LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS 01
Solar photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a material that converts solar radiation into direct
current electricity. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacture of solar cells and
photovoltaic arrays has advanced dramatically in recent years. Photovoltaics, which use materials like amorphous
silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide, are
best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into
electricity. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light, which can be used to power equipment or to
recharge a battery. The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light knocking electrons into a higher state of energy
to create electricity. The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current
through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are sometype of
photodiode. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but
today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is
required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid power for remote dwellings, boats,
recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of
pipelines.
Photovoltaic production has been doubling every 2 years, increasing by an average of 48 percent each year
since 2002, making it the world’s fastest-growing energy technology. At the end of 2008, the cumulative global PV
installations reached 15,200 megawatts. Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists of grid-tied electrical
systems. Such installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built
into the roof or walls of a building, known as Building Integrated Photovoltaics or BIPV for short. Solar PV power
stations today have capacities ranging from 10-60 MW although proposed solar PV power stations will have a
capacity of 150 MW or more. Driven by advanced in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and
sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured. Next
metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported
solar PV installations in many countries.
1. What is the main point of the passage?
A. Photovoltaic is the best energy
B. Photovoltaic is used for telephone
C. Solar photovoltaic is raised from the sun
D. The production of photovoltaic is increasing
E. Alternative materials can be used for photovoltaic
2. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Off-grid power is for protecting pipelines
B. Off-grid power is for mobile telephone
C. Off-grid power is used for electric cars
D. Off-grid power remote dwelling and sensing
E. Off-grid power is for recreational equipment
3. Which of the following most probably the subject of the following passage?
A. The production of photovoltaic
B. The technology of photovoltaic
C. The installation of photovoltaic
D. The application of photovoltaic
E. The feed-in tariffs for photovoltaic
4. The word ‘arrays’ in line 1 could be replaced by …
A. Pieces
B. Unities
C. Valleys
D. Quantities
E. Arrangements
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared
to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect
comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have
two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000-4500 K (2727-4227 C), the contrast with the
surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated
black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot
were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and
contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the
larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (‘proper motions’)
of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation
are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s
convective zone that get ‘wound up’ by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they
curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy
flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.
5. What is the passage about?
A. The photosphere of sun
B. The position of sunspot
C. The existence of sunspot
D. The movement of sunspot
E. The temperature of sunspot
6. What most likely motivates the readers in reading the passage?
A. The readers like physics
B. The readers like astrology
C. The readers like astronomy
D. The readers like geography
E. The readers like photography
7. With the sentence ‘Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research’ the writer intends to
….
A. Describe sunspot in general
B. Give details of the causes of sunspot
C. Explain the possibility of new data of sunspot
D. Compare the theories of sunspot generation
E. Confirm the importance of scientists carrying out the research
8. What is the author’s attitude toward the topic of the passage?
A. Satiric
B. Worried
C. Optimistic
D. Informative
E. Threatening