UCSP – 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Nature, Goals and Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science
First Edition, 2020
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Development Team of the Module
Writers: Amormia J. Dela Pena, Joel P. Andres, Jr.
Editors: Marya Legaspina, Kenneth Robert Naval
Reviewers: Fredgie Pasco / Fernie Cabanalan
Illustrator: Patrick Ebuetada
Layout Artist: Edward Ryan Gulam / Maylene Grigana
Cover Art Designer: Ian Caesar E. Frondoza
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or
if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teachers are also
provided to the facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. Read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or
facilitator.
Thank you.
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Nature, Goals and Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology and Political
Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 - Anthropology
Lesson 1.1 – The Four Major Fields of Anthropology
• Lesson 2 – Sociology
Lesson 2.1 – Purpose of Sociology
• Lesson 3 – Political Science
Lesson 3.1 – Control and Politics Relationship
Lesson 3.2 – Types of Major Political Ideologies
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Articulate observations on human cultural variation, social differences,
social change and political identities
2. Explore the origins and dynamics of culture and society and political
identities
3. Identify the subjects of inquiry and goals of anthropology and sociology
4. Explain the present human biological diversity
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What I Know
Before we proceed to our lesson proper let us check first your prior knowledge
about this lesson by answering the following questions below. Rest assured that
your scores for this test will not be recorded, but this serves as basis for the
teacher to determine your prior knowledge about the topic.
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1.It refers to the totality of what man has learned as a member of society.
a. Sociology
b. Anthropology
c. Culture
d. Psychology
2. It is the systematic study of politics which Andrew Heywood describes as the
activity through which people, make, preserve and amend the general rules
under which they live.
a. Public Administration
b. Sociology
c. Political Science
d. Politics
3. It is "an attempt to reduce to something like measurable terms the grade and
degrees of understanding and intimacy which characterizes personal and social
relations generally" the measure of nearness or intimacy that an individual or
group feels towards another individual or group in a social network or the level
of trust one group has for another and the extent of perceived likeness of
beliefs.
a. Social Distance
b.Social Differences
c. Stratification
d. Functionalist Approach
4) Which of the following best describe how anthropologists primarily learn new
information about humans?
a.
b.
c.
d.
field work
laboratory experiments
reading travelers accounts
none of the above
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5. It is the ability or right to control people or things.
a. Regime
b. Authority
c. Power
d. Politics
B. MATCHING TYPE
Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write your correct answers on the
space provided for each.
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
_____1. Father of sociology and advocate of
positivism .
_____2. Coined the term survival of the fittest .
_____3. Father of Modern Anthropology .
_____4.
An American sociologist who
coined the term sociological imagination .
_____5. Coined the term social change
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Emile Durkheim
Auguste Comte
Talcott Parsons
Franz Boas
Herbert Spencer
C. Wright Mills
Peter Ludwig Berger
Max Weber
.
C. TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is CORRECT and FALSE if the
statement is INCORRECT. Write your answers on the space provided before
each number.
____1.Military rule is a form of government where political power resides with
the military.
____2. It is through fieldworks whereby anthropologist primarily learned new
information about humans.
____3. Democracy bases its authority on the will of the people.
____4. Laws are customary patterns of everyday life that specify what is socially
correct and proper in everyday life.
____5. Talcott Parsons is the one who coined the term Sociological Imagination
Good Job! I know you are now ready for the first lesson in this module.
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Lesson
1
Anthropology
People are really different. Our socio-economic background, political and cultural
behavior and phenomenon vary. As the old saying goes, there are different strokes
for different folks. Society across the globe are very different.
As a species, we are social beings who live out our lives in the company of other
humans. We organize ourselves into various kinds of social groupings, such as
nomadic bands, villages, cities, and countries, in which we work, trade, play,
reproduce, and interact in many other ways. Unlike other species, we combine
socialization with deliberate changes in social behavior and organization over time.
Consequently, the patterns of human society differ from place to place and era to
era and across cultures, making the social world a very complex and dynamic
environment.
