
extension,
external rotation
Axillary nerve C5C6
Abduction
Suprascapular
nerve C4-C6
Muscles of the
shoulder
Pectoralis major
Clavicle, sternum
and costal
cartilages 1-6
Greater tubercle
crest of humerus
Latissimus dorsi
Spinous processes
T7-T12, scapula,
iliac crest
Lesser tubercle
crest of humerus
Teres major
Inferior angle of
the scapula
Lesser tubercle
crest of humerus
Lateral on third of
the clavicle
Deltoid tuberosity
of the humerus
Deltoid
Anterior portion
Lateral portion
Rear portion
Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Muscle
Muscles of the
upper limb
Biceps brachii
Long head
Short head
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Acromion
Scapular spine
Suprascapular
fossa
Infraspinous fossa
of scapula
Lateral border of
the scapula
Subscapular fossa
of scapula
Deltoid tuberosity
of the humerus
Greater tubercle
of the humerus
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Thoracodorsal
nerve C6-C8
Lower subscapular
nerve
Axillary nerve C5C6
External rotation
Lesser tubercle of
the humerus
External rotation,
adduction
Internal rotation
Axillary nerve
Subscapular nerve
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Supraglenoid
tubercle of the
scapula
Coracoid process of
the scapula
Radial tuberosity
and bicipital
aponeurosis
Flexion &
supination of the
elbow
Flexion of the
shoulder,
stabilisation of the
humeral head,
Musculocutaneou
s nerve C5-C6
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Study less. Retain more.
abduction and
internal rotation
Brachialis
Humerus
Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process of
the scapula
Triceps brachii
Medial head
Lateral head
Long head
Anconeus
Muscle
Muscles of the
anterior forearm
Superficial layer
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Ulnar tuberosity
and bicipital
aponeurosis
Humerus
Flexion of the
elbow
Posterior humerus
just distal to the
radial groove
Posterior humerus
just proximal to the
radial groove
Infraglenoid
tubercle of the
scapula
Olecranon of the
ulna
Extension and
adduction of
shoulder joint
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Olecranon of the
ulna
Intermediate layer
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Deep layer
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Muscles of the
posterior forearm
Superficial layer
Extensor digitorum
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Radial nerve C6C8
Extension of the
elbow
Extends the elbow
and stabilises the
joint
Radial nerve C6C8
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Medial epicondyle,
coronoid process
Medial epicondyle
Lateral radius
Pronation, mild
flexion of wrist
Wrist flexion, radial
deviation/abduction
Mild wrist flexion,
tightening of
aponeurosis
Wrist flexion, ulnar
deviation/abduction
Median nerve
C6-C7
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexion, adduction,
internal rotation of
the humerus
Musculocutaneou
s nerve C5-C6 &
radial nerve C7
Musculocutaneou
s nerve C5-C6
Base of 2nd-3rd
metacarpal
Palmar
apneurosis
Median nerve
C7-C8
Medial epicondyle,
olecranon
Pisiform, base of
5th metacarpal,
hook of hamate
Medial epicondyle,
anterior border of
humerus
Sides of the
middle
phalanges 2-5
Mild wrist flexion,
MCP and PIP joint
flexion
Median nerve
C8-T1
Ulnar and
interosseous
membrane
Radius and
interosseous
membrane
Palmar surface
of the distal
phalanges
Distal phalanx of
the thumb
Median nerve
C8-T1 and Ulnar
nerve C8-T1
Median nerve
C7-C8
Distal ¼ of anterior
surface of the ulna
Distal radius
Mild wrist flexion,
MCP, PIP and DIP
joint flexion
Wrist flexion, radial
deviation/abduction,
flexion of MCP and
IP of thumb
Pronation of the
hand, stabilisation of
the distal radioulnar
joint
Lateral epicondyle
of the humerus
Dorsal digital
Wrist extension,
expansion of 2nd MCP, PIP and DIP
– 5th digits
extension and
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Ulnar nerve C7T1
Radial nerve C7C8
Study less. Retain more.
Extensor digiti
minimi
Lateral epicondyle
of the humerus
Dorsal digital
expansion of 5th
digit
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Ulnar head of the
lateral epicondyle
Base of the 5th
metacarpal
Olecranon, lateral
epicondyle of the
humerus
Radius
(between radial
tuberosity and
insertion of
pronator teres)
Base of 1st
metacarpal
Deep layer
Supinator
abduction 2nd – 5th
digits
Wrist extension,
MCP, PIP and DIP
extension and
abduction of 5th
digit, ulnar deviation
of hand
Wrist extension,
ulnar deviation of
the hand
Radial nerve C7C8
Radial nerve C7C8
Supination
Radial nerve C6C7
Abduction of the
hand (radial
deviation) and
thumb
Abduction of the
hand (radial
deviation),
extension of the
thumb
Abduction of the
hand (radial
deviation),
extension and
adduction of the
thumb
Wrist extension,
MCP, PIP and DIP
extension of 2nd digit
Radial nerve C7C8
Abductor pollicis
longus
Radius and ulna
(interosseous
membrane)
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Posterior surface of
the radius
Base of proximal
phalanx of
thumb
Extensor pollicis
longus
Posterior surface of
the ulna
Base of distal
phalanx of
thumb
Extensor indicis
Posterior surface of
the ulna
Posterior digital
extension of 2nd
digit
Distal humerus in
the lateral
intermuscular
septum
Lateral epicondyle
Styloid process
of the radius
Elbow flexion and
semipronation of
the forearm
Radial nerve C5C6
Base of the 3rd
metacarpal
Mild flexion of the
elbow, wrist
extension and
abduction
Radial nerve C7C8
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Lateral
supracondylar ridge
of the distal
humerus
Base of the 2nd
metacarpal
Muscle
Thenar muscles
Adductor pollicis
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Transverse head
of the 3rd
metacarpal
Scaphoid and
trapezium bones,
flexor retinaculum
Adduction of the
CMC joint of the
thumb, flexion of
the MCP joint of the
thumb
Abduction of the
CMC joint of the
thumb
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
Abductor pollicis
brevis
Base of the
proximal phalanx
of the thumb via
the ulnar
sesamoid
Base of the
proximal phalanx
of the thumb via
Radialis group
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Radial nerve C6C7
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Median nerve C8T1
Study less. Retain more.
