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Lessons (Practical Research 1)
STEM 11 - Kompan (Emilio Aguinaldo College)
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Unit 1: Nature of Research
What is Research?
1. Polit & Beck, 2004 –
follows
a
step-by-step
process of investigation that
used
a
standardized
approach
2. Palispis, 2004 – plays an
important
role.
Main
purpose is to answer a
question or to solve an issue
3. Crawford as cited by
Alcantara & Espina, 1995
–
testes
approach
of
thinking
and
employing
validated instruments and
steps in order to obtain a
more adequate solution to a
problem that is otherwise
impossible to address under
ordinary means
4. Sanchez – an investigation
following
ordered
steps
leading to discovery of new
information or concepts

Feasible – any problem of
extraordinary nature that
directly or indirectly affects
any profession is a feasible
problem to study. Unusual
phenomena may happen
can turn into potential
problems

Empirical
–
supporting
pieces of evidence and
accompanying details for
every
variable
used.
References and citations of
facts and information that
the researcher has gathered
in the paper must be
included
Plagiarism
–
claming
anothers person’s idea or
intellectual
property
as
one’s own. States that the
knowledge being shared
through the study was taken
from the study of experts
Characteristics of Research


Systematic – a system to
follow
in
conducting
research as there is a
system for formulating each
of its parts. Big system and
under it are small systems
» Macro
system
(big) – composed of
chapters that are
organized
in
a
logical and scientific
manner
» Micro
system
(small) – consists of
detailed
components of each
chapter
Objective
–
objective
process
of
analyzing
phenomena of importance
to
any
profession
or
different fields or disciplines
(Nieswiadomy, 2005)
»

Republic Act No. 8293
- An Act Prescribing the
Intellectual
Property
Code and Establishing
the Intellectual Property
Office, Providing for Its
Powers, and Functions,
and for Other Purposes]
otherwise known as the
Intellectual
Property
Code of the Philippines
Clear – choice of variables
used in the study should be
explained by the researcher.
Can be done by enriching
the RRL or by discussing the
different theories on which
the
selection
of
the
variables is based
Research Paradigm
-
An outline that guides the
researcher
in
conceptualizing
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Effective
research
must
address these two important
aspects:
Research Foundation &
Research Methodology
Research Foundation
Refers to the fundamental
components
of
research
such as the:
1. Research
Problem
–
determining the research
topic
or
problem,
the
researcher must look at the
significant real-life problem
2. Research
Purpose
–
formulate
necessary
questions that will help
distinguish the significant
points of the research
Research Gap – an issue that has
not fully addressed by previous
studies. Defined as a topic or area
for which missing or insufficient
information limits the ability to
reach a conclusion or question
studied,
the
various
variables and context, and
how these relate to or
influence each other
IMRAD
Introduction
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Roles of the Researcher
Acc. to Nieswiadomy (2005), the
researcher serves different roles in
the study
1. As principal investigator
2. As member of a research
team
3. As
identifier
of
a
researchable problems
4. As evaluator of research
findings
5. As user of fingings
6. As
patients
or
client
advocate during the study
7. As
subject/respondent/participa
nt
Goals for Conducting Research
Four components that
needs to be considered:
I. The current state of the
field
II. The
current
&
conventional practices in
addressing the issue
III. The research gap
IV. The
present
study’s
contribution
to
addressing the research
gap
3. Research Question – may
be either framed in a
quantitative (how much,
how often, to what extent)
or qualitative (what, why,
how) manner
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
A scientific endeavor which
serves
many
goals
in
different fields, educational
disciplines,
and
even
professional life of the
researcher. Some of the
goals for the research are as
follow:
To produce evidence-based
practice
To establish credibility in the
profession
to observe accountability for
the profession
to
promote
costeffectiveness
through
documentation
Importance of Research
4. Conceptual Framework –
an outline or paradigm that
presents the topics to be
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it provides scientific basis
for any discipline and its
continuous development
helps develop tools to
improve effectiveness of
solving
problems
and
formulate
solutions
to
