Thangal Kunju Musaliar
Centenary Public School & Junior
College
(Affiliated to CBSE with Reg. No.930347)
T.K.M COLLEGE COMPLEX, KOLLAM-691005
CHEMISTRY
PROJECT REPORT
2010-2011
Thangal Kunju Musaliar
Centenary
Public School & Junior
College
(A affiliated to CBSE with Reg. No.930447)
TKMC P.O., Karicode, Kollam-691 005
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
on “COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS”
on
Chemistry
submitted
………………………………………
CBSE
by……….
Register
Number……………… of class XII for All India Senior
Secondary
Certificate Examination is a bonafide
record during the year 2010-2011.
VALUED BY
TEACHER IN CHARGE
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DATE:…………..
PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success of any project depends largely on people
associated with it. I would like to take this opportunity to
acknowledge the enthusiasm of all these personalities.
I am immensely grateful to principal Mrs. Latha
Alexander, Chief Coordinator Mr. Rajendra Prasad for
giving us opportunity to do the project & for all help given
at school.
I extend my sincere gratitude to our chemistry faculties
Mr.Subin & Mrs.Gaya for supervising our project work.
Their constant stimulus inspiration and advice were
indispensable to the accomplishment of this task.
We are thankful to all our teachers and non-teachers
for their help during my course of study.
We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks
to our parents for their encouragement and support.
Above all we are thankful to Almighty God as the
present work has seen the light of day due to His blessings.
INVESTIGATION OF FOAMING
CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT WASHING
SOAP AND EFFECT OF
ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
ON THEM
CONTENT
Sl.N
INDEX
Page No
o
1
2
Introduction
• Types of soaps
1-3
4
Cleaning action of soap
5
• Foaming capacity in terms
6
•
of quality of water
2
3
4
5
Experiment:1
Experiment : 2
Conclusion
Bibliography
7-9
10-13
14
14
INTRODUCTION
Soaps and detergents are cleaning ingredients that are
able to remove oil particles from surfaces because of their
unique chemical properties.
Soaps are created by the
chemical reaction of a jetty acid with on alkali metal
hydroxide. In a chemical sense soap is a salt made up of a
corboxylix acid and an alkali like sodium of potassium. The
cleaning action of soap and detergents is a result of thrill,
ability to surround oil particles on a surface and disperse it
in water.
Bar soap has been used for centuries and
continues to be an important product for batching and
cleaning. It is also a mild antiseptic and ingestible antidote
for certain poisons.
SOAP
Soap is a common term for a number of related compounds
used as of washing clothes or bathing. Soaps are sodium or
potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic acid (C17 H35
COOH), palmittic acid (C15 H31 COOH) and oleic acid (C17H35
COOH) they have the general formula RCOONa and R COONa.
Soap is produced by a saponification or basic hydrolysis
reaction of a fat or oil. Currently sodium carbonate or sodium
hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to
the salt.
GENERAL OVERALL HYDROLYSIS
REACTION
Fat + NaOH
glycerol + sodium salt of
CH3(CH2)16 COOH +NaOH
CH2-CH-CH2+ CH3(CH2)16COONa+
OH OH OH
Although the reaction is shown as one step reaction, it is in
fact two steps. The net effect as that the ester bonds all broken.
The glycerol turns back into an alcohol. The fatty acid is turned
into a salt due to the presence of abasic solution of NaoH. In the
carboxyl group, one oxygen now has a negative charge that
attacts the positive sodium ion. A molecule of soap consists of
two parts.
a) Alkyl group – it is oil soluble
b) Corboxyl group – It is water soluble
Types of soaps
The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain
determines the unique properties of various soaps.
Tallow or
animal fats give plimarily sodium stearate (18 carbons) a very
hard, insoluble soap.
more insoluble.
Fatty acids with longer chains are even
As a matter of fact, 3inc stearate is used in
talcum powders because it is water repellent.
Coconut oil is a source of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can
be made into sodium lourate. This soap is very soluble and will
lather easily even in sea water.
Fatty acids with only 10 or fewer carbons are not used in
soaps because they irritate the skin and have objectionable
odors.
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP
The cleansing action of soap is determined by its polar and
non-polar structured in conjunction with an application of
solubility principals.
The long hydrocarbon chain is off course
non polar and hydrophobic (repelled by water). The “salt” end of
the soap molecule is ironic and hydrophilic. All the soaps are not
equally effective in washing or their cleaning action.
Their
cleaning action depends upon the solubility of the alkyl chain in
grease or oil and of the carboxylate part dissolves in water, as
emulsion is formed between grease and water, which appears as
form.
On treatment with excess of water dirt as well as the
emulsion is washed away.
Thus the quality of the soap is
determined from the extend to which it produces from with
water or its foaming capacity.
Foaming capacity in terms of quality of water
Foaming cpacity depends upon the quality of water. It soft
water (free from ca2+ and Mg2+ ions) is used, soap produces
lather easily, on the other hand, hard water (containing Ca2+and
Mg2+ ions) is used only a small amount of lather is produced and
only a curdy precipitate of calcium and magnesium salt of fatty
acid are formed.
That is, it precipitate as “bath-tub ring” by
calcium or magnesium ions present in “hard” water.
