NAME: Santiago, Alyserdale R.
DEADLINE: December 5, 2023
SECTION: BSABEn – 3
COURSEWORK: Assignment
CO 4 Engineering Materials (PAES)
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Refer to the Engineering Materials under PAES,
Determine the usage of each machine elements (ME)
Include photos of MEs
What are the designations of each MEs available in the market
What should be the design consideration of each MEs
PAES 301
 V-Belt
a) This machine element is used to transmit the motion and power into two shafts.
b)
URL: https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/conveyor-belts/v-belt.html
c) Its designation is denoted by numbers equal to the belt's top width in millimeters.
d) It depends on the use and application. Leather oak tanned belts and rubber belts are the
most commonly used but plastic belts is more strong almost twice the strong of leather
belts. Fabric Belts are for temporary use.
 V-Pulley
a.) A wheel that has one or more grooved rims that are used to transmit motion and power by
using one or more V-Belts.
b.)
URL: https://iglele.com/ci-v-belt-pulley-fix-bore-b-section-double-groove-ii
c.) It can either be single-grooved or multi-grooved and the designation of their dimensions.
d.) Speed of drive and driven shaft, Motor Power, Shaft diameter of drive and driven shaft
and Duty Cycle etc.
 V-Belt Drive
a.) It is a power transmission device that consist one or more v-belts attached to two or more
v-pulleys.
b.)
URL: https://grabcad.com/library/v-belt-drive-10
c.) Its designation is denoted by numbers equal to the belt's top width in millimeters.
d.) Service factor, Horsepower, Driving rpm, Driver shaft diameter, and Driven rpm desired.
PAES 302
 Flat Belt
a.) The belts used to transmit rotary motion and power into shafts that lies flat on the face of
its designated pulley.
b.)
URL: https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/conveyor-belts/flat-belt.html
c.) It can be classified by its width, thickness and length of the belt.
d.) The belt speed, pulley diameters, and the desired top and bottom coefficients of friction
are also critical considerations, as well as environmental concerns like heat, oil,
chemicals, and product pollution.
 Flat Belt Pulleys
a.) A wheel having a flat or crowned face that is used to transmit motion and power through
flat belts.
b.)
URL: https://www.directindustry.com/prod/luetgert-co-gmbh/product-1236391409621.html
c.) It can be made out of steel, aluminum or plastics according to the specific requirements.
d.) The flat pulleys with a rounded contact surface. The rounding ensures the centering of the
flat belt in operation.

Flat Belt Drive
a.) A power transmission device that is used to transmit power and motion into two shafts
that consists of flat belts that rides flat belt pulleys.
b.)
URL: https://www.differencebox.com/engineering/difference-between-flat-belt-driveand-v-belt-drive/
c.) They are generally classified as either small woven endless belts or higher power flat
belts.
d.) Speed of the driving and driven shafts, Speed reduction ratio, and Power to be
transmitted.
PAES 303
 Chains
a.) The chain drive helps transmit mechanical power (rotational motion) in machines. A
chain drive, as the name implies, is made up of a series of pin-jointed links covered by an
endless chain wrapped around two or more sprockets.
b.)
c.) Chains are standardized and manufactured on the basis of the pitch. These chains are
available in single, duplex or triplex chain.
d.) Determine the velocity ratio of the chain drive, Select the minimum number of teeth on
the smaller sprocket or pinion, Find the number of teeth on the larger sprocket, Determine
the design power by using the service factor, such that.
 Sprockets
a.) Several projections on the rim of a wheel that engage with the links of a chain or with
holes in film, tape, or paper.
b.)
URL: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/sprocket
c.) Chains are standardized and manufactured on the basis of the pitch. These chains are
available in single, duplex or triplex chain.
d.) Determine the velocity ratio of the chain drive, Select the minimum number of teeth on
the smaller sprocket or pinion, Find the number of teeth on the larger sprocket, Determine
the design power by using the service factor, such that.
PAES 304
 Parallel Keys
a.) Keys whose longitudinal sides are parallel with each other.
b.)