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor
retinaculum,
capitate and
trapezium bones
Opponens pollicis
Trapezium
Hypothenar muscles
Opponens digiti
minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
brevis
the radial
sesamoid
Base of the
proximal phalanx
of the thumb via
the radial
sesamoid
Radial border of
the 1st metacarpal
Hook of hamate,
flexor retinaculum
Ulna border of the
5th metacarpal
Base of the 5th
proximal phalanx
Abductor digiti
minimi
Pisiform
Ulnar base of the
5th proximal
phalanx
Palmaris brevis
Ulnar border of
the palmar
aponeurosis
Skin of the
hypothenar
eminence
1st and 2nd
metacarpals
Dorsal digital
expansion of the
2nd digit, 2nd
proximal phalanx
2nd
2nd and 3rd
metacarpals
3rd
3rd and 4th
metacarpals
4th
4th and 5th
metacarpals
Dorsal digital
expansion of the
3rd digit, radial
side of 3rd
proximal phalanx
Dorsal digital
expansion of the
3rd digit, ulnar side
of 3rd proximal
phalanx
Dorsal digital
expansion of the
4th digit, ulnar side
of 4th proximal
phalanx
Metacarpal muscles
Dorsal interossei
1st
Palmar interossei
1st
Ulnar side of the
2nd metacarpal
Dorsal digital
expansion of the
2nd digit, 2nd
proximal phalanx
2nd
Radial side of the
4th metacarpal
3rd
Radial side of the
5th metacarpal
Dorsal digital
expansion of the
4th digit, 4th
proximal phalanx
Dorsal digital
expansion of the
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Flexion of the CMC
joint of the thumb
Median nerve C8T1, Ulnar nerve
C8-T1
Opposition of the
CMC joint of the
thumb
Median nerve C8T1
Opposition of
metacarpal
Flexion of the MCP
joint of the little
finger
Flexion and
abduction of the
MCP joint of the
little finger,
extension of the PIP
and DIP joints of the
little finger
Stabilisation and
tightening of the
palmar aponeurosis
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
2nd to 4th digits
perform MCP joint
flexion and
extension/abduction
of DIP joints
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
2nd to 4th digits
perform MCP joint
flexion and
extension/abduction
of DIP joints
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
2nd , 4th and 5th digits
perform MCP joint
flexion and
extension/abduction
of DIP joints
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Study less. Retain more.
5th digit, 5th
proximal phalanx
Lumbricals
1st
Tendons of the
flexor digitorum
profundus on the
radial side
2nd
3rd
4th
Tendons of the
flexor digitorum
profundus
Tendons of the
flexor digitorum
profundus
2nd digit dorsal
digital expansion
2nd - 5th digits
perform MCP joint
flexion and
extension of DIP
joints
3rd digit dorsal
digital expansion
4th digit dorsal
digital expansion
Median nerve C8T1
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
5th digit dorsal
digital expansion
2nd - 5th digits
perform MCP joint
flexion and
extension of DIP
joints
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
Muscle
Muscles of the
gluteal region
Gluteus maximus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Sacrum, ilium,
thoracolumbar
fascia
Iliotibial tract,
gluteal tuberosity
Inferior gluteal
nerve L5-S2
Gluteus medius
Gluteal surface of
the ilium below
the iliac crest
Lateral surface of
the greater
trochanter
Extension and
external rotation
of the hip, upper
fibres assist in
abduction, lower
fibres assist in
adduction
Abduction of the
hip, mild
extension and
external rotation
Gluteus minimus
Gluteal surface of
the ilium below
the gluteus
medius
Pelvic surface of
the sacrum
Anterolateral
surface of the
greater trochanter
Sacral plexus S1S2
Gemelli
Ischial
spine/ischial
tuberosity
Medial surface of
the greater
trochanter
External rotation,
abduction and
extension of the
hip
External rotation,
abduction and
extension of the
hip
Obturator internus
Obturator
membrane
Quadratus femoris
Lateral ischial
tuberosity
Medial surface of
the greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest of the femur
Tensor fasciae latae
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Iliotibial tract
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Piriformis
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Greater
trochanter apex
External rotation
and adduction of
the hip
Abduction, flexion
and internal
rotation of the hip
Action
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Superior gluteal
nerve L4-S1
Sacral plexus L5S1
Superior gluteal
nerve L4-S1
Innervation
Study less. Retain more.
Muscles of the
anterior thigh
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Sartorius
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Tibial tuberosity
via the patellar
ligament
Linea aspera
medially
Anterior femoral
shaft
Linea aspera
laterally
Hip flexion, knee
extension
Femoral nerve L2L4
Knee extension
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Medial to the
tibial tuberosity
Hip flexion,
abduction and
external rotation,
knee flexion and
internal rotation
Femoral nerve L2L3
Inferior pubic
ramus
Medial border of
the tibial
tuberosity
Obturator nerve
L2-L3
Pectineus
Pecten pubis
Pectineal line of
the femur
Adductor longus
Superior pubic
ramus
Linea aspera of
the femur
Adduction and
flexion of the hip,
flexion and
internal rotation
of the knee
Adduction and
external rotation
of the hip, assists
in stabilising the
pelvis
Adduction and
flexion of the hip,
assists in
stabilising the
pelvis
Adductor brevis
Inferior pubic
ramus
Medial
compartment of the
thigh
Superficial layer
Gracilis
Deep layer
Adductor magnus
Medial lip of the
linea spine,
adductor tubercle
of the femur
Obturator externus
Obturator
membrane
Trochanteric fossa
of the femur
Muscle
Muscles of the
posterior thigh
Biceps femoris
Short head
Origin
Lateral lip of the
linea aspera
Ischial tuberosity,
sacrotuberous
ligament
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Obturator nerve
L2-L4
Obturator nerve
L2-L3
Inferior pubic
ramus, ischial
tuberosity
Long head
Femoral nerve
and Obturator
nerve L2-L3
Adduction and
extension of the
hip, assists in
stabilising the
pelvis
Adduction and
external rotation
of the hip, assists
in stabilising the
pelvis
Obturator nerve
L2-L4 and tibial
nerve L4
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Head of the fibula
Knee flexion and
external rotation
Extension of the
hip, flexion and
Common fibular
nerve L5-S2
Tibial nerve L5-S2
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Obturator nerve
L3-L4
Study less. Retain more.
