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Procedia Economics and Finance 19 (2015) 314 – 324
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2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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will be under responsibility of Department of Accountancy and Finance, Eastern Macedonia and
Peer-review
Thrace Institute of Technology, Kavala, Greece.
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2212-5671 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review will be under responsibility of Department of Accountancy and Finance, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology,
Kavala, Greece.
doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00032-5
Konstantinos J. Liapis and Dimitrios D. Kantianis / Procedia Economics and Finance 19 (2015) 314 – 324
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