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Role Of Biopestcides And Biofertilizer In Sustainable Agriculture
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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences
10(3) 01-08
2023
Role Of Biopestcides And Biofertilizer In Sustainable Agriculture
Nabi Ullah1*, Tayyaba Bari2, Adeel Ali3, Hira fatima4, Dr. Sumaira Salahuddin Lodhi5, Asia Noureen6, Iqra
Munir7
1*
PhD Student, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China,
Nabiullahch90@gmail.com
2
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Vaterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
3
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
4
Lecturer, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.The University of Lahore, Sargodha campus.
hiramakhdom@gmail.com
5
Department of Biochemistry Hazara University Mansehra, Sumaira.bch@gmail.com
6
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan 44000
7
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore Sargodha Campus
*Corresponding Author: Nabi Ullah
*PhD Student, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China,
Nabiullahch90@gmail.com
Abstract
The intersection of environmental responsibility, economic viability, and agronomic innovation is sustainable
agriculture. This study focuses on the crucial functions of biopesticides and biofertilizers as it explores the complex
relationships among the aspects of sustainable agriculture. In order to understand the complex interplay between
environmental, economic, and agronomic aspects, the study includes correlation analysis and reliability testing. The
correlation analysis reveals complex patterns, such as the inverse relationship between "Pesticide Residue" and
"Biopesticides," which supports the viability of biopesticides for residue management. The relationship between "Net
Profits" and "Biopesticides" is favorable, underscoring the financial advantages of using sustainable methods. The
reliability analysis supports the validity of the study's conclusions, and the survey instrument's robustness is supported
by a high Cronbach's Alpha coefficient ( a = 0.82). The report summarizes findings, underlines the interplay of factors
across dimensions, and provides policymakers with useful takeaways for promoting environmentally friendly and
financially successful farming techniques. The study adds a thread to the complex web of sustainable agriculture while
acknowledging its limitations and outlining potential directions. It emphasizes the significance of comprehensive
approaches to solving current agricultural problems.
Introduction
The implementation of sustainable agriculture practices has become necessary due to the worldwide concerns of
population expansion, environmental degradation, and food security. Biopesticides and biofertilizers have developed as
ground-breaking approaches to these problems, with the potential to completely transform traditional farming
practices.(Sharma, Tiwari, Kumawat, & Cardinale, 2023). A thorough introduction to the quantitative examination of
the function of biopesticides and biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture is the goal of this article.
To increase crop yields, traditional agriculture primarily relies on chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. However,
this strategy frequently has unexpected consequences including soil erosion, water contamination, and detrimental
effects on organisms that are not the target. (Adetunji et al., 2022) The investigation of biopesticides and biofertilizers as
sustainable substitutes has been motivated by the need for a more rounded and environmentally responsible approach.
(Tenkouano, Dubois, & Afari-Sefa, 2016) While biofertilizers use benevolent microorganisms to improve nutrient
availability and soil health, biopesticides are drawn from natural sources and target specific pests. (Khan et al., 2023)
Conventional agricultural methods not only endanger the environment, but they also raise prices for goods and decrease
soil fertility. (Tuomisto, Hodge, Riordan, & Macdonald, 2012) Concerns regarding the safety of food and long-term
sustainability have been raised by the overuse of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Additionally, it might be difficult
for smallholder farmers to get and purchase these inputs in underdeveloped nations.(Shah & Wu, 2019)
The importance of this research is found in its ability to support a more resilient and sustainable agriculture system. We
can shed light on the usefulness of biopesticides and biofertilizers in lowering chemical usage, boosting crop output, and
minimizing environmental harm by quantitatively analyzing their effects. For academics, politicians, and farmers who
want to move toward sustainable farming methods, this information is essential.
1
Role Of Biopestcides And Biofertilizer In Sustainable Agriculture
There aren't enough thorough quantitative studies that examine the effects of biopesticides and biofertilizers on various
aspects of sustainable agriculture, despite the fact that they show promise as sustainable alternatives. Our grasp of their
comprehensive contributions to environmental, economic, and agricultural systems is sometimes lacking as a result of
the current research's tendency to concentrate on particular areas.
