Chemistry data booklet
First assessment 2016
Fourth edition
Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet
Published June 2014
Updated January 2016
Updated January 2017
Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit
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4073
Contents
1. Some relevant equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Physical constants and unit conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. The electromagnetic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Fundamental particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Names of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6. The periodic table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements . . . . . . 8
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Covalent bond lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12. Selected compounds—thermodynamic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
13. Enthalpies of combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14. Common oxidation states of the 3d ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15. Spectrochemical series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
16. Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
17. Colour wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
20. Enthalpies of hydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
22. Acid-base indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
23. Values of the ionization constant of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
25. Activity series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
26. Infrared data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
27. 1H NMR data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
28. Mass spectral fragments lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
29. Triangular bonding diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
30. Resin identification codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
31. Representations of some materials molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chemistry data booklet
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
33. 2-amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
35. Vitamins and pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
36. Binding energy curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
38. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the
periodic table given in section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers.
Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3
(SLP2, HLP2, SLP3 and HLP3).
iv
Chemistry data booklet
1. Some relevant equations
Topic
Equation
1.3
pV = nRT
2.2 and C.4
c = νλ
5.1
q = mc ∆T
pH = − log10 H3 O+ 
or
8.3
pH = − log10 H+ 
12.1
E = hν
15.2
∆G Ö = ∆H Ö − T ∆S Ö
16.2
k = Ae RT
− Ea
ln k =
16.2
16.2
ln
−Ea
+ ln A
RT
k1 Ea  1 1 
=
 − 
k 2 R  T2 T1 
17.1
∆G Ö = −RT ln K
19.1
∆G Ö = −nFE Ö
A.5
% atom economy =
total mass of desired product
×100
total mass of all reactants
A.8
nλ = 2d sin θ
B.7 and D.4
  A−  
pH = pK a + log    
 HA  


B.7
Chemistry data booklet
log10
I0
= ε lc
I
1
Topic
Equation
C.1
Energy density =
energy released from fuel
volume of fuel consumed
C.1
Specific energy =
energy released from fuel
mass of fuel consumed
N = N0 e − λ t
C.3
t1 =
C.3 and D.8
2
ln 2
λ
C.6
 RT 
E = EÖ − 
 ln Q
 nF 
C.7
Rate1
M2
=
Rate2
M1
D.8
 1  t1/ 2
N ( t ) = N0  
2
t
2. Physical constants and unit conversions
Avogadro’s constant (L or N A ) = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1
Gas constant (R ) = 8.31 J K −1 mol−1
Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 2.27 × 10−2 m3 mol−1 = 22.7 dm3 mol−1
1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1× 10−3 m3 = 1× 103 cm3
STP conditions = 273 K and 100 kPa
SATP conditions = 298 K and 100 kPa