In this module, you are going to articulate observations on human cultural
variation, social differences, social change, and political identities; design a life of a
person based from social, cultural and political context; and appreciate the activity
by describing a successful person.
What’s In
1. What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution?
2. How Anthropologist differ from Archaeologist?
3. What is family? What are the different types of families?
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ACTIVITY 1 - “LET’S SING TOGETHER “
Direction: Read and analyze the song below. Answer the following questions and
write your answer on the space provided.
KALEIDOSCOPE WORLD
Francis Magalona
So many faces, so many races
Different voices, different choices
Some are mad, while others laugh
Some live alone with no better half
Others grieve while others curse
And others mourn behind a big black hearse
Some are pure and some half-bred
Some are sober and some are wasted
Some are rich because of fate and
Some are poor with no food on their plate
Some stand out while others blend
Some are fat and stout while some are thin
Some are friends and some are foes
Some have some while some have most
Every color and every hue
Is represented by me and you
Take a slide in the slope
Take a look in the kaleidoscope
Spinnin' round, make it twirl In
this kaleidoscope world
Some are great and some are few
Others lie while some tell the truth
Some say poems and some do sing
Others sing through their guitar strings
Some know it all while some act dumb Let
the bassline strum to the bang of the
drum
Some can swim while some will sink
And some will find their minds and think
Others walk while others run
You can't talk peace and have a gun
Some are hurt and start to cry
Don't ask me how don't ask me why
Some are friends and some are foes
Some have some while some have most
Every color and every hue
Is represented by me and you
Take a slide in the slope
Take a look in the kaleidoscope
Spinnin' round, make it twirl
In this kaleidoscope world
Guide Questions:
1. What is the general idea of the song?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. How can you relate yourself to the circumstance of the song?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Does it ignite your personality?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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What is Anthropology?
Anthropology is the study of what makes us human. Anthropologists take a broad
approach to understanding the many different aspects of the human experience,
which we call holism. They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how
human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was important
to them. They consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well
as our bones, diet, and health. Anthropologists also compare humans with other
animals (most often, other primates like monkeys and chimpanzees) to see what we
have in common with them and what makes us unique. Even though nearly all
humans need the same things to survive, like food, water, and companionship, the
ways people meet these needs can be very different.
Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behaviors that different
cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one
culture may be considered bad etiquette in another. There are many differences
between the various cultures across the planet. These differences include the way
people interact, what they wear and what they eat. Many cultural differences can
be explained by the environment and resources of the region.
Anthropology is the comprehensive study of human development, culture, and
change throughout the world, past and present. The comprehensiveness of
anthropology stems from its emphasis on context, reflected in the perspectives
offered by the discipline’s four fields.
Fields of Anthropology
1. Biological Anthropology
Biological (or physical) anthropologists carry out systematic studies of
the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans. Non-cultural refers
to all of those biological characteristics that are genetically inherited in
contrast to learned. Near-human is a category that includes monkeys, apes,
and the other primates as well as our fossil ancestors. The primary interest
of most biological anthropologists today is human evolution--they want to
learn how our ancestors changed through time to become what we are
today. Biological anthropologists also are interested in understanding the
mechanisms of evolution and genetic inheritance as well as human variation
and adaptations to different environmental stresses, such as those found at
high altitudes and in environments that have temperature extremes.
2. Cultural Anthropology
Cultural (or socio-cultural) anthropologists are interested in learning
about the cultural aspects of human societies all over the world. They
usually focus their research on such things as the social and political
organizations, marriage patterns and kinship systems, subsistence and
economic patterns, and religious beliefs of different societies. Most cultural
anthropologists study contemporary societies rather than ancient ones.
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3. Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic anthropologists study the human communication process.
They focus their research on understanding such phenomena as the
physiology of speech, the structure and function of languages, social and
cultural influences on speech and writing, nonverbal communication, how
languages developed over time, and how they differ from each other.
