Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 0 5 3 9 4 8 9 8 5 *
PHYSICS
0625/41
May/June 2022
Paper 4 Theory (Extended)
1 hour 15 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
●
Answer all questions.
●
Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
●
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
●
Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
●
Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
●
Do not write on any bar codes.
●
You may use a calculator.
●
You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
●
Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 10 N (acceleration of free fall = 10 m / s2).
INFORMATION
●
The total mark for this paper is 80.
●
The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 16 pages.
DC (LK/SW) 214895/1
© UCLES 2022
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1
A car of mass m is travelling along a straight, horizontal road at a constant speed v.
At time t = 0, the driver of the car sees an obstruction in the road ahead of the car and applies the
brakes.
The car does not begin to decelerate at t = 0.
(a) Explain what is meant by deceleration.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Suggest one reason why the car does not begin to decelerate at t = 0.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Fig. 1.1 is the distance–time graph for the car from t = 0.
60
distance / m
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
time / s
5
Fig. 1.1
(i)
State the property of a distance–time graph that corresponds to speed.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
Using Fig. 1.1, determine the initial speed v of the car.
v = ......................................................... [2]
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(d) When the car is decelerating, there is a constant resistive force F on the car due to the
brakes.
F and is not constant.
The deceleration of the car is greater than m
Explain why:
(i)
F
the deceleration of the car is greater than m
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
the deceleration is not constant.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
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2
Fig. 2.1 shows water stored in a reservoir behind a hydroelectric dam.
reservoir
150 m
generator
turbine
Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)
(a) State the form of the energy stored in the water in the reservoir that is used to generate
electricity.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The turbine is 150 m below the level of the water in the reservoir.
Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
(i)
Calculate the total pressure in the water at the turbine.
pressure = ......................................................... [3]
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(ii)
The turbine has a cross-sectional area of 3.5 m2.
Calculate the force exerted on the turbine by the water.
force = .......................................................... [2]
(c) The water flows to the turbine through a pipe of constant cross-sectional area.
Explain why the kinetic energy of the water in the pipe remains constant as it flows through
the pipe.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
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3
During a picnic on a warm, dry day, a metal can of lemonade is wrapped in a damp cloth.
Evaporation cools the water in the cloth.
(a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how evaporation cools the water in the cloth.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) As the water in the cloth cools, so does the lemonade.
Explain how electrons transfer thermal energy through the metal of the can.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
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5
Fig. 5.1 shows a kitchen tap that supplies instant boiling water.
Fig. 5.1
Cold water passes over an electric immersion heater inside the tap.
The boiling point of water is 100 °C.
(a) State what is meant by boiling point.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The immersion heater is powered by the mains at a voltage of 230 V. When the tap is opened,
the heater switches on and the current in the heater is 13 A.
(i)
Calculate the thermal energy produced by the heater in 60 s.
thermal energy = ......................................................... [2]
(ii)
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The cold water that enters the tap
is at 22 °C.
Calculate the rate at which water at its boiling point emerges from the tap.
rate = ......................................................... [4]
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(c) The metal tap is earthed and there is a fuse in the cable that connects the heater to the
mains.
1.
Explain how the earth wire protects the user.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2.
Explain how the fuse protects the circuit.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 11]
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6
Fig. 6.1 shows a road next to the sea.
Fig. 6.1
(a) On a sunny day, the Sun warms the road.
Describe how energy from the Sun reaches the Earth and warms the road.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The temperature of the road is greater than the temperature of the sea.
The surface of the road is black.
Suggest one reason why the temperature of the road is greater than that of the sea.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The air above the road is heated by the warm road.
(i)
Describe how this affects the molecules of the air.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(ii)
A cyclist travelling along the road notices that a cool breeze is blowing from the sea to
the land.
Explain how convection produces this breeze. You may include a diagram if it helps your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
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7
Fig. 7.1 is a full-scale diagram of a small nail N in front of a thin converging lens. The line L
represents the lens.