Speed of light = 3.00 × 108 ms−1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg−1 K −1 = 4.18 J g−1 K −1
Planck’s constant (h ) = 6.63 × 10−34 J s
Faraday’s constant (F ) = 9.65 × 104 C mol−1
Ionic product constant for water (K W ) = 1.00 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6 at 298 K
1 amu = 1.66 × 10−27 kg
2
Chemistry data booklet
3. The electromagnetic spectrum
energy
10 −16
10 −14
10 −12
 rays
10 −10
X-rays
10 −8
UV
10 −6
10 −4
IR
10 −2
100
microwaves
102
10 4
106
108 wavelength (m)
radio waves
V I B G Y O R
400
700
wavelength (nm)
4. Fundamental particles
Proton
Neutron
Mass (kg)
1.672622 × 10
Charge (C)
1.602189 × 10−19
Chemistry data booklet
−27
1.674927 × 10
0
Electron
−27
9.109383 × 10−31
1.602189 × 10−19
3
4
Chemistry data booklet
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
boron
bromine
cadmium
caesium
calcium
californium
carbon
cerium
chlorine
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db
copper
curium
darmstadtium
dubnium
Cn
B
bohrium
copernicium
Bh
bismuth
Cr
Bi
beryllium
Co
Be
berkelium
cobalt
Bk
barium
chromium
At
Ba
astatine
Ar
As
antimony
arsenic
Sb
americium
argon
Al
Am
aluminium
Ac
Symbol
actinium
Element
5. Names of the elements
105
110
96
29
112
27
24
17
58
6
98
20
55
48
35
5
107
83
4
97
56
85
33
18
51
95
13
89
Atomic number
Element
manganese
magnesium
lutetium
lithium
lead
lawrencium
lanthanum
krypton
iron
iridium
iodine
indium
hydrogen
holmium
helium
hassium
hafnium
gold
germanium
gallium
gadolinium
francium
fluorine
fermium
europium
erbium
einsteinium
dysprosium
Mn
Mg
Lu
Li
Pb
Lr
La
Kr
Fe
49
In
I
Ir
25
12
71
3
82
103
57
36
26
77
53
1
67
2
108
72
79
32
31
64
87
9
100
63
68
99
66
Atomic number
H
Ho
He
Hs
Hf
Au
Ge
Ga
Gd
Fr
F
Fm
Eu
Er
Es
Dy
Symbol
Chemistry data booklet
5
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rg
Rb
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
roentgenium
rubidium
Pm
Ni
nickel
promethium
Np
neptunium
K
Ne
neon
Pr
Nd
neodymium
praseodymium
46
Mo
molybdenum
potassium
8
Hg
37
111
45
75
86
88
91
61
59
19
84
94
78
15
76
102
7
41
28
93
10
60
42
80
101
Md
mercury
109
Atomic number
mendelevium
Symbol
Mt
Element
meitnerium
Element
zirconium
zinc
yttrium
ytterbium
xenon
vanadium
uranium
tungsten
titanium
tin
thulium
thorium
thallium
terbium
tellurium
technetium
tantalum
sulfur
strontium
sodium
silver
silicon
selenium
seaborgium
scandium
samarium
rutherfordium
ruthenium
Zr
Zn
Y
Yb
Xe
V
U
W
Ti
Sn
Tm
Th
Tl
Tb
Te
Tc
Ta
S
Sr
Na
Ag
Si
Se
Sg
Sc
Sm
Rf
Ru
Symbol
40
30
39
70
54
23
92
74
22
50
69
90
81
65
52
43
73
16
38
11
47
14
34
106
21
62
104
44
Atomic number
6
6. The periodic table
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
3
4
5
6
7
Li
4
Be
6.94
9.01
11
12
Na
11
12
13
14
15
16
24.31
19
20
4.00
5
B
Relative atomic
mass
Ca
22
23
Sc
Ti
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
28
Co
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
6
C
7
N
8
O
14.01
16.00
16
19.00
17
20.18
15
26.98
28.09
32
30.97
33
32.07
35.45
39.95
34
35
69.72
49
72.63
74.92
78.96
50
51
52
31
Ga
Si
Ge
P
As
S
Se
Chemistry data booklet
44.96
47.87
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
58.69
63.55
65.38
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.96
(98)
112.41
121.76
127.60
72
73
74
75
78
79
80
114.82
81
118.71
57 †
102.91
77
107.87
56
101.07
76
106.42
55
82
83
132.91
137.33
138.91
178.49
180.95
183.84
186.21
190.23
196.97
200.59
204.38
207.20
88
89 ‡
104
105
106
107
108
192.22
109
195.08
87
110
111
112
113
114
(226)
(227)
(267)
(268)
(269)
(270)
(269)
(278)
(281)
(281)
(285)
†
Ce
Cs
Fr
(223)
Ba
Ra
La
Ac
‡
Zr
Hf
Rf
58
Nb
Ta
Db
59
Pr
Mo
W
Sg
60
Nd
Tc
Re
Bh
61
Pm
Ru
Os
Hs
62
Sm
Rh
Ir
Mt
63
Eu
Pd
Pt
Ds
64
Gd
Ag
Au
Rg
65
Tb
Cd
Hg
Cn
66
Dy
In
Tl
Uut
(286)
67
Ho
Sn
Pb
Uuq
(289)
68
Er
Cl
Br
126.90
85
131.29
84
208.98
(209)
(210)
(222)
115
116
117
Sb
Bi
Uup
(288)
69
Tm
Te
Po
Uuh
(293)
70
Yb
I
At
Uus
(294)
71
Lu
140.91
144.24
(145)
