I HOPE YOU
PASS ALL OF
YOUR EXAMS!
GOOD LUCK
AND DO WELL!
!
HOPE YOU PASS ALL OF
YOUR EXAMS! GOOD
LUCK AND SUCCESS!
✧⁠ ◝⁠ (⁠⁰⁠▿ ⁠⁰⁠)⁠◜ ⁠✧
UTS FINALS REVIEWER
THE MATERIAL SELF
Cogito Ergo Consume:
Consumer and The Material Self
DIDEROT EFFECT
Denis Diderot – a French Philosopher
• This phenomenon suggests that one innocent
purchase can unexpectedly spiral into an
endless cycle of complementary consumption.
• Denis Diderot’s last words were “The first
step towards philosophy is incredulity.
The Material Self: Living in a
Material World

“In its widest possible sense, a man’s
life is the sum of all that he can call his.”
– William James
 “In its widest possible sense, a man’s
life is the sum of all that he can call his.”
– William James
William James (1842-1910)
forging identities conducive to buying and
selling.” – Benjamin Barber
AGRARIAN ORIENTATION
From their perspective, food is not so much
bought as they are planted and eventually
harvested.
I SAW THE SIGN: THE SEMIOTICS
OF CONSUMPTION
“To see someone not seeing is the best way of
seeing intensely what he doesn’t see.” Roland
Barthes
FERDINANDE DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913)
Meanings are based off conventions and are,
by nature, arbitrary. Words, therefore, are
unmotivated signs, with no fixed definitions.
SEMIOTICS DIAGRAM
An individual selfhood can be broken down into
several fragments, with the material self being
one.
• Human is composed of three parts – soul,
body, and clothes.
-
BODY
CLOTHING
FAMILY
HOUSE
OTHER PROPERTIES
Herman Lotze In Microcosmus (1890)
Garments is a chance for us to bring them into
relationship with the surface of our body and
inject them with the very “consciousness of our
personal existence
Best Buys: Consumer Culture and the
Self
“Consumerism has attached itself into a novel
identity politics in which business itself plays in
 The relationship between the two is
never stable and can change overtime,
either synchronically (at a given point) or
diachronically (over a relative period of
time.)
 Meanings assigned to words are said to
be relational; that is, one cannot be
defined as complete isolation from
others (Barry, 2022)
PARADIGMIC CHAIN
A continuum of words with identical functions
that can serve as substitutes for each other,
though some may not be as neutral when
used.
LANGUE
Language as a structure that dictates and
conventions
“No production without a need. But
consumption reproduces that need.” – Karl
Marx
PAROLE
Any given linguistic fragment or item extracted
from that very structure
Fetishism- a rather primitive belief that
inanimate objects can be imbued with god-like
powers.
DENOTATION
Object language Literal meaning of something.
CONOTATION
Culture-specific meaning of and ideologies
ANCHORAGE
Commodity Fetishism - In this context, this
can pertain to how certain goods are given
high monetary value with no regard for the
labor that went into its creation, thus effectively
becoming but fetishized commodities stripped
off their human essence (Felluga, 2005)
Underlines the importance of text in making
sense of an image
ALIENATION
RELAY
Puts an emphasis on a more complementary
relationship between the two
HOW DO I DECIDE TO BUY?
“Buying is a profound pleasure.” – Simone de
Beauvoir
BUYER DECISION PROCESS PHILIP KOTLER
(1980)
“Do not save what is left after spending, but
spend what is left after saving.”
-Warren Buffett
• Need Recognition
• Information Search
• Evaluation of alternatives
• Purchase Decision
• Post Purchase Behavior
The Calvinist Principle
“If we are to pass through earth, we ought
undoubtedly to make such a use of its
blessings as will rather assist than retard in our
journey.” – John Calvin
The Marxist Perspective
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
Every individual, has a spiritual belief and
practices that create a pattern in their lives and
set the standard for one’s morality.
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
• The religious practice, on the other hand is
the action which manifest the belief of that
person.
• The strength of the spiritual self is determined
by the depth of that person’s belief.
BELIEF AND PRACTICES IN
SUPERNATURAL BEING AND POWER
Debates on the existence of supernatural has
persisted through ages. There are questions
which came first.
 God or the idea of God?