URL: https://sg.misumi-ec.com/vona2/detail/110302681730/
c.) It can also be either square or rectangular with respect to its cross section. The
designation of dimensions of parallel keys and parallel keyways are shown in Figure 1
and 2.
d.) The end of the parallel key shall be classified into three classes, according to its shape. If
not specified, key ends shall be both ends rectangular or square.
 Taper Keys
a.) It is keys with a tapered longitudinal section.
b.)
URL: https://www.mbo-osswald.de/en/shop/taper-key-with-gip-head-din-6887-12x8x70steel-bright
c.) The designation of dimensions of taper keys and keyways are shown in Figure 4 and 5.
d.) It secure the key itself, as well as to firmly engage the shaft to the hub without the need
for a set screw.
 Woodruff Keys
a.) It is keys with a semi-circular cross-section.
b.)
URL:
https://www.google.com/search?q=woodruff+key&sca_esv=586971717&tbm=isch&sour
ce=lnms&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLv6LqsO6CAxUGZvUHHRV4DiUQ_AUoAXoECA
MQAw&biw=1360&bih=600&dpr=1
c.) In a table the key numbers indicate nominal key dimensions. The last two digits give the
nominal diameter B in eighths of an inch and the digits preceding the last two give the
nominal width W in thirty-seconds of an inch. All dimensions are given in inches.
d.) Prevents gears, hubs, or other components from moving independently of a rotating shaft
or spindle.
PAES 305
 Shafts
a.) It is the rotating members, usually of circular cross section used to transmit power or
motion. It provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys,
Fly wheels, cranks, sprockets, and the like and controls the geometry of their motion.
b.)
URL: https://engineeringproductdesign.com/knowledge-base/shaft-design-strength/
c.) Standard shafts for agricultural machines are usually of steel designation 1020 (cold
rolled). For special purposes, stainless steel shafts usually of steel designation 304 or 316
shall be used.
d.) Keep shafts as short as possible with the bearings close to applied loads. This will reduce
shaft deflection and bending moments and increase critical speeds. If possible, locate
stress raisers away from highly stressed regions of the shaft.
PAES 306
 Spur Gears
a.) It is a cylindrical gear that its tooth traces are straight lines parallel to the axis, it transmits
rotational motion and power between two axes.
b.)
URL: https://www.motioncontroltips.com/spur-gears-what-are-they-and-where-are-theyused/
c.) It should fit within a space limit. So t designer could say if he sums pitch diameters of the
mating gears, it should be less than or equal to allowable space limit
d.) Enough mechanical strength to withstand force transmitted, enough surface resistance to
overcome pitting failure, and enough dynamic resistance to carry fluctuating loads.
 Gear Tooth
a.) In each of the projecting parts of a gear that are intended to ensure to have contact with
the teeth of another gear, that one of the other gear turns the other.
b.)
URL: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Gears
c.) Four circles of the gear: Addendum circle – the circle touching the outermost points of
the teeth of a circular gear wheel. Pitch circle – the imaginary circle concentric to a
toothed wheel, along which the pitch of the teeth is measured.
d.) Determine elements such as size, tooth shape, pitch, number of teeth, amount of profile
shift, material, need for heat treating and/or grinding, choice for kind of tooth surface
finish, amount of backlash, helix angle, helix direction, method of mounting on shaft,
precision class, etc.
PAES 307
 Helical Gear
a.) It’s a cylindrical gear that its tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational motion and
power between two parallel axes.
b.)
URL: https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/gear/helical-gears.html
c.) Determining the pitch diameter, module, pressure angle, helix angle, addendum,
dedendum, and backlash.
d.) It is essential to select the appropriate helix angle to achieve smooth gear meshing and
minimize axial thrust. For parallel helical gears, both gears should have the same helix
angle and direction (right-hand or left-hand helix).
PAES 308
 Bevel Gear
a.) Are gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having intersecting axes.
b.)
URL: https://www.agrimar.rs/en/cl-9103141-bevel-gear-18-teeth_1008769/
c.) In Straight bevel gears, the teeth are straight and parallel to the generators of the pitch
cone. Compared with spiral miter gears, straight bevel gears can be made in smaller sizes.
d.) Consider the maximum and minimum torque values to ensure that the bevel gear can
handle the load and provide the necessary torque. Determine the pitch angle, the pitch
angle is the angle between the plane of the pinion gear and the plane of the larger gear.