L
N
X
Y
1.0 cm
1.0 cm
Fig. 7.1 (full scale)
The focal length of the lens is 3.0 cm.
(a) Rays of light, parallel to XY, are travelling towards the lens.
Describe what happens to the light after it passes through the lens.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) On Fig. 7.1, mark and label with an F each of the two principal focuses of the lens.
[1]
(c) The small nail N, of height 1.2 cm, is positioned 2.0 cm to the left of the lens.
(i)
By drawing on Fig. 7.1, find the position of the image I of N and add image I to the
diagram.
[3]
(ii)
State and explain whether I is a real or a virtual image.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii)
State the name given to a lens when it is used in this way.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
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8
Fig. 8.1 shows two vertical, cylindrical tubes and a cylindrical magnet all held in a vacuum.
cylindrical
magnet
plastic tube
copper tube
Fig. 8.1 (not to scale)
One tube is made of plastic and the other tube is made of copper. The two cylindrical tubes have
identical dimensions.
The magnetic field of the small, cylindrical magnet is extremely strong.
Initially, the magnet is at rest at the top of the plastic tube.
The magnet is released and it falls through the plastic tube without experiencing a resistive force.
The magnet takes 0.67 s to fall to the lower end of the plastic tube.
(a) The mass of the magnet is 0.012 kg.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the magnet when it reaches the lower end of the plastic tube.
kinetic energy = ......................................................... [4]
(b) The magnet is then held at the top of the copper tube and released. As it falls through the
copper tube, an electric current is generated in the copper.
(i)
Explain why there is a current in the copper.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(ii)
The current in the copper produces a magnetic field of its own in the tube.
The magnet falls much more slowly in the copper tube than in the plastic tube.
Explain why the magnet falls more slowly in the copper tube.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
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10 Two of the isotopes of hydrogen are hydrogen-2 ( 12H ) and hydrogen-3 ( 13H ).
(a) (i)
State one similarity in the composition of their nuclei.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
Describe how a nucleus of hydrogen-3 differs from a nucleus of hydrogen-2.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) In a nuclear fusion reactor, a nucleus of hydrogen-2 fuses with a nucleus of hydrogen-3 at
an extremely high temperature. This fusion reaction produces an isotope of element X and
releases a neutron.
(i)
Explain why an extremely high temperature is needed when forcing these two nuclei
together.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii)
Using nuclide notation, complete the equation for this reaction.
2
1H
+
3
1H
[2]
[Total: 8]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2022
0625/41/M/J/22
Cambridge IGCSE™
* 6 2 9 6 1 5 9 9 1 2 *
PHYSICS
0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended)
May/June 2022
1 hour 15 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
●
Answer all questions.
●
Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
●
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
●
Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
●
Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
●
Do not write on any bar codes.
●
You may use a calculator.
●
You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
●
Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 10 N (acceleration of free fall = 10 m / s2).
INFORMATION
●
The total mark for this paper is 80.
●
The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (KS/FC) 301887/2
© UCLES 2022
[Turn over
2
1
Fig. 1.1 shows an electrically powered bicycle.
battery
electric motor
Fig. 1.1
When fully charged, the battery can deliver a power of 600 W for 60 min.
(a) (i)
Calculate the energy, in joules, stored in the battery when fully charged.
energy = ...................................................... J [3]
(ii)
State the form of energy stored by the battery.
.........................................................
[1]
(b) The bicycle has a motor with an electrical input power of 250 W.
Calculate the time for which the battery can power the bicycle.
time = ......................................................... [2]
(c) Consider this bicycle compared to a small motorcycle.
State two environmental benefits of the electrically powered bicycle.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
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2
Fig. 2.1 shows an object of mass 2.0 kg on a bench. This object is connected by a cord, passing
over a pulley, to an object of mass 3.0 kg.
pulley
cord
card
2.0 cm
2.0 kg object
F
bench
3.0 kg object
Fig. 2.1
The 2.0 kg object is released from rest and accelerates at 4.0 m / s2.