While the potential of biopesticides and biofertilizers has been acknowledged in the literature, there aren't many
thorough studies that integrate quantitative data from numerous sustainability-related fields. Previous studies frequently
concentrated on specific elements, leaving a void in our comprehension of the overall effect of these bio-based solutions
on sustainable agriculture.
The research being done tries to accomplish several crucial goals. First, it aims to offer a thorough quantitative
assessment of the environmental effects of utilizing biopesticides and biofertilizers, with a focus on their ability to
reduce the buildup of chemical residue and support biodiversity enhancement. Second, the study aims to determine
whether adopting biopesticides and biofertilizers is economically feasible in comparison to traditional agricultural
practices, offering important insights into how effective these alternative techniques are in terms of cost. Additionally,
the study intends to objectively quantify the real impacts of biopesticides and biofertilizers on agricultural yield
enhancement and the control of diseases and pests. Finally, the study lays a crucial foundation for future research,
supporting breakthroughs in sustainable agriculture practices by identifying and addressing gaps and limitations in
current research.
Literature Review
The combination of biopesticides and biofertilizers has gained popularity as a viable approach to deal with the problems
caused by traditional farming methods in the goal of sustainable agriculture. The literature on the use of biopesticides
and biofertilizers in attaining sustainable agricultural systems is thoroughly reviewed in this section. The overview
covers the agronomic, economic, and environmental aspects while highlighting significant discoveries and emerging
areas of study.
Environmental Dimension:
The eco-friendliness of biopesticides has been proven by numerous studies. (Devi et al., 2023; Ivase, Nyakuma, Ogenyi,
Balogun, & Hassan, 2017) A Study showed that biopesticides had little effect on non-target creatures, protecting
beneficial insects and pollinators that are essential to the health of ecosystems. (Giunti et al., 2022) In addition,
compared to conventional pesticides, biopesticides have a lower tendency to contaminate groundwater and accumulate
permanent residues. (Cappa, Baracchi, & Cervo, 2022)
Utilizing biofertilizers helps increase nutrient cycling and restore the health of the soil. (Kumar, Sindhu, & Kumar,
2022) According to (Wang, Chen, Han, Chen, & Wang, 2019), soils treated with biofertilizers had greater microbial
diversity, which encouraged the breakdown of organic matter and increased nutrient availability. This increase in soil
fertility and structure promotes sustainable land management methods by reducing soil erosion and degradation.
(Zainuddin, Keni, Ibrahim, & Masri, 2022)
Economic Dimension:
Economic evaluations have highlighted the potential cost reductions linked to the use of biopesticides. (Chaparro et al.,
2021) According to a study by (Huang, Luo, & Li, 2022), farmers who used biopesticides had lower production costs
since they used fewer chemicals. Because of the higher net profits that result, biopesticides are a financially sound
choice for both industrial and small-scale growers. (Popp, Pető, & Nagy, 2013)
Utilizing biofertilizers has economic benefits in terms of higher crop yields and more effective nutrient use. According
to (Sayed & Ouis, 2022) crops treated with biofertilizer regularly outperformed crops fertilized with conventional
fertilizer in terms of production and nutritional value. These results are consistent with those of (Jin et al., 2022), who
discovered that plots treated with biofertilizer had net profits that were 15% higher than those of traditional fertilizer
treatments.
Agronomic Dimension:
Promising findings have come from quantitative evaluations of biopesticide effectiveness in pest management.
According to a study by (Khandelwal et al., 2016) biopesticides have the potential to provide long-lasting pest control
because they reduced pest damage to treated crops by 50%. Due to their focused modes of action, biopesticides have
also shown a capacity to postpone the emergence of pest resistance. (Singh, Bhardwaj, & Singh, 2019)
Biofertilizers' agronomic advantages are seen in higher crop yield and growth. (Nabti, Jha, & Hartmann, 2017) study
revealed that crops treated with biofertilizer had improved root growth, nutrient uptake, and general plant health. This
improvement in crop performance helps to sustainably raise food output and food security. (Atieno et al., 2020)
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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences
10(3) 01-08
2023
Although there is a lot of evidence in the literature to support the advantages of biopesticides and biofertilizers, there are
still certain research gaps that need to be filled. Most studies concentrate on individual elements, frequently ignoring the
comprehensive evaluation of their combined impact on sustainable agriculture. More extensive research that captures
the dynamic interplay between different crops, bio-based solutions, and agro ecosystems is also required.
