THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
1750-1820
The Classical Style
 Age of enlightenment
 Elegant style (French: Style gallant)
 Sensitive style (Germany: Empfindsamer stil)
-> to express more than 1 feeling/mood
 Simplicity/ Uncomplicated style
 Music enters middle-class market
CHARACTERISTICS
 Contrast of mood (ex: happy & sad)
 Flexibility of rhythm
 Homophonic texture
 Easy to remember/ easy to sing
melody
 Gradual dynamic change
(ex: perlahan-lahan berubah dari soft ke loud)
 Harpsichord replaced by Piano
 The end of Basso Continuo
THE CLASSICAL ORCHESTRA
Classical Orchestra is
bigger that Baroque
Orchestra.
It has 4 family: Strings,
Woodwinds, Brass,
and Percussion.
String --> play the melody
Percussion --> play the
rhytmic beats
FORMS
(bentuk/struktur/susunan dalam lagu)
1. SONATA ALLEGRO FORM
2. THEME & VARIATIONS
3. MINUET & TRIO
4. RONDO
SONATA ALLEGRO FORMS
Three sections:
Exposition
: themes are presented
Development : themes are developed
Recapitulation : the return of themes
Coda --> ending/ closing
THEME AND VARIATIONS
 Each variation is unique
 Each variation may differ
in mood from the theme
(usually the variation has
the same length as the
theme)
Example :
(Mozart twinkle-twinkle 12 variations)
MINUET AND TRIO
 Lagu yang memiliki format Minuet & Trio memiliki 2 bagian besar: A dan B.
Bagian A terdapat (a,b), bagian B terdapat (c, d). Bagian A disebut Minuet
(berarti dance) dan bagian B (disebut Trio karena dimainkan oleh 3
instruments). Susunan dari lagu yang memiliki form Minuet dan Trio adalah
sebagai berikut:
Example:
(Mozart: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik)
RONDO
 Karya musik yang memiliki form RONDO. Memiliki 3 sampai 4
bagian yaitu A, B, C, D. Urutan dari karya musik yang memiiki
form RONDO ada 2 jenis yaitu ABACA dan ABACABA.
CLASSICAL WORKS
• SYMPHONY
• CONCERTO
• CHAMBER MUSIC
SYMPHONY
 Duration : 20-45 minutes --> played by orchestra
 Symphony has 4 movements/4 bagian:
(each has different in tempo)
❖ 1st : Fast
❖ 2nd : Slow
❖ 3rd : Related with dance
❖ 4th : Concluding movement
Example:
Mozart Symphony no. 40
Beethoven Symphony no. 5
CONCERTO
 Instrumental for soloist + orchestra
 Cadenza --> soloist play without orchestra in
concerto, usually virtuoso part
CHAMBER MUSIC
 Members only 2-9 musicians
 No conductor
 Types of Chamber Music:



String Quartet : 2 violins, a viola, and a cello
The Piano Trio : piano, violin, cello/clarinet/etc
String Quintet : 2 violins, a viola, a cello, a doublebass
CLASSICAL COMPOSERS
• HAYDN
• MOZART
• BEETHOVEN
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
 Born in Austria
 Composed 2 oratorios:
- The Creation
- The Seasons
 Pioneer in Symphony
and String Quartet
 He made 104 numbers of
symphony
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
 Born in Salzburg,
Austria
 Age 8: wrote a first
symphony
 Made 40 numbers of
symphony.
 Famous Operas:
- The Marriage of Figaro,
- Don Giovanni
- Die Zauberflöte
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1802)
 Born in Bonn, Germany
 Age 29: first symptoms of
deafness
 Made 9 numbers of symphony,
the last symphony was made
while he was struggling with
deafness
 Famous works:
- Eroica
- 5th Symphony
- Fur Elise
 The composer who bridged the
Classical and Romantic eras