Important Questions for First Prof. MBBS Kashmir University
BIOCHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES
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MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES (Most Important)
GLYCOSIDES (Most Important)
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
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Glycolysis (Pasteur effect)
TCA Cycle
Gluconeogenesis (overview only ) + Cori cycle
Regulation of glucogenesis and glycogenolysis (esp harmonal & cAMP mechanism)
Glyogen storage disease(only table) (Most Important)
HMP shunt & significance(Most Important)
Sorbitol pathway and role in Diebetes Mellitus
LIPIDS
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Essential fatty acids
Phospholipids (including glycerophospholipids & sphingophospholipids ) (Most
Important)
Cerebrosides & gangliosides (Important)
Cholesterol (overview)
PROTEINS
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Classification of amino acids (overview only).
Structure of proteins (esp secondary structure ) (Important)
Protein misfolding & chaperons (Important)
Denaturation
Important peptides ( glutathione,ADH , etc overview)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Dna structure (Watson Crick)
Chargaffs rule
Type of RNA (superficial)
Structure of T RNA (Important)
ENZYMES
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Classification of enzymes (superficial)
Factors affecting enzyme activity (Important) including active site
Types of Enzyme inhibition (Most Important)
Sucide inhibition (Important)
Co enzymes (overview) & Moa Of enzymes (overview superficial)
Allosteric regulation (Important)
Ribozymes (overview)
Clinically impt enzymes (Important-Only Table)
Isoenzymes - especially LDH ,CPK (Most Important)
VITAMINS
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Classification (overview)
Vit A esp walds visual cycle , deficiency (Important)
Vit D is a harmone (Most Important)& deficiency
Vit b 1,3, deficiency
Functions & def of vit b6
Folate trap (Most Important)
Immunoglobins
HEMOGLOBIN
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Clinical significance of 2,3 DPG (Most Important)
Sickle & thalassemia (overview)
Synthesis of heme (flowchat)
Porphyrias Table (Most Important)
BIO-OXIDATION
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ETC & components
Oxidative phosphorylation (Important) & mechanism (esp chemiosmotic hypothesis)
Structure if mitochondrial ATP synthase (Most Important)
Uncouplers (Important)& significance
ETC inhibitors (Important)
Shuttle pathway (only overview)
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
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Steps of Fatty acid oxidation (Important)
Beta-Oxidation
Ketone bodies (names with overview)
Steps of synthesis of fatty acids (Important)
Phospholipids (only reactions )
Lipid storage disorders (Most Important-Only Table)
Synthesis of cholesterol (only flowchart form reactions ) & regulation
Lipoprotein (Important)
METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS
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Steps of Transamination & deamination (Important)
Ammonia metabolism (overview)
Urea cycle (Important)
Urea & TCA cycle relationship
Tyrosine metablism reactions with respect to synthesis of melanin & thyroid hormone
catecholamines) (Important)
Phenylketonuria & alkaptonuria (Important)
Tryptophan (serotonin pathway)
Hartnups disease
Homocystinuria
One carbon metabolism (overview steps)
Maple syrup urine disease (Important)
Albinism
METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES
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Reactions of purine ribonucleorides synthesis (Important)
Salvage pathway for purines (overview)
Gout & lesch nyha. Syndrome (overview)
Pyrimidine syn reactions only
MINERAL METABOLISM
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Calcium(Important), sodium , Iron (Important), copper ,iodine ,fluorine
Mechanism of action of harmones (Important)
NUITRITION (superficial overview)
BMR & BMI
Glycemic index
PEM (kwashiorkor & marasmus ) (Important)
GENETICS
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DNA replication steps (overview) & inhibitors
Types of mituation(overview)
Types of DNA repair (Important)
Steps of transcription & translation
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Genetic code (Important),wobble hypothesis
Inhibiors of translation (Important)
Lac Operan (superficial overview )
Restriction endonucleases esp ECOR1 (Important)
Blotting techniques (overview only)
PCR (OVERVIEW) & USES
(VNTRs, microsatellites,SNP overview)
Synthesis of prostaglandins & their actions (Important)
Leukotrienez (overview)
ANATOMY
NEUROANATOMY
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CSF CIRCULATION & APPLIED ANATOMY (like hydrocephalus etc)
