MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULED WASTES 1 CONTENTS Impact of Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Definition and Characteristics of Scheduled Wastes Principles in Scheduled Wastes Management 2 IMPACT OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTES 3 WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTES ARE NOT PROPERLY MANAGED? 4 POLLUTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT River, sea, groundwater polluted. Fish/ aquatic life/ marine life affected. Drinking water source polluted. Aesthetic value affected. 5 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS Water-borne and air-borne diseases, contaminated soil. Miscarriage. Cancer. Internal organs damage. 6 INCREASE IN CLEAN-UP AND DISPOSAL COSTS o Increase in cost for the clean-up of toxic wastes. o Increase in cost for the disposal of toxic wastes. 7 EXAMPLES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ADMISSION INTO HUMAN & ENVIRONMENT 8 INCIDENT OF DISPOSAL OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MINAMATA POISONUOUS MERCURY INCIDENT–Year 1956 Organic forms of mercury such as methyl mercury having caused hundreds of cases of paralysis and sensory loss along Minamata Bay in Japan. Methyl mercury from chemical plant was discharged to the waterway since 1932 and then bio-accumulated in shellfish and taken up in the food chain of community. 9 INCIDENT OF DISPOSAL OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE TOXIC WATES CONTAMINATION- LOVE CANAL,NEW YORK,USA 1940’s to 1950’s Illegal disposal of toxic wastes (buried). School and housing were built on top of the disposal site. Severe health problems affected school children and residents. 10 Houses built over a chemical dumpsite in Love Canal, New York, U.S.A. 11 INCIDENT OF DISPOSAL OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE Malaysian Cases o In March 1995, 41 drums of Potassium Cyanide (KCN) from a Penang chemical firm was found dumped on Pangkor Island. o In June 2004, 12,000 tons of toxic wastes from Taiwan was found at a brick making factory in Johor. o In January 2006, ammonia leaked from 300 tonnes of aluminium oxide wastes illegally dumped in Labis, Johor. 12 Illegal Dumping of Aluminium Dross Kangkar Tebrau, Johor Bahru 13 INCIDENT OF DISPOSAL OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MALAYSIA 1 4 DEFINITION OF WASTE AND SCHEDULED WASTE 15 TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE = SCHEDULED WASTE (in Malaysia) 16 DEFINITION OF WASTE “waste” includes any matter prescribed to be scheduled waste, or any matter whether in a solid, semi-solid or liquid form, or in the form of gas or vapour which is emitted, discharged or deposited in the environment in such volume, composition or manner as to cause pollution. (Environmental Quality Act, 1974) 17 DEFINITION OF SCHEDULED WASTE "scheduled wastes” means any water prescribed by the Minister in the regulations as scheduled wastesal; (Environmental Quality Act,1974) "scheduled wastes" means any waste falling within the categories of waste listed in the First Schedule; (Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 18 SCHEDULED WASTES CHARACTERISTICS 19 SCHEDULED WASTES CHARACTERISTICS ignitable corrosive toxic reactive infectious smg 20 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEDULED WASTES 21 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEDULED WASTES IDENTIFICATION? • Procedure of determining whether a specific waste from an industrial source or process is scheduled waste. CLASSIFICATION? • Procedure used to specify the classification of waste and wastes code 22 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEDULED WASTES The identification of scheduled wastes can be made through:Source of waste generated. Types of process/ activities. Physical and chemical compositions of the waste. Content/ element. MSDS – Material Safety Data Sheet dan CSDS – Chemical Safety Data Sheet (of the raw materials used) 23 Examples of MSDS/CSDS 24 THE SOURCE OF THE WASTE At the source of generation of the waste, it can be identified whether the production process or activity uses materials that may contain any hazardous element or compound. 25 THE TYPE OF PROCESS/ACTIVITY In the production process or activity it can be identified whether input materials will undergo physical, chemical or biological reaction which may generate hazardous material or by-product. 26 THE BASIC PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WASTE o By reviewing the input materials and the physical, chemical and biological production processes, the likely type of waste generated and their properties can be identified. 27 PRINTING INDUSTRY EXAMPLE 28 IDENTIFICATION OF SCHEDULED WASTES INPUT MATERIALS PROCESSES OUTPUT MATERIALS REAGENTS A B C PHYSICAL, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL CHEMICAL OR OR BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL WASTES (LIQUID, SOLID, SLUDGE & GASES PRODUCTS BY-PRODUCT WASTES (LIQUID, SOLID, SLUDGE & GASES) 29 LIST OF SCHEDULED WASTES Scheduled wastes are listed in the First Schedule, Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) 2005, Environmental Quality Act, 1974. 