external rotation
of the knee
Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Medial tibial
condyle
Extension of the
hip, flexion and
internal rotation
of the knee
Tibial nerve L5-S2
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
and sacrotuberous
ligament
Pes anserinus
medial tibial
condyle
Muscle
Muscles of the
anterior lower leg
Tibialis anterior
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Tibia, interosseous
membrane
Medial cuneiform
and first
metatarsal
Dorsal
aponeurosis of the
1st toe
Dorsiflexion and
supination of the
ankle
Dorsiflexion and
supination/
pronation of the
ankle, extension
of the big toe
Dorsiflexion and
pronation of the
ankle, extension
of toes 2-5
Dorsiflexion and
eversion of the
ankle
Deep fibular nerve
L4-L5
Extensor hallucis
longus
Fibula
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibula and tibia,
interosseous
membrane
Dorsal
aponeurosis of the
2nd to 5th toes
Fibularis tertius
Distal fibula
Base of the 5th
metatarsal
Medial and lateral
epicondyles of the
femur
Fibula and tibia
Calcaneal
tuberosity at the
Achilles tendon
Plantarflexion of
the ankle, flexion
of the knee
Plantarflexion of
the ankle
May prevent
compression of
posterior leg
muscles during
knee flexion
Tibial nerve S1-S2
Interosseous
membrane
Navicular
tuberosity and
cuneiforms 2-4
Tibial nerve L4-L5
Flexor digitorum
longus
Posterior surface
of the tibia
Bases of 2nd – 5th
distal phalanges
Flexor hallucis
longus
Posterior surface
of the fibula
Base of 1st distal
phalanx
Plantarflexion and
inversion of the
ankle, assists in
supporting the
arches of the feet
Plantarflexion and
inversion of the
ankle,
plantarflexion of
MTP and IP joints
2-5
Plantarflexion and
inversion of the
ankle,
plantarflexion of
Muscles of the
posterior lower leg
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Deep muscles of the
posterior
compartment
Tibialis posterior
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Lateral epicondyle
of the femur
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Deep fibular nerve
L5
Deep fibular nerve
L5-S1
Tibial nerve L5-S2
Study less. Retain more.
MTP and IP joints
2-5, supports
longitudinal arch
Flexion and
internal rotation
of the knee
Popliteus
Lateral femoral
condyle
Posterior tibial
surface
Muscle
Intrinsic muscles of
the foot
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Dorsal surface of
the calcaneus
Dorsal surface of
the calcaneus
Extension of MTP
and PIP joints of
the 2nd – 4th toes
Extension of MTP
joints of the 1st
toe
Deep fibular nerve
L5-S1
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Dorsal
aponeurosis of 2nd
– 4th toes
Dorsal
aponeurosis of 1st
toe
Calcaneal
tuberosity, plantar
aponeurosis
Base of 5th
metatarsal
Lateral plantar
nerve S1-S3
Abductor hallucis
Medial process of
the calcaneal
tuberosity
Base of the 1st toe
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Calcaneal
tuberosity, plantar
aponeurosis
Sides of middle
phalanges for the
2nd – 5th toes
Flexion and
abduction of the
MTP joint of the
5th toe, supports
longitudinal arch
Flexion and
abduction of the
MTP joint of the
1st toe, supports
longitudinal arch
Flexion and
abduction of the
MTP and PIP joints
of the 2nd – 5th
toe, supports
longitudinal arch
3rd – 5th
metatarsal
Medial base of
proximal phalanx
of the 3rd – 5th
toes
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3
Dorsal interossei
1st – 5th
metatarsals
1st – 4th proximal
phalanges
Quadratus plantae
Medial border of
the calcaneal
tuberosity
Flexor digitorum
longus tendon
Lumbricals
Flexor digitorum
longus tendons
Dorsal
aponeurosis of
2nd-5th toes
Flexion of MTP
joints 3-5,
extension of IP
joints 3-5,
adduction of 3-5
toes
Flexion of MTP
joints 2-4,
extension of IP
joints 2-4,
adduction of 2-4
toes
Assists in
redirecting the
pull of flexor
digitorum longus
Flexion of MTP
joints 2-5,
extension of IP
joints 2-5,
adduction of 2-5
toes
Superficial Layer
Abductor digiti
minimi
Deep intrinsic
muscles of the sole
of the foot
Plantar interossei
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Tibial nerve L4-L5
Deep fibular nerve
L5-S1
Medial plantar
nerve S1-S2
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3
Lateral plantar
nerve S1-S3
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3 and
Medial plantar
nerve S2-S3
Study less. Retain more.
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Lateral
cuneiforms,
cuboid
Base of proximal
phalanx of 1st toe
Flexion and
adduction of MTP
joint of big toe
Adductor hallucis
Bases of 2-5th
metatarsals
1st proximal
phalanx
Flexor digiti minimi
brevis
Opponens digit
minimi
Base of 5th
metatarsal
Long plantar
ligament
Base of proximal
phalanx of 5th toe
5th metatarsal
Flexion and
adduction of MTP
joint of big toe,
supports
transverse and
longitudinal
arches
Flexion of MTP
joint of 5th toe
Pulls 5th
metatarsal
medially
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Lateral plantar
nerve S1-S2 and
Medial plantar
nerve S1-S2
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3
Study less. Retain more.
