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"Cleavage
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"Blastula
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"Gastrulation
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"Larvae
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"Metamorphosis
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"Radial Symmetry
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"Bilateral Symmetry
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"Coelom
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"Hemocoel
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"Acoelomate
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"Protostome Development: Cleavage
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"Protostome Development: Coelom Formation
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"Protostome Development: Fate of the Blastopore
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"Deuterostome Development:Cleavage
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"Deuterostome Development: Coelom Formation
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"Deuterostome Development: Fate of the Blastopore
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"Animal Phylogenies: Lophotrochozoa
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"Animal Phylogenies: Ecdysozoa
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"Animal Phylogenies: Deuterostomia
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"Sponges: Cell Types
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"Sponges: Ecological Role
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"Sponges: Human Uses
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"Cnidaria: Body Plans
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"Cnidaria: Nematocysts
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"Cnidaria: Threats to Coral Reefs
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"Flatworms: Free-Living Flatworms
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"Flatworms: Trematodes:
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"Flatworms: Tapeworms
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"Rotifers: Reproduction
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"Mollusca: Characteristics
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"Mollusca: Polyplacophora
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"Mollusca: Gastropods
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"Mollusca: Bivalves
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"Mollusca: Cephalopods
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"Mollusca: Native Mussel Life Cycle
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"Mollusca: Native Mussels Causes of Endangerment
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"Annelids: Body Plan
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"Annelids: Earthworm Effects on Soil
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"Annelids: Leech Use in Medicine
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"Nematodes: Main Features
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"Nematodes: Common Parasites
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"Nematodes: Model organism, C. elegans
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"Athropods: General Body Plan
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"Arthopods: Chelicerates
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"Arthropods: Myriapods
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"Arthopod: Pancrustaceans
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"Incomplete Metamorphosis
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"Complete Metamorphosis
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"Echinoderms: Water Vascular System and Tueb Feet
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"Echinoderms: Asteroidea Feeding Strategy
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"Echinoderms: Echinoidea Feeding Strategy
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"Echinoderm: Holothuroidea Feeding Strategy
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"Chordata Key Traits
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"Notochord
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"Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
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"Pharyngeal Slits or CLefts
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"Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
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"Cephalochordates: Life Cycle
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"Urochordates: Life Cycles
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"Human Uses of Hagfish
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"Sea Lampreys in Great Lakes: Life Cycle
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"Sea Lampreys in Great Lakes: Ways to Control Populations
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"Origin of Jaws in Higher Fish/Tetrapods
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"Key Features of Sharks, Rays
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"Oviparous
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"Ovoviviparous
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"Viviparous
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"Key Features of Higher Fish (Ray-Finned and Lobe-Finned)
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Tiktaalik Fossil"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">“Fishapod” fossil species with characteristics of both fish and tetrapod</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fish Traits:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fins, Gills, lungs, and scales</span></div></li></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Tetrapod Traits</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Ribs to breathe air and support its body</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Neck and shoulders allowing movement of the head</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Front fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Pelvis and rear fin that are larger and more robust</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
Amphibians: Reproductive Strategies"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Lays eggs that lack a shell and must be laid in water or moist environments</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fertilization is external</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Some species lay many unprotected eggs that have high mortality rates</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Others law few eggs which are protected by parents</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Amphibians: Frog Development"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Frog larvae have gills, a lateral line system, and a long finned tail</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">During metamorphosis, tadpoles develop terrestrial features</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The gills and lateral line system disappear and the digestive system is adapted to a carnivorous diet</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Amphibians: Amphibian DeclinesCaused by disease-causing fungus, habitat loss, climate change, and pollution<b><br></b>