4 groups/categories of scheduled wastes:SW 1 Metal and metal-bearing wastes SW 2 Wastes containing principally inorganic constituents which may contain metals and organic materials SW 3 Wastes containing principally organic constituents which may contain metals and inorganic materials SW 4 Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic constituents SW 5 Other wastes 77 types of scheduled wastes 30 LIST OF SCHEDULED WASTES Scheduled wastes described in the First Schedule are based on the following: Names of materials, chemicals or wastes Metals, elements, compounds or constituents present in the wastes Types of processes Usage and application Contamination Activity Thus, scheduled wastes can be generated from many activities 31 AUTOMOTIVE WORKSHOP INDUSTRY Automobile Workshop Activities Scheduled wastes generated: Changing Oil Air Conditioning Servicing Fuel Injection Service Clutch Repair Transmission Repair Differential and Transaxle Services Computer Diagnostics Factory Required Maintenance Tune-Ups Shock and Struts Front End Work Custom Exhaust - Muffler Catalytic Converter • Used engine oil • Oily waste • Spent Lubricant oil • Mixture of oil & water • Spent Hydraulic oil • e-Wastes • Spent Coolant • Paint wastes • Asbestos wastes • Flux wastes • Used oil filter • Contaminated rag, cloth, etc. • Spent acid solution • Wastes of catalyst • Spent solvent • Contaminated containers Electronic Industry SW 110 •Waste from electrical and electronic assemblies containing components such as accumulators, mercuryswitches, glass from cathode-ray tubes and other activated glass or polychlorinated biphenyl- capacitors, or contaminated with cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel, chromium, copper, lithium, silver, manganese or polychlorinated biphenyl 33 Oil and Gas Industry Sludge from mineral oil storage tank Oily sludge Oil contaminated earth from rerefining of used lubricating oil Oil tanker sludges Tar or tarry residues from oil refinery or petrochemical plant Oil or sludge from oil refinery plant maintenance operation Hospital/Clinical- Service Industry SW 404 Pathogenic wastes, clinical wastes or quarantined materials SW403 Discarded drugs containing psychotropic substances or containing substances that are toxic, harmful, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic BASED ON “NAMES OF MATERIALS, CHEMICALS OR WASTES” SW101 : Waste containing arsenic or its compound 36 BASED ON “METALS, ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS OR CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN THE WASTES” SW204: Sludges containing one or several metals including chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, cadmium, aluminium, tin, vanadium and beryllium 37 BASED ON “TYPES OF PROCESS” SW405: Waste arising from the preparation and production of pharmaceutical product 38 BASED ON “USAGE AND APPLICATION” SW305: Spent lubricating oil SW429: Chemicals that are discarded or off-specification 39 BASED ON “CONTAMINATION” SW408: Contaminated soil, debris or matter resulting from cleaning-up of a spill of chemical, mineral oil or scheduled wastes 40 BASED ON “ACTIVITY” SW409: Disposed containers, bags or equipment contaminated with chemicals, pesticides, mineral oil or scheduled wastes 41 BASIC PROPERTIES OF SCHEDULED WASTE The physical properties of the waste can be observed through its: Appearance and nature. Odour and smell. Release of any vapour, fume or smoke. Phase – solid, liquid or gas. Presence of oil and grease (oily). Colour – brown, black, gray, green, etc. Form (texture & shape) – fine, coarse, soft, hard, gravel, crystal, shiny, sandy, powdery, dusty, granular. Wet & dry conditions. 42 BASIC PROPERTIES OF SCHEDULED WASTE PHASE Solid FORM EXAMPLES Granular Spent catalyst Sludge IETS Sludge/Paint sludge Cylindrical Waste of batteries Fabric/textile Contaminated rags Tablet/capsule Discarded drugs Gravel/sandy Contaminated soil Pieces E-waste 43 BASIC PROPERTIES OF SCHEDULED WASTE SOLID FORM GRANULAR Spent catalyst SLUDGE IETS sludge/ paint sludge PIECES Electrical and electronic wastes (e-waste) 44 BASIC PROPERTIES OF SCHEDULED WASTE SOLID FORM CYLINDRICAL Waste of batteries FABRIC/TEXTILE Contaminated rags TABLET/CAPSULE Discarded drugs 45 BASIC PROPERTIES OF SCHEDULED WASTE continued… PHASE Liquid FORM EXAMPLES Viscous Spent lubricating oil Clear/ transparent Cloudy/turbid Spent solvent/spent acid Slurry Waste of ink, waste of paint •Spent coolant •Spent oil/water emulsion 46 BASIC PROPERTIES OF SCHEDULED WASTE LIQUID FORM VISCOUS Spent lubricating oil CLEAR/TRANSPARENT Spent solvent/spent acid 47 BASIC PROPERTIES OF SCHEDULED WASTE LIQUID FORM CLOUDY/ TURBID Spent coolant Spent oil/water emulsion SLURRY Waste of ink, waste of paint 48 SCHEDULED WASTES MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES IN MALAYSIA 49 Waste Management Hierarchy Prevention/Reduction Re-use Disposal Recovery Recycling Recovery SPECIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Pre Treatment: Incineration/PCT/Solidification Landfilling Way Forward of Wastes Management Based Wastes Management Hierarchy Recovery Prevention/Reduction Re-use Recycling Recovery Way Forward – Scheduled Wastes Management “CRADLE TO GRAVE” PRINCIPLE Waste generator Scheduled Waste Waste transporter Scheduled Waste Off-site recovery of scheduled wastes premise Waste transporter Disposal facility Waste transporter SWMPage REQUIREMENT 52 30- Way Forward – Scheduled Wastes Management “CRADLE TO CRADLE” PRINCIPLE Waste generator Scheduled Waste Scheduled Waste Off-site recovery of scheduled wastes premise Waste transporter Waste transporter Residue Waste transporter Disposal facility SWMPage REQUIREMENT 53 WASTE MINIMIZATION A waste generator shall take measures to reduce/ minimize the generation of scheduled wastes through the following methods:- Commitment from the management Establish Waste Reduction Policy Usage of environmentally friendly raw materials Improve quality control and process monitoring Apply the concept of " waste exchange" with another plant Good housekeeping 54 www.doe.gov.my 55