EEO: Electrical Engineering Orientation
UNIT 3: Fundamentals of
Electrical Engineering
Prepared by: Engr. Cristen Kate T. Celestial, REE
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
02
PHENOMENON OF ELECTRICITY
03
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES
AND PROPERTIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
❑
About 600 BCE, Thales of Miletus,
a Greek philosopher and
mathematician, documented what
eventually became known as static
electricity.
He rubbed amber (mineral) with
cat fur, and it attracted small
pieces of straw and wood
shavings.
Amber is a Greek term which
means elektron.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
About 1600, William Gilbert, an
English scientist, released his
principal work De Magnete or “On
the Magnet” wherein he discovered
laws of attraction and repulsion
between magnets.
He coined the term electricity,
which is derived from the Latin
term electricus, originally means
“of amber” or “to produce from
amber by friction”.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
In 1663, Otto von Guericke, a German scientist, built the first electric
generator, which produced static electricity by applying friction in the
machine.
It was constructed of a ball of sulfur, rotated by a crank with one hand
and rubbed with the other.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
❑
In 1729, Stephen Gray, a British chemist, is credited with discovering
that electricity can flow (electrical conduction).
He found that corks stuck in the ends of glass tubes become
electrified when the tubes are rubbed.
He also distinguished between materials that were conductors and
nonconductors.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
In 1752, Benjamin Franklin, an American inventor and statesman,
conducted his famous kite experiment. He took a kite out during a
storm to see if a key attached to the string would draw an electrical
charge.
He also suggested the existence
of an electrical fluid and
surmised that an electric charge
was made up of two types of
electric forces, an attractive
force and a repulsive force which
are named positive and negative.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian anatomy professor, observed that a
discharge of static electricity made a dead frog’s leg twitch.
He announced that the contact of two different metals with the leg
muscles of a skinned frog resulted in the generation of an electric
current that caused the leg to twitch. Galvani interpreted that as a new
form of electricity found in living tissue, which he called “animal
electricity.”
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
In 1792, Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist,
expanded Galvani’s findings and built the voltaic
pile, the first electric cell or battery.
Volta experimented with various metals and
electrolytes, eventually producing the voltaic pile.
The pile consisted of a series of discs of zinc and
copper (later other metals were used) arranged
vertically and separated by pieces of cloth or
cardboard soaked in an acid or salt solution.
Glass rods provided support to the discs, the
number of which Volta varied to produce
stronger or weaker charges.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted, a
Danish physicist, discovered that
a magnetic field surrounds a
current-carrying
wire,
by
observing that electrical currents
affected the needle on a
compass.
He discovered that moving
electric charges (current) induces
a magnetic field perpendicular to
the flow of current.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
Within two years, Andre Marie Ampere, a French
mathematician, observed that a coil of wires acts like a
magnet when electrical current is pass through it
Ampère demonstrated that two current-carrying wires
aligned in a parallel manner are either attracted or
repulsed by one another, depending on whether the
currents flowed through them in identical or opposing
directions.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
In 1831, Michael Faraday, an
Englishman, developed a crude
electric motor as a result of
the newly discovered
electromagnet, but a practical
motor was not developed until
1870.
Both Faraday and Henry,
working independently,
invented the electric generator
with which to power the motor.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
❑
In 1879, Thomas Edison, an American, and
Joseph Swan, an Englishman, developed
independently a practical incandescent lamp.
Edison was the first to patent the commercially
feasible incandescent lamp, so he is recognized
as the inventor.
The light bulb creates light when electrical
current passes through the metal filament wire,
heating it to a high temperature until it glows.
The hot filament is protected from air by a glass
bulb that is filled with inert gas.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
In 1882, Edison Electric Light Company,
later known as General Electric,
successfully demonstrated the use of
artificial lighting by powering incandescent
streetlights and lamps in London and New
York City.
Edison’s designs still serve as the basis of
how we distribute electricity from power
stations with the exception that Edison’s
systems were direct current systems.
HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
❑
❑
❑
In 1883, Nikola Tesla, an American of Croatian
decent, one of Edison’s former employees and
a rival of Edison at the end of the 19th century,
began experimenting on generators and
discovered the rotating magnetic field.
This phenomenon serves as the basic principle
of the alternating current generator.
Tesla then developed plans for an alternating
current induction motor, which become the first
step towards the successful utilization of
alternating current.
PHENOMENON OF ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
❑
A form of energy generated by friction, induction, or chemical
change, having magnetic, chemical, and radiant effect.
❑
One of the most useful discovery of man which paved the way to
the numerous inventions from the simple tools to the most
sophisticated gadgets making what originally seemed to be
impossible become a reality.
❑
A physical phenomenon tied to the behavior of positively and
negatively charged elementary particles of an atom.
PHENOMENON OF ELECTRICITY
PRODUCING CURRENT FLOW
❑
Electricity is the flow of current through a conductor. Current must
be forced to flow in a conductor by the presence of a charge.
There are six primary ways that current can be forced to move.
1. Static electricity – is electricity from friction.
2. Thermoelectricity – is electricity from heat.
3. Piezoelectricity – is electricity from pressure.
4. Electrochemistry – is electricity from a chemical reaction.
5. Photo electricity – is electricity from light.
6. Magnetoelectricity – is electricity from magnetism.
❑
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC CHARGE
●
Electric charge (Q) – The property of
some bodies which causes them to
exert force on each other.
