PETROLEUM SOCIETY
PAPER 2005-115
CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING, METALLURGY & PETROLEUM
World's First SAGD Facility
Using Evaporators, Drum Boilers,
and Zero Discharge Crystallizers
to Treat Produced Water
W.F. HEINS
Ionics RCC
R. McNEILL
S. ALBION
Deer Creek Energy
BDR Engineering
This paper is to be presented at the Petroleum Society’s 6th Canadian International Petroleum Conference (56th Annual Technical
Meeting), Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 7 – 9, 2005. Discussion of this paper is invited and may be presented at the meeting if
filed in writing with the technical program chairman prior to the conclusion of the meeting. This paper and any discussion filed will
be considered for publication in Petroleum Society journals. Publication rights are reserved. This is a pre-print and subject to
correction.
operate, is more cost effective, and results in significant
increases in equipment reliability, on-stream availability and,
ultimately, in increased oil production. In conjunction with this
process, Deer Creek Energy has taken the additional step of
recovering all liquid waste streams for reuse in the plant,
resulting in zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Designing the facility
for ZLD eliminates the need for deep well injection, minimizes
make-up water requirements, and simplifies the permitting
process.
Abstract
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) heavy oil
recovery facilities have traditionally used a combination of
warm or hot lime softening, filtration, and weak acid cation
(WAC) ion exchange to pretreat de-oiled produced water. The
pretreated water is directed to “once through” steam
generators (OTSG) to produce 75-80% quality steam. The
steam-water mixture goes through a series of vapour-liquid
separators to produce the 100% quality steam required for
injection into the oil well. The steam fluidizes the heavy oil and
allows the oil/water mixture to be brought to the surface. The
oil is recovered as product and the produced water is de-oiled
and treated for reuse in the OTSG.
An alternative method of produced water treatment and
steam production, which has recently been implemented in
Alberta by Deer Creek Energy, is mechanical vapour
recompression evaporation followed by standard drum boilers.
This method of SAGD steam production is much simpler to
Introduction
Water treatment and steam generation methods for heavy oil
recovery processes have rapidly evolved over the past few
years. Traditionally, once-through steam generators (OTSG)
have been used to produce about 80% quality steam (80%
vapour, 20% liquid) for injection into the well to fluidize the
1
transferring heat to the brine for evaporation, which produces
steam for the compression cycle.
A simplified vertical tube, falling film, vapour compression
evaporator system used to treat produced water is shown in
Figure 2. This system requires fewer components and is much
simpler to operate than the traditional produced water treatment
system depicted in Figure 1. Additional details showing the
vapour compression cycle are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
A photograph of a typical falling film vapour compression
evaporator, similar to those being implemented by Ionics RCC
in Alberta SAGD applications, is presented in Figure 5.
The water to be treated enters a feed tank where the pH is
adjusted. The feedwater is pumped to a heat exchanger that
raises its temperature to the boiling point. It then goes to a
deaerator, which removes non-condensable gases such as
oxygen. Hot deaerated feed enters the evaporator sump, where
it combines with the recirculating brine slurry. The slurry is
pumped to the top of a bundle of two-inch heat transfer tubes,
where it flows through individual tube distributors which ensure
a smooth, even flow of brine down each tube. As the brine
flows down the tubes, a small portion evaporates and the rest
falls into the sump to be recirculated.
The vapour travels down the tubes with the brine, and is
drawn up through mist eliminators on its way to the vapour
compressor. Compressed vapour flows to the outside of the
heat transfer tubes, where its latent heat is given up to the cooler
brine slurry falling inside. As the vapour gives up heat, it
condenses as distilled water. The distillate is pumped back
through the heat exchanger, where it gives up sensible heat to
the incoming wastewater. The distilled water stream is directed
to the boiler system for use as feedwater. A small amount of
the brine slurry is continuously released from the evaporator to
control density.
The evaporator blowdown is disposed of via deep well
injection or treated further by a mixed waste salt ZLD
crystallizer.
heavy oil. However, the relatively new heavy oil recovery
method referred to as steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD),
requires 100% quality steam for injection. In order to allow the
continued use of OTSG for SAGD applications, a series of
vapour-liquid separators is required to produce the required
steam quality. For both SAGD and non-SAGD applications,
pretreatment of the OTSG feedwater has consisted of silica
reduction in a hot or warm lime softener, filtration, and
hardness removal by weak acid cation (WAC) ion exchange. In
most cases, the OTSG blowdown is disposed of by deep well
injection. A simplified block flow diagram of this traditional
approach to produced water treatment and steam generation is
provided in Figure 1.