problems concerning almost
all issues
Research Design
-
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
enables the researcher to
organize components
ensures that the research
will effectively address the
research topic or problem
a
template
for
the
collection,
measurement,
and analysis of data
determines the research
design that will be used in
the study
Clearly identify and describe
the problem, and justify the
selection of the appropriate
design to be used
Review
and
synthesize
previous
studies
and
literature related to the
topic
Clearly identify hypotheses
that are significant to the
problem
Determine
the
data
necessary
to
test
hypotheses and explain how
the data will be obtained
Describe the methods of
analysis that will be used on
the
data
gathered
to
evaluate
-
-
-
place great emphasis on the
analysis of experience of the
individual
Attempts to explain the
human experience
Focuses on gaining insights
and understanding about an
individual’s perception and
interpretation of events
Collects
data
through
methods such as interview
and
participative
observation
The researchers does not
have to be concerned with
numbers
Characteristics of Qualitative
Research
Kania (2008)
-
-
-
Conducted in a systematic
way
Usually follows an iterative
process
Focuses
on
gathering
information from people who
can provide the richest
insights
into
the
phenomenon or interest
Collection
of
data
is
continuous until saturation,
or when it reaches the point
where
information
is
revealed with respect to the
key themes emerging from
data
Qualitative data collection
examines everyday life in its
natural context or in an
uncontrolled
naturalistic
setting
Qualitative Study
“Is defined as the naturalistic
method of inquiry of research
which deals with the issue of
human complexity by exploring
it directly” (Polit and Beck, 2008)
-
Utilizes naturalistic methods
of inquiry as the research
The Value of Research
-
Provides
context
and
meaning. This will give a
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sense of the who, what,
when, and where the study
Can complete the picture by
delving into the why and
how. It can explore narrowlydefined issues in greater
depth, explaining the setting
in which behavior can take
place. It gives complete
picture of the issue being
studied
Comes from its focus on the
lived experience of the
participants, which enabled
development
of
greater
understanding
concerning
the outcomes that are
important, relevant, and
meaningful to the people
involved
Common Types of Research
1. Ethnographic Study – the
researcher immerses with
the people and become a
part of their culture
2. Historical
study
–
concerned
with
identification,
location,
evaluation, and synthesis of
data from the past events
3. Case
study
–
comprehensive
and
extensive examination of a
particular individual, group
or situation over a period of
time
4. Grounded-theory study –
involves
comparing
collected units of data
against one another until
categories, properties, and
hypotheses
that
stages
relations
between
these
categories and properties
emerge
5. Narrative analysis – main
source of data are that life
accounts
of
individuals
based on their personal
experiences
6. Critical
qualitative
research – seeks to bring
out about change and
empower
individual
by
describing and critiquing the
social,
cultural,
psychological perspectives
on present-day context
7. Post modern research –
seek to analyze the facts
that have been established
as truths, the ability of
research and science to
discover the truth, and all
generalized and typologies
8. Phenomenological design
– seeks to find the essence
or structure of experience
by explaining how complex
meanings are build out of
sample
units
of
inner
experience.
It
examines
human experience through
the descriptions provided by
subject or respondents. The
goal of this study is to
describe the meaning that
experiences hold for each
subject
9. Basic
interpretative
qualitative study – used
when the researcher is
interested in identifying how
individuals give meaning to
a situation or phenomenon.
It uses an inductive strategy
which is a process of
analyzing
patterns
or
common themes to produce
a descriptive account that
summarizes and analyzes
the literature defined in the
study
10. Interpretative
phenomenological
analysis – explores in detail
how participants are making
sense or give meanings in
particular
experiences,
events
states
for
participants. The approach
is phenomenological in that
involves
detailed
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examination of participant’s
life world; it attempts to
explore
personal
experiences
and
is
concerned
with
an
individual’s
personal
perception
Strengths of Qualitative
Research
1.
Requires a few participants.
