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Heimler APWH Unit 1 Notes
AP World History (Kemp H S)
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1.
Describe the Song
State Structure
They built on the innovations of the Tang Dynasty
and the song emperor would build a structure that
would last over a thousand years. The state structure was divided into six departments (personnel,
finance, rites, army, justice and public works). The
censor was overseeing all of the departments and
to make sure no one was behaving rude in the
bureaucratic department.
2.
Describe Confucianism during the Song
Dynasty
It was a great continuity in Chinese culture but
according to Confucian, he thought he understood
reality as fundamentally hierarchical. Everyone had
their place in society and it only worked if people
played according to their role. People were subject
to rulers, women subject to husbands, children subject to fathers.
3.
Describe the Civil Ser- It was a test you needed to pass so you could work
vice Examination Sys- in the imperial bureaucracy but a big part of the
tem.
exam was being well versed in Confucian ideals.
The implementation in expansion of that exam could
shift power from a hereditary form of aristocracy to
a new class of scholar leaders.
4.
Describe Chinese
merchants' role during this time.
5.
Describe the increase The iron production in 1200 was against Europe's
in iron production dur- iron production in 18th century (1700's). But by the
ing this time.
11th century (1000), China's iron industry according
to their meticulous records was making 32,000 suits
of armor and 16mil arrowheads annually since the
Chinese commerce was expanding rapidly.
They participated heavily in the robust system of
long-distance trade across afro-eurasia. They carried goods to be bought and sold in mass (result of
trade was an increasingly commercialized Chinese
society, had goods not only be bought for personal
use but for sale in markets).
6.
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How did money
change during the
Song Dynasty?
It changed the role of money because as the economy grew, there wasn't enough metal for minting
coins to keep up with demand (which led to introducing paper money). Paper money soon became
more popular than the coins
7.
Explain the impact of Some alchemists who were trying to discover the
gunpowder in China elixir of immortality accidentally had it blow up and
knew they made something. It was first used as fireworks for the imperial court but then military leaders
thought they could use it to blow people up. They
used it to blow up a lot of people.
8.
How was Japan influ- They were always contending with the growing inenced by China?
fluence of chinese culture and the japanese worked
hard to have their own identity so they wouldn't be
taken over by chinese culture. An example is the
architecture in their capital city's (much influence
was in china and japan's capitals).
9.
Explain the influence The influence of Buddhism in China is it was a major
of Buddhism in China. religion along China's trade path highway sort of
Include Mahayana and thing. But along the trade routes, there was a vietTheravada.
namese form of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism. It was a religion that has many deities, relics,
multiple Heavens and Hells. As merchants carried
this form of Buddhism into China, many people converted.
10. Explain, with details, What made China a wealthy country is their huge
what made China a
population, their strong agricultural base, their inwealthy country.
novations and manufacturing made song a very
wealthy empire in China.
11. Explain, with details, What unified China was their common language,
what unified China.
their Confucian ideals and their culture with deep
roots made them unified.
12. Names of dynasties in Song and Tang
this era
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13. What are "tradition- Hierarchies and behaving according to your place in
al methods of Confu- the system (obeying higher power)
cianism?"
14. How did Chinese dy- You had to take a test and know the Confucian ideals
nasties use an imbut you also had to behave or the censorate would
perial bureaucracy to have you "flushed"
maintain and justify
their rule?
15. What are the core beliefs of Buddhism and
how did Buddhism
shape Chinese society?
Some core beliefs of Buddhism are believing in
deities, heavens, hells, and relics; there were the
three universal truths, the four noble truths, and the
noble eight path fold. It shaped chinese society by
introducing daoism and new schools.
16. How did Chinese dy- They had the social system and the civil exam thing
nasties use tradition- where it versed the Confucian ideals and could shift
al methods of Conpower from hierarchical to aristocracy
fucianism to maintain
and justify their rule?
17. How and when did
Buddhism reach China? Which branch
was it?
Buddhism reached China through the trade route
highway from India. If you're referring to what branch
was Buddhism, it was Mahayana but if it's from the
trade routes then it's from india.
18. Identify 2 technological innovations which
helped the economy flourish under the
Song dynasty AND explain how they did?