●
Coulomb (C) – The unit of electric
charge named after French engineer
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. An
electric charge of one coulomb is equal
to 6.28×10^18 electrons.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC CURRENT
●
Electric current or Inductive flow (I) – It
is the motion or transfer of charges
from one region of a conductor to
another.
●
Ampere (A) or amp – The unit of
electric current named after French
mathematician André-Marie Ampère.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC CURRENT
●
Edison (Ed) – not commonly used – The
unit of electric current named after
American inventor and businessman
Thomas Alva Edison.
●
𝟏 𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒏 (𝑬𝒅) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆 (𝑨)
Two classifications of electric current:
●
Direct current – current always flows in
same direction.
●
Alternating current – current constantly
reverses its direction of flow.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC VOLTAGE
●
Electric voltage or Electromotive force (V
or E) – It is the work done in moving a
unit charge through an element from one
terminal to the other. It is also called as
electric potential.
●
Volt (V) – The unit of electric voltage
named after Italian physicist Alessandro
Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
●
Electric resistance (R) – The property of
a material that limits the amount of flow
of current and converts electric energy to
heat energy.
●
Ohm (Ω) – The unit of electric resistance
named after German mathematician
Georg Simon Ohm. One ohm is that
resistance that allows one ampere to
flow when pushed by a pressure of one
volt.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC CONDUCTANCE
●
Electric conductance (G) – The measure
of the ease with which electric current will
flow through a material. It is the reciprocal
of resistance.
●
Siemens (S) – The unit of electric
conductance named after German
inventors and brothers Ernst Werner von
Siemens and Karl Wilhelm Siemens.
Sometimes, uses the unit mho (℧),
reversed spelling and symbol for ohm (Ω).
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY
●
Electric Power (P) – Consumed by the
resistor.
●
Watt (W) – The unit is named after English
inventor James Watt.
●
Electric Energy (E) – Consumed can be
expressed as the product of power and time.
●
Joule (J) – The unit is named after British
inventor James Prescott Joule.
●
Unit for electrical energy is in watt-hour (Wh)
or mostly kilowatt-hour (kWh).
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC CAPACITANCE
●
Electric capacitance (𝑪) – The property
of material to store electric charges.
●
Farad (𝑭) – The unit of capacitance
named after English inventor Michael
Faraday. A capacitor is said to have a
capacitance by 1 farad if 1 coulomb of
charge stored in its plates raises its
potential to 1 volt.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC INDUCTANCE
●
Electric inductance (𝑳) – or simply
inductance. The property of the coil due
to which it opposes any increase or
decrease of current or flux through it.
●
Henry (𝑯) – The unit of inductance
named after Joseph Henry. A coil is said
to have a self-inductance of 1 henry if a
current of 1 ampere flowing through a
coil produces flux linkage of 1 weberturn.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTRIC NETWORK
●
Kirchhoff’s Law – Law of circuit analysis.
●
This was developed by the German Physicist
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.
FREQUENCY
●
Frequency (f) – The number of cycles
produced per second by an alternating
quantity.
●
Hertz (Hz) – The unit of frequency named
after German scientist Heinrich Rudolph
Hertz.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTROMAGNETISM
●
Magnetic flux (𝜱) – The totality of magnetic
lines of force in a magnetic field.
●
Weber (Wb) – The unit of magnetic flux in
mks system named after German physicist
Wilhelm Eduard Weber.
●
Maxwell (Mx) – The unit of magnetic flux in
cgs system named after Scottish physicist
James Clerk Maxwell.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTROMAGNETISM
●
Magnetic flux density or Magnetic
inductance (𝜷) – The number of lines of
force passing through a unit area of
material.
●
Tesla (T) – The unit of magnetic flux density
in mks system named after Croatian inventor
Nikola Tesla.
●
Gauss (G) – The unit of magnetic flux
density in cgs system named after German
mathematician Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES
ELECTROMAGNETISM
●
Magnetomotive force (𝒎𝒎𝒇) – The force
that sets up a magnetic field within and
around an object.
●
Ampere-turn (AT) – The unit of
magnetomotive force in mks system.
●
Gilbert (Gb) – The unit of magnetomotive
force in cgs system named after English
physician, physicist and natural philosopher
William Gilbert, coined as the “Father of
Electricity / Electrical Engineering”.
Seatwork #1 (Finals)
WORDHUNT: LIST DOWN ALL ELECTRICAL TERMINLOGIES THAT YOU CAN FIND.
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
R
E
W
O
P
E
J
M
V
Y
G
R
E
N
E
Z
O
L
A
C
G
I
U
A
G
T
E
S
L
A
I
L
R
N
A
R
M
C
O
U
L
O
M
B
Y
E
X
A
C
P
A
I
R
Y
U
B
H
Z
R
W
Y
T
C
N
A
H
N
J
O
S
E
M
N
X
D
C
D
S
G
C
C
S
J
H
O
P
E
A
E
U
O
I
H
B
I
H
E
K
E
M
H
M
W
D
C
E
U
G
D
T
E
R
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
M
S
F
A
E
A
R
E
T
S
N
B
O
K
E
T
U
R
T
X
N
Y
P
O
L
E
C
L
N
L
B
A
F
W
A
C
N
M
A
R
M
Y
S
O
H
F
R
W
B
W
E
Z
A
S
U
G
A
V
J
J
A
Z
T
R
E
H
H
End of Presentation
Next Meeting: Discussion of Unit 4