Habitual Isolation: different habitats How does speciation occur? punctuated equilibrium short bursts of intense change gradualists small changes over a long period of time Genetic Isolation: gametes are not compatible Hybrid Sterility: hybrid can't reproduce (ex: mule) Temporal Isolation: different season and times Mechanical Isolation: Pieces don't fit Hybrid Inviability: Hybrid dies off Convergent Evolution - similar environments = similar natural selection results Pre-zygotic Barriers (before fertilization) Analagous developed differently but similar functions Behavioral Isolation: signals and behaviors of different species no match biogeography smiliar organisms tend to live next to each other (animals in different deserts aren't very similar) Post-Zygotic Barriers (after fertlization) ISOLATION AND SPECIATION Founder's Effect plane crash on island, make a new pop. but parent pop. is still alive Bottleneck effect - THE APOCALYPSE Allopatric isolation population is seperated from parent, splitting the gene pool p+q=1 Homologous - same body parts different Homolgous and Analgous body parts Support for Darwinism Alloployidy 2n->4n Sympatric speciation not due to geographic More offspring born than can survive Autoployidy 2n+4n=6n split from a common ancesetor embryos tend to look similar to each other Comparative embryology Molecular Biology Geographic Adaptive radiation p= dominant allele cannot reproduce with parent generation q^2 = homozygous recessive 2(p)(q) = heterozygous 3. Only random mating 4. No mutations beneficial characteristics tend to survive HARDY-WEINBERG CONDITIONS 5. Isolated from other populations 2. Large Population 1. No Natural Selection Overtime, leads to emergence of new species 2x chromosomes numbers compared to parents p^2 = homozygous dominant HARDY WEINBERG EQUATIONS similar organisms should have similar DNA and protein sequences DARWINISM hybridzation usually used for plants Variation naturally exists within populations q= recessive allele p^2+2(p)(q)+q^2=1 Stabilizing Selection UNIT 7 EVOLUTION can reproduce with itself natural competition for survival mutation occur randomly Quizlet Links Favors intermediate Directional Selection NATURAL SELECTION Favors extreme Open link Hutton gradualism Divergent Selection "aquired traits" LAMARK Favors two extremes PHILOSOPHERS Linneaus: taxdadermation system (naming system with genus and species) Bottleneck Effect Typically natural disaster redices popuation, not geneticall representative of original population Genetic Drift Irrelevant cuz he was wrong Curvier Paleontology Aristotle: "ladder system", heirarchy is fixed Lyell Uniformatiarnism (earth is ever changing) Changes in population due to chance Founder Effect Small group of individuals from parent population goes somewhere else In order to see DNA since it's clear (radioactive stuff) Southern Blot DNA is negative charged, so it goes toward the positive end need DNA, enzyme, primer, and nucleotides Griffin: Figured out that DNA could be passed on nucleutoides and sugar phosphate backbone Protects mRNA and attaches to the ribosome Prevents mRNA from falling apart P Site - tRNA placees next amino acid onto growing chain A Site - holds tRNA with next amino acid waiting UNIT 6 - DNA STRUCTURE AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA STRUCTURE purine Ex: Used in crimes to figure out suspects PolyA Tail E site - tRNA exits after they drop off amino acid RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 3. Smaller pieces of DNA get closer to the bottom of the gel, and are faster Gel Electrophoresis 5' Cap hydrogen bond between bases Antiparallel RNA Processing paste DNA RNA splicing sticky ends, places where new DNA can attach Sites pyramidines Transcription A-G, 2 rings DNA codes for amino acids PROTEIN SYNTHESIS RNA C- T, 1 rings mRNA Translation rRNA thymine dimers 6. Ligase "glues" the Okazaki fragments together 5. DNA Polymerase makes Okazaki fragments 4. Primase makes RNA primer, telling DNA Polymerase where to go on the lagging strand 3. DNA Polymerase synthesizes chunks of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction also has a proofreading function, avg. of 1 x 10-7 errors per base 2. SSB proteins keeps the unwound DNA untangled UV violet light, creates: 1. Helicase unzips the DNA What causes mutations? DNA REPLICATION Transfer RNA - carries amino acid to protein chain Ribosomal RNA - helps put together ribosome mRNA moves to cytoplasm tRNA leaves ribosome tRNA attaches and brings next amino acid together with peptide bond semiconservative Happens in nucleus tRNA anticodon brings amino acid to mRNA codon Ribosome moves down mRNA to next codon put new recombinant DNA into plasmids Promoter regions signal RNA polymerase to transcribe Binds to ribosome ligase seals sticky ends between pieces of DNA copy DNA RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions Messenger RNA - makes/ takes RNA to cytoplasm tRNA X-rays/ radioactive emissions Looking at different pieces of DNA (like gel electrophoresis) DNA TECHNOLOGY Rosalind Franklin: XRayed the first picture of DNA double helix 2. DNA is placed in wells that go into a gel, and electric current is run through uses Taq polymerase cause no denature Hershey and Chase: Found out genetic info was in the DNA and not the protein using radioactive markers IMPORTANT PEOPLE PCR 1. Use Restriction Enzymes cut up DNA into pieces Without Franklin, Watson and Crick were NOTHING Watson and Crick: Made the first model of DNA makes many copies of DNA, only need 1 to start Keeps going until RNA polymerase gets to termination site plasmids into bacteria bacteria duplicates plasmids = duplicates the DNA restriction enzymes cuts up DNA skincolor blended (pink) Amniocentesis: Liquid that fetus is in is tested Chorionic villus sampling: Piece of placenta is tested Fragile X syndrome - most common inherited disease, from father multiple genes responsible for a trait FETAL TESTING (identify potential diseases) Whole unit link Turner syndrome XO and female Cystic fibrosis most common inherited genetic disease Angelmann syndrome inherited deletion from mother on chromosome 15 Klinefeller syndrome XXY and male Down syndrome trisomy 21 Duchenne's muscular dystrophy deteriorating muscle Open link weight incomplete dominance alleles work together to form a mixed (like stripes) codominance Autosomal Inherited Diseases polygenic Nondisjunction UNIT 5 CHROMOSOMES AND MENDELIAN GENETICS Open link pleitropy more than 1 allele controls a trait, like blood Recessive Gene pairs segregate independently of each other Sickle Cell Disease & Cystic Fibrosis when one unrelated gene effects the phenotype of another gene Genetic Principles/ Laws Law of Segregation 2 alleles are separated during meiosis into different gametes Contributes to genetic diversity Recessive traits can show up after a few generations Nondisjunction Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Homologous pairs separate independently in anaphase I PROBLEMS WITH CHROMOSOMES anueploidy polyploidy X2 correct number of chromosomes (could be caused by nondisjuction) way too many chromosomes Hemophilia - no clotting factor Cri du chat syndrome physical and mental retardation Sex linked Prader-willi syndrome disorder in chromosome 15 Red-green color blindness Principle of Dominance one gene affects 2 or more traits Autosomal Diseases Deletion epistasis PKU cannot break down phenylaline Sickle cell anemia abnormal hemoglobin Disorder multiple alleles Huntington's disease mental illness and loss of motor function Dominant GENETIC VOCABULARY Law of Independent Assortment Sexlinked One gene can mask another Dominant allele is expressed More common in men ETHAN PHAM