As the use of the SAGD process became increasingly
common for heavy oil recovery in Alberta and worldwide, the
traditional methods of produced water treatment and steam
generation were re-evaluated to determine whether other
alternative methods may provide more technically and
economically viable solutions. This paper compares the use of
traditional methods with an alternate method being
implemented in Alberta; the use of falling film, vertical tube
vapour compression evaporation for produced water treatment,
standard 100% quality drum boilers for steam production, and
zero liquid discharge (ZLD) crystallizers to eliminate the need
for deep well injection. Both technical and economic criteria
are presented. This integrated approach is currently being
implemented by Deer Creek Energy for the Joslyn Phase II
SAGD facility located near Fort McMurray, Alberta.
Vapour Compression Evaporator and
Crystallizer Technology
In order to understand the integration of vertical tube, falling
film evaporators and ZLD crystallizers into the SAGD process,
a brief description of each technology is provided. Vertical tube
falling film evaporation is used to treat de-oiled produced water
for use as boiler feedwater and can also be used to treat OTSG
blowdown as part of a SAGD ZLD system. Forced circulation
crystallizers are used to eliminate liquid waste streams, such as
OTSG blowdown, achieving ZLD. The following section
provides basic process descriptions for these two technologies.
Mixed Waste Salt ZLD Crystallizers
The crystallization process has long been used in the
manufacture of commodity chemicals such as sodium chloride
and sodium sulfate. However, unlike commodity production
where only one salt precipitates, typical reduction of industrial
waste, such as produced waters, to dryness involves
crystallizing multiple salts, often in the presence of high levels
of organic compounds. This type of mixed salt crystallizer
requires significantly different design parameters to avoid
problems such as severe foaming and rapid scaling.
Furthermore, mixed salt solutions have significantly high
boiling point elevations, requiring detailed attention to design
parameters when sizing vapour compressors, should a vapour
compression cycle be desired. Finally, innovative filtering and
drying techniques have been developed to dewater the complex
salts that are formed, allowing zero liquid discharge to be
achieved.
Crystallizers typically have an external heater, a two-pass
horizontal or one-pass vertical, in which the solution is heated
by steam in the shell. The heated solution then flashes into a
large vessel called a vapour body. The heater tubes are flooded,
with boiling water in the tubes suppressed by the liquid
elevation in the vapour body (submergence). A slipstream is
directed into a separation device (typically a centrifuge,
automatic pressure filter, or drying device) and crystals are
removed. A simplified process flow schematic for a ZLD
crystallizer system is presented in Figure 6.
Vertical Tube Falling Film Vapour
Compression Evaporators
Vertical tube falling film evaporators have the highest heat
transfer characteristics of all evaporator types. A high heat
transfer coefficient is needed to efficiently evaporate the water
and save energy. The vertical tube, falling film arrangement
also allows evaporation to occur with reduced fouling effects by
keeping surfaces wetted at all times. Individual tube
distributors are used to ensure an even falling film in these
evaporators.
The vapour compression cycle is the key to energy efficiency
in these systems. The amount of energy input for the vapour
compression evaporation cycle is about 1/20th the energy
needed to evaporate water. This is because of the nature of the
thermodynamic cycle, which does not have to provide the
energy to vaporize the water. The compression energy is used
to elevate the existing steam temperature without having to
provide the initial energy to evaporate the water. The steam
temperature (and pressure) is elevated, and is then condensed
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reduction. The oil is removed to as low a level as is feasible by
a polishing step prior to these inorganic reductions. The treated
water is then directed to an OTSG that can produce high
pressure steam (typically 1000-1600 psig) from water that has a
high total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration (typically
2,000-8,000 mg/l). The TDS consists of a combination of
dissolved inorganic and organic constituents.