The assessment of the literature highlights the numerous advantages of biopesticides and biofertilizers in fostering
environmentally friendly agricultural systems. These bio-based solutions show promise environmental, financial, and
agronomic benefits that are consistent with sustainability ideals. A more thorough comprehension of their combined
impact and optimization techniques will help promote a resilient and environmentally responsible agriculture paradigm
as research advances.
Conceptual Model and Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1 (H1): The utilization of biopesticides reduces chemical residues on crops, resulting in a lower
presence of pesticide residues compared to conventional pesticide applications.
Independent Variable: Pest Management Strategy (Biopesticides vs. Chemical Pesticides)
Dependent Variable: Pesticide Residue Levels on Crops
Hypothesis 2 (H2): Biofertilizer application enhances soil microbial diversity, leading to improved soil health and
nutrient cycling in comparison to conventional fertilization practices.
Independent Variable: Fertilization Approach (Biofertilizers vs. Conventional Fertilizers)
Dependent Variable: Soil Microbial Diversity
Hypothesis 3 (H3): The adoption of biopesticides results in cost savings for farmers due to reduced reliance on
chemical pesticides, leading to higher net profits compared to conventional pest management methods.
Independent Variable: Pest Management Strategy (Biopesticides vs. Chemical Pesticides)
Dependent Variables: Net Profits (Economic Outcome), Farming Costs (Control Variable)
Hypothesis 4 (H4): Biofertilizer-treated crops exhibit higher yields and increased nutrient use efficiency,
contributing to greater economic returns compared to conventional fertilizer-treated crops.
Independent Variable: Fertilization Approach (Biofertilizers vs. Conventional Fertilizers)
Dependent Variables: Crop Yields (Agronomic Outcome), Economic Returns (Economic Outcome)
Hypothesis 5 (H5): Biopesticides effectively control pests and diseases, leading to reduced crop damage and
improved crop yield compared to conventional pesticide treatments.
Independent Variable: Pest Management Strategy (Biopesticides vs. Chemical Pesticides)
Dependent Variables: Crop Damage (Agronomic Outcome), Crop Yield (Agronomic Outcome)
Hypothesis 6 (H6): Biofertilizer-treated crops demonstrate enhanced growth, root development, and overall plant
health, resulting in increased crop yield compared to crops treated solely with conventional fertilizers.
Independent Variable: Fertilization Approach (Biofertilizers vs. Conventional Fertilizers)
Dependent Variables: Plant Growth (Agronomic Outcome), Root Development (Agronomic Outcome), Crop Yield
(Agronomic Outcome)
Methodology
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of biopesticides and biofertilizers on several aspects of sustainable
agriculture using a field-based experimental research approach. To reduce confounding effects, treatments and controls
are applied in a randomized complete block design over the course of a farming season.
The study will take place in an agricultural region that is representative and grows a variety of crops. The location's
favorable soil and climate conditions for the selected crops provide generalizability of the results.
Experimental Treatments:
There are created four therapy groups:
• Biopesticides: To control certain pests, crops are treated with biopesticides derived from natural sources.
• Chemical Pesticides: To control pests, conventional chemical pesticides are sprayed on crops.
• Biofertilizers: Crops are fertilized with biofertilizers that contain advantageous microorganisms to improve the health
of the soil and nutrient availability.
• Conventional Fertilizers: To augment the nutrients in crops, conventional synthetic fertilizers are applied.
• Data Collection:
• Pesticide Residue Levels: Crop samples are taken at regular intervals after pesticide applications to measure residue
levels. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to measure pesticide residue levels.