• There are questions which came first.
 GOD OR THE IDEA OF GOD?
• Whatever the direction taken, one cannot
discount the impact one’s answer takes on the
formation of one’s self.
ONE’S IDENTITY OF SPIRITUAL SELF IS
DEEPLY TIED TO THE CENTER OF THEIR
RELIGION AND WORSHIP
• For the Christians, the belief is that man was
created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27).
• For Islam, the second largest religion in the
Philippines, God is Allah.
• Jesus is not considered as the Messiah, but
as one of the prophets who was shown one of
the gospels- Taurah, (Quran 4:171).
—
• Protestantism was introduced to us by
Americans.
• Salvation through Christ Jesus was deeply
emphasized and one must be born again and
accept Jesus Christ as the Lord and Savior.
—
• A local church that has grown exponentially in
the last few years is the Iglesia Ni Cristo.
—
• Buddhism has been felt too and it is believed
to have found its way here during the 6th -7th
century.
• Worship is done as sign of respect rather
than veneration.
—
• For Buddhism and Hinduism, man’s goal is
to reach Nirvana.
• Indigenous beliefs are often characterized as
animism.
• In the case of the Muslims, the name
Muslims itself means one who surrenders.
• Inanimate objects may be worshipped, like
trees, plants, sun, sea or it could also be all of
them at the same time
ONE’S IDENTITY OF SPIRITUAL SELF IS
DEEPLY TIED TO THE CENTER OF THEIR
RELIGION AND WORSHIP
• Every different community in a given region
will have a different set of beliefs and objects of
beliefs.
• The Christian God would be the most
common belief in the Philippines.
• He is the all-knowing, all-good, Alpha and
Omega. He is also God the Father, God the
Son and the Holy Spirit.
—
A LOT OF THEM ARE PRE- COLONIAL
BELIEFS THAT HAVE SURVIVED AND
HAVE BEEN INFUSED INTO THE
RELIGIOUS PRACTICES.
• An example would be the belief in spiritual
healers, Rizal had an encounter with them and
when Rizal was in Dapitan, one of his greatest
rivals in the practice medicine were the faith
healers.
• A specific example also would be the Tawo of
Bicol.
o The tawo may communicate by staying
in its invisible form or it can enter
another person’s body. According to a
study conducted by Cannell (1999), the
people think that tawo knows of the
existence of Jesus.
SOME MOROS ALSO HAVE THEIR FAITH
INTERTWINED WITH THE PRE-COLONIAL
PRACTICE.
• From the study conducted by Mckenna
(1996), a muslim woman was asked how they
justify holy war, “The Pagali are large
crocodiles.
• These stories are hundreds of years old but
we have that these spirit crocodiles still exist
because they assisted the fighters during the
rebellion.” (McKenna, 1996p192)
• Nocturnal, supernatural beings found different
regions in the Philippines are- aswang,
mangkukulam, tikbalang, tiktik, kapre, dwende,
etc.
• Beliefs in these creatures can be seen in how
some people would embrace them as part of
their lives.
• In Hinduism the atman (“breath” or soul”) is
the universal, eternal life, of which each
individual soul (jiva or jiva-atman) partakes.
• The jiva-atman is also eternal but is
imprisoned in an earthly body at birth and
death.
—
• Buddhism negates the concept not only of
the individual self but of the Atman (The Soul
Itself) as well.
—
• The Muslims also believed that the soul
existed at the same time as the body but that it
will survive bodily death which will then have a
life of its own.
—
• Animism is a belief of our ancestor that souls
are quasi-physical and can exist outside the
body.
• A soul can be transferred from one body to
another and persists after death of the body as
“multo” (ghost).
RITUALS AND CEREMONIES: WHY WE DO
THEM?
THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION
• The practice of religion is restricted more than
the belief as this will affect other people.
THE CONCEPT OF DUNGAN- SPIRIT OR
SOUL
• Early Greek Philosophers, namely Socrates
and Plato (The Republic, 381 BC) have
elevated the position of the soul by saying that
man is soul only.
• The idea of a soul is also central in most
religious. For St. Tomas Aquinas, each living
thing has a soul and that Physical death is not
the end.
