Module 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments Lesson 3: Science, Technology, and Nation-Building Prepared by: Mr. Joey Estorosos Definition of Nation • At one time, the definition of a nation was considered to be a collection of people who shared similar history, traditions, and culture, along with ethnicity, often religion, and almost always language. • As a result of modern technologies, the word nation has come to mean a land with a single government for everyone. In addition, this leads to the term Nation Building being mentioned. Definition of Nation Building • Nation-building is the process by which a society of people from various origins, histories, languages, cultures, and faiths join together inside the limits of the state and establish or structure a national identity utilizing the authority of the state. • However, it also entails the construction of sewer systems, roads, and employment. Perhaps most importantly, it refers to the advancement of education. Civil society must be allowed to participate in nation building, and democratic governmental institutions that promote welfare must be developed. Historical Background of Science, Technology and Nation Building in the Philippines • The archipelago's early inhabitants had their own culture and traditions. • Indigenous knowledge and one's own belief system. • For many years, it has kept them organized and sustained their lives and communities. Pre-Spanish Philippines https://filipiknow.net/life-in-pre-colonial-philippines/ Women enjoyed equal status with men. https://filipiknow.net/life-in-pre-colonial-philippines/ Had smoother foreign relations. https://filipiknow.net/life-in-pre-colonial-philippines/ The literacy rate was high. Science and Technology • Medicinal plants and therapeutic characteristics, as well as methods of extracting medicine from herbs were present. • Had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. • Already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. • Seasons and climates prediction by interpreting the movements of heavenly bodies. • The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos Spanish Era • Brought their own culture and customs with them. • Schools were established, and subjects and disciplines were introduced. • Understanding different concepts related to the human body, plants, animals, and bodies is the subject of scientific learning in school. • The usage and development of domestic tools is the focus of technology. Life during the Spanish Era • It was modernized. • Filipinos used indigenous resources to reproduce technologies provided by the Spaniards. • In formal colleges and universities, medicine and advanced science were introduced. • The Galleon Trade, making Manila as one of the world's great ports, serving as a focus for trade between China and Europe. • Superstitious beliefs, as well as Catholic doctrines and practices, slowed down scientific progress in the country. American Period • Focused more in the development of Science and Technology. • Introduced the public education system. Science education in primary school focuses on natural science and sanitation. • Filipinos were taught the importance of cleanliness, appropriate hygiene, and healthy habits as part of their daily life which led to the construction of hospitals, clinics, and health centers in the community. • Mineral resources were explored and mined. • Filipinos learned American music, values, and the lives of American heroes and great men, but not about Filipino valor. Then, World War II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945) http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/the-battle-of-manila-wwii Aftermath of World War II • By the end of the war, the Philippines had experienced a huge deal of death and physical destruction. • The country struggled to reconstruct itself after the war's devastation. • The Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946, from the United States of America.. But was shifted by President Macapagal on May 12, 1962 declaring June 12 as the Independence Day in accordance to Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration of independence from Spain in 1898. • The US continued to control the country after independence through the Central Intelligence Agency; the US imperialism’s clandestine apparatus in the Philippines. Philippine’s New Republic • Science Act of 1958 was enacted to integrate, coordinate, and intensify Scientific and Technological research and development and to foster invention including allocation of funds and other purposes. • Established the Philippine Science High School in 1964, a research-oriented and specialized public high school system in the country. • Marcos Administration - amended 1973 Constitution, where the state shall promote scientific research and invention. Establishment of PAG-ASA – to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure public safety. Philippine’s New Republic (continues) • Aquino Administration - she replaced the National Science and Technology Authority to Department of Science and Technology (DOST), giving the science and technology a seat in the government cabinet. • Ramos Administration – signed Republic Act No. 8439 in 1997 which is entitled “Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel”. Its purpose is to give incentives and rewards to people who made an impact and was influential in the field of Science and Technology. • While during President Joseph Estrada’s term, the Internet age was pushed for the advancement of schools and industry. Then it was under the term of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo when science and technology reached its golden age. Government Policies on Science and Technology • In response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), has enlisted the help of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) to consult many sectors of society on how the Philippines may best prepare for the ASEAN 2015 Goals. • The NRCP grouped these policies into four categories: 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance 2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics. 3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry References https://filipiknow.net/life-in-pre-colonial-philippines/ https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/alesina/files/nation_building_feb_2015_0.pdf https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/da4902cb0bc38210839714ebdcf0efc3/01Readings-4.pdf https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965) https://www.philippine-history.org/galleon trade.htm https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/visayan-culture-a2212-20200303-lfrm2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines https://www.philippine-history.org/philippines-5th-republic.htm https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1945041200 https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/586 Prepared by: Mr. Joey Estorosos