Data collected are based on
the
participants’
own
categories of meaning
2. useful
for
describing
complex phenomena
3. issues can be examined in
detail and in depth
4. interviews are not restricted
to specific questions and
can be guided or redirected
by
the
researcher
in
realtime
5. subtleties and complexities
about the research subjects
or topic are often missed by
more positivistic inquiries
6. provides
individual
case
information
7. cross-case comparisons and
analysis can be constructed
8. provides understanding and
description
of
people’s
personal
experiences
of
phenomena
9. describe
in
detail
phenomena as they are
situated an embedded in
local contexts
10. identifies contextual and
setting factors as they are
relate to the phenomenon of
interest
11. can
study
dynamic
processes
12. can use primarily qualitative
method od grounded theory
to inductively generate a
tentative but explanatory
theory
about
the
phenomenon
13. can be determined how
participants
interpret
constructs
14. data are usually collected in
naturalistic
setting
in
qualitative research
15. responsive
to
local
situations, conditions, and
stakeholders’ need
16. words and categories of
participants lend themselves
to exploring how and why
particular phenomena occur
17. use important case to
vividly
demonstrate
a
phenomenon to the readers
18. can determine idiographic
causation
(i.e.,
determination of causes of
particular events)
Weaknesses of Qualitative
Research
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
knowledge produced might
not be applicable to other
people or setting
inflexibility is more difficult
to maintain, asses, and
demonstrate
sometimes not as well
understood and accepted as
qualitative research within
the scientific community
the researcher’s presence
during
data
gathering,
which is often unavoidable
in qualitative research, can
affect the subjects’ response
issues of anonymity and
confidentiality can present
problems when presenting
problems
difficult to make quantitative
predictions
more
difficult
to
test
hypotheses and theories
with large participants pool
might
have
a
lower
credibility
with
some
administrators
and
commissioners of programs
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9.
generally takes more time to
collect data compared to
quantitative research
10. data analysis is often timeconsuming
11. the results are more easily
influenced by researcher’s
personal
Research Title, Sources, and
Considerations
Selecting the Research Topic
Factors to consider in identifying
and selecting your research topic:
Relevance
relates to the needs of
your
study’s
target
audience of when it is
considered
important
in
people’s daily lives
Interest
topic should appeal to the
readers of your study and
encourage you pursuing
it. Thus, it is important to
find out your specific area of
interest
Manageability
research topic can be
studied
within
your
abilities, and your research
must be doable within a
specific time limit
Available sources
there must be sufficient
number of references
about the topic which you
can consult throughout the
course of the study. You
must also have enough
financial
resources
to
enable you to undertake the
research
may seem a simple task, but it
actually requires more consideration
on the part of the researcher. While
he or she may have written the
contents of the study in detail,
researchers may find it hard to
create the research title for their
study that is concise and represents
all the relevant elements of the
study at the same time.
Characteristics
title
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a
research
Summarize the main idea of
the paper
Concise statement of the
main topic
Include the major variables
of the research study
Self-explanatory
Describe
or
imply
the
participants of the study
Most research papers have the
following elements in the study:
1.
2.
3.
4.
-
-
Research Title
Prefaces the study by providing a
summary of the main idea and in
usually short and concise. Writing it
of
-
Major variables
Participants of the study
Topics or themes
Outputs
Research Title
Researcher should avoid
using words that serve no
useful purpose and can
mislead indexers. Words
such
as
“methods”,
“results”,
and
“investigations” should not
appear in title
The general problem of the
research or even the specific
question that the researcher
intends to answer, when
written in a statement form,
can serve as a title
Research Problem
States the area of concern
of
the
research
paper
whether it is a circumstance
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needing development, a
difficulty requiring attention,
or an inquiry necessitating
an answer
This
section
sets
the
direction of the research
study as it provides a
foundation
for
the
hypothesis and defines what
kind of study is suitable to
address the problem
Sources of Research Problem
May be derived in almost any kind
of setting such as hospitals or
clinics, schools, offices, homes, or
any
part
of
the
community.
commonly based on circumstances
with the following characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Conveys
a
feeling
of
discomfort or difficulty
Perceived in difficulty in
broad subjects such as
family
affairs,
home
management,
and
leadership system
Displays
gap
between
theory and practice: what is
said by the elders and what
students see and observe
Utilizes
a
procedure
requiring
technologically
advances equipment
Involves the experience of
any kind of individual
Shows some kind of pattern
of trend
Makes use of literature
reviews,
continuous
readings, and past studies.
These readings can lead a
student to a topic, and its
scope and clues for further
studies. The repetition of the
prior research in different
setting and time is called
repetition
Relates to and individual’s
curiosity and interest
Considerations in Formulating
the Research Problem
A Research Guide in Nursing
Education, Barrientos-Tan (1997)
discusses the different criteria for
choosing a problem
Formulating the research topic
(External criteria)
1. Novelty – refers to the
practical
value
of
the
problem
due
to
its
“awareness” in the field of
inquiry
2. Availability
of
the
subjects – refers to the
people with the desired
capability
and
willingness to participate
in the study. The sample of
the study participants must
be representative enough to
ensure the reliability and
validity of the results
3. Support of the academic
community – refers to the
assistance given by the
members,
teachers,
staff, students, and the
parents, in the gathering
of data and defraying the
cost
of
the
study.