(a) Calculate the resultant force acting on the 2.0 kg object.
force = ......................................................... [2]
(b) Calculate the upward force F exerted by the cord on the 3.0 kg object.
force F = ......................................................... [3]
(c) The objects have a constant acceleration.
(i)
Show that the speed of the objects 0.80 s after release is 3.2 m / s.
[2]
(ii)
A card, of width 2.0 cm, is fixed to the 2.0 kg object. As the 2.0 kg object moves to the left,
the card passes through a beam of light that is perpendicular to the card.
Using the speed given in (c)(i), calculate the time taken for the card to pass through the
beam of light.
time = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
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5
(b) The mass of the canoeist is 65 kg.
Calculate her kinetic energy when travelling on still water at 2.5 m / s.
energy = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
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5
Sound waves are longitudinal and electromagnetic waves are transverse.
(a) A sound wave used for a medical examination has a frequency of 1.5 MHz.
(i)
State and explain what type of sound wave this is.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii)
The wave travels through soft human tissue at a speed of 1.3 km / s.
Calculate the wavelength of the wave in soft human tissue.
wavelength = ......................................................... [3]
(b) Describe one use of X-rays in medicine.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
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6
Fig. 6.1 is a full-size ray diagram showing the formation of an image by a thin glass lens.
Fig. 6.1 (full size)
(a) Determine the focal length of the lens.
focal length = ......................................................... [1]
(b) Circle three items in the list which describe the nature of the image formed.
enlarged
same size
diminished
upright
real
virtual
inverted
[3]
(c) State one feature of a virtual image.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 5]
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7
Fig. 7.1 shows a small plotting compass which is aligned with the magnetic field between magnetic
poles A and B of a U-shaped magnet.
A
S
N
B
Fig. 7.1
(a) State the polarity of the poles.
pole A ........................................................................................................................................
pole B .......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a wire, placed between two poles, carrying a current in the direction of the
arrow.
S
N
Fig. 7.2
On Fig. 7.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the wire due to the magnetic
field.
[2]
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(c) Fig. 7.3 shows a β-particle moving in the direction of the arrow between the same two poles.
β-particle
N
S
direction of travel of β-particle
when in the position shown
Fig. 7.3
On Fig. 7.3, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the β-particle due to the
magnetic field.
[2]
[Total: 5]
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8
Fig. 8.1 shows how the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a 60 Hz alternating current (a.c.) power
supply varies with time.
e.m.f.
0
0
time
time period
Fig. 8.1
(a) Calculate the time period of the a.c.
time period = ......................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows this power supply connected in a circuit.
A
B
C
Fig. 8.2
(i)
State the name of component A.
.......................................................... [1]
(ii)
In each time period of the a.c., 1.5 × 1017 electrons pass through component A. The
charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10–19 C.
Calculate the average current in the circuit during one time period.
current = ......................................................... [3]
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(c) On Fig. 8.3:
1. mark, with an arrow labelled E, the direction of the electron flow through component B
2. mark, with an arrow labelled I, the direction of the conventional current in component C.
A
B
C
Fig. 8.3
[2]
(d) Fig. 8.4 shows a circuit with components B and C connected to a direct current (d.c.) power
supply of e.m.f. 12 V.
B
C
Fig. 8.4
The current in the circuit is 0.35 A.
Calculate the power delivered by the power supply to the circuit.
power = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
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9
Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit with a 3-position switch.
12 V
C
B
X
A
Y
M
Fig. 9.1
The moving part of the switch is always connected to point Y around which it pivots. The other end
of the moving part, labelled X, can be connected to one of the points A, B or C.
(a) The resistance of the motor is 2.0 Ω and the resistance of the resistor is 3.0 Ω.