150.36
151.96
157.25
158.93
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.05
174.97
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
231.04
238.03
(257)
(258)
(259)
(262)
232.04
U
Np
(237)
Pu
(244)
Am
(243)
Cm
(247)
Bk
(247)
Cf
(251)
Es
(252)
Fm
36
Kr
83.90
90
Pa
18
Ar
79.90
53
140.12
Th
10
Ne
14
40.08
Y
F
12.01
37
Sr
9
10.81
13
Al
21
18
2
39.10
Rb
17
He
Mg
22.99
K
10
Element
1.01
2
9
Atomic number
H
3
8
Md
No
Lr
54
Xe
86
Rn
118
Uuo
(294)
Chemistry data booklet
7
650.0
1090
842.0
1484
768.8
1377
725.0
1845
699.8
1140
97.79
882.9
63.38
758.8
39.30
687.8
28.44
670.8
27.00
676.8
Fr
Cs
Rb
K
Na
Ra
Ba
Sr
Ca
Mg
2468
Be
1342
Li
1287
180.5
−252.9
H
−259.2
Ac
3200
1050
3464
4600
Hf
2233
920.0
La
4406
3345
Zr
1854
1522
Y
3287
Ti
1670
2836
Sc
1541
5455
Ta
3017
4741
Nb
2477
3407
V
1910
5555
W
3414
4639
Mo
2622
2671
Cr
1907
5900
Re
3453
4262
Tc
2157
2061
Mn
1246
5008
Os
3033
4147
Ru
2333
2861
Fe
1538
Boiling point (°C)
Element
Melting point (°C)
4428
Ir
2446
3695
Rh
1963
2927
Co
1495
3825
Pt
1768
2963
Pd
1555
2913
Ni
1455
2836
Au
1064
2162
Ag
961.8
2560
Cu
1085
356.6
Hg
−38.83
766.8
Cd
321.1
907.0
Zn
419.5
1473
Tl
2027
303.8
In
2229
156.6
Ga
29.77
2519
Al
660.3
4000
B
2077
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa)
1749
Pb
327.5
2586
Sn
231.9
2833
Ge
938.2
3265
Si
1414
4827
C
3500
1564
Bi
271.4
1587
Sb
630.6
613.0
As
816.8
280.5
P
44.15
−195.8
N
−210.0
962.0
Po
253.8
987.8
Te
449.5
684.8
Se
220.8
444.6
S
115.2
−183.0
O
−218.8
336.8
At
184.4
301.8
I
58.78
113.7
Br
−7.050
−34.04
Cl
−101.5
−188.1
F
−219.7
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
−61.85
−71.15
−108.1
−111.8
−153.4
−157.4
−185.8
−189.3
−246.0
−248.6
He
−268.9
8
Chemistry data booklet
Li
0.8
K
0.8
393
376
Fr
0.7
1.3
Mg
0.9
1.1
La
1.1
Zr
Hf
1.3
V
1.6
−8 651
1.5
Ta
−1 728
1.6
1.7
W
2.2
1.9
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
1.7
Cd
2.4
Au
1.9
Hg
−223 1007
1.9
Ag
−205 890
2.2
1.6
Zn
−126 868
1.9
−119 906
Cu
−54 731
Pd
−151 864
2.3
Rh
−106 865
Os
−14 814
2.2
Ru
Ni
−112 745
1.9
−110 804
1.9
−64 737
Co
−15 760
−101 720
1.8
Fe
762
−53 710
Re
−79 756
2.1
Tc
−72 702
Mo
−31 759
Nb
−88 684
1.6
Mn
−64 717
Cr
1.7
−51 653
Element
−1
Electron affinity (kJ mol )
−1
(2nd EA / kJ mol )
Electronegativity First ionization
−1
energy (kJ mol )
−41 652
1.3
−45 659
−34
Ti
1.5
−30 640
Ac
−10 499
Ra
−47 509
0.9
Y
1.2
−5 600
1.4
−18 659
Sc
−2 633
−14 538
Ba
−46 503
1.0
Sr
−47 549
1.0
Ca
−48 590
Cs
0.8
1.6
Be
−53 738
Na
0.9
1.0
−60 900
−73
Rb
403
419
496
520
2.2
H
1312
B
Al
Tl
1.8
589
1.8
In
558
1.8
1.8
1.9
Bi
2.0
F
Ar
Ne
Br
3.0
Kr
2.0
Po
−183
2.1
Te
2.6
Xe
At
Rn
−270 1037
2.2
I
2.7
−190 1008 −295 1170
2.6
−91 812
3.2
Cl
4.0
−195 1140 −325 1351
Se
−78 941
Sb
−35 703
Pb
−36 716
2.0
S
2.6
−101 869
2.2
O
3.4
1314 −141 1681 −328 2081
(+753)
He
2372
−72 1000 −200 1251 −349 1520
(+545)
As
−107 831
Sn
−29 709
2.0
P
2.2
−119 944
Si
Ge
−41 762
N
3.0
−134 1012
1.9
−42 787
C
2.6
−27 1086 −122 1402
Ga
579
1.6
578
2.0
801
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements
Chemistry data booklet
9
140
160
206
238
211
242
La
194
90 (3+ )
Y
176
75 (3+ )
Sc
159
Fr
Ra
Ac
201
167 (1+) 135 (2+) 103 (3+)
Ba
Cs
152 (1+) 118 (2+)
Sr
190
Rb
215
138 (1+) 100 (2+)
Ca
174
200
K
72 (2+ )
102 (1+)
Na
Mg
45 (2+ )
Be
76 (1+ )
Li
99
130
H
32
71 (4+ )
Hf
164
72 (4+ )
Zr
164
86 (2+ )
61 (4+ )
Ti
148
64 (5+ )
Ta
158
72 (3+ )
64 (5+ )
Nb
156
79 (2+ )
54 (5+ )
V
144
66 (4+ )
60 (6+)
W
150
65 (4+ )
Mo
146
62 (3+ )
44 (6+ )
Cr
130
63 (4+)
53 (7+)
Re
141
65 (4+)
Tc
138
83 (2+ )
53 (4+ )
Mn
129
63 (4+ )
55 (6+)
Os
136
68 (3+)
62 (4+ )
Ru
136
61 (2+ )
55 (3+ )
Fe
124
Ionic radius
−12
(10 m)
Element
Atomic radius
−12
(10 m)
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements
68 (3+)
63 (4+)
Ir
132
67 (3+)
60 (4+)
Rh
134
65 (2+)
55 (3+)
Co
118
80 (2+)
63 (4+)
Pt
130
86 (2+)
62 (4+)
Pd
130
69 (2+ )
Ni
117
Hg
132
95 (2+ )
Cd
140
74 (2+ )
Zn
120
Tl
144
80 (3+)
In
142