Figure 1 shows a traditional produced water treatment
system after a variety of oil separation processes have been
utilized to recover oil and remove oil from the water. This
method of produced water treatment has been applied to both
SAGD and non-SAGD applications. The process that reduces
silica to low enough levels to be utilized in an OTSG is either a
warm or hot lime softener (WLS or HLS) followed by a
filtration system. Calcium and magnesium are also reduced in
the lime softener, which lightens the load for the weak acid
cation (WAC) ion exchange system. The major chemicals
added in the softener are lime and magnesium oxide. These
chemical systems require chemical silos and solids transport
equipment. Other chemical additions are also required in the
form of a coagulant and a polymer. The chemical additions
reduce silica content to manageable levels for the OTSG.
The clarate is filtered prior to being treated with the WAC
ion exchange system, which reduces magnesium and calcium.
Sludge produced from this softening process has high water
content and is separated with a centrifuge. The sludge must be
disposed of in some manner. Centrate is recycled back to the
process.
The WAC ion exchange system is regenerated with
hydrochloric acid and caustic. Reduction of metals such as
calcium, magnesium, and iron to low levels occurs in the
exchange process. WAC does not reduce silica any further than
the lime softening process. The strong regeneration waste is
neutralized and possibly recycled to the softening system or
disposed of in some other manner. The resin bed rinses are
recycled back to the softening system.
Conventional treatment of produced water being processed
in a OTSG produces a blowdown which is about 20% of the
boiler feedwater volume and results in a brine stream which is
about fivefold the concentration of the boiler feed. This stream
has historically been disposed of by deep well injection. Some
of the OTSG blowdown can be recycled to the softener system,
but as the solids are cycled up in the system, more maintenance
issues are evident in the OTSG.
Utilization of a crystallizer eliminates all liquid wastes
making the process a zero discharge system. (The crystallizer
produces a dry cake material for disposal.) A photograph of a
typical zero liquid discharge crystallizer system, similar to those
recently installed in Alberta and currently being installed at the
Deer Creek Energy Joslyn Phase II facility, is presented in
Figure 7.
Evolution of Produced Water Treatment
and Steam Generation Methods
As the heavy oil recovery industry shifted further toward the
use of the SAGD process, the unit operations which made up
the produced water treatment and steam generation portions of
the facility required re-evaluation. Initially, familiarity with the
design and operation of the traditional processes tended toward
the continued use of warm lime softeners and WAC ion
exchange systems for produced water treatment and OTSG
followed by deep well injection for steam generation and waste
disposal. However, when the SAGD process was viewed from
a fresh perspective, setting aside the historical approaches
developed for non-SAGD facilities, several questions arose
regarding the use of the traditional treatment scheme:
(1) Does it make sense to continue to use OTSG, which
only produce 70%-80% quality steam, when 100%
quality steam is required?
(2) Is the use of vapour-liquid separators following OTSG
to achieve 100% quality steam a “force-fit” based on the
historical use of OTSG in non-SAGD applications?
(3) Should a simpler method of producing 100% quality
steam be used, such as the use of standard drum boilers,
as is done in other industries requiring 100% quality
steam?
(4) If standard drum boilers are used for steam production,
can the produced water treatment scheme be simplified
and made more economical while providing water of
sufficient quality to use in drum boilers?
(5) Can the entire produced water treatment and steam
production process be simplified, made more reliable,
and provide an increased on-stream availability?
(6) Can the volume of liquid waste be minimized or
eliminated in cases where deep well injection is not
technically viable or is unattractive from a regulatory or
community acceptance standpoint?
Addition of Zero Liquid Discharge Systems
to Eliminate Wastewater Discharge
These are a few of the questions which led experts in the
SAGD industry to investigate alternatives to the traditional
produced water treatment and steam generation approaches.
The following sections provide the history behind the evolution
of SAGD water treatment from the traditional approach through
the current integrated approach being implemented by Deer
Creek Energy for their Joslyn Phase II project. The
intermediate steps (i.e., the separate addition of ZLD systems
and produced water evaporators feeding OTSG) taken at other
facilities are also discussed to present the progression of the
technologies over the past several years. The sequence of
implementation of these technologies is provided for the heavy
oil recovery industry in Alberta and worldwide.
