History 9th and 10th grade revision notes Migration push and pull factors - Unit 3 (9th grade) Haussmanisation of Paris - Unit 3 (9th grade) Haussmann's renovation of Paris refers to the extensive modernisation of the city of Paris, France, carried out by the Prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, from 1853 to 1870 during the Second Empire of Napoleon III. The project involved the demolition of much of the city's older, narrow and winding streets and their replacement with wide avenues and boulevards, as well as the creation of parks, squares, and new public buildings, including the Opera Garnier. The renovation aimed to improve transportation, hygiene, and aesthetic of the city, as well as to enhance its beauty and prestige. However, it also had significant social and economic consequences, including the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Parisians, many of whom were forced to move to the outskirts of the city, and the centralisation of wealth and power. Despite its controversial nature, Haussmann's renovation transformed the city of Paris into one of the most beautiful and recognisable cities in the world, and its impact on urban planning and architecture has been widely studied and discussed. Today, the wide boulevards, parks, and iconic buildings that were created during Haussmann's renovation continue to define the character of the city and attract millions of visitors each year. Disenfranchisement - Unit 3 (10th grade) Disenfranchisement refers to the act of depriving a person or group of their legal rights, especially the right to vote . During the 19th century, disenfranchisement was used to restrict the political rights of minority groups in many countries, including African Americans in the United States. Disenfranchisement was also used to limit the political power of certain groups, such as women and immigrants, and to preserve the power of wealthy elites. Today, disenfranchisement is still used in some parts of the world to limit the political power of certain groups, and is seen as a major challenge to democracy and justice. NOTE: Between 1890 and 1910, all Southern states passed laws imposing requirements for voting. These were used to prevent African Americans from voting, in spite of the 15th Amendment, which had been designed to protect African American voting rights. The voting requirements included the ability to read and write, which disqualified many African Americans who had not had access to education; property ownership, which excluded most African Americans, and paying a poll tax, which prevented most Southern African Americans from voting because they could not afford it. Plessy V ferguson - Unit 3 (10th grade) Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case decided in 1896. It dealt with the issue of "separate but equal," a doctrine that allowed racial segregation as long as the separate facilities for each race were equal in quality. The case involved a legal challenge to a Louisiana law that required railroad companies to provide "separate but equal" accommodations for white and black passengers. Homer Plessy , a black man, refused to leave a whites-only rail car and was arrested. He argued that the "separate but equal" doctrine was inherently discriminatory and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, the Supreme Court ruled in a 7-1 decision that "separate but equal" was constitutional, establishing it as the law of the land for the next 58 years. The decision in Plessy v. Ferguson had far-reaching and detrimental effects on the rights of black Americans and solidified the system of segregation and discrimination that existed in the South. It was finally overturned in the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education, which declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. Apartheid Laws - Unit 3 (10th grade) Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s. The apartheid laws were a series of laws and policies that enforced this segregation and disadvantaged the black majority population in South Africa. Some of the key apartheid laws included: The Population Registration Act of 1950, which required all South Africans to be classified and registered as one of four racial categories: white, black, Indian, or coloured. The Group Areas Act of 1950, which designated specific areas for each racial group and forcibly removed people who did not belong to that area. The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953, which allowed for the segregation of public facilities, such as schools, hospitals, and parks. The Bantu Education Act of 1953, which established a separate and inferior education system for black South Africans. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, which prohibited marriages between people of different races. The Pass Laws, which required black South Africans to carry pass books containing information about their employment and residential status, and restricted their movement and rights. These laws and policies of apartheid were widely condemned as unjust and discriminatory, and led to widespread resistance and activism by the black majority population and anti-apartheid activists. The apartheid regime was eventually dismantled in the 1990s, and South Africa held its first democratic elections in 1994, with Nelson Mandela elected as its first black president. Rise of black consciousness - Unit 3 (10th grade) The rise of black consciousness was a key factor in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. It was a political and social movement that sought to promote a positive black identity and reject the dehumanising effects of apartheid. The movement emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s and was largely inspired by the Black Power movement in the United States. One of the main leaders of the black consciousness movement in South Africa was Steve Biko, who founded the Black Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCMA) in 1972. Biko and other black consciousness leaders believed that black South Africans needed to reclaim their dignity and selfrespect, and reject the racist attitudes that had been imposed upon them by the apartheid regime. The black consciousness movement inspired a new generation of black activists, who were eager to challenge the apartheid system and fight for equal rights and justice. The movement emphasised black self-reliance and community-building, and encouraged black South Africans to resist apartheid through non-violent protest and civil disobedience. The rise of black consciousness was a key factor in the eventual downfall of the apartheid regime, as it helped to galvanise the black majority population and spur widespread resistance to the racist policies and laws of the apartheid government. The