Shoulder
Normal ROM
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
160-180°
50-60°
170-180°
50-75°
70-90°
80-100°
Myotomes:
C4
Shoulder elevation
C5
Shoulder abduction
C6
Elbow flexion, wrist extension
C7
Elbow extension, wrist flexion
C8
Thumb abduction & extension
T1
Finger abduction
Dermatomes:
C4
Clavicle to AC joint
C5
Lateral deltoid
C6
Anterior arm, radial side of hand to thumb &
index finger
C7
Lateral arm & forearm to index, middle and ring
fingers
C8
Medial arm and forearm to middle, ring and little
fingers
Reflexes:
C5 nerve root
C6 nerve root
C7 nerve root
Pathological
Pathological
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Triceps
Hoffman’s reflex
Inverted supinator reflex
Muscles and their movements:
Flexion
Deltoid, pec major,
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii
Extension
Deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres
major, triceps brachii
Abduction
Deltoid, supraspinatus
Adduction
Deltoid, pec major, lat dorsi, teres
major
Internal rotation
Deltoid, pec major, lat dorsi, teres
major, subscapularis
External rotation
Deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor
Special Tests:
Testing
Positive
Sensitivity
for:
result:
Rotator cuff pathology
Full Can
Weakness and pain
Lift-Off
Weakness:
(Gerber)
?subscapularis tear
ER lag sign Weakness:
?infraspinatus tear
Impingement
Cluster Test of:
Pain
Jobe + Hawkins +
reproduced
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Specificity
59-89
50
54-82
88
36
95
75
74
Painful arc + Neer + in at least
resisted ER
3/5 tests
Posterior
Pain felt
impingement:
posteriorly
apprehension
position
Instability
Relocation
Relief of
apprehension
Apprehension
Apprehensive
feeling
Load and shift
Increased
translation of
humeral head
anteriorly
Release
Sudden
apprehension
Sulcus
Increased
translation of
humeral head
inferiorly
Posterior
Increased
subluxation test translation of
humeral head
posteriorly
SLAP and biceps related injury
Speed’s
Pain: ?long-head
of bicep tear
O’Brien
Pain: ?SLAP tear
Biceps load test Pain: ?SLAP tear
Cluster Test of: Pain
Speed’s +
Apprehension +
O’Brien
Passive
Pain: ?SLAP tear
compression
test
Scapular Dyskinesis
Scapular
Decreased pain
assistance test
Scapular
Increased
resistance test
strength or
decreased pain
75.5
85
96.7
78
98.3
71.6
71.7
89.9
91.7
83.5
28-72
86-97
50-91
85-100
54
81
61
29
25
84
78
92
82
86
21-24
71-21
26100
33-70
Causes of Referred Pain & Red Flags:
Somatic referred pain:
Visceral referred pain:
cervical/thoracic spine,
diaphragm, heart, spleen,
myofascial structures
gall bladder, apex of lungs
Tumours
Acute compartment
syndrome
Fractures
Infection
Nerve/vascular
Myocardial infarct (left
compromise
shoulder pain commonly
reported)
Thoracic outlet syndrome Axillary/long thoracic nerve
injury
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021.
Study Less. Retain More.
7 TOPICS TO KNOW BEFORE
YOUR NEXT
MUSCULOSKELETAL
CLINICAL PLACEMENT
REVIEW THESE TOPICS TO FEEL
PREPARED
1
WHAT SHOULD
YOU REVIEW?
We are taught hundreds of different musculoskeletal topics at university. As a
result, it can be hard to narrow down which specific topics you should study
before starting your placement. Here are 7 topics to review that will have you
feeling prepped and ready!
LOWER LIMB ANATOMY
Many of the patients you will see will have lower limb injuries.
It is important for you to know, and understand, the workings
of the lower limb. Start with the hip/pelvis and work distally.
Revise the bones, joints and soft tissues, as well as their nerve
and blood supplies. Common injuries to study include greater
trochanteric pain syndrome, quadriceps/hamstring tears,
patellofemoral pain, MCL injuries, medial tibial stress
syndrome, achilles tendinopathy, lateral ankle sprains and
plantar fascia pain.
UPPER LIMB ANATOMY
Upper limb pathologies are also common in musculoskeletal
practice. Start with the shoulder and work distally. Revise the
anatomy in full: bones, joints, soft tissue, nervous supply and
blood supply. Common upper limb injuries include subacromial
pain syndrome, rotator cuff tendinopathy, adhesive capsulitis,
lateral/medial epicondylalgia, radial head fractures, carpal
tunnel syndrome, MCP joint sprains.
SPINAL ANATOMY
It is important for you to have a working understanding of the
spine, from head to tail. Neck and back pain are both common
presentations in private practice, often being chronic
complaints. You should revise the anatomy and biomechanics of
the spine, as well as somatic and radicular referral patterns.
Common spinal related injuries include chronic neck pain,
whiplash associated disorders, acute wry neck, cervical/lumbar
radiculopathies, non-specific low back pain, degenerative
vertebral changes.
2
NEURODYNAMIC TESTS
If suspicious of neural involvement, neurodynamic tests can
be great tools to confirm/discount your diagnosis. Not only
are they diagnostic, but they can also be used as treatment to
mobilise the neural tissue or entrapped nerve. Revise the
Upper Limb Tension/Neural Tests (ULNT/ULTT) 1-3, as well as
the slump test, prone knee bend and straight leg raise.
MCKENZIE REPEATED
MOVEMENTS
As we mentioned earlier, non-specific low back pain and neck pain
are common presentations in MSK physiotherapy. The McKenzie
Method of Repeated Movements can be used as a rehabilitative
technique to help reduce pain in mechanical injuries. Repeated
movements can be utilised on most joints in the body, offering vast
clinical applications.
PAIN EDUCATION
Pain education is growing in popularity amongst MSK
physiotherapists. Prior to starting your clinical placement, you
should revise the works of Peter O'Sullivan, Lorimer Moseley,
David Butler and Adam Meakins. These clinicians are paving the
way for physio's by stressing the importance of communication
and patient experience. Pain education is vital in a private setting,
in particular when dealing with chronic pain and yellow flags.
OVER-USE INJURIES
Over-use injuries frequently present to MSK physiotherapy
settings. Tendinopathies are common, especially in the shoulder,
hip, knee and achilles. You should revise the work of Jill Cook, as
she is considered to be a tendinopathy/over-use injury 'guru', and
has some fantastic research that explores the efficacy of various
rehab approaches for these patients. Also consider revising the
principles of training load and injury prevention.
HAPPY STUDYING! SCROLL TO
THE NEXT PAGE FOR A
STUDY CHECKLIST
3
CHECKLIST
LOWER LIMB ANATOMY
UPPER LIMB ANATOMY
SPINAL ANATOMY
NEURODYNAMIC TESTS
MCKENZIE REPEATED MOVEMENTS
PAIN EDUCATION
OVER-USE INJURIES
Use this checklist to tick off the topics once you've revised them.
Remember, clinical placement is about learning. Your supervisors do not
expect you to know everything - you are there to learn . Don't be hard on
yourself if you don't get it straight away; remember you're still a student!
Listen to your supervisor, take their feedback on board and enjoy yourself.