Determine the current in the motor when the switch is connected to:
(i)
point A
current = ......................................................... [1]
(ii)
point B
current = ......................................................... [2]
(iii)
point C.
current = ......................................................... [2]
(b) Two resistors of resistance 2.0 Ω and 3.0 Ω are connected in parallel.
Calculate the combined resistance of the resistors in this arrangement.
resistance = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
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11
(a) Fig. 11.1 shows the paths of three α-particles moving towards a thin gold foil. Four gold nuclei
are shown.
gold nuclei
paths of
α-particles
Fig. 11.1 (not to scale)
(i)
On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the three α-particles.
(ii)
State the sign of the charge on the α-particles.
[3]
.......................................................... [1]
(b) The nuclide notation for a nucleus of gold-198 is
198
Au.
79
State the numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons in a neutral atom of gold-198.
number of electrons = .............................
number of neutrons = .............................
number of protons = ...............................
[3]
[Total: 7]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2022
0625/42/M/J/22
Cambridge IGCSE™
* 5 2 0 5 6 1 2 3 3 8 *
PHYSICS
0625/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended)
May/June 2022
1 hour 15 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
●
Answer all questions.
●
Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
●
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
●
Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
●
Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
●
Do not write on any bar codes.
●
You may use a calculator.
●
You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
●
Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 10 N (acceleration of free fall = 10 m / s2).
INFORMATION
●
The total mark for this paper is 80.
●
The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (RW/JG) 301888/3
© UCLES 2022
[Turn over
2
1
A battery provides energy to an electric car.
(a) The electric car has an acceleration of 2.9 m / s2 when it moves from rest.
The combined mass of the car and its driver is 1600 kg.
(i)
Calculate the time taken to reach a speed of 28 m / s.
time = ......................................................... [2]
(ii)
Calculate the force required to produce this acceleration.
force = ......................................................... [2]
(iii)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the car when its speed is 28 m / s.
kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The time taken for the car battery to be recharged from zero charge to full charge is 8.3 h.
The charge is delivered to the battery by a charger with a current of 32 A.
Calculate the charge supplied by the charger.
charge = ......................................................... [3]
(c) Under ideal conditions, the car can travel a maximum distance of 390 km when the battery is
fully charged.
Suggest why, in normal use, the car needs to be recharged after travelling less than 390 km.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
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2
Water is held behind a dam in a hydroelectric power scheme.
(a) State the main form of energy stored in the water behind the dam.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The water is released from the dam and falls a vertical height of 410 m at a rate of 480 kg / s.
(i)
Calculate the rate at which energy is transferred by the falling water.
rate of energy transfer = ......................................................... [3]
(ii)
The power scheme supplies a current of 270 A at a voltage of 6000 V.
Calculate the efficiency of the power scheme.
efficiency = ......................................................% [3]
(c) Hydroelectric energy is a renewable form of energy.
(i)
State one disadvantage of hydroelectric power schemes.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
State one other renewable source of energy.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
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4
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles (Brownian motion).
microscope
glass cover
smoke
glass cell
Fig. 4.1
The glass cell has light shining on it from the side.
The smoke particles are seen as bright specks of light when looking through the microscope.
(i)
Draw the path of one of the bright specks of light.
[2]
(ii)
Explain, in terms of forces and the motion of air molecules, the cause of the motion of
the smoke particles.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) The temperature of the air in a sealed glass container is increased.
(i)
Explain, in terms of molecules, why the internal energy of the air increases.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the air also increases.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
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5
(a) Define specific heat capacity.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A bowl contains 500 cm3 of water at a temperature of 5.0 °C. The bowl of water is placed in
a freezer for several hours. When the bowl is removed from the freezer, it contains ice at a
temperature of –18.0 °C. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
(i)
Calculate the mass of water in the bowl when it is placed in the freezer.
mass = ......................................................... [2]
(ii)
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The specific heat capacity of ice is
2100 J / (kg °C). The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.
Calculate the energy given out as the water cools from 5.0 °C to ice at –18.0 °C.
energy = ......................................................... [5]
[Total: 9]
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6
(a) (i)
Fig. 6.1 shows crests of a plane water wave approaching a barrier with a gap.
crests
barrier
direction of travel
of water wave
Fig. 6.1
On Fig. 6.1, draw three crests of the water wave to the right of the barrier.