movement was also influential in shaping the post-apartheid era, as its ideals of black self-reliance and community-building continue to inspire many South Africans today. The Soweto Uprising - Unit 3 (10th grade) The Soweto Uprising was a series of protests and demonstrations by black students in Soweto, South Africa, on June 16, 1976. The protests were sparked by the implementation of a new policy that required all schools to teach in Afrikaans, the language of the white minority, in addition to English. The students believed that this was an attempt by the apartheid government to further marginalise and dehumanise black South Africans, and they saw the protests as a way to stand up for their rights and dignity. The protests began as a peaceful demonstration, with thousands of students marching through the streets of Soweto. However, they quickly turned violent when police opened fire on the protesters, killing and injuring many of the students. The violence sparked a wave of protests and demonstrations across South Africa, and the Soweto Uprising became a turning point in the struggle against apartheid. The Soweto Uprising was significant because it showed the world the brutal nature of the apartheid regime and helped to galvanise international opposition to the system of racial segregation. The uprising also inspired a new generation of black activists and leaders, who continued the fight against apartheid in the years that followed. Today, the Soweto Uprising is remembered as a seminal moment in the struggle for freedom and justice in South Africa, and it continues to inspire people around the world who are fighting for their rights and dignity. Jim Crow Laws - Unit 3 (10th grade) Jim Crow laws were a series of state and local laws in the United States that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans from the late 1800s to the mid-1960s. These laws were named after a black character in minstrel shows, and they were designed to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans and maintain white supremacy. Some of the key Jim Crow laws included: Segregated public facilities: Jim Crow laws mandated segregation in public spaces such as schools, restaurants, and public transportation. Voter suppression: African Americans were effectively disenfranchised through poll taxes, literacy tests, and other discriminatory measures. Job discrimination: African Americans were excluded from certain occupations and faced discrimination in the workplace. Anti-miscegenation laws: These laws prohibited interracial marriages and relationships. Plessy v. Ferguson: In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans, further legitimising Jim Crow segregation. Jim Crow laws had a profound impact on African Americans, limiting their opportunities and perpetuating a culture of racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, led by figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks, challenged Jim Crow laws and eventually led to their repeal in the mid-1960s. Today, the legacy of Jim Crow laws continues to shape race relations in the United States, and efforts to address the ongoing effects of systemic racism are ongoing. Gutenberg Bible The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42-line Bible, is a 14th-century manuscript that is considered one of the most important books in the history of printing. It is named after Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited with inventing the printing press with movable type. The Gutenberg Bible was one of the first books to be printed using the new printing press technology, and it marked a major turning point in the dissemination of knowledge and ideas. Prior to the invention of the printing press, books were produced by hand, which was a slow and expensive process. With the printing press, books could be produced much more quickly and at a lower cost, making them accessible to a wider audience. Today, fewer than 50 copies of the Gutenberg Bible are known to exist, and they are highly sought after by collectors and institutions. Many of these copies are held in museums or libraries, and are considered priceless treasures. What is Renaissance? The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and lasted until the 17th century. The term "Renaissance" means "rebirth" in French and is used to describe the period in which Europe emerged from the Middle Ages and experienced a revival in classical learning, art, architecture, and culture. During the Renaissance, artists, writers, and thinkers broke away from the restrictive cultural norms of the Middle Ages and instead embraced classical learning and the ideals of the ancient Greek and Roman cultures. This led to a flowering of creativity and a new way of thinking about the world. One of the most notable features of the Renaissance was the rediscovery of classical art and literature. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created masterpieces that blended classical techniques with a new naturalism and realism. The Renaissance also saw the development of new scientific ideas and the beginning of the scientific revolution. Overall, the Renaissance marked a major turning point in Western civilization and had a profound impact on art, culture, and ideas that continue to influence the world today. Humanism—worth of Individual Secularism—worldly not religious Reformation The Reformation was a major religious, political, and cultural movement that began in the early 16th century and lasted for several centuries. It was a response to what was perceived as widespread corruption and abuse of power within the Roman Catholic Church, and it led to the establishment of Protestantism and the fragmentation of Western Christianity. The central figure of the Reformation was Martin Luther, a German monk who challenged the practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he famously posted his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany, which criticized the Church's sale of indulgences, among other things. This event is widely considered the start of the Reformation. Luther's ideas were soon taken up by others, including John Calvin, who developed the teachings of the Reformation into the theological system known as Calvinism. The Reformation also led to the establishment of many Protestant denominations, including the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anabaptist traditions. The Reformation had a profound impact on Europe and the world, shaping the political and religious landscape of the continent for centuries to come. It also had a major influence on the development of modern Western culture, and many of its ideas continue to shape the world today. Ayurveda system Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that has been practiced for