Remember, every Physiotherapist was once a student in the same position
you are now, take a deep breath and go crush it!
4
Shoulder
Normal ROM
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
160-180°
50-60°
170-180°
50-75°
70-90°
80-100°
Myotomes:
C4
Shoulder elevation
C5
Shoulder abduction
C6
Elbow flexion, wrist extension
C7
Elbow extension, wrist flexion
C8
Thumb abduction & extension
T1
Finger abduction
Dermatomes:
C4
Clavicle to AC joint
C5
Lateral deltoid
C6
Anterior arm, radial side of hand to thumb &
index finger
C7
Lateral arm & forearm to index, middle and ring
fingers
C8
Medial arm and forearm to middle, ring and little
fingers
Reflexes:
C5 nerve root
C6 nerve root
C7 nerve root
Pathological
Pathological
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Triceps
Hoffman’s reflex
Inverted supinator reflex
Muscles and their movements:
Flexion
Deltoid, pec major,
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii
Extension
Deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres
major, triceps brachii
Abduction
Deltoid, supraspinatus
Adduction
Deltoid, pec major, lat dorsi, teres
major
Internal rotation
Deltoid, pec major, lat dorsi, teres
major, subscapularis
External rotation
Deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor
Special Tests:
Testing
Positive
Sensitivity
for:
result:
Rotator cuff pathology
Full Can
Weakness and pain
Lift-Off
Weakness:
(Gerber)
?subscapularis tear
ER lag sign Weakness:
?infraspinatus tear
Impingement
Cluster Test of:
Pain
Jobe + Hawkins +
reproduced
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Specificity
59-89
50
54-82
88
36
95
75
74
Painful arc + Neer + in at least
resisted ER
3/5 tests
Posterior
Pain felt
impingement:
posteriorly
apprehension
position
Instability
Relocation
Relief of
apprehension
Apprehension
Apprehensive
feeling
Load and shift
Increased
translation of
humeral head
anteriorly
Release
Sudden
apprehension
Sulcus
Increased
translation of
humeral head
inferiorly
Posterior
Increased
subluxation test translation of
humeral head
posteriorly
SLAP and biceps related injury
Speed’s
Pain: ?long-head
of bicep tear
O’Brien
Pain: ?SLAP tear
Biceps load test Pain: ?SLAP tear
Cluster Test of: Pain
Speed’s +
Apprehension +
O’Brien
Passive
Pain: ?SLAP tear
compression
test
Scapular Dyskinesis
Scapular
Decreased pain
assistance test
Scapular
Increased
resistance test
strength or
decreased pain
75.5
85
96.7
78
98.3
71.6
71.7
89.9
91.7
83.5
28-72
86-97
50-91
85-100
54
81
61
29
25
84
78
92
82
86
21-24
71-21
26100
33-70
Causes of Referred Pain & Red Flags:
Somatic referred pain:
Visceral referred pain:
cervical/thoracic spine,
diaphragm, heart, spleen,
myofascial structures
gall bladder, apex of lungs
Tumours
Acute compartment
syndrome
Fractures
Infection
Nerve/vascular
Myocardial infarct (left
compromise
shoulder pain commonly
reported)
Thoracic outlet syndrome Axillary/long thoracic nerve
injury
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021.
Study Less. Retain More.
Wrist and Hand
Wrist Normal ROM
Flexion
Extension
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
Supination
Pronation
Abduction
Adduction
Opposition
0-80°
0-70°
30°
20°
60°
40°
Myotomes:
C6
Elbow flexion, wrist extension
C7
Elbow extension, wrist flexion
C8
Thumb abduction & extension
T1
Finger abduction
Dermatomes:
C6
Anterior arm, radial side of hand to thumb &
index finger
C7
Lateral arm & forearm to index, middle and ring
fingers
C8
Medial arm and forearm to middle, ring and little
fingers
T1
Medial side of forearm to the base of the little
finger
Wrist Muscles and their movements:
Flexion
Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi
ulnaris
Extension
Extensor carpi radialis longus,
extensor carpi radialis brevis,
extensor carpi ulnaris
Radial deviation
Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi
radialis longus, extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Ulnar deviation
Flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi
ulnaris
Finger Muscles and their movements:
Flexion at MCP
Lumbricals, interossei, flexor digiti
minimi
Flexion at DIP
Lumbricals, flexor digitorum
superficialis
Flexion at PIP
Flexor digitorum profundus
Extension at MCP
Extensor digitorum, extensor
indicis, extensor digiti minimi
Extension at DIP
Lumbricals, interossei
and PIP
Abduction at MCP Dorsal interossei, abductor digiti
minimi
Adduction
Palmar interossei
Opposition
Opponens digiti minimi
Thumb Muscles and their movements:
Flexion
Flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis
brevis
Extension
Extensor pollicis longus, extensor
pollicis brevis
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Abductor pollicis longus, abductor
pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis
Opponens pollicis
Special Tests:
Testing for: Positive result: Sensitivity
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Phalen’s
Reproduction of
92
symptoms
Tinel’s
Electric shock
97
sensation or
paraesthesia in
median nerve
distribution
Triangular fibrocartilage complex disruption
Ulna foveal
Tenderness ++
95.2
sign
that replicates pt’s
pain
Press test
Axial ulnar load
100
that reproduces
pt’s symptoms
Scapholunate Injury
Watson’s
Reproduction of
69
scaphoid
pain +/shift
hypermobility
Outcome Measures:
Measure:
Patient Rated Wrist
Evaluation
DASH & Quick DASH
Grip Strength
Mayo Wrist Score
Michigan Hand
Outcomes Questionnaire
Specificity
88
91
86.5
NA
66
Assesses:
Pain and disability for wrist
pathology
Physical function, symptoms
and quality of life for upper
limb disorders
Grip strength…
Objective and subjective Ax
of pain/function/ROM
ADLs, pain, aesthetics and
satisfaction for hand
pathologies
Causes of Referred Pain & Red Flags:
Carpal dislocation
Radial epiphyseal stress
reaction (common in
gymnastics)
Scapholunate/perilunar
Kienbock’s disease
dislocation
Lunotriquetral
Carpal instability
dissociation
Infections
Fractures
Rheumatoid arthritis
Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral vascular
Lyme disease
disease
Tuberculosis
Arthritides
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021.