Spinal cord anatomy (jus overview)
Cranial nerves ( *Facial , hypoglossal, trigeminal, vestibulocochlear (Most Important)
Rest crainial nerves _overview)
Sections of medulla, pons , midbrain (only diagrams in each ) at different levels (Most
Important)
Blood supply of brain & Circle of Willis (Most Important)
Basal ganglia (Important)
FEW CLINICAL QUESTIONS( OVERVIEW)
➢ Medial medullary syndrome
➢ Lateral medullary syndrome
➢ Cauda equina syndrome
pyramidal tract in detial , rest tracts jus overview
ABDOMEN & PELVIS
• Umbilicus & umblical hernia (overview)
• Rectus sheath & fascia transversalis(Important))
• Inguinal canal & it's applied like hernia etc(Most Important)
• Layers of scrotum (overview only)
• Greater & lesser omentum (overview)
• Lesser sac (Important)
• Lymphatic drainage & blood supply of stomach + stomach bed (Important)
• Duodenum (ist and 2nd part overview)
• Positions of appendix (overview)
• Blood supply of Gut (remember only names of arteries ,then elaborate)
• Portal vein & portosystemic anastamosis (Important)
• Relations of spleen (overview)
• Relations & segments of liver
• Relations of kidney (Most Important)+coverings (Important)
• Constrictions of ureter (only names overview)
• Ischioanal fossa+perineal memberane + pudendal canal& nerve (overview)
• Ligaments & relations of bladder
• Supports & ligaments of uterus
• Prostate whole (esp zones ) & applied including batsons plexus
• Rectum blood supply & supports (Important)
• Anal canal & applied
• BRANCHES OF INTERNAL ILEIC ARTERY (OVERVIEW)
****YOU WILL GET 3-4 QUESTIONS FROM ABDOMEN ALONE INCLUDING 1-2 HIGH
WEIGHTAGE QUESTIONS (10 MARKS)****
LOWER LIMB
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Femoral traingle+ canal + femoral artery & applied
Popliteal fossa
Adductor canal (Most Important)
Obturator nerve+ sciatic nerve (overview) +dorsalis pedis artery
Venous & lymphatic drainage of lower limb (Most Important)
Hip joint (overview)
Ligaments of knee joint + lock-in & unlocking of knee joint (Important)
Arches of foot (Most Important)
HEAD & NECK
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Layers of scalp (Important)
Bell's palsy overview
Lacrimal apparatus
Deep cervical fascia (Most Important)
Carotid sheath
Anterior(carotid esp) and posterior traingles of neck with contents(Important)
External carotid artery and its branches (Most Important)
Ansa cervicalis (overview)
Parotid gland anatomy (overview)
Maxillary artery (overview)
Temporomandibular joint (only joint in head & neck) (Important)
Thyroid gland (Most Important)
Lymphatic drainage of head & neck (only names )
Styloid apparatus (Important)
Suboccipital traingle(Important)
Cavernous sinus (Most Important)
Internal carotid artery (overview)
Palate soft (Most Important)
Waldeyers ring
palatine tonsil (esp bed of tonsil ) (Most Important)
Lateral wall of nose
Larynx cartilages ,muscles ,nerve supply (Important)
Tongue anatomy histology blood & nerve supply of tongue (Important)
Anatomy of middle ear
****DIAGRAM>>>>THEORY IN ANATOMY****
UPPER LIMB
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Breast (especially lymphatic drainage & applied ) (Most Important)
Clavipectoral fascia (overview)
Brachial plexus & applied like erbs paralysis(Most Important)
Rotator cuff (overview)
Cubital fossa (overview)
Median nerve & ulner (superficial )
Flexor retinaculum (overview)
Carpal tunnel syndrome & dupuytrens contracture
Shoulder joint (Most Important)
First carpometacarpal joint (Most Important)
THORAX
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Azygous vein can come as venous drainage of posterior thoracic wall (Important)
Thoracic sympathetic trunk (overview)
Impressions on Medial surface of Right & left lung (Most Important)
Brochopulmonary segments (Most Important)
Mediastinum (remember contents of each mediastinum)
Right atrium (Most Important)
Vascular suply of heart (including arterial & venous (esp CORONARY SINUS)
(Important)
Fibrous Skelton on heart (overview)
Thoracic duct (Important)
Esophagus ( overview)
EMBRYOLOGY
****EMBRYOLOGY IS SHORT ,FEW QUESTIONS GAME, FOCUS MAINLY ON HEAD &
NECK, ABDOMEN {TWO HIGH WEIGHTAGE CHAPTERSS IN ANATOMY} ****
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Germ layers (gastrulation)
Development of notochord & neuraltube
Devlopment of placenta & Placental abnormalities (Important)like placenta previa etc
(Most Important)
Pharyngeal arches & pouches (Important)
Development of tongue & thyroid ,face,palate ,tonsil (with abnormalities like cleft lip
cleft palate)
Midgut rotation (overview)
Pancrease development
Right atrium development (Important) with formation of AV SEPTUM &
INTERATRIAL SEPTUM
DEVELOPMENT OF KIDNEY, Testis (overview)
Neural crest & its derivatives
****YOU WILL GET 1-2 SEPARATE QUESTIONS FROM EMBRYOLOGY IN YOUR
SEND UP EXAMS (E.G. WRITE DEVELOPMENT OF RIGHT ATRIUM IN DETAIL).