 Straight Bevel Gears
a.) A kind of bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so that they would
intersect the axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward.
b.)
URL: https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/gear/bevel-gear.html
c.) They have straight teeth and resemble a spur gear, except that they are conical rather than
cylindrical.
d.) The gear ratio determines the speed and torque relationship between the input and output
shafts. Straight bevel gears have straight-cut teeth, which means the tooth profile is a
straight line along the tooth width. The pitch diameter is the theoretical diameter at which
the gear tooth engages with another gear. The cone angle determines the shape and
position of the gear tooth.
PAES 309
 Anti-Friction Bearing
a.) It is designed to support and mount rotating shafts. They transfer loads between rotating
and stationary members and permit relatively free rotation with minimum friction.
b.)
URL: https://giw.ksb.com/blog/the-basics-of-anti-friction-pump-bearings
c.) Bearings are classified as either ball or roller types. Ball bearings use sphere shaped
rolling elements whilst roller bearings use non-sphere-shaped rolling elements.
d.) Installation space, bearing can be installed in target equipment, Response to rotational
speed of equipment in which bearings will be installed, running accuracy, rigidity,
mounting and dismounting.
PAES 310
 Journal Bearing
a.) A cylinder which surrounds the shaft and is filled with some form of fluid lubricant. It
has four types which are:
 Hydrodynamic bearings
 Hydrostatic bearings
 Boundary lubrication bearings
 Dry bearings
b.)
URL: https://www.waukbearing.com/en/products/fluid-film-bearings/journalbearings.html
c.) Designated by its bore diameter, length, and wall thickness.
d.) The speed, load capacity, and operating temperature. Speed and RPM limits need to be
taken into account when choosing a bearing type as well.
PAES 11
 Fastener
a.) It is a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium of
single or multiple components.
b.)
URL: https://fastenerengineering.com/
c.) Bolts, Screws and Studs.
d.) It is requiring a careful consideration of temperature, corrosion, vibration, fatigue, initial
preload, and many other factors.
 Bolts
a.) It is an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled
parts, and normally tightened or released by torqueing a nut.
b.)
c.) In its diameter, length of shank, thread pitch, grade, thread length and head size.
d.) The bolt must have adequate strength, the joint must demonstrate a separation factor of
safety at limit load, this generally means the joint must not separate at the maximum load
to be applied to the joint and the bolt must have adequate fracture and fatigue life.
 Nuts
a.) A block or sleeve having an internal thread designed to assemble with the external thread
on a bolt, screw, stud or other threaded part.
b.)
c.) These are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts.
d.) Bolts are threaded fasteners with external male threads. They mate with nuts, which have
female, meaning, internal threads. Both the bolt and the nut grip the materials being
fastened, creating a bolt joint, with the nut also preventing axial movement.
PAES 112
 Rivets
a.) A metal headed pin used to join two or more parts together. The shank is inserted into a
hole in each item, and the plain end is then beaten or pressed down to create a second
head.
b.)
URL: https://ph.rs-online.com/web/p/rivets/7257250
c.) The marks on the manufacturer's head identify rivets, and the part number's letter (or
letters) designates the alloy. Soft 1100 (pure) aluminum rivets without head marks are not
utilized in structural applications.
d.) It is recommended that the length of the stick out that pokes through the part stack up
before it is formed be between 50 and 60 percent of the diameter of the rivet.
PAES 313
 Screws
a.) An externally threaded fastener with the ability to match existing internal thread or create
its own, fit into holes in assembled parts, and be tightened or released by turning the
head.
b.)
URL: https://helixsteel.ph/product/sheet-metal-screws-twinfast-type-a-ab/
c.) The letter M, the nominal diameter (the maximum thread diameter) and pitch (P), both
stated in millimeters and separated by a dash or, occasionally, the multiplication sign,
denote a metric ISO screw thread.
d.) innumerable permutations, including specialist head and drive types, fine pitches, coarse
pitches, right or left-handed threads, and flat tips or gimlet points to name but a few.