Study Less. Retain More.
Hip
Hip Normal ROM
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation
External rotation
0-120°
0-30°
0-40°
0-30°
0-45°
0-45°
Myotomes:
L2
Hip flexion
L3
Knee extension
S1
Hip extension
Dermatomes:
L1
Lower back, over trochanter and groin
L2
Lower back, front of thigh to knee
L3
Lower back, upper buttock, anterior thigh and
knee, medial lower leg
L4
Medial buttock, lateral thigh, medial leg
L5
Buttock, posterior and lateral thigh
S1
Buttock, thigh and posterior leg
S2
Buttock, thigh and posterior leg
Hip Muscles and their movements:
Flexion
Iliacus, psoas major, rectus
femoris, sartorius, pectineus
Extension
Gluteus maximus,
semitendinosus,
semimembranosus, biceps
femoris
Abductors
Gluteus maximus, gluteus
medius, gluteus minimus,
tensor fascia latae, sartorius,
piriformis
Adductors
Adductor magnus, adductor
longus, adductor brevis, gracilis,
pectineus
Internal rotation
Gluteus medius, gluteus
minimus, tensor fascia latae
External rotation
Gluteus maximus, quadratus
femoris, piriformis, obturator
externus, obturator internus,
gemellus superior, gemellus
inferior, sartorius
Special Tests:
Testing for:
Positive
Sensitivity
result:
Non-specific Intra-articular Pathology
FABER
Pain
92
Scour
Pain
50
Thomas test
Pain and reduced 89
range
Labral Tear
Painful clicking Clicking
100
in hip
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Specificity
88
29
92
FADIR
Pain
99
Flexion internal Pain
96
rotation
Gluteal Tendinopathy
Trendelenburg
Drop in the NWB
pelvis
Resisted internal
Weakness and pain
rotation
Resisted external
Pain
de-rotation test
Resisted hip
Weakness and pain
abduction
Single leg stance for Pain in single leg
30sec
stance
Hip Osteoarthritis
Cluster test of: Lateral
>3/5 variables
pain on active flexion + present = 68%
positive Scour + pain
chance of OA
with active extension +
passive internal
4-5/5 variables
present = 91%
rotation <25° +
chance of OA
Squatting aggravates
symptoms
Outcome Measures:
Measure:
International Hip
Outcome Tool-33
Hip Dysfunction and
Osteoarthritis Outcome
Score
Copenhagen Hip and
Groin Outcome Score
6MWT, 10MWT, TUG
Harris Hip Score
5
25
61
92
55
69
88
97.3
71
84
100
97.3
NA
NA
Assesses:
Self-administered
questionnaire assessing
symptoms and function in
younger patients
Self-administered
questionnaire assessing
symptoms and function in
patients with hip OA or
arthroscopy
Self-administered
questionnaire assessing
symptoms and function in
patients with hip + groin pain
Assessment of function and
endurance
Assessment of patients post
hip surgery
Causes of Referred Pain & Red Flags:
Avascular necrosis of the Synovial chondromatosis
femoral head
Slipped capital femoral
Perthes disease
epiphysis (adolescents)
Tumours
Fractured NOF
Nerve root compression
Saddle paraesthesia
Night pain
Lumps/bumps
Infection
Inability to weight bear
History of trauma
Constipation or vomiting
85
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021.
Study Less. Retain More.
Knee
Knee Normal ROM
Flexion
Extension
Reverse Lachman’s
Dermatomes:
L1
Lower back, over trochanter and groin
L2
Lower back, front of thigh to knee
L3
Lower back, upper buttock, anterior thigh and
knee, medial lower leg
L4
Medial buttock, lateral thigh, medial leg
L5
Buttock, posterior and lateral thigh
S1
Buttock, thigh and posterior leg
S2
Buttock, thigh and posterior leg
Knee Muscles and their movements:
Flexion
Semitendinosus,
semimembranosus, biceps femoris,
gastrocnemius, gracilis, sartorius,
plantaris, popliteus
Extension
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,
vastus intermedius, vastus
medialis, TFL
Tibial lateral
Biceps femoris
rotation
Tibial medial
Semitendinosus,
rotation
semimembranosus, gracilis,
sartorius, popliteus
ACL Injury
Lachman’s Test
Anterior
Drawer
Pivot shift
Positive
result:
63
89
Palpable/audible
click or pain
Reproduction of
patient’s pain
Pain
61
84
83
83
61
70
Orally expressed
apprehension or
decreased
quadriceps
recruitment
100
89.2
Pain
Pain
Pain
Pain
91
72
72
84
50
43
57
50
Meniscal Tear
McMurray’s
0-140°
0-5°
Myotomes:
L2
Hip flexion
L3
Knee extension
L5/S1 Knee flexion
Special Tests:
Testing for:
Soft end feel for
tibial translation
Outcome Measures:
Measure:
Ottawa Knee Rules
Knee Injury and OA
Outcome Score (KOOS)
Lower Extremity
Functional Scale
6MWT, 10MWT, TUG
81
81
Cincinnati Knee Rating
System
38
81
28
81
MCL Injury
Valgus stress
Pain
78
Laxity
91
test at 30°
LCL Injury
Varus stress test at
Pain and/or laxity
30°
PCL Injury
Posterior sag sign
Posterior sagging of
tibia
Posterior drawer
>5mm posterior
tibial translation
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Patellofemoral Pain
Squatting
Stair climbing
Prolonged sitting
Kneeling
Specificity
Sensitivity
Soft end feel for
tibial translation
>5mm anterior
tibial translation
Anterior
subluxation of
tibia
Joint line
tenderness
Apley’s test
Patellar Instability
Patellar
Apprehension Test
67
49
NA
NA
46100
22100
100
98
Assesses:
Age >55, pain at head of
fibula, isolated patella pain,
inability to flex >90, inability
to WB >4 steps – 2/5 of
these positive = imaging
required
Self-administered
questionnaire assessing the
pt’s opinion of their knee
Self-administered
questionnaire assessing
symptoms, function,
progress and outcome
Assessment of function and
endurance
Assessment of patients post
ACL reconstruction
Causes of Referred Pain & Red Flags:
Tibial plateau fracture
Avulsion fracture of the
tibial spine
Osteochondritis dissecans Complex regional pain
(adolescents)
syndrome
Quadriceps muscle
Tumour
rupture
Nerve root compression,
Fracture
pins & needles,
numbness
Referred pain from the
Slipped capital femoral
hip
epiphysis
Perthes’ disease
Obvious deformity
Night pain
Lumps/bumps
Infection
Inability to weight bear
History of trauma
Constipation or vomiting
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021.