Amniotic Egg Membranes"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Amnion: Fluid-filled sac that surrounds, bathes, and cushions embryo</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Chorion: Gas Exchange</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Yolk Sac: Nutrient Transfer</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Allantois: Waste Storage</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Reptiles: Sea Turtle Declines Causes"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Plastics</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fishing hooks</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hunting/Harvesting</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Light Pollution</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Loss of Habitat</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Birds: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">No urinary bladder, uric acid as waste product</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Only one ovary</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Small gonads</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Toothless mouths</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Air-filled bones with honeycombed internal structure</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Large pectoral muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum power flapping wings</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Wings may be specialized for soaring or speed</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Bird: Origins"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Archaeopteryx had feathered wings, but retained ancestral characters such as teeth, claws, and a long tail</span></b>"
Mammals: Key Features"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Mammary glands, which produce milk to feed young</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hair and fat layer under the skin for insulation</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Kidneys, which conserve water from wastes</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Endothermy and a high metabolic rate</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Efficient respiratory and circulatory systems</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Al large brain-to-body ratio</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Extensive parental care</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Teeth modified for shearing, crushing, or grinding</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Mammals: Evolved from Early SynapsidsAll synapsids are distinguished by a single hole behind each eye socket<b><br></b>
Origin of Unique Ear BonesTwo bones that formerly made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear<b><br></b>
Monotremes: Reproductive StrategyLay eggs
Marsupials: Reproductive Strategy"<b><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Young are born early and continue to develop while nursing in a pouch called the marsupium</span></div></b><br>"
Eutherians: Reproductive Strategies"<b><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">&nbsp;Has much longer pregnancies, young complete embryonic development within a uterus</span></div></b><br>"
Porifera: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sac perforated with pores</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Filter feeder</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Water is drawn through the spongocoel and flows out through the osculum</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Porifera: Representative Organism"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Azure Vase Sponge</span></b>"
Cnidaria: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sessile and motile forms</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Diploblastic</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sac with a central digestive compartment</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Single opening for both mouth and anus</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Cnidaria: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Obelia: Alternates between polyp and medusa forms</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hydra: Rare freshwater cnidarian</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sea Wasp: A sting from one can cause respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and sudden death</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Platyhelminthes: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Flat body</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">The gastrovascular cavity branches throughout the body</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Protonephridia: Networks of tubules with ciliated structures</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Platyhelminthes: Representative OrganismsBlood Flukes
Rotifera: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Crown of cilia draw water and food particles into mouth</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Body movements distribute nutrients in the fluid to internal organs</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Rotifera: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Bdelloidea</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Tolerate high levels of desiccation and rehydrate when conditions improve</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
Mollusca, Gastropda: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Move slowly using cilia or by a rippling motion of the foot</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Has a single, spiraled shell that protects them from injury, dehydration, and predation</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Mollusca, Gastropda: Representative OrganismSea Slug
Mollusca, Bivalvia: Main Characteristics&nbsp;"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Shell divided into two hinged halves drawn together by adductor muscles</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">No distinct head or radula</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Mollusca, Bivalvia: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Clams: Use foot to dig into sand or mud</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Scallops: Flap their shells to skitter across sea floor</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Mollusca, Cephalopoda: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Active marine predators with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Poison in their saliva is used to immobilize prey</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Foot is modified into a muscular excurrent siphon and part of the tentacles</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Mollusca, Cephalopoda: Representative Organisms"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Ammonites: Shelled cephalopods that went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period</span></b>"
Annelida: Main CharacteristicsSegmented Worms
Annelida: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Earthworms: valued for role in tilling, aerating, and improving the texture of agricultural soils</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Leeches: slit the skin of their host, secrete an anesthetic and hiruden</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Nematoda: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Has an alimentary canal, lacks a circulatory system</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Nutrients transported by fluid in the hemocoel</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Body wall muscles are al longitudinal</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Nematoda: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Caenorhabditis elegans: model organism for research including aging in humans</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Trichinella Spiralis: parasite that can be acquired by humans through undercooked pork that becomes encysted in human muscle issue, causing trichinosis</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Arthropoda, Chelicerata: Main Characteristics"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Chelicerae: Clawlike feeding appendages</span></b>"