The effects of “hard” water on calcium and magnesium ions
is minimized by the addition of “builders”.
The most common
builders to be used is sodium trimetaphosphate. The phosphate
react with calcium or magnesium ion and keep in solution by
washing away from soap molecule. The soap molecule can then
do its job without interference from calcium or magnesium ions.
Ather “builders” include sodium corbonate borax and sodium
silicat are currently in detergents.
a) Arrangement of stearate ions on the surface of water at low
concentrations of soap
b) Arrangement of strerate ions inside the bulk of water (ionic
micelle) at critical micelle concentrations of soap
a) Grease on cloth (b) stearate iron arranging around the grease
droplet and c) Grease droplet surrounded by stearate irons
(micelle formed)
EXPERIMENT-1
TO COMPARE THE FOAMING CAPACITIES OF DIFFERENT
SAMPLES OF SOAPS.
Requirements
(a) Apparatus
Five 100ml conical flasks, five 20ml test tubes, 100ml
measuring cylinder, test tube stand, weight box and stop watch.
(b) Chemicals
Five different samples of soap and distilled water.
Theory
There is no quantitative method for the determination of
foaming capacity of a soap.
The foaming capacity of soap
depends upon concentration of soap in the sample. Solution of
different soap are prepared by dissolving their equal weights in
equal volumes of distilled water.
These solutions are shaken
vigorously to produce foam and then they are allowed to stand.
Time taken for the disappearance of foam are measured for
different samples. Longer the time taken for the disappearance
of foam in a given sample of soap, greater is its foaming
capacity.
PROCEDURE
Take five 100ml conical flasks and lobel them as A,B,C,D,E.
Take 50ml of water in each conical flask and then add 2g of
different samples of soap to each flask. Warm to dissolve and
get a clear solution. Arrange five test tubes on a test tube stand
labelled as A,B,C,Dand E.
Take ICC of the soap solution from
each conicol flask ad to the corresponding test tube. Shake the
test tube for 1 minute by covering its mouth by the thumb.
Foam will be formed in the test tube. Start the stop watch and
note the time taken for the disappearance of foam.
Repeat the same procedure for the test tubes B, C,D and E.
Shaking each tube with the same force and noting the time
taken for disappearance of the foam.
Observations
Sl No
1
2
3
4
5
Test tube
DR. WASH
KB ONAM
CHECK
URVASHI
SUPER GOLD
Vol. of soap
Vol.of
Time taken for
sol taken
water
disappearance
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
added
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
of foam
9.58 hrs
4.45 hrs
8.30 hrs
7.30 hrs
9.00 hrs
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
EXPERIMENT -2
TO
STUDY
THE
EFFECT
OF
ADDITION
OF
SODIUM
CARBONATE ON FOAMING CAPACITY OF A SOAP.
Requirements
(a) Apparatus
One 100ml conical flask, 20ml test tubes, 100ml measuring
cylinder, test tube stand, weight box, stop watch and burner.
(b) Chemicals
Soap samples, distilled water, tap water and m/10 Na2Co3
solution.
Theory
Calcium and magnesium ions present in the tap water
interfere in the foaming capacity of soap. These ions combine
with soap and form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts which
get precipitated.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+
(C17H35COO)2 Ca +2Na+.
Therefore, the presence of these ions effect the foaming
capacity of soap and hence their cleaning capacity.
When Na2CO3 is added to the tap water, calcium and
magnesium ions gets precipitated as their carbonates in the
presence of Na2CO3,
Ca2+ + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + 2Na+
Mg2+ + Na2CO3
Foaming
MgCO3 + 2Na+
capacity
of
the
water
increases.
In
order
determine the effect of NO2CO3 on the foaming capacity of
asample of soap it is first shaken with distrilled water there with
top water and finally with top water containing equal volume of
M/10 Na2CO3 solution and then the time taken for siroppealance
of foam it noted.
PROCEDURE
1.
Weigh accurately 0.5g of the given amount of soap and
transfer to a 100ml of conical flask. Add 50ml of distilled
water and wolm to dissolve till clear solution is obtained.
2.
Take three 20ml test tubes and label them as 1,2 and A,B
and C. To test tube A add 10ml of distilled water, to test
tube C add 5ml of tap water 5ml of M/10 Na2CO3 solution.
3.
Add 1ml of soap solution to each tube.
4.
Cork test tube A tightly and shake vigorously for 1minute.
Place the test tube on the test tube stand and start the
stop
watch
immediately.
Note
the
taken
for
the
disappearance of foam.
5. Repeat the same procedure for test tube B and C, rate the
time taken for the disappearance of foam.
OBSERVATIONS
Weight of soap taken = 0.5g
Volume of distilled water taken for propering solution = 50ml
Tube
Water used
Vol. of soap Time taken for the
sol added
oisappearance
1
10.00 ml distrilled 1.00ml
foam
8.30 hrs
2
water (A)
10ml of tap water 1.00 ml
6.30 hrs
3
(B)
5.00
ml
of
tap
water and 5.00 ml
m/10 Na2CO3 (C)
of
CONCLUSION
• Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled water as
compared to that in tap water.
•
Foaming capacity of tap water increases on addition of
Na2CO3 solution.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•
www.wikipedia.com
•
www.chemistry explained.com
•
www.science frank.com