1.) Paper money, it became more popular than minted coins, it saved iron and weighed less. More money by just a piece of paper
2.) Gunpowder, it was used for fireworks but also
bought for war by military leaders because they
used it to blow people up or in guns
19. What is Dar Al-Islam? Dar Al-Islam means everywhere Islam is.
20.
It was big and powerful, united by the Arabic language and Islamic traditions. The politics of it all was
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Explain the backit was fragile and breaking down but the religion was
ground of the Abbasid still doing pretty good. But as the power of the AbCaliphate.
basid Caliphate started to wane, politics flourished
in other parts of the world.
21. How political Islam encountered other cultures and how
they responded: India
(comparison of Islam
and Hinduism)
Since Islam is monothestic and Hinduism is polythestic, Islam was against presenting images of Allah and Hindus had imagery of their gods everywhere. Muhammad wanted social equality of all
muslims and Hinduism had a caste system
22. How political Islam encountered other cultures and how
they responded: India
(sufis)
They embraced Islam more emotionally and ecstatic
and it became a more popular form of Islam. Sufi
holy men were willing to accommodate Hindu gods
and religious festivals.
23. How political IsA small population of Hindu's but most of the Indilam encountered oth- ans who converted were disillusioned Buddhists or
er cultures and how those who belonged to the lowest caste
they responded: India
(who converted)
24. How political IsIt spread by commercial enterprises of travelling
lam encountered oth- merchants, not by military conquest
er cultures and how
they responded: West
India (how it spread)
25. How political Ispeople in west africa voluntarily and on a peaceful
lam encountered oth- basis
er cultures and how
they responded: West
India (who converted
to Islam):
26. What economic, cultural, and innovative
technology did the
Muslims influenced by the teaching of Muhammad
thought highly of merchants and commercial activity.
Some muslims were some of the most dominant
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Muslims bring to new players in the afro-eurasian trade network and they
cultures? (economic): sold and bought a lot. They invented new forms of
banking (granting credit and writing business contracts)
27. What economic, cultural, and innovative
technology did the
Muslims bring to new
cultures? (cultural):
Muslims were very good when it came to translating
works of greek philosophy and natural science into
arabic. They also translated medical texts, scientific and philosophical texts so they preserved these
ideas and expanded on them
28. What economic, cultural, and innovative
technology did the
Muslims bring to new
cultures? (technological):
Muslims made improvements on rockets (they got
it from the Chinese) by improving gunpowder. They
also advanced paper-making and they could tighten
their grips on people's lives for writing down things
to be held accountable for
29. What can we say
about the size of
Africa and why does
that matter?
The size of Africa is bigger than it appears into maps
but you can fit India, China, and the US into Africa.
It matters because it's so big, it would be a mistake
to just focus on egypt but it's so much land people
would love to take over
30. Mansa Musa rose to <- remember this
power in 1324 which
came after the Mali
Empire, but before the
Hajj Empire. Mansa
Musa needed to go on
the trip as he was a
king
31. As Mansa Musa traveled he caused some
problems for the
places he went - what
were those problems,
how did he contribute
Some problems he caused for the places he went
were in Alexandria, he spent so much gold that
he caused runaway inflammation that took years to
recover from. It was really bad if it took years to
recover from his splurge. Venice merchants saw him
in Alexandria and returned to Italy and made myths
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to them, and how bad about how wealthy he was that people thought West
was it really?
Africa was a land of gold.
32. Mansa Musa also had Since he was so wealthy and rich and would spend
an impact on Europe, his money and gold on anything, the places he
what was it?
visited would have the people think the place had
riches and stuff in it so rumors would be spread and
West Africa was thought of as an El Dorado which
affected West Africa and people would want to go
there for money which wasn't even there.
33. How did the empires Berbers traded for a while with West Africans and
of West Africa come to the berbers offered them salt in exchange for gold.
convert to Islam?
Berbers were Islam and through the trade routes,
Islam began to spread to traders and eventually,
traders spread Islam to the rulers/kings.
34. Why would merchants
(and eventually kings
and other elites) want
to convert to Islam?
Merchants would want to convert to Islam because
they benefited from having a religious and commercial connection to their trading partners in the North
and the rest of the Mediterranean. The kings and
other elites would want to convert to Islam because
sharing the religion would make them closer with
the other kingdoms in the north and the east. There
could also be access to scholars and administrators
who could help them with their power.