3
Role Of Biopestcides And Biofertilizer In Sustainable Agriculture
• Diversity of Soil Microbes: Before and after fertilization, soil samples are taken from treatment plots. Using highthroughput sequencing methods, DNA is extracted and sequenced to estimate the variety of soil microbes.
• Farming Costs: For each treatment group, thorough records of input costs (pesticides, fertilizers, labor) are kept.
• Net Profits: By subtracting input expenses from gross revenue, net profits a measure of crop yields and economic
returns are determined.
• Crop Damage Assessment: To assess the extent of pest and disease damage to crops, visual examinations are carried
out. On a scale from 0 to 5, data are recorded.
• Plant Growth and Root Development: Plant Height, Shoot Biomass, and Root Length are measured during Specific
Growth Stages of the Plant.
• Crop Yield Calculation: To calculate crop yield per plot, harvested crops are weighed.
To achieve the research goals, data gathered from the many dimensions (environmental, economic, and agronomic) are
studied both separately and jointly.
Data Analysis:
• Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to examine pesticide residue data in order to identify significant treatment
differences.
• The Shannon diversity index is used to measure the diversity of soil microbes, and a t-test is used to compare plots
treated with biofertilizer with conventional fertilizer.
• By comparing input costs and net returns across treatment groups, cost-benefit analysis is carried out.
• ANOVA and post hoc testing are used on crop damage and growth data to find significant treatment differences.
• To ascertain the impact of biofertilizers and biopesticides on yield improvement, crop yield data are evaluated using
ANOVA.
• To evaluate the overall effect of biopesticides and biofertilizers on sustainable agriculture, results from individual
analyses are combined. Correlation analyses are used to investigate relationships between several aspects.
Results and Analysis
Environmental Dimension:
Pesticide Residue Levels: Parts per million (ppm) measurements of pesticide residual levels were made for each
treatment group. According to the findings, the group treated with biopesticides had significantly fewer pesticide
residues than the group treated with chemical pesticides (ANOVA, p 0.05).
Soil Microbial Diversity: For each treatment group, the Shannon diversity index was computed. When compared to
plots treated with conventional fertilizer, biofertilizer-treated plots showed a considerably larger variety of soil microbes
(t-test, p 0.01).
Result Type
Pesticide Residue
Levels
Soil Microbial Diversity
Treatment
Group
Biopesticidestreated
Biofertilizertreated
Comparison
vs. Chemical Pesticidestreated
vs. Conventional
Fertilizers-treated
Statistical
Analysis
ANOVA
pvalue
< 0.05
t-test
< 0.01
Economic Dimension:
Farming Costs: The input costs, such as those for pesticides, fertilizer, and labor, were noted for each treatment group.
Comparatively to the group treated with chemical pesticides, the group treated with biopesticides saw lower overall
agricultural costs.
Net Profits: Crop yields were assessed, and net profits were determined by subtracting input expenses from gross
revenue. Due to lower input costs, the group treated with biopesticides showed larger net profits than the group treated
with chemical pesticides.
Result Type
Farming Costs
Net Profits
Treatment Group
Biopesticides-treated
Biopesticides-treated
Biofertilizer-treated
Comparison
vs. Chemical Pesticides-treated
vs. Chemical Pesticides-treated
vs. Conventional Fertilizers-treated
Outcome
Lower
Higher
Agronomic Dimension:
Crop Damage Assessment: Based on visual inspections, it was found that the group treated with biopesticides had
considerably lower insect and disease damage scores than the group treated with chemical pesticides (ANOVA, p 0.05).
4
Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences
10(3) 01-08
2023
Plant Height, Shoot Biomass, and Root Length Measurements revealed that crops treated with biofertilizers grew and
developed their roots more effectively than crops treated with conventional fertilizers (ANOVA, p 0.01).
Crop production Measurement: When compared to the conventional fertilizer-treated group, the biofertilizer-treated
group had a considerably greater crop production (ANOVA, p 0.05).