62 (3+)
Ga
123
Pb
145
118 (2+)
69 (4+ )
Sn
140
53 (4+ )
272 (4−)
Ge
120
40 (4+ )
Si
114
16 (4+ )
C
75
64
O
F
60
Bi
150
76 (3+ )
Sb
140
58 (3+ )
46 (5+ )
As
120
38 (5+ )
P
109
Cl
100
Br
117
97 (4+)
Po
142
221 (2−)
Te
137
At
148
220 (1−)
I
136
198 (2−) 196 (1−)
Se
118
184 (2−) 181 (1−)
S
104
146 (3−) 140 (2−) 133 (1−)
N
71
137 (1+) 119 (1+) 150 (1+) 119 (2+) 103 (3+)
85 (3+ ) 102 (2+) 89 (3+) 78 (4+ )
76 (5+)
Au
130
115 (1+)
Ag
136
77 (1+ )
73 (2+ )
Cu
122
54 (3+ )
Al
124
27 (3+ )
B
84
Rn
146
Xe
136
Kr
116
Ar
101
62
Ne
37
He
10. Covalent bond lengths
Single bonds (10−12 m = pm)
Br
C
Cl
F
H
I
N
Br
228
194
214
176
141
247
214
C
194
154
177
138
108
214
147
Cl
214
177
199
163
128
232
F
176
138
163
142
92
H
141
108
128
92
I
247
214
232
N
214
147
O
P
S
Si
220
227
216
143
184
182
185
197
170
203
199
202
257
136
142
154
158
156
74
160
101
97
142
134
148
257
160
267
197
136
101
146
136
143
170
142
97
136
148
P
220
184
203
154
142
S
227
182
199
158
134
Si
216
185
202
156
148
247
243
175
174
154
161
163
154
221
210
175
161
210
205
215
174
163
215
232
247
243
O
Multiple bonds (10−12 m = pm)
10
C=C 134
C≡N 116
N≡N 110
C≡C 120
C=O 122
N=O 114
C C 140
(in benzene)
C=S 156
O=O 121
C=N 130
N=N 125
S=S 189
Chemistry data booklet
11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies
at 298 K
Single bonds (kJ mol−1 )
Br
C
Cl
F
H
I
Br
193
285
219
249
366
178
C
285
346
324
492
414
228
Cl
219
324
242
255
431
F
249
492
255
159
H
366
414
431
I
178
228
N
O
P
S
Si
201
264
218
330
286
358
264
289
307
211
192
206
322
271
400
567
280
278
191
490
327
597
567
436
298
391
463
322
364
323
211
280
298
151
201
184
234
286
192
278
391
466
O
201
358
206
191
463
201
P
264
264
322
490
322
184
S
218
289
271
327
364
Si
330
307
400
597
323
234
N
158
214
214
144
363
363
198
466
266
293
293
226
Multiple bonds (kJ mol−1 )
C=C 614
C≡N 890
N≡N 945
C≡C 839
C=O 804
N=O 587
C=S 536
O=O 498
N=N 470
S=S 429
C C 507
(in benzene)
C=N 615
Chemistry data booklet
11
12. Selected compounds—thermodynamic data
Substance
Formula
State
∆H Öf (kJ mol−1 )
∆G Öf (kJ mol−1 )
S Ö (J K −1 mol−1 )
methane
CH4
g
−74.0
−50.0
+186
ethane
C2H6
g
−84.0
−32.0
+230
propane
C3H8
g
−105
−24.0
+270
butane
C4H10
g
−126
−17.0
+310
pentane
C5H12
l
−173
hexane
C6H14
l
−199
ethene
C2H4
g
+52.0
+68.0
+220
propene
C3H6
g
+20.0
+62.0
+267
but-1-ene
C4H8
g
+0.10
+71.0
+306
cis-but-2-ene
C4H8
g
−7.0
+66.0
+301
trans-but-2-ene
C4H8
g
+63.0
+297
ethyne
C2H2
g
+228
+211
+201
propyne
C3H4
g
+185
+194
+248
buta-1,3-diene
C4H6
g
+110
+151
+279
cyclohexane
C6H12
l
−156
benzene
C6H6
l
+49.0
+125
+173
methylbenzene
C6H5CH3
l
+12.0
ethylbenzene
C6H5CH2CH3
l
phenylethene
C6H5CHCH2
l
chloromethane
CH3Cl
g
dichloromethane
CH2Cl 2
l
−124
trichloromethane
CHCl3
l
−134
bromomethane
CH3Br
g
iodomethane
−11.0
−12.0
+104
−82.0
−36.0
−58.0
+235
+178
−74.0
+202
−26.0
+246
CH3 I
l
chloroethane
C2H5Cl
g
bromoethane
C2H5Br
l
chlorobenzene
C6H5Cl
l
methanol
CH3OH
l
−239
−167
ethanol
C2H5OH
l
−278
−175
phenol
C6H5OH
s
−165
methanal
HCHO
g
−109
−102
+219
ethanal
CH3CHO
g
−166
−133
+264
propanone
(CH3 )2CO
l
−248
methanoic acid
HCOOH
l
−425
−361
+129
ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
l
−484
−390
+160
benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
s
−385
methylamine
CH3NH2
g
−23
water
H2O
l
−285.8
−237.1
+70.0
steam
H2O
g
−241.8
−228.6
+188.8
carbon monoxide
CO
g
−110.5
−137.2
+197.7
carbon dioxide
CO2
g
−393.5
−394.4
+213.8
hydrogen bromide
HBr
g
−36.3
−53.4
+198.7
hydrogen chloride
HCl
g
−92.3
−95.3
+186.9
hydrogen fluoride
HF
g
−273.3
−275.4
+173.8
hydrogen iodide
HI
g
+26.5
+1.7
+206.6
12
−14.0
−137
−90.0
+163
−53.0
−26.0
+199
+11.0
+127
+161
+144
+200
+168
+32.0
+243
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
13
s
s
g
g
g
g
g
l
l
l
l
g
g
g
l
l
s
g
l
l
l
l
S
C
CO
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C8H18
C6H12
C2H4
C4H6
C2H2
C6H6
C6H5CH3
C10H8
C2H5Cl
C2H5 I
CHCl3