Permission
of
those
concerned
for
the
participation in the study od
staff members, children, the
aged, and the mentally
challenged
should
be
secured
4. Availability
and
adequacy of facilities &
equipment – devices such
as
computers
and
telephones
used
in
undertaking the study must
be considered
5. Ethical considerations –
include the avoidance of
research problems that pose
unethical demands on the
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part
of
the
participants
research
Formulating the research topic
(internal criteria)
1. Costs and returns – the
amount
of
funding
needed, after all, depends
on the size of sample, the
place where research is to
be conducted, the treatment
of data, and kind of research
design
2. Time factor – considers the
facts that studies must be
pursued within a given
time frame
3. Hazards,
penalties,
&
handicaps – depend upon
the researcher’s physical
and intellectual capacity
and moral subject
Choosing a research problem as
high school student
-
-
-
Background
of
the
researcher is an important
factor that defines the
selection
of
research
problems
Researcher in a particular
field,
like
medicine
or
engineering,
focuses
on
topics within their field of
discipline
Student researcher focuses
on more practical and
reliable topics or research.
One useful guide to student
researchers
taking
this
course is to consider their
respective tracks for SHS
Research Problem
ABM – should consider business and
management
HUMSS – social science and
humanities topics such as history,
politics, society, culture, arts and
music
STEM – should consider science and
technology
TVL – should consider vocation,
livelihood,
and
technological
advancement
Researchers should also be aware of
the following factors determining
their research problem and topic:
Feasibility
The needed time to conduct
the study must be measured
and its setting should be
defined and located.
The researcher must have
ready
access
to
the
relevant materials to the
subject to be studied.
The entire cause of the
study must be estimated –
the travel expenses when
meeting
with
the
respondents, purchase cost
of the instruments to be
used, and the expenses
incurred in encoding the
results
External Support
An essential element to look
into
when
determining
whether
a
research
is
feasible or not
Is the teacher present when
conflicts arise in a conduct
of research? Are experts in
the field accommodating?
Do they lend a hand when
requested
for
technical
assistances in finishing the
paper? These questions
are
also
important
concerns
to
be
addressed
Innovative Quality
RRL and RRS ensures that
solutions are yet to be
proposed
for
the
problem, thus showing the
need to conduct the study
Research Title Making Guide
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1. Consider
method
your
research
Qualitative – understanding
of the experiences and
human narratives. Refrain
from
using
the
words:
Effects,
backwash,
aftermath, efficacy
2. Know and prioritize your
variables
It would be easier to first
identify the major variables
of your research and place
them first in your research
title
3. Use words that speak of
your design
Phenomenological design –
lived experiences
Basic
qualitative
perspective
interpretative
study
–
4. Use
of
local
and
participants is optional
Unless your participants are
also the variables of your
research, you can omit them
in your title
Ethics in Research
Importance of Research
Resnick (2007), in his article “What
is Ethics in Research & Why is it
important?”,
explains
the
importance of ethics in research
1.
Ethics promotes the pursuit
of knowledge, truth, and
2.
3.
credibility. The important
values
include
trust,
accountability,
mutual
respect, and fairness
Many of the ethical norms
ensure that researchers are
held accountable to the
public
Adherence
the
ethical
principle helps build public
support for research
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research
1. Honesty – maintained in all
communications.
Data
should never be fabricated,
falsified, and misinterpret
2. Objectivity – biases should
be avoided in all aspects of
research
3. Integrity – promises and
agreements should be kept
and all actions should be
made with a sincere purpose
4. Care – careless errors and
negligence
should
be
avoided
5. Openness
–
researcher
should be open to criticism
and new ideas
6. Respect for intellectual
property
–
proper
acknowledgement should be
given to all authors cited
and
sources
used
in
research.
Parents
and
copyrights
should
be
recognized. Credits should
be given to where it is due
7. Confidentiality
–
confidential communication
or documents should be
protected
8. Responsible publication –
should be done with the
purpose
of
advancing
research and scholarship.