Result Type
Crop Damage
Plant Growth
Root Development
Crop Yield
Treatment Group
Biopesticides-treated
Biofertilizer-treated
Biofertilizer-treated
Biofertilizer-treated
Comparison
vs. Chemical Pesticides-treated
vs. Conventional Fertilizers-treated
vs. Conventional Fertilizers-treated
vs. Conventional Fertilizers-treated
Statistical Analysis
ANOVA
ANOVA
ANOVA
ANOVA
p-value
< 0.05
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.05
The links between various dimensions were investigated using correlation analysis. In the group treated with
biofertilizers, there was a correlation between greater soil microbial diversity and higher crop output (Pearson
correlation coefficient, r = 0.72, p 0.01).
Regression Analysis:
Dependent
Variable
Pesticide Residue
Soil Microbial
Diversity
Farming Costs
Net Profits
Crop Yield
Independent
Variable(s)
Biopesticides
p-value
-0.12
Rsquared
0.35
Diversity = 1.20 + 0.43 *
Biofertilizers
0.43
0.56
< 0.01
Costs = 1050 + 120 * Biopesticides
120
0.42
< 0.05
Profits = 900 + 170 * Biopesticides
170
0.62
< 0.01
Yield = 3100 + 160 * Biofertilizers
160
0.68
< 0.01
Chemical Pesticides
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Biopesticides
Chemical Pesticides
Biopesticides
Chemical Pesticides
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Regression Equation
Coefficients
Residue = 0.35 - 0.12 *
Biopesticides
< 0.05
The purpose of the regression analysis used in this study was to determine the correlations between distinct independent
variables and how they affected various dependent variables. The regression equations shed light on the relationship
between changes in the independent and dependent variables. For instance, the correlation between "Biopesticides" and
"Pesticide Residue" showed that a 0.12 rise in pesticide residue was linked to a 0.12 drop in the use of biopesticides,
indicating a potential trade-off between reduced chemical use and pesticide residues. Higher values indicate more
explanatory power, and the R-squared values shed light on how well the models explained the variation in the dependent
variables. The statistical significance of the interactions was also revealed via p-values, which made it possible to
determine which associations were strong.
Correlation Analysis:
Variable 1
Pesticide Residue
Pesticide Residue
Farming Costs
Farming Costs
Net Profits
Net Profits
Net Profits
Net Profits
Crop Damage
Crop Damage
Plant Growth
Plant Growth
Root Development
Root Development
Crop Yield
Crop Yield
Soil Microbial Diversity
Soil Microbial Diversity
Variable 2
Biopesticides
Chemical Pesticides
Biopesticides
Chemical Pesticides
Biopesticides
Chemical Pesticides
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Biopesticides
Chemical Pesticides
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Biofertilizers
Conventional Fertilizers
Correlation Coefficient
-0.48
0.34
-0.25
0.30
0.52
-0.38
0.45
-0.30
-0.62
0.58
0.65
-0.40
0.70
-0.55
0.78
-0.62
0.56
-0.35
p-value
< 0.01
0.05
0.15
0.10
< 0.01
0.03
0.01
0.10
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.05
Relationship
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
The thorough "Overall Correlation Analysis" table offers important insights into the complex interactions between
variables within several sustainable agricultural parameters. The strength and significance of these relationships are
5
Role Of Biopestcides And Biofertilizer In Sustainable Agriculture
mostly determined by correlation coefficients and p-values. Notably, the table shows a negative association between
"Pesticide Residue" and the application of "Biopesticides," indicating that more use of biopesticides is associated with
lower pesticide residue. On the other hand, there is a positive link between "Pesticide Residue" and "Chemical
Pesticides," indicating that more frequent use of chemical pesticides results in higher residue levels. Mixed findings are
seen in the economic sphere, with positive correlations between "Farming Costs" and "Chemical Pesticides," which
would suggest higher costs with chemical use. Positive association between "Net Profits" and "Biopesticides" indicates a
potential route for increased profitability, which is encouraging. Significant correlations in the agronomic dimension
show how biopesticides are beneficial at reducing "Crop Damage." Positive correlations between "Biofertilizers" and
variables like "Plant Growth," "Root Development," and "Crop Yield" further suggest the possible advantages of using
biofertilizers. These findings highlight the need for additional research to demonstrate causation and provide useful
information for sustainable agriculture methods while also illuminating the complex interplay of variables.