CH3OH
C2H5OH
sulfur
carbon (graphite)
carbon monoxide
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
octane
cyclohexane
ethene
buta-1,3-diene
ethyne
benzene
methylbenzene
naphthalene
chloroethane
iodoethane
trichloromethane
methanol
ethanol
methane
g
State
H2
Formula
hydrogen
Substance
−1367
−726
−473
−1463
−1413
−5156
−3910
−3268
−1301
−2541
−1411
−3920
−5470
−4163
−3509
−2878
−2219
−1561
−891
−283
−394
−297
−286
∆H Öc (kJ mol−1 )
sucrose
glucose
urea
nitrobenzene
phenylamine
methylamine
ethanamide
ethyl ethanoate
ethanedioic acid
benzoic acid
ethanoic acid
methanoic acid
phenylethanone
pentan-3-one
propanone
benzaldehyde
ethanal
methanal
ethoxyethane
phenol
cyclohexanol
butan-1-ol
propan-1-ol
Substance
l
s
s
l
C6H11OH
C6H5OH
(C2H5 )2O
l
(CH3 )2CO
C12H22O11
C6H12O6
CO(NH2 )2
C6H5NO2
C6H5NH2
s
s
s
l
l
g
s
CH3NH2
l
CH3CONH2
s
s
l
l
l
CH3COOC2H5
(COOH)2
C6H5COOH
HCOOH
CH3COOH
CH3COC6H5
l
l
C6H5CHO
(C2H5 )2CO
g
HCHO
CH3CHO
g
l
C4H9OH
State
C3H7OH
Formula
−5640
−2803
−633
−3088
−3393
−1086
−1186
−2238
−243
−3228
−874
−255
−4149
−3100
−1790
−3525
−1167
−571
−2724
−3053
−3728
−2676
−2021
∆H Öc (kJ mol−1 )
The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion ( ∆H Öc ) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 1.00 × 105 Pa .
13. Enthalpies of combustion
14. Common oxidation states of the 3d ions
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
+1
+3
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+4
+4
+2
+2
+2
+4
+5
+6
+6
+7
15. Spectrochemical series
Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the energy difference
they produce between the two sets of d-orbitals in an octahedral complex.
I− < Br − < S2− < Cl − < F− < OH− < H2O < SCN− < NH3 < CN− ≈ CO
14
Chemistry data booklet
16. Ligands
NH2
H2N
1,2-ethanediamine
HO
O
HO
O
O
O
N
O–
O
–
HO
O
ethanedioate
N
O
OH
EDTA
17. Colour wheel
647 nm
585 nm
Orange
700 nm
400 nm
Red
Yellow
575 nm
Violet
Green
Blue
424 nm
Chemistry data booklet
491 nm
15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental
values)
Ö
The lattice enthalpy values ( ∆Hlattice
) given relate to the endothermic process
b+
a−
Ma Xb (s) → aM (g) + bX (g) in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an
infinite distance from each other.
Experimental values
The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable
Born–Haber cycle.
Alkali metal halides
Ö
∆Hlattice
(kJ mol−1 )
I
Li
F
1049
Cl
864
Br
820
764
Na
930
790
754
705
K
829
720
691
650
Rb
795
695
668
632
Cs
759
670
647
613
Other substances
Ö
∆Hlattice
(kJ mol−1 )
Other substances
CaF2
2651
SrO
3223
BeCl 2
3033
BaO
3054
MgCl 2
2540
CuCl 2
2824
CaCl 2
2271
AgF
974
SrCl 2
2170
AgCl
918
BaCl 2
2069
AgBr
905
MgO
3791
AgI
892
CaO
3401
16
Ö
∆Hlattice
(kJ mol−1 )
Chemistry data booklet
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions
Solute
Ö
∆H sol
(kJ mol−1 )
Solute
Ö
∆H sol
(kJ mol−1 )
NH4 Cl
+14.78
KCl
+17.22
NH4NO3
+25.69
KBr
+19.87
LiF
+4.73
KI
+20.33
LiCl
−37.03
RbF
−26.11
LiBr
−48.83
RbCl
+17.28
Li I
−63.30
RbBr
+21.88
NaF
+0.91
RbI
+25.10
NaCl
+3.88
CsF
−36.86
NaBr
−0.60
CsCl
+17.78
NaI
−7.53
CsBr
+25.98
KF
−17.73
CsI
+33.35
Chemistry data booklet
17
20. Enthalpies of hydration
18
Ö
∆Hhyd
(kJ mol−1 )
Cations
Ö
∆Hhyd
(kJ mol−1 )
Li+
−538
F−
−504
Na+
−424
Cl −
−359
K+
−340
Br −
−328
Rb+
−315
I−
−287
Cs+
−291
ClO3−
−331
Be2+
−2524
BrO3−
−358
Mg2+
−1963
IO3−
−446
Ca2+
−1616
ClO−4
−205
Sr 2+
−1483
OH−
−519
Ba2+
−1346
CN−
−341
Ra2+
−1335
NO3−
−316
Al3 +
−4741
HCO3−
−383
Ga3 +
−4745
CO32 −
−1486
In3 +
−4171
HSO−4
−362
Tl3 +
−4163
SO24 −
−1099
Tl +
−346
PO34 −
−2921
Sn2+
−1587
Pb2+
−1523
Anions
Chemistry data booklet
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases
The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pK a values,
where pK a = − log10 K a . The dissociation constant K a values are for aqueous solutions
at 298 K. Base strengths are given in terms of pK b values.