Since the SAGD process requires 100% quality steam to be
injected into the well, a concentrated liquid waste stream is
produced by the vapour-liquid separators downstream of the
OTSG. In some instances, this liquid blowdown stream may be
disposed of via deep well injection. However, several factors
may preclude the possibility of deep well injection, resulting in
the need to either reduce the volume of the waste stream or
eliminate it completely. Potential factors which may eliminate
the possibility of deep well injection include; (1) the presence of
a geologically tight formation, (2) the presence of a fresh water
aquifer in the vicinity of the potential deep well location, (3)
increasingly stringent regulatory requirements, and (4)
restrictions on the allowable amount of plant make-up water,
necessitating maximum water re-use.
Ionics RCC installed the world's first two SAGD ZLD
systems in northern Alberta between 1999 and 2002, marking
the first step in the evolution of SAGD evaporative produced
Summary of Traditional Produced Water
Treatment and Steam Generation
Historically, in the majority of SAGD and non-SAGD
heavy oil recovery applications, produced water is treated in
multiple steps requiring silica, calcium, and magnesium
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water treatment. The Deer Creek Joslyn Phase II project will be
the third such ZLD system installed in Alberta.
A typical SAGD ZLD system, which consists of a vertical
tube falling film evaporator and a crystallizer is presented in
Figure 8. A photograph of a ZLD system of the size required
for a SAGD facility producing about 10,000 bpd of heavy oil,
similar to that being provided by Ionics RCC for the Deer Creek
SAGD facility, is provided in Figure 9.
•
The use of vertical tube falling film evaporators to directly
treat de-oiled produced water represents the second major
advancement in the evolution of evaporative produced water
treatment in SAGD (the first advancement being the
implementation of evaporators and crystallizers to achieve
ZLD).
Use of Vertical Tube Falling Film
Evaporators to Feed OTSG
The traditional de-oiling, softening, filtration, and ion
exchange produced water treatment scheme depicted in Figure 1
is complex, produces several waste streams requiring disposal,
is labour intensive, and has relatively high operations and
maintenance costs associated with it. In addition, upsets in the
de-oiling and softening processes can make their way into the
OTSG, resulting in unanticipated extended downtimes and
decreased plant reliability. Therefore, an investigation of an
alternate approach to produced water treatment which is
simpler, more cost effective, and more reliable was desirable.
Based on these investigations, falling film, vertical tube,
vapour compression evaporation was implemented in Alberta
and worldwide to obtain these objectives. This simplified
method of produced water treatment is shown in Figure 2. This
approach to produced water treatment involves direct treatment
of the produced water in an evaporation system. The lime
softener (WLS or HLS), filtration, WAC exchange systems,
and certain de-oiling steps are eliminated.
In the first three heavy oil recovery facilities using
evaporation for produced water treatment, OTSG are used for
steam generation. Standard drum boilers were not used at these
facilities since, in some cases, 100% steam quality was not
required and, in other cases, insufficient characterization of the
distillate was available to properly specify the use of drum
boilers. In each case, the evaluations concluded that the use of
vertical tube falling film evaporators had a technical and
economic advantage over traditional produced water treatment,
even without the added advantages that would be realized with
the use of drum boilers.
Using evaporation as the treatment process instead of lime
softening and WAC has several advantages:
•
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•
•
•
•
•
Boiler blowdown is recycled to the evaporator feed,
eliminating boiler blowdown disposal requirements
If zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is required due to a lack of
disposal well capability, the evaporative approach to
produced water treatment results in a ZLD system that is
about 80% smaller than that required if the physicalchemical produced water treatment approach is used.
Use of Standard Drum Boilers for SAGD
Steam Generation
The third significant step in the evolution of evaporative
produced water treatment is the conversion from the use of
OTSG to standard drum boilers for SAGD steam generation.
This is possible since the distillate produced by these specially
designed evaporators is of sufficient quality to be used as drum
boiler feed without the need for further treatment.
Use of vertical tube falling film evaporators followed by
drum boilers provides several additional advantages:
• Capital costs are reduced since drum boilers are
significantly less expensive then OTSG
• The need for vapour/liquid separators are eliminated
since the drum boilers produce 100% quality steam.
• An accelerated project schedule is possible due to
shorter delivery times of drum boilers compared to
OTSG.
• The amount of boiler blowdown to be treated by the
evaporator is significantly reduced since drum boilers
can typically run at about 2-3% blowdown as compared
to about 20% blowdown from the OTSG. This results
in a reduction in the required size of the evaporation
system and results in electrical cost savings.
• These advantages are in addition to those previously
stated for the use of evaporators in conjunction with
OTSG (when comparing the use of evaporators and
drum boilers to the traditional approach).