4. Archaeology
Archaeologists are interested in recovering the prehistory and early history
of societies and their cultures. They systematically uncover the evidence by
excavating, dating, and analyzing the material remains left by people in the
past. Archaeologists are essentially detectives who search through many
thousands of pieces of fragmentary pots and other artifacts as well as
environmental data in order to reconstruct ancient life ways. In a sense,
this makes archaeology the cultural anthropology of the past. Archaeology
is also related to biological anthropology in its use of the same methods in
excavating and analyzing human skeletal remains found in archaeological
sites.
Lesson
2
SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions.
Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family
to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a
common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies.
Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of
understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped
by surrounding cultural and social structures.
The differences among the individuals on the basis of social characteristics
and qualities are known as social differences. Social differences are the complex
differences and they include class, race, culture, age, ability, sex etc. Social
differences can create discrimination among the individuals on the basis of their
social characteristics. For example, if in a society, individuals with high status are
given more respect and importance as compare to the poor or homeless people then
it is a social difference. Social differences can create a lot of problems in a society
because discrimination always result in inequality, inferiority complex and other
social problems
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What is It
Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. It focuses
primarily on the influence of social relationships upon people’s attitudes and
behavior and on how societies are established and change. Hence, social
institutions are the major spheres of social life or societal subsystems, organized to
meet human needs. Social stratification is a system by which a society ranks
categories of people in a hierarchy. The 3 commonly recognized systems of
stratification are estate, caste and class.
As such “sociology in this context is a science which attempts the interpretative
under-standing of social action in order to arrive at a casual explanation of its
causes and effects.” Sociology studies the functioning of a society focusing on its
development and structure.
What is the purpose of Sociology?
Sociology is a vast area of study, with hundreds of officially recognized sub fields
which examine human thought, actions, structures, and systems. Virtually every
type and purpose of human thought and activity and action is studied in one field
of sociology or another. Human action and thought are on one side of the equation.
The cultural and social structures that people have around them are on the other
side of the equation. Sociology’s purpose is to understand how the cultural and
social structures shape
human action and thought; and, conversely, how human action and thought shape
cultural and social structures.
The purpose of sociology is to study at all levels of human thought and activity,
from the individual and personal level to the global level. Human thought about
race, romance, friend, family or foe is studied at the interpersonal level, where the
surrounding social structure, family structure, community and legal system shape
their beliefs and attitudes, and eventually determine what is and is not allowed
under the law. Furthermore, sociology can be to study in order to classify, quantify,
identify, and perform functions that are very anthropological in their construct in
observing societies in the whole.
Finally, the ultimate purpose of Sociology is to formulate a discipline of thought
and methodology that leads to objective, comprehensive, effective, honest, and
critical thinking when observing and describing human thought, interaction,
systems, structures, and action.
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Dynamics of Culture in the goals of Anthropology and Sociology
Culture is dynamic and thus complex. Culture is fluid rather than static,
which means that culture changes all the time, every day, in subtle and tangible
ways. Because humans communicate and express their cultural systems in a
variety of ways, it can be hard to pinpoint exactly what cultural dynamics are at
play.
Anthropology is the study of humans and the ways they live. Sociology studies the
ways groups of people interact with each other and how their behavior is influenced
by social structures, categories (rage, gender, sexuality), and institutions.
While both fields study human behavior, the debate between anthropology versus
sociology is a matter of perspectives. Anthropology examines culture more at the
micro-level of the individual, which the anthropologist generally takes as an
example of the larger culture. In addition, anthropology hones in on the cultural
specificities of a given group or community. Sociology, on the other hand, tends to
look at the bigger picture, often studying institutions (educational, political,
religious), organizations, political movements, and the power relations of different
groups with each other.
Activity 2. BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
Directions: Write a biographical essay on the most important people and events
that shaped your lives. Why do you think these people and events are important in
what you have become now? If you could re-write your biography and re-invent
your life, will you still want these people and events to shape who you are right
now? Explain.
Please be guided with the following criteria.
Criteria
Excellent
Very Good
20pts
15pts
Completely
Completely
Quality of
discussed the topic discussed the topic
Content
in a
in a
highlyorganized
highlyorganized
flow, with a
flow, with a few
number of clear
clear examples to
examples to
support the
support the
argument.
argument.