Carboxylic acids
Name
Formula
pK a
methanoic
HCOOH
3.75
ethanoic
CH3 COOH
4.76
propanoic
CH3 CH2COOH
4.87
butanoic
CH3 (CH2 )2COOH
4.83
2-methylpropanoic
(CH3 )2CHCOOH
4.84
pentanoic
CH3 (CH2 )3 COOH
4.83
2,2-dimethylpropanoic
(CH3 )3 CCOOH
5.03
benzoic
C6H5 COOH
4.20
phenylethanoic
C6H5 CH2COOH
4.31
Halogenated carboxylic acids
Name
Formula
pK a
chloroethanoic
CH2ClCOOH
2.87
dichloroethanoic
CHCl 2COOH
1.35
trichloroethanoic
CCl3 COOH
0.66
fluoroethanoic
CH2FCOOH
2.59
bromoethanoic
CH2BrCOOH
2.90
iodoethanoic
CH2 ICOOH
3.18
Chemistry data booklet
19
Phenols
Name
Formula
pK a
phenol
C6H5 OH
9.99
2-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
7.23
3-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
8.36
4-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
7.15
2,4-dinitrophenol
(O2N)2C6H3 OH
4.07
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
(O2N)3 C6H2OH
0.42
Alcohols
Name
Formula
pK a
methanol
CH3 OH
15.5
ethanol
C2H5 OH
15.5
Amines
Name
Formula
pKb
ammonia
NH3
4.75
methylamine
CH3NH2
3.34
ethylamine
CH3 CH2NH2
3.35
dimethylamine
(CH3 )2NH
3.27
trimethylamine
(CH3 )3N
4.20
diethylamine
(C2H5 )2NH
3.16
triethylamine
(C2H5 )3N
3.25
phenylamine
C6H5NH2
9.13
20
Chemistry data booklet
22. Acid-base indicators
Colour change
pK a
pH range
Acid
Alkali
methyl orange
3.7
3.1–4.4
red
yellow
bromophenol blue
4.2
3.0–4.6
yellow
blue
bromocresol green
4.7
3.8–5.4
yellow
blue
methyl red
5.1
4.4–6.2
red
yellow
bromothymol blue
7.0
6.0–7.6
yellow
blue
phenol red
7.9
6.8–8.4
yellow
red
phenolphthalein
9.6
8.3–10.0
colourless
pink
Indicator
Chemistry data booklet
21
23. Values of the ionization constant of water
Temperature ( C)
22
K W value
0
0.113 × 10−14
5
0.185 × 10−14
10
0.292 × 10−14
15
0.453 × 10−14
20
0.684 × 10−14
25
1.00 × 10−14
30
1.47 × 10−14
35
2.09 × 10−14
40
2.92 × 10−14
45
4.02 × 10−14
50
5.43 × 10−14
55
7.24 × 10−14
60
9.55 × 10−14
65
12.4 × 10−14
70
15.9 × 10−14
75
20.1× 10−14
80
25.2 × 10−14
85
31.3 × 10−14
90
38.3 × 10−14
95
46.6 × 10−14
100
56.0 × 10−14
Chemistry data booklet
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K
Reduced species
E Ö (V)
Li+ (aq) + e−
Li (s)
-3.04
K + (aq) + e−
K ( s)
-2.93
Ca2+ (aq) + 2e−
Ca (s)
-2.87
Na+ (aq) + e−
Na (s)
-2.71
Mg2+ (aq) + 2e−
Mg(s)
-2.37
Al3 + (aq) + 3e−
Al(s)
-1.66
Mn(s)
-1.18
Oxidized species
2+
Mn (aq) + 2e
−
1 H (g) + OH− (aq)
2 2
-0.83
−
Zn(s)
-0.76
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e−
Fe (s)
-0.45
Ni(s)
-0.26
Sn(s)
-0.14
Pb (s)
-0.13
H2O(l) + e−
2+
Zn (aq) + 2e
2+
Ni (aq) + 2e
−
Sn2+ (aq) + 2e−
2+
Pb (aq) + 2e
−
1 H (g)
2 2
0.00
Cu+ (aq)
+0.15
H2SO3 (aq) + H2O(l )
+0.17
Cu(s)
+0.34
2OH− (aq)
+0.40
Cu+ (aq) + e−
Cu(s)
+0.52
1 I ( s) + e −
2 2
I− (aq)
+0.54
Fe2+ (aq)
+0.77
Ag(s)
+0.80
Br − (aq)
+1.09
H2O (l )
+1.23
2Cr 3 + (aq) + 7H2O (l )
+1.36
H+ (aq) + e−
Cu2+ (aq) + e−
SO24− (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e−
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e−
1 O (g) + H O(l ) + 2 e −
2
2 2
Fe3 + (aq) + e−
Ag+ (aq) + e−
1 Br (l ) + e −
2 2
1 O (g) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e −
2 2
Cr2 O72 − (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6 e−
1 Cl (g) + e −
2 2
MnO−4 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5 e−
1 F (g) + e −
2 2
Chemistry data booklet
−
Cl (aq)
+1.36
Mn2+ + 4H2O (l )
+1.51
−
F (aq)
+2.87
23
25. Activity series
Increasing
activity
Li
Cs
Rb
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Be
Al
C
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Sb
As
Bi
Cu
Ag
Pd
Hg
Pt
Au
24
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
25
600–800
chloroalkanes
fluoroalkanes
alcohols, esters, ethers
alkenes
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
alkynes
carboxylic acids (with hydrogen bonding)
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
alcohols and phenols (with hydrogen bonding)
primary amines
C–Cl
C–F
C–O
C=C
C=O
C≡C
O–H
C–H
O–H
N–H
3300–3500
3200–3600
2850–3090
2500–3000
2100–2260
1700–1750
1620–1680
1050–1410
1000–1400
500–600
bromoalkanes
C–Br
490–620
Wavenumber (cm−1 )
iodoalkanes
Organic molecules
C–I
Bond
strong
strong
strong
strong
strong
Intensity
medium, two bands
strong, broad
strong
strong, very broad
variable
strong
medium-weak; multiple bands
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.