Until recently, this final step in the evolution of SAGD
evaporative produced water treatment had not been
implemented. The following section describes how all the
advancements in evaporative produced water treatment
described in this paper are integrated into the Joslyn Phase II
design.
Evaporators effectively “decouple” the produced water
system from the boiler feed system, such that upsets in
de-oiling do not reach the steam generators
Increases heavy oil recovery process and water treatment
process availability and reliability by 2-3%, increasing oil
production
Overall life cycle costs are less for an evaporative
produced water treatment system than for a traditional
lime softening/WAC approach.
Physical separation processes using solid chemical
additions are eliminated.
High water solids content sludges are eliminated.
Waste streams requiring further disposal treatment are
eliminated.
Oil removal equipment may be reduced.
Boiler blowdown and heat recovery equipment can be
reduced in size.
Overall operational and maintenance requirements are
reduced.
OTSG feed quality is dramatically improved (by more
than three orders of magnitude), resulting in improved
OTSG reliability.
Integration of Evaporative Produced
Water Treatment, Drum Boilers, and
Zero Liquid Discharge at Joslyn Phase II
Since 1999, there have been three major advancements in the
use of evaporation for SAGD produced water treatment and
steam generation; (1) implementation of ZLD systems at SAGD
facilities, (2) use of vertical tube falling film evaporators to
directly treat de-oiled produced water, and (3) use of standard
drum boilers to generate steam for injection into the wells.
Until recently, the full advantages of these advancements had
not been realized since they have not been implemented
simultaneously at any given installation.
4
Economics of the Produced Water
Evaporator and Drum Boiler System
Compared to the Traditional Approach
In late 2004, Deer Creek Energy, BDR Engineering, and
Ionics RCC proceeded with the execution of the Joslyn Phase II
project which uses falling film evaporators for produced water
treatment, drum boilers for steam generation, and a ZLD
crystallizer system to eliminate liquid discharge from the
facility.
In addition to the technical advantages obtained using
evaporative produced water treatment and drum boilers as
compared to the traditional method of WLS, filtration, WAC,
and OTSG, economic advantages are also realized. Deer Creek
Energy and BDR Engineering performed a comprehensive
economic evaluation and comparison of the two technical
approaches. The following is a summary of the results of this
evaluation:
• Total installed capital cost of the evaporator and drum
boiler system was estimated to be 10% less than the
traditional approach
• Annual operating costs, evaluated over the life of the
facility, were determined to be 6% lower when using
evaporative produced water treatment
• Five year and ten year net present value analyses favored
the evaporative approach
• On-stream availability of the evaporative process was
evaluated to be 2% higher than the traditional approach,
resulting in an increase in oil production
• The evaporator and drum boiler combination provides
improved turndown capability as compared to the
traditional approach, which significantly improves both
economics and operability during the 18 month ramp-up
phase of the SAGD facility
• Simplicity of the evaporative produced water treatment
system results in increased on-stream availability. One
unit operation replaces six unit operations in the
traditional approach.
• Labour requirements were evaluated to be much lower in
the evaporative produced water treatment approach
• Standard package boiler total installed costs are
significantly less than comparably sized OTSG
• Overall project schedule can be shortened by up to six
months based on shorter delivery times of packaged drum
boilers compared to OTSG
• Use of drum boilers provides the ability to consider the
use of alternate fuels, which can result in significant
energy savings compared to natural gas
• Since the boiler feed water is so much higher in quality
for the evaporative approach, boiler maintenance and
cleaning was evaluated to be reduced
• Energy savings for the drum boiler compared to the
OTSG were approximately 3%
Process Description of the Deer Creek
Energy Joslyn Phase II Facility
The Deer Creek Energy Joslyn Phase II facility, which is
designed for approximately 10,000 barrels per day of oil
production, is the first SAGD facility in the world to use the
unique combination of produced water evaporators and drum
boilers for water treatment and steam generation. This
combination of technologies provides all the advantages
previously presented.