35. What do the writings
of Ibn Battuta show
us about cross-cultural interactions?
His writings show us cross-cultural interactions was
he went to Mali to Constantinople to India to Russia
to Indonesia and he was treated like a king even
though he wasn't from those places and still thought
of women higher than men and wrote a book called
the Rihla which is still popular today.
36. What linked the peo- Swahili language is called Bantu and the original
ples of East Africa? speakers were from West Africa. When they mi(language):
grated to East Africa, they changed the linguistic
traditions, ironwork and agriculture.
37.
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What linked the peo- For a long time, historians thought East African
ples of East Africa? cities were started by Arab or Persian traders but
(trade):
Swahili cities were there before Islam and trade was
going on since first century CE. When Arab traders
arrived, they were looking for goods that could be
traded in the Indian Ocean and those merchants
brought Islam with them which was like West Africa
that was adopted by the elites who wanted those
connections. Most goods exported were raw materials, slaves, gold, and luxury goods.
38. What linked the peo- Just like West Africa, East Africa brought on Islam
ples of East Africa? for the religious and commercial connections
(religion)
39. Identify 2 Islamic beliefs and explain how
each led to cultural or
technological innovations
1. Since Islams thought highly of merchants, it led to
the trade and spread of Islam religion
2. With Islam wanting equality for everyone, Hindus
who had the caste system wanted that and with it
being a rather more popular religion, Hindus and
Indians started to slowly convert
40. Describe 2 ways Islam
spread to North India
(use Turkish and Delhi
Sultanate in 1 of your
descriptions)
1. Turkish Invaders from the Delhi Sultanate wanted
people to convert to Islam in Northern India and
brought it there but it wasn't becoming much of a
success
2. Through the trade routes from West Africa and
people started to convert to Islam due to the impact
of the trade routes
41. Describe 2 ways Muslim States and Empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers
1. Being Islam meant that you could have an upper hand with marketing and this helped make new
forms of banking and writing business contracts
2. If you were Islam, a king would be connected
to more kingdoms and this helped getting more
schools in and an education for people (since Muslims were able to translate Chinas works and Greek
works)
42.
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State Building in
South Asia (India):
Since Muslims ruled India during this time and Buddhism was a huge player, Hindu kingdoms still had
a lot of influence. Bu when muslims tried to establish
the Delhi Sultanate in India, they really couldn't get
everyone to convert to Islam. So the two brothers
who tried to convert everyone, went down to South
India and they were among hindus who converted
to Islam to they converted for power and social mobility. When they left the Sultanate, they converted
back to Hinduism and they made a new kingdom
(Vijayanagara Empire)
43. Hindu Religious Belief The Atman seeks moksha to become one with the
(Samsara):
material world and escape Brahman but this all depends on your karma. The hindu conception of a
cycle of life and death or being reincarnated. Your
soul basically wants to escape being reincarnated
and leave this world to be with Brahman, a divine
being. Although all of this would depend on your
karma, how good you've been in life
44. Hindu Religious Beliefs (Atman):
Your soul, the thing that lives inside each person
45. Hindu Religious Belief Escape from the cycle of being reincarnated
(Moksha):
46. Hindu Belief (Brahman)
Divine being that under-girds all of reality
47. Hindu Religious Belief If you were good in life, you have good karma and
(Karma):
you'll be closer to moksha but if that was the opposite than you were farther from moksha
48. Bhakti Movement:
Bhaktis were Hindu believers who emphasized the
emotional side of devotion or the devotion to one
god within the pantheon of the Hindu gods. They
basically were just trying to say in the 12th century
"you should be devoted to one god and not all of
them".
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49. Caste System
Hierarchical structure of society that divided people
into five groups and each one was better than the
one underneath it. The only way to move a group
higher was to have good karma but you wouldn't
know until you died. Whatever caste you were born
into is the one you would stay in but if you were
reincarnated, you could be in a higher caste or lower.
This system led to remarkable cultural continuity.
50. Intellectual Influence Indians share intellectual capital with people from
the Middle East. Arabs built advances in astronomy
that were begun by indians and they translated work
through algebra and geometry then spread them
throughout Dar al-islam. In Southeast Asia, they
were filled with Hindus and Buddhists (which were
from the merchants doing). The population could
rule over sea based trade routes which led to several
kingdoms emerging (like the Majapahit and Khmer
empire and them ruling over the sea trade routes
eventually led to islam in SE Asia too).