Study Less. Retain More.
Ankle
Ankle Normal ROM
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Eversion
Impingement ankle
sign
Pain greater in
dorsiflexion than in
plantarflexion
Achilles Tendon Rupture
Thompson’s calf
Ankle remains still
squeeze test
Calf squeeze test
Ankle remains still
Matles test
Neutral or
dorsiflexed ankle
Palpation of gap in
Tendon gap
tendon
palpable
15-20°
50-60°
30-40°
15-20°
Myotomes:
L4
Dorsiflexion
L5
Big toe extension
S1
Plantar flexion, foot eversion
S2
Toe flexion
Dermatomes:
L4
Medial buttock, lateral thigh, medial leg, dorsum
of foot and big toe
L5
Buttock, posterior and lateral thigh, medial half of
sole, 1st – 3rd toes
S1
Buttock, thigh and posterior leg
S2
Buttock, thigh and posterior leg
Reflexes:
Pathological
Pathological
Clonus
Babinski/plantar response
Ankle Muscles and their movements:
Dorsiflexion
Tibialis anterior, extensor
digitorum longus, extensor hallucis
longus, peroneus tertius
Plantarflexion
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris,
peroneus longus, tibialis posterior,
flexor digitorum longus, flexor
hallucis longus, peroneus brevis
Inversion
Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior
Eversion
Peroneus longus, peroneus tertius,
peroneus brevis
Special Tests:
Testing for:
Positive
result:
Sensitivity
Ligament Injury
Anterior
Soft end feel +/Drawer (ATFL) anterior
translation
>4mm
Talar tilt (CFL) Excessive
inversion
translation +/soft end feel
Eversion stress Excessive
test (deltoid
eversion
ligament)
translation +/soft end feel
Syndesmosis Injury
Squeeze Test
Pain +/- laxity
Ankle Impingement
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Specificity
3280
80
52
NA
96
84
30
93.5
94.8
88
40
NA
96
88
93
85
73
89
Outcome Measures:
Measure:
Assesses:
Ottawa Ankle
Pain at lateral malleolus, pain at
Rules
medial malleolus, pain at base of 5th
metatarsal, pain at navicular,
inability to weight bare more than 4
steps 2/5 of these positive = imaging
required
Foot and Ankle
Self-administered questionnaire
Ability Measure
assessing the pt’s ADLs and sporting
activities
Lower Extremity Self-administered questionnaire
Functional Scale assessing symptoms, function,
progress and outcome
6MWT, 10MWT, Assessment of function and
TUG
endurance
Oxford Ankle
Self-administered questionnaire
Foot
assessing disability in children with
Questionnaire
foot and ankle injuries
American
Self-administered questionnaire
Academy of
assessing ankle symptoms and
Orthopaedic
function
Surgeons Foot
and Ankle
Module
Berg Balance
Assesses balance
Scale
4-Point Balance
Assesses balance
Scale
Causes of Referred Pain & Red Flags:
Referred neural pain
Sever’s disease
(adolescents)
Metabolic condition
Diabetic neuropathy
DVT
Tumour
Nerve root compression,
Fracture
pins & needles,
numbness
CRPS type 1
Greenstick fracture in
children
Syndesmosis injury
Tarsal coalition
Night pain
Navicular stress fracture
Infection
Inability to weight bear
History of trauma
Constipation or vomiting
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021.
Study Less. Retain More.
Muscular Origins,
Insertions, Actions &
Innervation:
Lower Limb
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Study less. Retain more.
Muscular Origins, Insertions, Actions &
Innervations
Muscle
Muscles of the
gluteal region
Gluteus maximus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Sacrum, ilium,
thoracolumbar
fascia
Iliotibial tract,
gluteal tuberosity
Inferior gluteal
nerve L5-S2
Gluteus medius
Gluteal surface of
the ilium below
the iliac crest
Lateral surface of
the greater
trochanter
Extension and
external rotation
of the hip, upper
fibres assist in
abduction, lower
fibres assist in
adduction
Abduction of the
hip, mild
extension and
external rotation
Gluteus minimus
Gluteal surface of
the ilium below
the gluteus
medius
Pelvic surface of
the sacrum
Anterolateral
surface of the
greater trochanter
Sacral plexus S1S2
Gemelli
Ischial
spine/ischial
tuberosity
Medial surface of
the greater
trochanter
External rotation,
abduction and
extension of the
hip
External rotation,
abduction and
extension of the
hip
Obturator internus
Obturator
membrane
Quadratus femoris
Lateral ischial
tuberosity
Medial surface of
the greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest of the femur
Tensor fasciae latae
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Iliotibial tract
Muscle
Muscles of the
anterior thigh
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Tibial tuberosity
via the patellar
ligament
Hip flexion, knee
extension
Femoral nerve L2L4
Vastus medialis
Linea aspera
medially
Anterior femoral
shaft
Linea aspera
laterally
Piriformis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Sartorius
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Greater
trochanter apex
External rotation
and adduction of
the hip
Abduction, flexion
and internal
rotation of the hip
Superior gluteal
nerve L4-S1
Sacral plexus L5S1
Superior gluteal
nerve L4-S1
Knee extension
Medial to the
tibial tuberosity
Hip flexion,
abduction and
external rotation,
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Femoral nerve L2L3
Study less. Retain more.