Wasteful
an
duplicate
publication
should
be
avoided
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9. Responsible monitoring –
should seek to educate,
mentor, and advise students
10. Respect colleagues – all
peers should be treated
fairly
11. Social responsibility –
social
good
should
be
promoted and social harm
should be avoided
12. Non-discrimination – all
those eligible to participate
in
research
should
be
allowed to do so
13. Competence – professional
competence and expertise
should be maintained and
improved with the research
14. Legality – should know and
obey relevant laws, and
institutional
and
government policies
15. Human
subject
protection – harms and
risks to human lives should
be
minimized.
Human
dignity,
privacy,
and
autonomy should be among
the primary consideration of
the research
Rights of Research Participants
The main purpose of research is to
produce results that would benefit
the stakeholders in the study.
Likewise, the participants are the
crucial elements od the research,
and they have the same rights as
the beneficiaries. Some rights od
research participants are as follows
(Trochim,
2006;
Smith,
2003;
Polit,2006)
1. Voluntary participation –
any person should not be
coerced to participate in the
research undertaking
2. Informed
consent
–
prospective
research
participants must be fully
informed
about
the
procedures
and
risks
involved in the research.
Their consent to participate
must be secured
3. Risk of harm – participants
should be protected from
physical,
financial,
or
psychological harm. The
principle of non-maleficence
states
that
it
is
the
researcher’s duty to avoid,
prevent, or minimize harm
to the participants of the
study
4. Confidentiality
–
participants
must
be
assured that their identity
and
other
personal
information will not be made
available to anyone who is
not directly involved in the
study
5. Anonymity – participants
must remain anonymous
throughout the study even
to
the
researchers
themselves
Ethical standards in Research
Writing
For a writing to be considered
ethical, it should be clear, accurate,
fair, and honest (Kolin, as cited by
Roig, 2006)
The following reminders must be
taken into consideration for ethical
writing (Logan University, 2016):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Findings should be reported
with complete honesty
International
misinterpretation,
misinformation,
and
misleading claims must be
avoided
Appropriate credit should be
given using other people’s
work
Plagiarism
should
be
avoided
by
fully
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acknowledging all content
belonging to others
Plagiarism and Intellectual
Property
Refers to the act of using another
person’s ideas, words, processes,
and results without giving due
credit. Refers to use of ideas an
information created by other people
by without attribution to them. The
Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines of R.A 8293
contains
provisions
regarding
published works as one’s own work
The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in
New Jersey recognizes five levels of
plagiarism.
-
-
-
-
-
Level 1: the gravest level of
plagiarism (copying a full
paper word for word, w/o
acknowledging the source)
Level 2: lifting a large
portion of a research work
(up to 50%) without citing
its source
Level 3: copying specific
portions of another work
without citing it. (sentenceparagraph)
Level 4: failure to correctly
paraphrase the portions of
this used work
Level
5: lowest level;
incorrectly citing a certain
source and copying heavily
from it
Some tips to avoid plagiarism:
Are to collect hard copies of all
relevant references; read all the
references carefully and highlight
important areas; and place sufficient
attribution while using the ideas of
others
Writing a Qualitative Research
Introduction
The Beginning of Research
The purpose of introduction is to
introduce the problem and clarify
important variables, its delimitation,
and its significance to the field of
study. It is important in establishing
the cognitive setting of the research
Rationalization of the need
to research on the problem
Clarification of the important
terminologies
Establishment of the degree
of
seriousness
of
the
problem which prompted
the researchers to find
solutions
Components of Background of
the Study
1. Rationale
2. Setting of the problem
3. Literature foundation
4. Seriousness of the problem
5. General objective
6. General purpose
The Statement of the Problem
Writing the general problem should
be:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Use
single
and
not
compound sentences
Include
the
central
phenomenon
Clearly express the purpose
of the study
Use
qualitative
words
(explore,
discover,
and
explain)
Identify the participants of
the study
State the research site
Creswell and Clark (2014) also
provided
some
guidelines
in
formulating research questions:
-
The question should begin
with words such as how
and what
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-
-
-
-
The readers should be more
informed
that
the
information that will be
discovered,
generated,
explored,
identified,
or
described in the study
The
question
what
happened?