• Archeologist have found presence of rituals
existing since 100,000 yrs. Ago, acknowledging
also that all known communities have their
rituals and practices and some form of religion.
According To A Study Done By Sosis, The
Main Benefit Of Religion Promotion Of
Cooperation As An Effective Social Mechanism
(Sosis, 2004).
1. Rituals (patterned behavior) are forms
of communication which signifies
commitment to other members of the
group.
2. It gives assurance that they will not be
free riders.
RELIGION, MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT
o Dwight L. Moody
• For Edward Tylor (1871) magic is not part of
religion as there is no spirit involved.
—
*Among contemporary anthropologist, there is
a tend of including magic under religion.
•
For James Frazer (1890), magic is the
initial step before it becomes a religion,
which then will evolve into science.
*Among contemporary anthropologist, there is
a tend of including magic under religion.
•
Emile Durkheim (1912) on the other
hand, says that religious rituals involve
the community whereas, magic
gravitates on the needs and wants of an
individual only.
• Witchcraft on the other, is a different matter.
It generally refers to individuals who Has a
innate ability to do evil. Witchcraft is generally
associated with immoral and antisocial such as
greed, vengeance, and envy (Stein and Stein,
2011).
FINDING THE MEANING OF LIFE
• Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist who was
imprisoned for three years in a concentration
camp during World War II provides three ways
of discovering the meaning of life.
According To Logotheraphy, We Can
Discover This Meaning In Three Different
Ways,
1. by creating a work or doing a deed;
2. some thing or encountering someone and
3. by the attitude we take toward unavoidable
suffering
“There are many of us that are willing to do
great things for the Lord, but few of us are
willing to do little things.”
The Political Self: THE
FILIPINO CITIZEN
THE POLITICAL SELF
• The political self is an essential part of the
self because it constitutes knowledge about the
Constitution, government, and governance
• The political self exemplifies the ideals and
aspirations of the people; embodies the rules
and principles of the State; and determines the
status and power of the people.
• The political self is developed through
socialization.
• Social interaction may significantly influence a
person’s understanding of politics, and perhaps
a person’s political actions in the future.
• Through social interaction, people learn the
status, duties, rights, and power necessary to
interact successfully with other people in the
group or community.
The Origins of Political Self
• The family has a hierarchical structure, which
requires that each member performs their
roles.
• From an early age, individuals are taught to
obey and treat parents with respect and
conform to their rules.
• This shows that authority is necessary in the
development of the political self and identity,
which is established by the father and mother.
Kinds of Family in the Philippines
1. Nuclear Family – is the traditional type
of family structure — consists of two
parents and children.
2. Single Parent Family – one parent
raising one or more children on his/her
own.
3. Extended Family – family that extends
beyond the nuclear family, consisting of
parents like father, mother, and their
children, aunts, uncles, grandparents,
and cousins, all living in the same
household.
4. Childless Family – couples who either
cannot or choose not to have children.
5. Step Family – also called blended
family, bonus family, or instafamily —
family where at least one parent has
children that are not biologically or
adoptive related to the other spouse.
6. Grand Family – grandparents raising
their grandchildren for a variety of
reasons. The parents are not present in
the child’s life.
Seeking the Filipino identity
1. According to the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, Art 4, Sec 1, these are the
citizens of the Philippines: Those who
are citizens of the Philippines at the time
of the adaptation of this Constitution;
1. Those whose fathers or mothers are
citizens of the Philippines;
2. Those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and
3. Those who are naturalized in
accordance of law
•”Indio” is a Spanish colonial racial term for
the natives born in Philippines. They are
originally as indigenous people in the
Philippines used by the Spaniards. There is a
negative connotations attached to it equivalent
to “Idiot”.
• In searching for this Filipino, it is important to
look back at history and remember that before
the 1880s, the term “Filipino” actually referred
to the people of Spanish parentage born in the
Philippines.
• The Malayan, native born inhabitants of the
Philippine islands were called “indio” or
“indigenta.” This class or group occupied the
lowest level in a highly stratified class society.
Historical background: indio to filipino
• A person of enlightenment and education and
one of the Ilustrados; Has an objective to prove
that Filipinos are not Indios due to race
jealousy.
• He discovered Antonio De Morga’s Book. All
Filipino natives should be called Filipinos.