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Good
10pts
Completely
discussed the topic
in an organized
flow but lacks
examples to
support the
argument.
Depth of
Discussion
Lesson
3
The group
excellently
provides an
informative and
thorough critical
evaluation of the
topic. The
examples given
can be observed in
our daily lives.
The group delivers
an informative
angle of the topic.
The examples given
can be observed in
our daily lives.
The group delivers
an informative
angle of the topic
with dew examples
of it.
Political Science
Political science is that branch of the social sciences that studies the state, politics,
and government. Political Science deals extensively with the analysis of political
systems, the theoretical and practical applications to politics, and the examination
of political behavior. The Greek thinker, Aristotle, defined political science as the
study of the state. Many political scientists view themselves as being engaged in
fleshing out the connections between political events and conditions, and by this
understanding they hope to construct a system of general principles that posit the
way the world of politics works.
Political science is not a standalone field and it intersects many other branches
like sociology, economics, history, anthropology, public policy among others.
Political scientists are much sought after these days because of the changing
landscape of politics across the world and since society wants to understand how
the political world works, they need someone to explain the nuances of the political
economy. Any casual perusal of the newspapers and the television channels reveals
that political scientists are at the forefront of debates and discussions for their
knowledge and expertise.
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What’s More
Scope of Political Science
The scope of political science is vast and experts have divided the field of political
science into five sub-disciplines that are political theory, public administration,
comparative politics, international relations, and public law. The study of the
matters concerning the allocation and distribution as well as the transfer of power
is one of the main preoccupations of political scientists. The success or otherwise of
the governance structures is gauged by political scientists who examine the
multifaceted and multi-layered factors at work that contribute to good or bad
governance. The scope of the political scientists has now been broadened to include
the realm of the study of the democratic elections across the world. In other words,
with the explosion in the political systems all over the world, political scientists,
and their scope of study has been considerably enhanced.
The Importance of Political Science
The importance of political science lies in the fact that all of us live within political
systems and we are affected by the changes in the global political economy. With
the advent of globalization, there has been a concomitant rise in the interest taken
by the people of the world in understanding the political systems of other countries.
Hence, political scientists become valued and important as they provide the lens
through which we can understand the global political economy.
Political ideology
A political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a
recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as unintentionally over
providing plans of action for public policy making in an attempt to justify, explain,
contest, or change the social and political arrangements and processes of a political
community. The concept of ideology is subject to partly incompatible conceptual
interpretations. The Marxist tradition views it pejoratively as distorted
consciousness, reflecting an exploitative material reality, that can be overcome
through unmasking; or, more recently, as a fictitious narrative necessary to
maintaining the social order. Non-Marxist approaches are split into three
perspectives.
The first sees ideology as abstract, closed and doctrinaire, largely impervious to
empirical evidence and superimposed on a society.
The second sees ideology as a series of empirically ascertainable attitudes towards
political issues that can be explored by means of behavioral methods.
The third views ideologies as indispensable mapping devices of cultural symbols
and political concepts that constitute a crucial resource for understanding and
shaping socio-political life. They compete over the ‘correct’ and legitimate meanings
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of political words and ideas, and by means of that control, over the high ground of
politics.
Types of Political ideologies and styles of Government
1. Absolutism- System where the rulers have unlimited control.
2. Anarchism- Society without government, laws, police or other authority. A
system of self-control.
3. Aristocracy- The privilege of social class whose members possess a
disproportionately large percentage of society's wealth, prestige and political
influence.
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4. Autocracy- Supreme political power is in the hands of one person whose
decisions are unregulated.
5. Communism- Extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary
socialist teachings of Marx. Collective ownership and a planned
economy. Each should work to their capability and receive according
to their needs.
6. Conservatism- Governmental system where the existing institutions are
maintained, emphasising free-enterprise and minimal governmental
intervention.
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7. Democracy- Government by the people, usually through elected
representatives.
8. Dictatorship- Government by a single person with absolute control over the
resources of the state.
Activity 3- TRIAD WEB
Directions: Through Triad Web, compare the characteristics of the following
political ideologies. Write the similarities of their style of government at the center
and the differences in the circle. Are you ready?