PAES 314
 Washer
a.) It’s enhancing the surface area of bearings and maintaining tight fasteners protection,
covering a large clearance hole, electrical connection, sealing, and take-up devices with
spring tension.
b.)
URL:
https://www.google.com/search?q=washer+screw&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwijipLpxvO
CAxUrbmwGHUBdCIUQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=washer+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgoIABCABBCKBRBDMgU
IABCABDIKCAAQgAQQigUQQzIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIKCAAQ
gAQQigUQQzIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABFCGDliGDmD4H2gAcAB4AI
ABW4gBqwGSAQEymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=zp
psZaPrCqvcseMPwLqhqAg&bih=597&biw=1236&hl=en#imgrc=GPk-jZgd5XZaHM
c.) The diameter of the hardware's hole, or washer size, is related to the diameter of the bolt.
A washer's outside diameter (OD) is always greater than the fastener's.
d.) When designing for a particular application, engineers should take the washer's thickness,
inner diameter, and outer diameter into account.
PAES 315
 Pins
a.) It provides a low-cost and efficient method of assembly in situations where shear loading
is the main type of loading.
b.)
UID: https://medium.com/@fastenersdic/common-types-and-applications-of-industrialpins-56bc25dae203
c.) Pins specifically Inch Taper Pins are assigned an inch-long number corresponding to their
widest end diameter.
d.) Three primary factors must be taken into account when selecting a pin which are the
strength, hardness, and surface finish.
PAES 316
 Bars
a.) It is a long, uniformly shaped solid metal piece.
b.)
URL: https://www.fluidpowerworld.com/bar-stock/
c.) 40, 60, 75, 80, and 100 are the grades. The yield of the rebar is indicated by the grade
nomenclature. For instance, the minimum yield strength of grade 40 rebar is 40 KSI, or
40,000 PSI, while the minimum yield strength of grade 80 rebar is 80 KSI, or 80,000 PSI.
d.) Selecting the Right Size and Weight and choosing the correct rebar size and weight is
critical to safe building practices.
 Pipe
a.) A long, hollow cylinder with a specified thickness whose internal diameter roughly
corresponds to its nominal size.
b.)
URL: https://www.fedsteel.com/insights/steel-piping-vs-steel-tubing-what-is-thedifference/
c.) The pipe sizing format that is most frequently used is 1" SCH 40 x 20'. The outside
diameter is actually 1.315", which is the first component—the nominal pipe size. We
have the wall thickness, or schedule, which comes after the NPS. A 1" pipe with SCH 40
indicates a wall thickness of 0.133".
d.) The geometry, strength, toughness, and weld ability.
PAES 317
 Steel Sheets
a.) They're used for agricultural machinery's structural parts and frameworks.
b.)
URL: https://www.hvrmagnet.com/blog/commonly-asked-questions-about-sheet-metalsteel-plate/
c.) It is typically given a four-digit number, where the first digit denotes the primary alloying
element(s), the second the top-grade (TG) element(s), and the final two the amount of
carbon, expressed in basis points (hundredths of a percent) as a percentage of weight.
d.) Minimum Sheet Metal Bending Radius, modules of rupture, structured grooves, hole and
slot.
PAES 118
 Couplings
a.) These are used to join shafting lengths, which frequently need to be sectioned for ready
installation or to make manufacturing and shipping more economical.
b.)
URL: https://www.zero-max.com/a-flexible-shaft-couplings
c.) Bore Capacity: Catalog values determine the Hub Bore Capacity. Length: Critical speed
and manufacturing processes limit the maximum length, while catalog values determine
the minimum length.
d.) It comprise the backlash, torsional stiffness, damping, inertia, torque ratings, maximum
rpm, size, misalignments, robustness, ease of installation, and cost of the machine or
installation.
 Clutches
a.) They are couplings which permits the disengagement of the coupled shafts during
rotation.
 Types of Clutches
 Friction Clutch - are made to slide during the engagement period in order to lessen
coupling shack. When the torque is greater than their maximum rating, they also act as
safety devices by slipping.