Should
be
asked to help craft the
description
The questions what was
the meaning to people of
what happened should be
asked to understand the
results
The
question
what
happened should be asked
to explore the process
According to Croswell and Clark
(2014), there are two types of
research questions
1. Central Question – the
most general questions that
can be asked. What is the
meaning of/what does it
mean
to
(central
phoenomenon)?
2. Sub
Questions
–
the
questions subdivided the
central question into more
specific topical questions
and are limited in number
Types of Research Questions
1. Non-Researchable
Questions – questions of
value and are answerable by
yes or no.
2. Researchable Questions –
questions
of
opinions,
perceptions, or policy that
are raised to accumulate
data
Dickoff et. al (as cited by Wilson,
1989) provided further classification
to research questions
1. Factor-isolating
Questions
–
asks the
question “what is this?”
because
they
isolate,
categorize,
describe,
or
name factors and situations
2. Factor-relating Questions
– asks the question “what
is happening here?” to
determine the relationship
among factors that have
been identified
3. Situation-relating
Questions
–
asks the
question
“what
will
happen if…?” it usually
yield hypothesis testing or
experimental study designs
in which the researcher
manipulates the variables to
see what will happen
4. Situation-producing
Questions
–
asks the
question “how can I make
it
happen”
establish
explicit goals for actions,
develop
plans
or
prescriptions
to
achieve
goals,
and specify
the
conditions
under
which
these
goals
will
be
accomplished
Components of statement of the
problem
Purpose Statement
1. General question
1.1. Specific question
1.2. Specific question
2. General question
2.1. Specific question
2.2. Specific question
The general problem is followed
by an enumeration of the
specific problems
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-
-
Must be in question form
Must define the population
and sample of the study
(respondents)
Must identify the variables
being studied
Writing the Assumptions of the
Study
the changes
to the
independent variable
2. Mutually
Exclusive
–
participant or respondent
cannot
posses
two
attributes of a variable. For
insistence, a person cannot
be both male and female
Is a realistic expectation which is
something that we believe to be
true.
However,
no
adequate
evidence exists to support this
belief.
Statements that are taken
for
granted
or
are
considered
true,
even
through they have not been
scientifically tested
Principled
those
are
accepted as being true
based on logic or reasons,
but
without
proof
or
verification
3. Exhaustive
–
the
researcher should consider
all possible attributes of a
certain
Setting of Scope of the Study
3. Categorical variables –
cannot be expressed in
numbers but are given in
non-qualitative, descriptive
terms
Determined by the selection of
variables that the research will focus
on
Variables
refers
to
any
characteristics
that
can
have
different values or traits that may
vary across research participants.
Variables are measured, controlled,
and manipulated by the researcher
Attributes are important elements
of a variable. It refers to the value
assigned to a specific variable
Characteristics of Variables
1. Dependence – how the
variable is considered in a
cause-and-effect
relationship
a. Independent variable –
characteristics that are
changed, manipulated, or
selected
by
the
researcher
b. Dependent variables –
that change because of
Kinds of Variables
1. Continuous variables –
may have infinite umber of
values and may vary widely
among
the
research
participants
2. Discrete variables – have
specific limits to their value
Delimitation of the Study
Describes the various limitations
that arose during the design and
conduct of the study. These include
characteristics of the research
design
and
methodology
that
affected or influenced the finding of
the study
The following may be possible
limitations that may arise from the
research design and methodology:
1. Sample
size
–
will
determine
whether
the
research will have a small or
big sample size
2. Lack or available and/or
reliable data – missing and
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unreliable data will limit the
scope of analysis and the
ability of the researcher to
determine
meaningful
trends
and
relationships
among the data
3. Lack of prior studies – will
limit the effectiveness of the
literature review and may
limit
the
initial
understanding
of
the
research problem
4. Chosen data collection
method – limitations in the
data collection instrument
may affect the quality of
data collected
5. Nature of information
collected – replying on preexisting data may impose
limits on the researcher as
they can no longer clarify
certain data
The characteristics of the researcher
and the limits that hey experience in
the conduct of research will also
give rise to limitations as follows:
1. Access – the amount and
quality of data will depend
on the ability of the
researcher to access people,
organizations, libraries, and
documents that can provide
them the best available data
2. Bias – refers to a way of
viewing a certain thing and
may be influenced by the
researcher’s background
3. Time period – length of
time devoted to the study
will affect almost all aspects
of the research. It is
advisable
to
select
a
research
problem
and
design that gives way to a
more manageable time
4. Language – may influence
data collection, especially if
the researcher is involved
with respondents that speak
a variety of language
Writing the Significance of the
Study
The contribution or benefit that your
study provides to different people
and organizations. It may be in a
practical,
methodological,
and
theoretical sense
Topic arrangement
Done in paragraphs and
based on the weight of the
individual contributions. This
may be based on how you
sequence
your
specific
research questions
Enumeration
Details must be arranged
according
to
the
beneficiaries: (field study,
government
agencies,
private org, etc.)
