Submitted To: Ma’am Mariyam Sarwar Submitted by: Qasim Ali (70111179) Ghulam Din (70110512) Abdul Rehman (7011048) M Haseeb (70110507) M Shahroz (70113170) Section: B (7th semester) Subject: Introduction to Stylistics Assignment No: 2nd Topic: To summarize the three levels of linguistic analysis Department: Bs English Question: Summarize, in your own words, the three levels of stylistic analysis from the attached book. (From Page 36 to 53) LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS 1. The Phono-Graphological Level ➢ Phono-graphology as a term was popularized by Halliday (1961) in explaining a number of different levels at which linguistic events should be accounted for. ➢ According to the framework of Halliday (1961:243-4) observes that the primary levels are form, substance and context. ➢ According to him the substance is the material of language: phonic (audible noises) or graphic (visible marks), hence phono-graphology is the organization of substance into meaningful events. ➢ The form is the actual structure of the sentences. ➢ It is different from others; it also has some extra features. When we talking about meaning something, then we talk what is context and what is the syntax. Then we know according to the sentences this is the meaning and according to the syntax this is the meaning. The Segmentals Every sound of the language is segmental. Like Arabic, English or Urdu have their own segmental. The segmental units of English consist of at least twenty vowels and twenty-four consonants. The twenty vowels are made up of twelve pure vowels and eight diphthongs. Also, the twenty-four consonants are made up of fifteen voiced and nine voiceless consonants. The Super-Segmentals ➢ The elements that are larger than segmental features are. Stress, for example, is a suprasegmental unit. It refers to the degree of force or loudness with which a syllable is pronounced. ➢ we do not focus on words, we look beyond the sound we are Taking about pitch, altitude, high or low tone etc. the persons tone is aggressive or rude etc. Graphology ➢ It is the study of hand writing. For Example, as a way of learning more about somebody’s character through his writing: contracted forms, commas, stops, question marks etc. ➢ Unusual capitalization. ➢ Fonts (bold Colorful Italic) ➢ Rhyme scheme ➢ Punctions ➢ Spellings 2. The Lexico-Semantic Level ➢ The lexico-semantic level is the level at which a stylistic analyst looks at the author’s ➢ deployment of words and their meanings in a text. ➢ According to Milmkiaer (2002) the study of lexis is the study of the vocabulary of a language in all its aspects. The semantics ➢ Semantics studies the meanings of words and sentences independently of any context. ➢ It is a factual /surface level study of meaning. ➢ Semantics seeks to explain how it is that we come to have a clear understanding of the language we use. ➢ It analyses the structure of meaning in language. ➢ Example: semantics analyzes how words similar and different relate; it attempts to show relationship through forming categories. ➢ Synonyms/ Antonyms/ Homonyms/ Hyponyms. ➢ It attempts to analyze and define abstract words ➢ Example: easy to define “tree” and “table”. o Difficult to define “love” and “feel” 3. The Syntactic Level ➢ Syntax is the study of sentence structure. Every language has its own rules for combining words to create sentences. Syntactic analysis attempts to define and describe the rules that speakers use to put words together to create meaningful phrases and sentences. ➢ The level of analysis involves both syntax and morphology. ➢ “The Purpose is to evaluate the internal structure of sentences in a language and the way work in sequences, clauses, phrases, words, nouns, verbs etc. Need to be distinguished and placed through an analysis to find the foregrounding and derivation “Stated by Khan and Jabeen (2015). ➢ The study of syntax is the pattern of word combinations that results in phrases, clauses and sentences (Jolayemi 2008) ➢ Examples “Home, he went” “Home “occurs in the beginning of the sentence to foreground it “Something there is that doesn’t love a wall” Robert Frost, Mending Wall.