over 5,000 years. It is a holistic system of medicine that emphasises the balance between mind, body, and spirit to promote health and prevent disease. The fundamental principle of Ayurveda is that the human body is made up of five elements: earth, water, fire, air, and ether. These elements combine to form three doshas or energies, which are responsible for maintaining balance in the body. The three doshas are Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Vata is associated with movement and is responsible for the nervous system, respiration, and circulation. Pitta is associated with metabolism and is responsible for digestion, absorption, and assimilation. Kapha is associated with structure and is responsible for maintaining the body's tissues and fluids. According to Ayurveda, when these doshas are in balance, a person is healthy, but when they are out of balance, disease can occur. The goal of Ayurveda is to restore balance to the doshas through a combination of lifestyle modifications, herbal remedies, and other therapies. Ayurvedic treatments may include massage, yoga, meditation, diet and nutrition, herbal medicines, and detoxification. Ayurveda also places great emphasis on prevention and maintaining good health through proper diet and lifestyle choices. Ayurveda has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of health conditions, including digestive disorders, respiratory problems, arthritis, and anxiety. However, it is important to note that Ayurvedic treatments should be used in conjunction with, not as a replacement for, conventional medical care. Yoga Yoga is a practice that originated in ancient India and has been around for over 5,000 years. It is a holistic practice that combines physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and mindfulness to promote overall health and well-being. Yoga is a Sanskrit word that means "union" or "to yoke" and it is often described as the union of mind, body, and spirit. There are many different styles of yoga, each with its own unique approach and emphasis. Some of the most popular styles include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, and Kundalini. Regardless of the style, all forms of yoga emphasise the importance of connecting breath with movement and being present in the moment. The physical postures or asanas practiced in yoga help to improve flexibility, strength, balance, and coordination. They also help to stimulate the internal organs and improve circulation, which can have a positive impact on overall health. The breathing techniques or pranayama help to calm the mind, reduce stress and anxiety, and increase energy levels. Yoga is also known for its ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress. The practice of yoga can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the body's rest and digest response. This can help to reduce the production of stress hormones, such as cortisol, and promote feelings of calm and relaxation. In addition to the physical and mental benefits, yoga is also a spiritual practice that promotes selfawareness and mindfulness. Through the practice of yoga, individuals can become more connected to their inner selves and develop a greater sense of compassion and empathy for others. Unani Unani medicine is a traditional system of medicine that has its roots in ancient Greece and was developed by the Arab and Persian scholars. The term "Unani" means "Greek" in Arabic, and it is based on the principles of the Greek physician Hippocrates and the Roman physician Galen. The core principles of Unani medicine are based on the belief that the human body is made up of four elements – air, water, earth, and fire – and that health is maintained by the balance of these elements. According to Unani medicine, all diseases are caused by an imbalance of these elements in the body, which leads to a blockage of the flow of energy, or "humours," through the body. The goal of Unani medicine is to restore balance and harmony to the body by using a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, herbal remedies, and other natural therapies. Unani practitioners often use pulse diagnosis, physical examination, and patient history to identify the underlying cause of a patient's illness and develop a personalised treatment plan. Unani medicine emphasises the use of natural remedies, such as herbs, minerals, and animal products, to treat a wide range of health conditions. These remedies are often used in combination to enhance their effectiveness and minimise side effects. Unani medicine also places great emphasis on the prevention of disease through lifestyle modifications, such as proper nutrition, exercise, and stress management. The Unani system also recognises the importance of psychological factors in the development and treatment of disease, and emphasises the role of emotional and mental health in overall well-being. Homeopathy Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine that was developed in Germany over 200 years ago by a physician named Samuel Hahnemann. The principles of homeopathy are based on the idea of "like cures like" – that a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person. Homeopathy is a holistic system of medicine that takes into account a person's physical, emotional, and mental state when treating illness. It is based on the idea that the body has a natural ability to heal itself, and that by stimulating the body's own healing mechanisms, it can be encouraged to overcome illness. Homeopathic remedies are made from natural substances such as plants, minerals, and animal products, and are highly diluted to the point where they contain only trace amounts of the original substance. Homeopathic remedies are believed to work by stimulating the body's own healing mechanisms and restoring balance and harmony to the body. Homeopathic treatment is highly individualised and takes into account a person's unique symptoms, personality, and medical history. A homeopath will typically conduct a detailed consultation with a patient to gather information about their symptoms and overall health, and then prescribe a remedy that matches the person's individual symptoms. Homeopathy has been used to treat a wide range of acute and chronic health conditions, including allergies, asthma, digestive disorders, headaches, skin conditions, and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Critics of homeopathy argue that the highly diluted nature of the remedies means that they are unlikely to have any therapeutic effect, and that any benefits experienced by patients are likely due to the placebo effect. However, proponents of homeopathy argue that the holistic approach and individualised treatment offered by homeopathy can have a positive impact on overall health and wellbeing.