knee flexion and
internal rotation
Medial
compartment of the
thigh
Superficial layer
Gracilis
Inferior pubic
ramus
Medial border of
the tibial
tuberosity
Pectineus
Pecten pubis
Pectineal line of
the femur
Adductor longus
Superior pubic
ramus
Linea aspera of
the femur
Adductor brevis
Inferior pubic
ramus
Deep layer
Adductor magnus
Adduction and
flexion of the hip,
flexion and
internal rotation
of the knee
Adduction and
external rotation
of the hip, assists
in stabilising the
pelvis
Adduction and
flexion of the hip,
assists in
stabilising the
pelvis
Obturator nerve
L2-L3
Femoral nerve
and Obturator
nerve L2-L3
Obturator nerve
L2-L4
Obturator nerve
L2-L3
Inferior pubic
ramus, ischial
tuberosity
Medial lip of the
linea spine,
adductor tubercle
of the femur
Adduction and
extension of the
hip, assists in
stabilising the
pelvis
Adduction and
external rotation
of the hip, assists
in stabilising the
pelvis
Obturator nerve
L2-L4 and tibial
nerve L4
Obturator externus
Obturator
membrane
Trochanteric fossa
of the femur
Muscle
Muscles of the
posterior thigh
Biceps femoris
Short head
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Head of the fibula
Long head
Lateral lip of the
linea aspera
Ischial tuberosity,
sacrotuberous
ligament
Knee flexion and
external rotation
Extension of the
hip, flexion and
external rotation
of the knee
Common fibular
nerve L5-S2
Tibial nerve L5-S2
Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Medial tibial
condyle
Extension of the
hip, flexion and
internal rotation
of the knee
Tibial nerve L5-S2
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
and sacrotuberous
ligament
Pes anserinus
medial tibial
condyle
Muscle
Muscles of the
anterior lower leg
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Obturator nerve
L3-L4
Study less. Retain more.
Tibialis anterior
Tibia, interosseous
membrane
Dorsiflexion and
supination of the
ankle
Dorsiflexion and
supination/
pronation of the
ankle, extension
of the big toe
Dorsiflexion and
pronation of the
ankle, extension
of toes 2-5
Dorsiflexion and
eversion of the
ankle
Deep fibular nerve
L4-L5
Extensor hallucis
longus
Fibula
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibula and tibia,
interosseous
membrane
Dorsal
aponeurosis of the
2nd to 5th toes
Fibularis tertius
Distal fibula
Base of the 5th
metatarsal
Medial and lateral
epicondyles of the
femur
Fibula and tibia
Calcaneal
tuberosity at the
Achilles tendon
Plantarflexion of
the ankle, flexion
of the knee
Plantarflexion of
the ankle
May prevent
compression of
posterior leg
muscles during
knee flexion
Tibial nerve S1-S2
Interosseous
membrane
Navicular
tuberosity and
cuneiforms 2-4
Tibial nerve L4-L5
Flexor digitorum
longus
Posterior surface
of the tibia
Bases of 2nd – 5th
distal phalanges
Flexor hallucis
longus
Posterior surface
of the fibula
Base of 1st distal
phalanx
Popliteus
Lateral femoral
condyle
Posterior tibial
surface
Plantarflexion and
inversion of the
ankle, assists in
supporting the
arches of the feet
Plantarflexion and
inversion of the
ankle,
plantarflexion of
MTP and IP joints
2-5
Plantarflexion and
inversion of the
ankle,
plantarflexion of
MTP and IP joints
2-5, supports
longitudinal arch
Flexion and
internal rotation
of the knee
Muscle
Intrinsic muscles of
the foot
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Dorsal surface of
the calcaneus
Dorsal
aponeurosis of 2nd
– 4th toes
Extension of MTP
and PIP joints of the
2nd – 4th toes
Deep fibular
nerve L5-S1
Muscles of the
posterior lower leg
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Deep muscles of the
posterior
compartment
Tibialis posterior
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Medial cuneiform
and first
metatarsal
Dorsal
aponeurosis of the
1st toe
Lateral epicondyle
of the femur
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Deep fibular nerve
L5
Deep fibular nerve
L5-S1
Tibial nerve L5-S2
Tibial nerve L4-L5
Study less. Retain more.
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Dorsal surface of
the calcaneus
Dorsal
aponeurosis of 1st
toe
Extension of MTP
joints of the 1st toe
Deep fibular
nerve L5-S1
Calcaneal
tuberosity, plantar
aponeurosis
Base of 5th
metatarsal
Lateral plantar
nerve S1-S3
Abductor hallucis
Medial process of
the calcaneal
tuberosity
Base of the 1st toe
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Calcaneal
tuberosity, plantar
aponeurosis
Sides of middle
phalanges for the
2nd – 5th toes
Flexion and
abduction of the
MTP joint of the 5th
toe, supports
longitudinal arch
Flexion and
abduction of the
MTP joint of the 1st
toe, supports
longitudinal arch
Flexion and
abduction of the
MTP and PIP joints of
the 2nd – 5th toe,
supports longitudinal
arch
3rd – 5th
metatarsal
Medial base of
proximal phalanx
of the 3rd – 5th
toes
1st – 4th proximal
phalanges
Flexion of MTP joints
3-5, extension of IP
joints 3-5, adduction
of 3-5 toes
Flexion of MTP joints
2-4, extension of IP
joints 2-4, adduction
of 2-4 toes
Assists in redirecting
the pull of flexor
digitorum longus
Flexion of MTP joints
2-5, extension of IP
joints 2-5, adduction
of 2-5 toes
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3
Superficial Layer
Abductor digiti
minimi
Deep intrinsic
muscles of the sole
of the foot
Plantar interossei
Dorsal interossei
1st – 5th
metatarsals
Quadratus plantae
Medial border of
the calcaneal
tuberosity
Flexor digitorum
longus tendons
Flexor digitorum
longus tendon
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Lateral
cuneiforms,
cuboid
Base of proximal
phalanx of 1st toe
Flexion and
adduction of MTP
joint of big toe
Adductor hallucis
Bases of 2-5th
metatarsals
1st proximal
phalanx
Flexor digiti minimi
brevis
Opponens digit
minimi
Base of 5th
metatarsal
Long plantar
ligament
Base of proximal
phalanx of 5th toe
5th metatarsal
Flexion and
adduction of MTP
joint of big toe,
supports transverse
and longitudinal
arches
Flexion of MTP joint
of 5th toe
Pulls 5th metatarsal
medially
Lumbricals
www.learningphysiotherapy.com
Dorsal
aponeurosis of
2nd-5th toes
Ó Learning Physiotherapy Pty Ltd. 2021
Medial plantar
nerve S1-S2
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3
Lateral plantar
nerve S1-S3
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3
and Medial
plantar nerve
S2-S3
Lateral plantar
nerve S1-S2
and Medial
plantar nerve
S1-S2
Lateral plantar
nerve S2-S3
Study less. Retain more.