In addition, Joslyn Phase II, which is scheduled to start-up in
late 2005, includes a ZLD crystallizer system. Designing the
system for ZLD provides the following additional advantages:
• Achieving ZLD eliminates the need for deep well
injection and the associated risks associated with potential
deep well plugging and geological constraints
• Potential contamination of groundwater aquifers caused
by deep well injection is eliminated
• The volume of plant make-up water is reduced since
virtually 100% of the plants wastewater is recycled for reuse
• ZLD provides greater community acceptance since there
is no wastewater stream requiring disposal
• With increasingly stringent regulatory requirements, ZLD
provides a more straightforward path for permitting of the
facility
Figure 10 provides a process flow schematic for the Joslyn
Phase II facility. In order to achieve 10,000 barrels per day of
oil production, approximately 205 m3/hr of drum boiler feed
water is required to provide the necessary steam to fluidize the
heavy oil. The 205 m3/hr of boiler feed is supplied by the
distillate produced in two vertical tube, falling film evaporator
systems operating in parallel. The distillate is a high quality
stream which contains about 3 mg/l inorganic TDS and is
suitable for use as drum boiler feed without further treatment.
By providing 2 x 50% parallel evaporator systems, greater
flexibility and on-stream availability is achievable.
The evaporator systems are fed with de-oiled produced water
at a rate slightly greater than the distillate rate required to
support the drum boiler operation. The higher feed rate
(approximately 5% - 10% above the 205 m3/day distillate rate)
is required since a small amount of water is lost through system
vents and a small amount of evaporator blowdown is required to
control the evaporator solids level. This blowdown stream is
directed to the ZLD crystallizer for further treatment, where the
concentrated brine is reduced to a dry solid. The distillate
produced by the crystallizer system is reused for various process
needs of evaporator.
The boiler blowdown stream, which is approximately 1% 5% of the boiler feed rate, is recycled and re-used in the
process. The boiler blowdown stream only contains about 100
mg/l of TDS, so this water, which is of higher quality than the
facility make-up water, is easily reused.
Conclusions
1. The combination of vertical tube falling film
evaporation and standard drum boilers has several
technical advantages over the traditional approach
including increased reliability, reduced maintenance and
operations requirements, less chemical handling, and
increased simplicity
2. Economic advantages of the produced water evaporator
and drum boiler combination include reduced capital,
operating, and lifecycle costs, and the potential for an
accelerated project schedule
3. The addition of a ZLD system to a SAGD facility
eliminates risks associated with deep well injection,
reduces make-up water requirements, simplifies
permitting, and results in greater community acceptance
5
NOMENCLATURE
HLS
OTSG
SAGD
TDS
WAC
WLS
ZLD
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Hot Lime Softening
Once-Through Steam Generator(s)
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
Total Dissolved Solids
Weak Acid Cation
Warm Lime Softening
Zero Liquid Discharge
REFERENCES
1.
HEINS, W. and SCHOOLEY, K., Achieving Zero
Liquid Discharge in SAGD Heavy Oil Recovery,
prepared for presentation at the Canadian International
Petroleum Conference, June 11 – 13, 2002.
2.
HEINS, W. and PETERSON, D., Use of Evaporation
for Heavy Oil Produced Water Treatment, Journal of
Canadian Petroleum Technology, Volume 44, No. 1, pp.
26-30, January 2005.
6
FIGURE 1 - Traditional Produced Water Treatment and Steam Generation System
OTSG OR
DRUM BOILER
FIGURE 2 - Vertical Tube Falling Film SAGD Produced Water Evaporator System
7
FIGURE 3 -- Simplified Vapour Compression Falling Film Evaporator System
FIGURE 4 Vertical Tube Falling Film Vapour Compression Evaporator Schematic
8
FIGURE 5 - Typical Vertical Tube Falling Film Vapour Compressor Evaporative System
9
Crystals to centrifuge, filter,
or drying device
FIGURE 6 - Vapour Compression Zero Liquid Discharge Crystallizer
10
FIGURE 7 - Typical Zero Liquid Discharge Crystallizer System
11
FIGURE 8 - MVR SAGD ZLD System Schematic
FIGURE 9 - Typical MVR ZLD System
12
Distillate
De-Oiled
Produced Water
Vertical Tube Falling Film
Evaporator
Drum Boiler
2-5%
Blowdown
Distillate
100%
Quality
Steam
1-5%
Blowdown
Zero Discharge
Crystallizer
Solids for
Disposal
FIGURE 10 - Deer Creek Joslyn Phase II Produced Water Treatment and Steam Generation System
13