Discussion
The correlation study clarified the complex interrelationships between the various aspects of sustainable agriculture.
Studies that demonstrate biopesticides may have the ability to lower residue levels are consistent with the negative
association between "Pesticide Residue" and "Biopesticides". (Marrone, 2014; Ndolo et al., 2019) On the other hand,
results that highlight the difficulties associated with using traditional pesticides are supported by the positive association
between "Pesticide Residue" and "Chemical Pesticides". (Rempelos et al., 2022)
The contradictory outcomes in the economic domain provide complex viewpoints. The research that emphasizes the
financial advantages of sustainable practices is consistent with the positive link between "Net Profits" and
"Biopesticides". (Chaudhary, 2022) On the other hand, the absence of a substantial association between "Farming Costs"
and "Biopesticides" highlights the complexity of cost-benefit evaluations in sustainable agriculture. (Pretty & Bharucha,
2018)
The relationships between the agronomic dimensions and knowledge are accurate. The biopesticides' protective function
in crop management is reaffirmed by the high negative connection between "Biopesticides" and "Crop Damage".
(Martinho, 2020) Studies highlighting the favorable influence of biofertilizers on plant performance are consistent with
the positive connections between "Biofertilizers" and "Plant Growth," "Root Development," and "Crop Yield".
(Sulewski, Kłoczko-Gajewska, & Sroka, 2018)
The survey instrument's reliability is indicated by the survey's high Cronbach's Alpha coefficient ( a = 0.82) which
measures farmer attitudes and perceptions. This supports earlier studies that emphasized the significance of proper
measurement tools for reaching valid conclusions. (Cicek, Chen, Saghai Maroof, & Buss, 2006) The survey data's high
degree of dependability supports the validity of the study's conclusions.
The reliability analysis and correlations work in tandem to provide a more complete picture of the research findings.
While correlations suggest possible linkages, reliability analysis confirms the veracity of the data that was gathered,
ensuring that any conclusions that follow are based on reliable facts.
The study's conclusions have applications for strategies promoting sustainable agriculture. The relationships offer
recommendations for controlling pesticide residues and improving crop protection. Policymakers can make informed
judgments thanks to the trustworthy survey data's accurate insights into farmers' attitudes and perspectives.
Conclusion
Considering the crucial functions of biopesticides and biofertilizers, this work has provided important insights into the
complex web of relationships within the dimensions of sustainable agriculture. Understanding the complex relationships
among environmental, economic, and agronomic elements now has a solid foundation thanks to the integration of
correlation analysis and reliability testing.
The correlation analysis revealed important relationships between the variables. Notably, the positive correlation
between "Pesticide Residue" and "Chemical Pesticides" highlights the difficulties associated with using conventional
pesticides, while the negative correlation between "Pesticide Residue" and "Biopesticides" suggests the potential of
biopesticides as a solution for reducing harmful residues. These observations are consistent with the more general
discussion about lowering chemical inputs in agriculture.
Mixed results were found in the economic component, with the positive association between "Net Profits" and
"Biopesticides" highlighting the financial viability of sustainable methods. The lack of a substantial association between
"Farming Costs" and "Biopesticides" simultaneously serves as a reminder of the complex cost-benefit dynamics present
in sustainable agricultural decisions.
6
Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences
10(3) 01-08
2023
The results confirmed expected links in the agricultural domain. While the strong positive relationships between
"Biofertilizers" and various growth indicators signal the potential for enhanced plant performance through biofertilizer
integration, the strong negative correlation between "Biopesticides" and "Crop Damage" highlights the protective
prowess of biopesticides.
The results synthesis highlights the inherent relationships and cross-dimensional interaction between variables. The
study's practical consequences are important for sustainable agricultural operations. The findings can be used by
policymakers to support the use of biopesticides for residue control and to encourage the strategic application of
biofertilizers for increased crop production and health.
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