Writing the Definition of Terms
This is usually an annex to a work
(book, research paper, etc.) this is a
list of acronyms, jargoon, credits,
etc. this is an important term in the
study that is clearly defined
Conceptual
The universal meaning that
is attributed to a word or
group of words, and which is
understood by many people.
The
usual
source
of
conceptual definition is the
dictionary which is the
reference book of everyday
language.
Operational
The meaning of the concept
or term as used in a
particular study. Unlike the
conceptual definition, it is
stated in concrete term in
that allows measurement
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Reviewing the Literature and
Developing your Writing Skills
Review of Related Literature
These
are
published
materials that are compare
the study with existing
knowledge on the research
topic. This part defined,
classifies, and facilitates
objective comprehension of
the variables
Review of Related Studies
This part includes the thesis
or dissertation on research
topics carrying the same
variable
Theoretical Framework
Blueprint for the
dissertation inquiry
entire
-
Serves as a guide on which
to build as supports your
study
-
Provides the structure to
define
how
you
will
philosophically
Elements of Theoretical
Framework
1.
Relevant theories
2.
Review of related literature
3.
Review of related studies
4.
Paradigm of the study
Relevant Theories
Theories that are partially or
fully relevant to the present
study and are discussed to
provide a basis for the
variables being testes
Researcher
cites
and
discusses related theories
that serve as the foundation
of the variables and their
relevance to the study
Prefaces the readers on
what theories are used as
the basis of the research
study
The following parts are mentioned:
1. Name(s) of the author(s)
2. Title(s) of their theory/ies
3. Theoretical statement and
principles
4. Explanation
on
of
the
theoretical statement
5. Relationships od the theory
to the present study
Developing
the
Theoretical
Framework
The university of South California
(2016)
provides
the
following
strategies
in
formulating
the
theoretical framework
1. Examine your title and
research problem – should
be well-founded since it
serves as the foundation of
the theoretical framework
2. Brainstorm about what is
considered as the key
variables in the research
– factors that are presumed
to have significant bearing
on the results of the study
should be identified
Review of Related Literature
and Studies
The basis of research should be
supported by relevant literature and
studies from authors who had
conducted extensive research on
the topic
List of variables
Constructs are information inferred
from observations while variables
are research factors that are
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measured in the study. Should be
identified to create the framework
Review Key Theories
Best
explains
the
relationship
between the key variables in the
study should be identified
Discuss the assumptions or
propositions
Relevance of the cited theories to
the research should be established
to effectively support the framework
of the study
Styles of Writing in Research
1. Modern
Language
Association (MLA) – present a
straight-forward
process
to
standardize the format and
presentation
of
academic
writing
2. Chicago style – an “authordate” style, so the citation in
the text consists of the
author(s) name and year of
publication given wholly or
partly in round brackets
Writing style
Past
tense
or
present
perfect
tense
for
the
explanation of the procedure
Use past tense for the
explanations of results
Present
tense
for
the
explanation
of
the
conclusion
and
future
implications
Put the person first in
describing characteristics
Use
gender-neutral
pronouns such as they and
their even if its singular
Boys and girls are used
below 12 years old. Young
man and young woman
are used for people ages 1317. Men and women are
for older than 18
For
spelling
of
words,
consult
the
MerriamWebster’s
Collegiate
Dictionary. Use American
English spelling
Citation
Use proper in-text citation
and reference citation
3. American
Psychological
Association (APA) – form of
writing research paper is used
mainly in social science, like
psychology,
anthropology,
sociology, as well as education
an other fields
Use of graphics
All
figures
must
be
numbered (figure 1, figure
2)
Table names are above the
table while figure names are
below the figure
Provide a short description
to every graphics used
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