• “We are Filipinos and we are not indios”
Article 2 Section 5 of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution.
According To This Article, Three Things Should
Be Provided By The Government Before We
Can Enjoy Democracy.
1. Maintenance of peace and order
2. Protection of life, liberty and property
3. Promotion of general welfare
You know you’re a Filipino if…
ORALITY
Filipino Citizenship Vs Me, Family,
Institution, Cultural Citizenship
Oral past where people speak of their
narratives with little to no technological aid.
MULTIPHRENIA
Familial Community
A Typical Good Citizen
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Diligent Taxpayer
Honest Voter
One who follows traffic rules
Defends who cannot defend
themselves
Cares for the Environment
Honors equality between men
and women
Deliberative process
Asserts one’s rights
Movements towards common good. A path
to define a political self.
• “The citizen must be not just free or not just
responsible; the citizen must be free and
responsible” (Diokno, 1997)
Art. 2 Sec. 12
• The participation should not be only through
election but more importantly, in the decision
on how they should continue with their way of
living without destroying their unique culture.
• Justice, fairness, equity and liberty.
Developing a democratic culture
• As suggested by Zialcitta (1997, p39-68) in
order for us to establish a democratic culture,
the following values are necessary:
The idea that countless alternatives to selfexpression neuters identity formation. –
Kenneth Gergen, 1991
REALITY AS ABSTRACTION
• Real-life Reality – Life away from digital
devices and interactions happen on physical
level.
• Simulation – Offers uncanny representations
of real-world aspects, and can also be used for
instructions.
• Augmented Reality – It permits you to
simultaneously interact with both the tangible
world and various digital add-ons for a more
enhanced experience.
• Virtual Reality – A type of abstraction that is
completely detached from real-life reality.
• Hyperreality – More of a state of mind,
inability to distinguish the real from the
otherwise.
THE CYBERSELF
Choose your self-presentations carefully, for
what starts out as a mask may become your
face. – Erving Goffman.
THE DRAMATURGY OF THE SELF
1. Respect for and affirmation of the
individual.
2. Recognition of the inherent dignity of all
human beings.
3. Concern for the public good.
4. Willingness to listen to others.
All the world’s stage, and all the men and
women merely players. They have their exits
and their entrances, and one man in his time
plays many parts.
VIRTUAL SELF
ELEMENTS
-William Shakespeare
1. PERFORMANCE
2.
3.
4.
5.
SETTING
APPEARANCE
MANNER
FRONT
Managing and Caring for the
Self
IDENTITY CRISIS
o ANONYMITY
- As identified by Andrew Wood &
Matthew Smith (2005),
anonymity, is an act of
communicating wherein the
sender does not openly reveal
his/her identity.
o PSEUDONYMITY
- Pseudonymity affords a user with
a “self”, a stylized or refashioned
one.
Learning to be a Better Student: Be The
Best You Can Be
NEURONS – Each neuron communicates with
many other neurons to form circuits and share
information.
METACOGNITION – Thinking about thinking or
the process of considering and regulating one’s
own learning
Two Complementary Processes of
Metacognition
The Disinhibited Self
1. Knowledge of Cognition
o Awareness of factors that influence our
own learning.
o Knowing a collection of strategies to use
for learning
o Choosing the appropriate strategy for
the specific learning situation
The Causes of Online Inhibitions
o Dissociative Anonymity
People don’t know me
o Invisibility
People can’t see me
o Asynchronicity
See you when I see you
o Solipsistic Introjection
It’s all in the mind
o Dissociative Imagination
It’s all a play
o Minimization of the Status and
Authority
Your rules don’t work online
2.
o
o
o
Regulation of Cognition
Setting goals and planning
Monitoring and controlling Learning
Evaluating our own regulation
Metacognitive Strategies
others through modeling, who are
similar to one’s self
3. VERBAL PERSUASION – The more
people verbally encourage one, then the
more likely the person’s self-efficacy will
increase.
4. SOMATIC AND EMOTIONAL STRESS
– When someone is contemplating on
doing something, the emotional state of
the person will also have an influence
on the success or failure of the task
SELF-REGUALTED LEARNING
It is one way to help ourselves learn better and
includes cognitive, metacognitive, behavioral,
motivational, and emotional/affective aspects of
learning
Dweck’s Mindset
• Fixed
• Growth
FIXED A. You would think you have an unlucky
day.