26. Infrared data
27. 1H NMR data
Typical proton chemical shift values (δ ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = 0 .
R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I.
These values may vary in different solvents and conditions.
Type of proton
CH3
0.9–1.0
CH2R
1.3–1.4
CHR2
1.5
O
C
RO
2.0–2.5
CH2
O
C
R
2.2–2.7
CH2
CH3
1.8–3.1
CH2 Hal
3.5–4.4
3.3–3.7
O
C
O CH2
O
R
C
O H
R O H
3.7–4.8
9.0–13.0
1.0–6.0
CH CH2
OH
26
2.5–3.5
C C H
R O CH2
R
Chemical shift (ppm)
4.5–6.0
4.0–12.0
Chemistry data booklet
Type of proton
Chemical shift (ppm)
H
6.9–9.0
O
R
C
9.4–10.0
H
28. Mass spectral fragments lost
Chemistry data booklet
Mass lost
Fragment lost
15
CH3
17
OH
18
H2O
28
CH2 =CH2 , C=O
29
CH3 CH2 , CHO
31
CH3 O
45
COOH
27
29. Triangular bonding diagram
van Arkel-Ketelaar
Triangle of bonding
Electronegativity
difference
3.0
2.5
Electronegativity
difference
∆χ = χ a − χ b
% covalent
% ionic
Ionic
8
92
25
75
50
50
75
25
100
0
2.0
1.5
Polar
covalent
1.0
0.5
Covalent
Metallic
0
0.79
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Average electronegativity ∑ χ =
28
3.5
4.0
( χ a + χb )
2
Chemistry data booklet
30. Resin identification codes
Resin Identification
Code (RIC)
Plastic types
Resin Identification
Code (RIC)
Plastic types
1
polyethene
terephthalate
5
polypropene
PETE
PP
high-density
polyethene
2
HDPE
3
6
polystyrene
PS
7
polyvinyl chloride
PVC
other
OTHER
low-density
polyethene
4
LDPE
31. Representations of some materials molecules
O
Clm
Cln
Clm
O
polychlorinated biphenyls
Cl
O
Cln
O
polychlorinated
dibenzofuran
1,4-dioxin
O
Cl
Clm
Cl
O
Cl
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
Chemistry data booklet
Cln
O
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
29
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K
30
Compound
K sp
BaCO3
2.58 × 10−9
Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2O
2.55 × 10−4
BaSO4
1.08 × 10−10
CdCO3
1.0 × 10−12
Cd(OH)2
7.2 × 10−15
PbCO3
7.40 × 10−14
Pb(OH)2
1.43 × 10−20
PbSO4
2.53 × 10−8
Hg2CO3
3.6 × 10−17
Hg2SO4
6.5 × 10−7
NiCO3
1.42 × 10−7
Ni(OH)2
5.48 × 10−16
Ag2CO3
8.46 × 10−12
Ag2SO4
1.20 × 10−5
ZnCO3
1.46 × 10−10
Zn(OH)2
3.0 × 10−17
Chemistry data booklet
33. 2-amino acids
Common name
Symbol
alanine
Ala
arginine
Arg
Structural formula
H2N CH COOH
pH of
isoelectric point
6.0
CH3
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2
10.8
NH
asparagine
Asn
H2N CH COOH
CH2 C NH2
5.4
O
aspartic acid
Asp
cysteine
Cys
glutamic acid
Glu
H2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
2.8
5.1
3.2
H2N CH COOH
glutamine
Gln
CH2 CH2 C NH2
5.7
O
glycine
Gly
H2N CH2 COOH
6.0
H2N CH COOH
CH2
histidine
His
7.6
N
N
isoleucine
Ile
H
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH2 CH3
6.0
H2N CH COOH
leucine
Leu
CH2
6.0
H3C CH CH3
Chemistry data booklet
31
Common name
Symbol
lysine
Lys
methionine
Met
Structural formula
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
pH of
isoelectric point
9.7
5.7
H2N CH COOH
phenylalanine
CH2
Phe
5.5
COOH
proline
Pro
serine
Ser
threonine
Thr
6.3
HN
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH OH
5.7
5.6
H2N CH COOH
tryptophan
Trp
CH2
5.9
NH
H2N CH COOH
CH2
tyrosine
Tyr
5.7
OH
valine
32
Val
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH3
6.0
Chemistry data booklet
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide
components
Lipids
Octanoic acid
CH3 (CH2 )6 COOH
Lauric acid
CH3 (CH2 )10 COOH
Palmitic acid
CH3 (CH2 )14 COOH
Stearic acid
CH3 (CH2 )16 COOH
Oleic acid
CH3 (CH2 )7 CH=CH(CH2 )7 COOH
Linoleic acid
CH3 (CH2 )4 (CH=CHCH2 )2 (CH2 )6 COOH
α-Linolenic acid
CH3 CH2 (CH=CHCH2 )3 (CH2 )6 COOH
H3C
CH
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
cholesterol
Carbohydrates
CH2OH
H C O