51. State Building in SE
Asia: Majapahit Empire
In 1293, Majapahit was based on java island and it
controlled sea routes which made it possible to sustain wealth and power (these peeps were buddhists)
52. State Building in SE
Asia: Khmer Empire
From 802-1431, Khmer flourished due to irrigation
and drainage systems (to and from Mekong river).
This technology led to huge agricultural advances
and prosperity (these peeps were hindu but then
converted to buddhism)
53. Describe how Sufiism It started the Bhakti movement since sufism is about
influenced South and the divine love and personal experience with God,
SE Asia
Bhakti's wanted people to have a connection with
just one god and in the 12th century, they started a
movement
54.
1.) Buddhist: Turkey, 2.) Hindu: India
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Identify one Buddhist
and one Hindu state in
S and SE Asia
55. State Building in
North America (Mississippian Culture
(Cahokia):
Built huge monumental mounds for religious ceremonies and for elite presidential purposes. Cahokia
had a rigid class system (similar to Hindu caste
system). Each town had a ruler called the great
son (underneath his were priests/nobles, farmers,
hunters, merchants, and artisans. Around 1450, the
entire settlement was abandoned for no known reason.
56. State Building in
South America (Chaco and Mesa Verde
Civ)
Lived in arid and treeless portions of fair land so they
didn't have wood to build their homes but they built
their homes on the sides of cliffs and using bricks.
Both civilizations thrived for a while until 1300 when
the climate got drier and they both went extinct.
57. State Building in
Central America
(Aztecs/Mexica):
1325, they found a gargantuan capital city (Tenochtitlan) which was a magnificent city with their market
places and ziggurats. Europeans set eyes on the
city when the Spainards saw the cities and villages
built in water, other towns were on dry land built of
masonry.
58. State Building in Cen- Aztecs took over a lot of Mesoamerica and with this
tral America (Tribute system. It was administered by a local governor and
System):
the tribute had people pay to the empire for their privilege of remaining conquered. They collected land,
money, military service, goods and services which
allowed the Aztecs to exercise political dominance
without being directly involved
59. State Building in
Each network was led by a chief and then the groups
Africa (Kin Based Net- of villages were geographically clustered then conworks):
nected into loose federation's. The chief from that
regional federation formed councils to solve that
region's issues
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60. State Building in
Africa (Hausa Kingdom)
A little before 1000, the house of ethnic groups
formed seven states that were connected by kinship
ties so the states had no central authority but each
state specialized. (ex: states that were in the plains
so they became agriculturalists). Hausa kingdom
benefited tremendously from trans-saharan trade
network which made the kingdom by 1300 largely
muslim. Hausa represented what the rest of the
hausa kingdoms were like in sub-saharan africa
61. What happened when It fell in 476 but the empire itself continued for anRome fell?
other thousand years under the Byzantine empire.It
became divided into tribal kingdoms that were constantly at war with one another.
62. Describe Europe between 476 and 1,000
(Feudalism):
A system of mutual obligations that exist between
the classes. There's four sections, on top is the
King. The king grants land to the next section down
which is the noble/lords since they grant the king
service. After the lord, it's the knights so they can
protect their land. After that, it's the peasants/serfs
for working on the land.
63. Describe Europe between 476 and 1,000
(Dark Ages):
Span of years for most awful circumstances on the
serfs. Trade declined, people's standard of living
declined, intellectual life declined
64. Describe Europe between 476 and 1,000
(High Middle Ages):
1000-1450 the sun rose again and so did the rise of
powerful monarchs. Kings could consolidate more
land and more power which means power shifted
from the feudal lords to the kings. The kings could
establish either powerful bureaucracies that could
carry out their will or they conscripted metric but
loads of armies but by 13th cen, power shifted back
to the nobles.
65. Describe Europe between 476 and 1,000
(Magna Carta):
Transfer of power back to the noble classes in 1215.