GROWTH B. My friend might be having a
problem.
FIXED C. I will not acknowledge my friend until
he acknowledges me first.
FIXED D. I’m really bad at that subject.
GROWTH E. I have to study harder for that
subject.
FIXED F. My teacher is inconsiderate.
Managing and Caring for the Self Managing
and Caring for the Self by Setting Goals for
Success
“People will only try to do what they think they
can do, and won’t try what they think they can’t
do.” - Bandura, 1997
4 Factors that Influence One’s SelfConfidence and Self-Efficacy by Bandura
1. MASTERY EXPERIENCE – We do it
again and again until we have mastered
it.
2. VICARIOUS EXPERIENCE –
Observation of success and failures of
GROWTH G. I should have made a reminder
to myself to bring the assignment.
Taking Charge of One’s Health: I am in
control
“It’s not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to
it.” - Hans Selye
Reaction – According to James (2016), it is
driven by the beliefs, biases, and prejudices on
the unconscious mind, merely speaking or
acting without much thought and is more
concerned about the now which may he
redrotted after.
Response – It is based on information from
both the conscious mind and unconscious
mind taking into consideration the well-being of
not only you but those around you and its long
term effects.
Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
According to Locke and Latham (1991), there
are five goal setting principles that can improve
our chances of success:
•
•
•
•
•
Clarity
Difficulty
Commitment
Feedback
Task Complexity
Blocks to goal achievement
•
•
•
STRESS
• EUSTRESS (+)
- Good Stress
- Any stressor that motivates an individual
toward an optimal level of performance or
health.
• NEUSTRESS
- Any kind of information or sensory stimulus
that is perceived as unimportant or
inconsequential
- Neither positive nor negative
• DISTRESS (-)
Irrationality
Unwillingness to put forth mental and
physical effort.
Fear
- Unfavorable or negative Interpretation of an
event (real or unimagined) to be threatening
that promotes continued feelings of fear or
anger.
- Commonly known simply as stress
How do you response to stress?
STRESSOR Any real or imagined situation,
circumstance, or stimulus that is perceived to
be a threat (Seaward, 2018)
• Emotional
• Physiological
• Behavioral
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
 Primary Appraisal
- It is the initial evaluation of the
stimulus and categorizing it as
either positive, negative, or
neutral.
 Secondary Appraisal
- It is the evaluation of our
perceived ability to cope with the
situation, that is, the resources
you have to deal with it.
General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)
1. ALARM
2. RESISTANCE
3. EXHAUSTION
COPING refers to the efforts to master, reduce
or tolerate the demands created by stress.
However due to circumstances or influences,
one’s coping strategies may be positive or
negative.
Coping Strategies
• Giving up
Three General Types of Stressors
• Acting Aggressively
CATACLYSMIC EVENTS
Strong stressors
Occur Suddenly
May affect many people simultaneously
Disasters such as tornadoes, plane
crashes
o Natural or man-made calamity
• Indulging yourself
2. PERSONAL STRESSORS
o Major life events
o Death of a parent or spouse, loss of
one’s job, major personal failure
o Even something positive like getting
married.
• Repression
1.
o
o
o
o
• Blaming yourself
• Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
• Projection
• Displacement
• Regression
• Identification
3.
o
o
o
o
o
BACKGROUND STRESSORS
Daily hassles
Minor irritations in life.
Standing in a long line at a bank
Getting stuck in a traffic jam
Long term
Three Broad Categories of Positive Coping
Strategies
• APPRAISAL- FOCUSED STRATEGIES
• PROBLEM-FOCUSED STRATEGIES
• EMOTION-FOCUSED STRATEGIES
OPTIMISM – It is a general tendency to expect
good outcomes
Taking Care of The Self
• Health Literacy
• Self-Awareness
• Physical Activity
• Healthy Eating
• Risk Avoidance, or Mitigation
• Good Hygiene
• Rationality and Responsibility
HARDINESS a disposition marked by
commitment, challenge, and control that is
associated with strong stress resistance.
COPING SELF-EFFICACY a belief that we can
perform the behaviors necessary to cope
successfully