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What I Have Learned
In this section let us summarize what you have learned from our lesson.
ACTIVITY: I FILL YOU!
Fill in the blanks of the correct word/s that will make each statement correct.
In this lesson I have learned: that 1.) ___________________ is the study of
what makes us human. 2.)____________________take a broad approach to
understanding the many different aspects of the human experience, which we call
3.__________________.
While 4.________________ is that branch of the social
sciences that studies the state, politics, and government. Political Science deals
extensively with the analysis of 5._________________.
6.______________________is the systematic study of social behavior and human
groups. It focuses primarily on the influence of social relationships upon people’s
7._________________and 8.__________________ and on how societies are established
and change.
____________________9. refers to all those biological characteristics that are
genetically inherited in contrast to learned. _________________________10. is a
category that includes monkeys, apes, and the other primates as well as our fossil
ancestors.
What I Can Do
Activity 4- INSIDE THE CARTOON!
Describe through EDITORIAL CARTOONING how politics, political
ideologies, cultural variation and social differences affect the government
management and response to COVID19 global pandemic.
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Rubrics in Editorial Cartooning
Criteria
Points
Evidence of
8
Understanding
Addresses Issues
5
Graphics
5
Creativity
5
Neatness
2
total
25
Score
Assessment
Test 1. Identification: Identify the terms being referred to in the following
statements. Write your answer on the space provided.
______________________1. Government by a single person with absolute control
over the resources of the state.
______________________2. Government by the people, usually through elected
representatives.
______________________3. Governmental system where the existing institutions
are maintained, emphasizing free-enterprise and
minimal governmental intervention.
______________________4. Extreme left wing ideology based on the revolutionary
socialist teachings of Marx. Collective ownership and
a planned economy.
______________________5. Supreme political power is in the hands of one
person whose decisions are unregulated.
______________________6. The privilege of social class whose members possess
a disproportionately large percentage of society's
wealth, prestige and political influence
______________________7. Society without government, laws, police or other
authority. A system of self-control.
______________________8. System where the rulers have unlimited control.
______________________9. is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions,
exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes
deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing
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plans of action for public policy making in an
attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the
social and political arrangements and processes of a
political community.
_______________________10. deals extensively with the analysis of political
systems, the theoretical and practical applications to
politics, and the examination of political behavior.
_______________________11. He defined political science as the study of the
state.
_______________________12. is the study of humans and the ways they live.
_______________________13. studies the ways groups of people interact with
each other and how their behavior is influenced by social structures,
categories
_______________________14. The differences among the individuals on the basis
of social characteristics and qualities.
_______________________15. are interested in recovering the prehistory and
early history of societies and their cultures.
Additional Activities
Social change, in sociology, the alteration of mechanisms within the social
structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social
organizations, or value systems.
Ask your parents on what they consider to be an ideal politician in terms of
character, religious views, values and educational background. Then ask them
what they think the ideal politician should believe and advocate in relation to the
following issues:
1. Handling the COVID19 Pandemic
2. New normal in Education
3. Unemployment
4. Nationalism
Based on your parent’s answers, who among the politicians today qualify as the
ideal politician? Do you agree? Explain.
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References
San Juan, W. and Centeno, M.L. (2017). Understanding Culture, Society and
Politics.Books atbp.Publishing Corp.Mandaluyong City
Websites:
https://www.slideshare.net/Kimjoonmyeon21/social-groups-and-socialorganiza
https://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemN umber=2150
http://anthologyoi.com/the-four-fields-of-anthropology/
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/intro/fields.htm
https://sociology.unc.edu/undergraduate-program/sociology-major/whatis-sociology/
https://www.managementstudyguide.com/political-science.htm
https://quizlet.com/14232071/types-of-political-ideologies-and-styles-ofgovernment-flashcards/
https://www.thoughtco.com/anthropology-vs-sociology-4685772
https://www.reference.com/world-view/cultural-variation1f15c91134b45f57
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DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN
Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)
Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal
Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph
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