It was a document largely pushed by the noble class
to officially guarantee rights to the nobles (ex: right to
trial, to free all citizens, to own and inherit property)
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66. Roman Catholic
Church and its
Importance During
476-1000L
The catholic church established the first universities
of Europe and most of the philosophers and educators were religious men, artists were heavily inspired
by Christian themes but they did this to provide
visual education to the peasants who couldn't read.
Monarchs had a power struggle between the church
and the state but Roman Catholic Churches were
settled in providing cultural intellectual unity
67. 476-1000 Crusades: Started in the 12th century, the Pope and bishops
Economic and Social wanted Christians to take Jerusalem back from the
Change
Muslims and if you did, you'd get into Heaven easier
than before. In 13th century, Marco Polo explored
China at the court of Kubla Khan and he wrote his
travels and it gave Europeans an imagination to the
exotic culture and wealth of far east (led to innovations in map making, cartography) which resulted in
a rise of a new economic class (middle class)
68. 476-1000 Little Ice Age Temperatures falling led to a decrease in agriculture
:
and productivity which led to the population declining therefore less trade and then a sinking economy
69. 476-1000 Renaissance:
Renaissance stands for rebirth which was the rebirth ancient greek and roman art, culture and literature
70. The Crusades were a <- remember this
series of military expeditions from parts
of Europe to the
Eastern coast of the
Mediterranean.
71. The first official Cru- <- remember this
sade began with a
call to arms from
Pope Urban ll in 1095
CE. He wanted to
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unite Europe by creating a common enemy; he called upon
the knights and nobility of Europe to aid the
Byzantines and help
liberate Jerusalem.
72. What was the reasoning/motivation for
those who took part in
the First Crusade?
It was to shift the focus to Jerusalem and because
the crusades were not military operations, they were
pilgrimages to help you get out on the front into
heaven basically.
73. What was the outThey fought against Fatimid Egyptians and took
come of the First Cru- Jerusalem, secured it for Christendom and killed a
sade?
lot of people in the al-Asqa mosque
74. By 1100CE, European <- remember this
nobles held both Antioch and Jerusalem as
Latin Christian kingdoms.
75. Was the Second
It wasn't successful at all. They lost in Anatolia and
Crusade successful? at Damascus and didn't make any progress in the
(you will need to
holy land.
pause at 6:21 to read
the text box to be able
to answer this)
76. The Third Crusade
<- remember this
was a European response to a new
Islamic power lead
by Sultan al- Malik
al-Nasir Salah ed-Din
Yusuf, better known
as Saladin.
77.
<- remember this
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The three kings in Europe who answered
Pope Gregory VIII's
call for a Third Crusade were Philip
"cowardly schemer"
the Second of France,
Richard "Lionheart" I
of England, and Frederick "I am going to
drown anticlimactically on the journey while
trying to bathe in a river" Barbarossa of the
not-holy, not-roman.
78. Although the Crusaders didn't re-take
Jerusalem, how did
the Third Crusade
change the Crusades?
It made Egypt a target forever
79. The Fourth Crusade That Christian holy warriors took all the wealth they
could find, killed and raped Christians as they went
is known as the
"crazy one" as John in Constantinople I think
Green labels it. After watching/listening
to "Thought Bubble",
what aspect of the
Crusade did you find
most disturbing?
80. Venice is a city made <- remember this
up of hundreds of islands at the northern
tip of the Adriatic.
81. What were the Venetians famous for?
Ocean-going trade and shipbuilding
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82. What types of products did Venice tend
to import?
A lot of grain
83. What type did they
produce?
Textiles and glass
84. Venice was unusual The leaders have to be elected and had to answer
in this time period in to the populace. The leader was the doge and both
that it was a Republic. him and the Sultan got to live in nice houses
What are the characteristics of being a Republic?
85. Venice's primary
<- remember this
trade partner, the Ottoman Empire, was a
Latinization
86. The Ottomans were <- remember this
greatest in the
15th and 16th centuries under the
two famous Sultans
Mehmed the Conqueror and Suleiman
the Magnificent.
87. The Ottomans, as a
means of governing,
created a new ruling
class called the Slave
Aristocracy. What are
the characteristics of
this government?
If you were a king, one of your main problems is
the hereditary nobles but you can deal with them
by making them apart of the government or killing
them.