Arthropoda, Chelicerata: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Eurypterids: Earliest Chelicerates</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Arachnids: Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Arthropoda, Myriapoda: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Pair of antennae and three pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Two pairs of legs per trunk segment</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Arthropoda, Myriapoda: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Centipedes:</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Carnivores, one pair of legs per trunk segment</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Poison claws on the foremost segment paralyze prey and aid in defense</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
Arthropoda, Pancrustacea: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Crustaceans</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Exchange gasses through cuticle</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Specialized appendages</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Two pairs of antennae</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Three or more pairs are modified as mouthparts</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Walking legs are located on thorax</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Swimming appendages on tail</span></div></li></ul></ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Insects</span></div></li><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Go through metamorphosis</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Molts to grow</span></div></li></ul></ul></b>"
Arthropoda, Pancrustacea: Representative Organisms"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Krill: Shrimplike food source for baleen whales</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Barnacles: Sessile with a hardened cuticle that anchor to submerged surfaces</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Echinodermata, Asteroidea: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Tube feet grip the substrate with adhesive chemicals</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Regenerative powers</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Echinodermata, Asteroidea: Representative Organisms"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sea Stars: Arms radiating from a central disk; the undersurfaces of the arms bear tube feed</span></b>"
Echinodermata, Echinoidea: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Five rows of tube feet used for movement</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Circular in some form, Spherical/Disks</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Echinodermata, Echinoidea: Representative Organisms"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sea Urchins: Use spines for movement and protection and feed on seaweed using jaw-like structures</span></b>"
Echinodermata, Holothuroidea: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Lack spines, have reduced endoskeletons</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Elongated along the oral-aboral axis</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Five rows of tube feet</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Echinodermata, Holothuroidea: Representative Organisms"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sea Cucumbers: Very different from other echinoderms</span></b>"
Cephalochordata: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Marine suspension feeders</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Swim by using a simplified mechanism used by fishes</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Cephalochordata: Representative OrganismLancelets
Urochordata: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Chordate characteristics most apparent during the larval stage</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Use tail muscles and notochord to swim until they settle on a suitable substrate for metamorphosis</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Urochordata: Representative OrganismTunicates
Myxini: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Only living vertebrates lacking jaws</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Lack a backbone, but do have rudimentary vertebrae</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Myxini: Representative OrganismHagfishes
Petromyzontida: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Only living vertebrates lacking jaws</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Lack a backbone, but do have rudimentary vertebrae</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Petromyzontida: Representative Organism"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Brook Lamprey: Long larval period, filter algae, protozoa, detritus</span></b>"
Chondrichthyes: Main CharacteristicsSkeleton composed primarily of cartilage, often impregnated with calcium<b><br></b>
Chondrichthyes: Representative Organism"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Hammerhead Shark</span></b>"
Actinopterygii: Main Characteristics"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Modifications in body form and fin structure affect maneuvering, defense, and other functions</span></b>"
Actinopterygii: Representative Organisms"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Pollock: Endangered species</span></b>"
Actinistia: Main Characteristics"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Thought to have become extinct, but found living off the coast of South Africa</span></b>"
Actinistia: Representative OrganismsCoelacanths
Dipnoi: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Most have moist skin that functions in gas exchange as well as lungs</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Eggs lack a shell and must be laid in water or most environments</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Amphibia: Representative OrganismsFrogs
Reptilia: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Scales containing keratin protect skin from desiccation and abrasion</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Lay shelled eggs on land; protects the egg from drying out</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Fertilization occurs internally, before the shell is secreted</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Most are ectothermic, besides birds</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Reptilia: Representative Organisms"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Sea Turtles: Females lay eggs on natal beaches, hatchlings crawl to sea</span></b>"
Mammalia, Monotremes: Main CHaracteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Small group of egg-laying mammals found only in Australia and New Guinea</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Females lack nipples, secrete milk from glands on their bellies</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Mammalia, Monotremes: Representative OrganismsPlatypus
Mammalia, Marsupials: Main Characteristics&nbsp;&nbsp;"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Higher metabolic rates</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Nipples</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Birth of live young</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Embryonic development in the uterus</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Placenta for nutrient transfer from mother to embryo</span></div></li></ul></b>"
Mammalia, Marsupials: Representative Organisms"<b><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Kangaroo</span></b>"
Mammalia, Eutherians: Main Characteristics"<b><ul><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">More complex placenta and longer pregnancies</span></div></li><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 400;"">Complete embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta</span></div></li></ul></b>"