 Cone Clutch - it is made up of a cone's frustum that is attached to a shaft using a feather
key that is firmly fastened to the other shaft and can be forced into the opposing engaging
surface.
 Positive Clutches - Jaw clutches are the most popular type because they are made to
transfer torque without slipping. These are designed with spiral jaws for unidirectional
driving or square jaws for driving in both directions.
b.)
URL: https://www.formsprag.com/products/Clutch-Couplings
c.) Material bending and mechanical bending are the two primary categories into which it
falls. The resilient materials like rubber can be stretched or compressed, or thin metallic
discs or grids can flex, giving rise to the flexible types of materials.
d.) Friction elements during engagement, friction material, single or multiplate design, type
of cooling, hardware.
 Splines
a.) These are employed to transfer power from a shaft to a hub or the other way around.
b.)
URL: https://www.htluk.co.uk/Products/002c000c0001/31000700
c.) Its either major-diameter fit or side fit. In side-fit spline here is space between the internal
part's inside diameter and the external part's root diameter. Additionally, there is space
between the internal part's major diameter and the exterior part's outside diameter.
d.) Thickness and the height of the teeth, pressure angle of the application, and coupling
configuration.
PAES 319
 Engineering Plastics
a.) It is a synthetic organic material that can be molded or cast under high temperatures and
pressures, including derivatives of cellulose, and can take on a more or less permanent
shape with the addition of fillers, binders, pigments, and dyes.
 Monomer - simple unpolymerized form of chemical compound.
 Polymer - chemical compound with higher molecular weight consisting of a number of
structural units linked together by covalent bonds.
 Copolymer - polymers consisting of more than one monomer.
 Covalent - non-ionic chemical bond formed by stored electrons.
 Thermoplastics - substances that melt on heating and are processes in this state by a
variety of extrusion and molding process.
 Thermosets - substances that cannot be melted and remelted.
b.)
URL: https://waykenrm.com/blogs/engineering-plastics/
c.) High density polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl chloride, and Low density polyethylene
etc.
d.) Part design, material selection, mold design, molding presses and production processes.
PAES 320

Wood-based Panels - It shall be employed for machine structural purposes and as walls,
floors, and ceilings in agricultural structures.
 Plywood
a.) An assembled product whose main feature is the alternating cross layers that distribute
the longitudinal wood strength. It is composed of layers of veneers and/or lumber core
held together by an adhesive.
 Types of Plywood
 Exterior - type of plywood intended for outdoor or marine uses, also known as Type
I.
 Face - plywood faced with a material other than wood, such as metal or plastic.
 Interior - type of plywood intended for inside use, having limited moisture resistance.
 Lumber Core - plywood made up of face/back veneer, cross board core veneer and
well composed kiln dried lumber core.
b.)
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood
c.) Plywood comes in four grades: A, B, C, and D. The plywood's face and back veneers are
what determine its grade, both in terms of quality and appearance. D is the least
expensive and has the lowest quality, while A is the most expensive. A-grade plywood
has a knot-free, sanded surface that is smooth.
d.) Increased stability, high impact resistance, surface dimensional stability, and High
strength to weight ratio
 Fiberboard
a.) A panel composed of consolidated ligno-cellulosic fibers, with the addition of resin or
other materials or their natural adhesive qualities serving as the primary bond.
b.)
URL: https://discover.hubpages.com/education/classification-of-fiberboard-andproperties
c.) It consist of medium-density fiberboard (MDF), hardboard or high-density fiberboard
(HDF), and particle board or low-density fiberboard (LDF). Although low-density
fiberboard is typically referred to as particle board, it is occasionally used as a synonym
for the term.
d.) Dense, flat, stiff, has no knots, and is easily machined.
References
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Retrieved from: https://eepower.com/technical-articles/belts-chains-and-gears-how-powertransmission-works/#
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Inc. website. Retrieved from: https://grobinc.com/involute-splines/
Lesics. Design of Spur Gears. Lesics website. Retrieved from: https://www.lesics.com/spur-geardesign.html
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