88. What agreement did
the Venetians and
the Ottoman Empire
The ottomans were ok with letting the venetians
trade and carry goods and they just made their
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reach regarding naval money from taxes. Both Venice and the Ottomans
trade?
added value to each other.
89. How did this relationship help Venice becoming a leading city
at the beginning of
the European Renaissance?
The art and learning required money and it established firm connections between Europe and the
Islamic world that allowed ideas to flow again like
olg Greek
90. What does it mean to They all had different political systems
say Europe was politically fragmented?
91. Define feudalism
A system of mutual obligations that exist between
the four classes (king, lord, knight, sufi)
92. Define manorial sys- Legal and economic power belonged to the lord of
tem
the manor, who was supported economically from
his land and from contributions from the peasant
population under his authority.
93. Define serfdom
Being a serf or feudal laborer (forced to work on a
land plot)
94. Compare Song DyThe song dynasty held power over China and the
nasty in China and the Abbasid Caliphate. During this time, it was conAbbasid Caliphate
sidered China's golden age (extension of Tang dynasty's g.a.) but part of this golden age was its technology (gunpowder), it improved the Grand Canal
(boosted trade in different regions), and introduction
of Champa rice. Population began to rise and so
did cultural progress (revival of Confucianism and
civil service examination). The Abbasid Caliphate
was falling apart and fractured by invaders but new
muslim states occured (India, Sultanate of Delhi,
Mamluk Sultanate). Overall, the Song Dynasty was
flourishing and the Abbasid Caliphate was dying.
95.
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Compare Vijayanagara Empire and the
Chola Kingdom
Both kingdoms built their states and expanded their
influence by means of trade.
96. Compare Mali Empire Ghana preceded Mali and the rulers of Mali built
and Ghana
their state by centralizing their power to a much
greater extent than their predecessors. They gained
a tremendous amount of wealth by Mansa Musa.
97. Compare Aztec Em- The Aztecs built a great empire by ruling remotely.
pire and Incan Empire They built it by a tribute system (pay for being conquered over by goods or service). In order to build
the Incan empire, they used the Mita system (had
citizens compelled into mandatory public service)
98. Compare Europeans
The Europeans were locked into a regional system
of state building (feudalism). Over this period, feudal
lords lost quite a bit of power due to the rise of a
more powerful centralized monarch
99. Religion and its Role A system of shared beliefs and language (Arabic)
in State Building (Is- and unite the regions throughout afro-eurasia
lam)
100. Religion and its Role Huge factor in flourishing song china. Dynasty rulers
in State Building
used confucianism to justify their rule over the peo(Confucianism)
ple and all bureaucratic workers had to pass a civil
service exam (strictly confucian)
101. Religion and its Role Rulers in South Asia and Southeast Asia relied on
in State Building (Hin- Hinduism and Buddhism to solidify power (especialduism/Buddhism)
ly Hinduism teachings of the caste system)
102. Religion and its Role While European states were weak, Catholic church
in State Building (Ro- provided a way of keep an organized society apart
man Catholic)
from the state but during this, some powerful political states emerged in France and the Holy Roman
Empire which made the church and states struggle
for power
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AP test U1
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103. Why did conversions
occur in religion and
its role in state building
It weakened more indigenous religions and in the
military, they invaded places and used it to convert more people to their religion and if you didn't
convert, you had to pay a tax for not being that
religion but converting allows greater opportunities
in government or business.
104. Technological Exchanges (Champa
rice)
It helped feed the chinese population and allowed
them to grow
105. Technological Exhelped with a huge spike in literacy rates in Europe,
changes (Manufactur- Southwest Asia and North Africa. Since literacy
ing of Paper)
rates improved, so did learning (fields like medicine
and mathematics) (House of Wisdom in Baghdad
during Abbasid dynasty)
106. Technological Exchanges (House of
Wisdom)
Great place for studying of translation of great European and Asian works
107. Technological ExPastoral people from Central Asain steppe and ruled
changes (Importance over a huge Empire stretching across afro-eurasia.
of Nomadic people) Since the empire was growing so fast, it provided
a healthy measure of political stability and safety, and the result of stability was increased trade
from Silk roads. This also increased cross-cultural
interactions but overall there was a huge transfer
of technology and culture and that influence began
to wane when more organized groups of merchants
and traders arose the role of nomadic peoples began to diminish
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