SESION 2023-24
On
ㅤ PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ON
DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW PRISM
FILLED WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT LIQUIDS
Submitted By -
Submitted To –
NAME :
Mr.D P PANDEY
CLASS : XII 'A'
(PGT Phy)
ROLL NO. :
SIGN.OF SUBJECT TEACHER
SIGN.OF EXAMINER
SIGN.OF PRINCIPAL
CERTIFICATE
THIS
IS TO CERTIFY
XII 'A'
ON
THAT
STUDENTS OF CLASS
HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED HIS PROJECT
:-
"DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION
ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW
PRISM FILLED WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT
LIQUIDS "
UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF
(PGT PHYSICS)
MR.D P PANDEY
DURING THE YEAR
2023-24
PRACTICAL FULLFILLMENT OF CHEMISTRY BY
NEW DELHI
SIGN. OF TEACHER
IN
CBSE ,
.
SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER
SIGN.OF PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We Would like to Thank my Physics
teacher Mr.D P Pandey for extending his
valuable and scholarly guidance throughout
the preparation of this project.
We wish to extend our sincere thanks to
Mr.Diwakar Singh, Principal ,K V BHU for
his continuous motivation and moral
support for completing the work .
We would also like to thank everyone who
helped us in completing the project.
SIGN. OF TEACHER
SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER
CONTENTS
⇒ AIM
⇒ APPARATUS REQUIRED
⇒ THEORY
⇒ PROCEDURE
⇒ OBSERVATIONS
⇒ CALCULATIONS
⇒ RESULT
⇒ PRECAUTIONS
⇒ BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
"TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE
ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE , USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED
ONE BY ONE ,WITH DIFFERENT
TRANSPARENT FLUIDS ."
APPARATUS REQUIRED
► Drawing Board & white sheet of paper
► Hollow prism
► Different liquids ( water, oil , spirit , hcl )
► Drawing pins , Pencil , Thumb pins
► Graph paper
► Half meter scale
► A protector
INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that refract light. The exact angles between
the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional
geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a
triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use
"prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical
prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms
can be made from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials
include glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to
break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of
the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to
split light into components with different polarizations.
THEORY
Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for
example, from air into the glass of the prism). This speed change
causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at a
different angle (Huygens principle). The degree of bending of the
light's path depends on the angle that the incident beam of light
makes with the surface, and on the ratio between the refractive
indices of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many
materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or color of the
light used, a phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes light of
different colors to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at
different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be
used to separate a beam of white light into its constituent spectrum
of colors. Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger
frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making them useful
for broad-spectrum spectroscopy. Furthermore, prisms do not suffer
from complications arising from overlapping spectral orders, which
all gratings have. Prisms are sometimes used for the internal
reflection at the surfaces rather than for dispersion. If light inside the
prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently steep angle, total
internal reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This makes a
prism a useful substitute for
a mirror in some situations.
REFRACTION : The phenomena of bending of light from
its straight line path on the surface of separation of two
optical media is known as refraction of lights.
refractive index : It is defined as the ratio of velocity
of light in vacuum of that in any medium .
Angle of incidence : The angle between the incident
ray and the normal.
angle of deviation : The angle between the incident
ray and the emergent ray .
minimum angle of deviation : The angle of
‎‎‎‎‎
incidence where the angle of deviation in a prism is ‎ ‎
minimum is called the minimum deviation position of the
prism and that very deviation angle is known as the
minimum angle of deviation (denoted by δmin, Dλ, or Dm).
Dispersion : The phenomena of splitting of white light
into its constituents colors when light ray passes through
a prism .
EXPERIMENT
AIM :
To Investigate The Dependence Of The Angle Of Deviation On
The Angle Of Incidence , Using A Hollow Prism Filled One By One ,With
Different Transparent Fluids .
MATERIAL REQUIRED :
 Drawing sheet & Board
 Board pins
 A hollow glass prism
 Different transparent liquid
PROCEDURE :
1.The sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with drawing
pins .
2.The prism filled with liquids was placed on the paper and its
boundary ABC was traced.
3. A point O was marked on one of the refracting surface and a
normal was drawn to the surface at that point .
4. A straight line PQ was drawn corresponding to the incident ray
drawn at a suitable angle with the normal .
5. Two points P and Q was fixed about 5cm apart on the incident ray
and its image was viewed with one eye closed from that side AC
of the prism. Two pins R and S was fixed such that the tips of these
pins and the tips of image of the incident ray pin P, Q lied in the
same straight line.
6.The pinpricks on the paper were encircled.
7.The pins P and Q were removed and also encircle their pinpricks.
8.Points S and R was joined and produced backward to meet the
incident ray PQ produced. Thus RS is the emergent ray corresponding
to the incident ray PQ. Arrowheads were drawn to show the direction
of the rays.The angle of deviation and prism were measured with the
help of protector.
9. The above steps were repeated for different angles of incidence.
10.The experiment with different liquids were repeated.
CALCULATIONS:
WORKING FORMULA =
μ = sin (A+Dm) / 2
sin (A/2)
Where ,
A = Angle of Prism
Dm = Minimum angle of deviation
μ = refractive index of medium
Angle of Prism
A
OBSERVATIONS :
1. material : Coconut Oil
Serial no .
Angle
of
Incidence
Angle
of
Deviation
01
30°
34°
02
35°
30°
03
40°
34°
04
45°
37°
05
50°
39°
EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.40
CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.43
2.
SERIAL
NO.
MATERIAL : KEROSINE
ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
01
30°
37°
02
35°
36°
03
40°
35°
04
45°
34°
05
50°
36°
EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.46
CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.44
3.
MATERIAL : GLYCERINE
SERIAL NO.
ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
01
30°
37°
02
35°
36°
03
40°
35°
04
45°
34°
05
50°
36°
EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.46
CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.44
RESULTS
THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION FIRST
DECREASES WITH INCREASE IN
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE , ATTAINS A
MINIMUM VALUE AND THEN
INCREASES WITH FURTHER
INCREASE IN ANGLE OF INCIDENCE.
~ THANK YOU