H C OH
H
H
OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
straight chain glucose
Chemistry data booklet
O
CH2OH
H
HO C H
H
HO
OH
H
OH
α-glucose
C O
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
straight chain fructose
33
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
CH2OH
H
OH
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
α-fructose
ribose
CH2OH
OH
O
H
H
H
H
H
OH
deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases
N
HC
C
N
C
NH2
O
NH2
H
N
C N
CH
H2N
H
adenine
N
C
C
N
N
C
CH
C N
N
H
O
guanine
O
N
C
C
N
CH
cytosine
O
CH
CH
H
uracil
34
N
CH
H
O
H
C
C
H
O
N
C
C
N
C
CH3
CH
H
thymine
Chemistry data booklet
35. Vitamins and pigments
Vitamins
CH3
H
C
CH3
CH
C
CH
O
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH2
O
OH
HO
CH
CH2
HO
CH3
CH3
retinol (vitamin A)
H3C
H3C
OH
OH
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
HO
vitamin D (D3)
Chemistry data booklet
35
Pigments
H2C
H 3C
CH2
N
CH
H3C
CH
H2C
C
CH2
O
H3 C
N
O
C20H39
CH3
N
Fe
CH2
CH
N
N
CH3
CH
C H O
O
R=CH3 (chlorophyll a)
CH3
R=CHO (chlorophyll b)
CH3
O
CH2
CH2
N
HC
CH3
H
H
O
N
N
CH2
CH2
CH3
Mg
OH HO
O
R
CH
CH
CH2
chlorophyll
heme B
R
R
OH
O
O
OH
O+
HO
R
R
O glucose
O glucose
OH
OH
quinoidal base (blue)
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
flavylium cation (red)
H3C
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
C
CH
CH3
CH
H3 C
CH3
α-carotene
H3 C
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
H3C
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH
H3 C
CH3
β-carotene
36
Chemistry data booklet
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH3
CH
CH
H3C
CH3
CH
C
CH
HC
O
11-cis-retinal
H3C
CH3
CH
CH3
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
H
C
O
CH3
all-trans-retinal
36. Binding energy curve
9
Average binding energy per nucleon (MeV)
16
8
12
4
7
C
O
56
235
Fe
U
238
He
U
6
Li
Li
7
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
0
He
2
1
1
0
H
H
H
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Number of nucleons in nucleus
Chemistry data booklet
37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules
O
R
C
OH
C
O
O
H3C
C
H2C
C
S
O
C
CH3
OH
H
H
N
C
O
CH3
H
ibuprofen
paracetamol (acetaminophen)
OH
OH
CH2 CH2
H3C N
O
CH2 CH2
O
OH
O
morphine
CH2 CH2
C
CH3
O
H3C
O
O
NH
O
N
S
N
O
O
C
diamorphine (heroin)
38
CH3
codeine
O
H3C N
O
penicillin (general structure)
H3C C COOH
H 3C N
CH3
CH3
N
O
HO
aspirin
H3 C
NH
CH3
CH3
CH3
O CH3
omeprazole
Chemistry data booklet
H3C
O
N
O–
NH
S
CH3
H3 C
N+
NH
O
ranitidine
O
H3C
HO
O
H2N
O
CH3
H3C
NH
H3 C
OH
HO
O
NH
O
OH
O
HN
H3C
NH2
HN
oseltamivir
O
zanamivir
O
CH3
O
CH3 OH
O
O
NH
H3C
O
CH3
CH3
O
OH O
OH
O
O
CH3
O
O
taxol
Chemistry data booklet
39
38. References
Data in sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 26 and 27 was taken fully or in part from:
Aylward, G. and Findlay, T. 2008. SI chemical data. (5th edition). Queensland, Australia.
John Wiley & Sons.
Data in section 20 reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Barret, J. 2003. Inorganic chemistry in aqueous solution. London, UK. Royal Society of
Chemistry.
Data in section 13 was taken in part from:
Burgess, DR. 2012. “Thermochemical Data”. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database. Number 69. http://webbook.nist.gov.
Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 32 and 33 was taken fully or
in part from:
Haynes, WM. (ed). 2012. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. (93rd edition). Boca
Raton, US. CRC Press.
Data in section 29 can be found in the following source:
Leach, MR. 2013. Timeline of structural theory. 04 January 2013.
http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html.
40
Chemistry data booklet