WHILE IN FINAL EXAM EMBRYOLOGY QUESTION IS NOT SEPARATE, IT’S
MERGED IN ONE QUESTION E.G. DISCUSS ANATOMY, DEVELOPMENT, HISTOLOGY
, APPLIED ANATOMY OF TONGUE (ONE QUESTION)****
HISTOLOGY (FEW QUESTIONS GAME)
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Classification of epithelium (overview)
Serous and mucous acini diagram
Types of cartilage with diagram only
Lymphatics & lymphoid system (Most Important)
Histology of lymph node diagram (only diagram)
(Spleen +thymus + tonsil histological diagram only)
Cerebellar cortex histological diagram only
Skin histology diagram (thin and thick)
Histology of tongue diagram (Most Important)
Parotid
Stomach histology diagram + duodenum +appendix diagram +liver (portal triad)
Kidney + ureter + bladder + testis (slide practical diagram)
Prostate histology diagram
Uterus histology diagram
Thyroid histology diagram (Important)
****SEPARATE 1-2 QUESTION FROM HISTOLOGY IN SEND UP EXAMS WHILE IN
FINALS COMBINED IN ONE QUESTION AS MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY IN
EMBRYOLOGY (SAME PATTERN LIKE EMBRYOLOGY)****
PHYSIOLOGY
GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
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Different Transport modes esp. active (NA+ K+ ATPase pump) & facilitated
diffusion,Edema )
Homeostasis
Nerve & Muscle
action potential , refractory period ,all or none law , SALTATORY CONDUCTION ,
WALLERIAN DEGENERATION , strength duration curve ,
Steps of Transmission across NM JUNCTION (Important) along with applied Myasthenia
gravis
Excitation contraction coupling (Important) including Sarcoplasmic reticular system
(Important) + Molecular mechanism
HAEMATOLOGY
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plasma proteins & fuctions (Important)
Erythropoiesis & regulation (Important)
Iron metabolism (overview)
Anaemia classification (overview)
Jaundice (classification overview)
Phagocytosis steps
Types of immunity & hypersensitivity reactions (overview)
Antibodies & mechanism of their action s(Important)
Haemostasis steps (overview)
Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism of blood clotting (Most Important)
CVS
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Action potential graph of cardiac muscle & SA node
Transmission of impulse in heart & Ecg leads (overview)
Arthymias (overview)
Heart blocks & types (Most Important)
Extrasystole ,wenckebach phenomenon,stokes Adams syndrome ,wpw syndrome
(overview)
Cardiac cycle (Most Important)
Cardiac output and factors regulating (Most Important)
Determinants of BP (Most Important)
Regulation of BP short & long term (esp ) (Most Important)
Coronary circulation & autoregulation (overview)
Shock & it's types (Most Important)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Dead space & types
Lung volumes & capacities (esp vital capacity) (superficial)
Ventilation & ventilation perfusion mismatch (Important)
Physiological shunt
Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve (Important)& applied Bohr effect etc
Hypoxia & types (overview)
Haldane effect
Regulation of respiration (Important) esp chemical
Cheno _stokes breathing (Important)
Changes at high altitude _moutian sickness , decompression sickness (overview)
GIT
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Enteric nervous system (overview)
Mechanism of HCl secreation (Important)
Phases of gastric secreation (overview)
Functions of liver (superficial)
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Bile secreation & function of bile salts (Important)
GI motility (migratory motor complex esp)
Bilrubin formation & metabolism
GI harmones (Most Important)
KIDNEY
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Functions of kidney (Important)
GFR & it's regulators including tubologlomerular feedback (determinants) (Most
Important)
Steps in urine formation esp filtration (superficial overview).
Mechanism of concentration of urine (counter current multiplier & exchange) (Most
Important)
Salt _ appetite mechanism (overview)
Micturation reflex (overview)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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Types of harmones and their site (mech) of action (overview)
Secondary messengerz inducing c_AMP (Important)
Growth harmone & functions and applied _(panhypopitutarism, gigantism etc ) (Most
Important)
ADH (overview).
Oxytocin & milk ejection reflex (Important)
Thyroid harmon synthesis & functions (Important)
Goiterogen
Grave’s disease, cretinism
Difference between cretinism and dwarfism (Important)
Parathyroid hormone , calcium ,vit d (overview)
Functions of glucocorticoids
Cushing’s syndrome & Addison's disease
Insulin actions (Important) & types of diabetes.
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
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Functions of testosterone & regulation of secretion (overview)
Menstrual cycle & phases (Important)_ LH surge
Hypothalamo_pitutary _ovarian axis
Steps in fertilization (overview) Capacitation of sperms
Functions of ovarain harmoes (overview)
Mechanism of Contraceptive effect of breast feeding (Important)
HCG & its significance
Maternal changes during pregnancy
Foetal placental unit
Double Bohr Effect
CNS
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Properties of synapse (Most Important)
Functions of hypothalamus (Most Important)
Tracts (Important)
Pain pathway and mechanism of Endogenous analgesia (Most Important)
Transection of spinal cord (only overview)
Muscle spindle (only overview)