(ii)
[2]
Fig. 6.2 shows crests of a plane water wave in deep water approaching a region of
shallow water.
boundary
direction of travel
of water wave
deep
water
shallow
water
Fig. 6.2
The water wave moves more slowly in shallow water.
On Fig. 6.2, draw:
© UCLES 2022
1.
three crests of the water wave in the shallow water
[2]
2.
the direction of travel of the wave in the shallow water.
[1]
0625/43/M/J/22
9
(b) State two ways in which transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) (i)
State a typical value of the speed of sound in water.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
Explain why sound travels faster in water than in air.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
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7
(a) Fig. 7.1 shows a plan view of a room. There is a plane mirror on one wall and a picture across
the whole of wall AB.
plane mirror
A
X
B
Fig. 7.1 (plan view)
A person is standing at point X and is looking at the mirror. The person cannot see all of the
picture on wall AB reflected in the mirror.
There is a point P on wall AB which is the closest point to A that the person can see reflected
in the mirror.
On Fig. 7.1, draw a reflected ray and an incident ray to show the position of the point P.
[2]
(b) State two properties of the image formed by the mirror.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Visible light is an electromagnetic wave.
State the name of one region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the waves have:
(i)
shorter wavelengths than visible light
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
longer wavelengths than visible light.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
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8
(a) Fig. 8.1 shows a circuit.
X
Y
Fig. 8.1
(i)
State the name of component X.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
The potential difference (p.d.) across component Y is measured with a voltmeter.
On Fig. 8.1, draw the symbol for the voltmeter and its connections to the circuit.
(iii)
[1]
The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is 12 V.
Component Y has a resistance of 400 Ω.
In a brightly lit room, the resistance of component X is 350 Ω.
1.
Calculate the current in the circuit.
current = ......................................................... [2]
2.
Calculate the p.d. across component Y.
p.d. = ......................................................... [1]
(iv)
In a dark room, the resistance of component X is very large.
State the effect this will have on the p.d. across component Y.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Suggest a practical use for component X.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
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12
9
(a) Fig. 9.1 shows a magnet on the end of a spring and a coil of wire connected to a sensitive
centre-zero galvanometer. The magnet can move freely through the coil.
spring
coil of wire
N
centre-zero
galvanometer
S
Fig. 9.1
(i)
The magnet is pulled down and released.
Describe and explain what happens to the needle of the sensitive galvanometer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii)
The magnet is replaced with a stronger magnet.
State the effect of using a stronger magnet on what happens to the needle of the
galvanometer.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) A step-up transformer is used to step up the output voltage of a power station from 25 000 V
to 400 000 V for transmission along power lines.
The number of turns on the secondary coil is 36 000.
Calculate the number of turns on the primary coil.
number of turns = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
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14
10 A student places a sample of an isotope of protactinium (Pa-234) near a radiation detector.
The readings on the detector, taken every 20 s, are recorded in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1
count rate
counts / min
time / s
0
101
20
88
40
76
60
66
80
58
100
51
120
46
140
42
160
38
180
35
Fig. 10.1 shows a graph of the count rate due to this sample against time.
count rate
counts / min
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160 180
time / s
Fig. 10.1
(a) Explain why the readings in Table 10.1 are not the same as those plotted on the graph.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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(b) Using the graph in Fig. 10.1, determine the half-life of this isotope of protactinium.
half-life = ....................................................... s [2]
234
(c) The nuclide notation for this isotope of protactinium is 91Pa.
Protactinium-234 decays to an isotope of uranium (U) by β-emission.
Write down the nuclide equation for this decay of protactinium-234.
[3]
[Total: 7]
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