HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
Form (+/-/?)
1. Simple present
MEANING
1. habits
CONTEXT / USE
1. talking about things
that happen repeatedly.
Supporting language work
1. 1. Adverbs of frequency
​(always, every, usually, often, sometimes,
never)
We never go to the cinema.
1.2. Adverbs of time
( when, as soon as, before, after)
As soon as I drink coffee, I feel
energetic.
State verbs
2. routines
2. talking about general
facts and truths.
2. The Earth goes around the Sun.
3. imperatives
3. giving directions and
orders
3. Go straight ahead and then turn left.
4. future
4. talking about
timetables and
scheduled events
4. My train leaves at 7 p.m. so we have to
hurry up.
4. The concert starts at 11 p.m. so we
should take a taxi to be there on time.
verbs that describe actions that
last for a certain period of time
mental states
Like, dislike, hate, enjoy, believe, think,
understand, etc.
I think the film is really boring.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
Present Continuous
1. ongoing present actions
1.talking about actions
happening now
1. Now, right now, at the moment
My friend is waiting outside at the
moment.
2. temporary actions
2. talking about actions
that occur only for a
specific temporary
period
3. talking about fixed
arrangements regarding
the future
2. ​Today, this summer, these days, etc.
I visit my parents at the weekends, but I
am studying this weekend.
4. criticism and
annoyance
talking about completed
past events, states or
actions
4. He is talking too much.
3. for arranged future
4.repeated actions
Simple Past Tense (regular/irregular)
finished actions in the past
A. Used to
a.1. past habits and routines for
repeated actions and states
B. Would
b.1. past habits and routines for
repeated actions
talking about past states,
habits and things that
happened in the past but
do not happen anymore.
3.Adverbs of time
I’m meeting my friends tonight.
Ago, yesterday, last night/, until, after,
before
Was/were, liked, ate, read, etc.
I finished the project last night.
​1. We used to wear uniforms when we were
at primary school.
2. I would go swimming with my
grandfather when he was alive.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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Be used to / get used to
adaptation
changes
I am used to getting up early.
I got used to living without my parents.
Past Continuous
1. interrupted event
2. two actions in progress
1. indicating that a
longer action in the past
was interrupted by
another action
2. talking about ongoing
past actions
1. While I was reading a book, my friend
came.
1. talk about previous
experiences in one’s life
1. Have you ever been to Jamaica?
Present Perfect
1. indefinite past
2. While I was studying, my sister was
cooking.
Have you ever…?, never, yet, already,
been vs gone
How long, for, since, already, just, still,
yet, never
2. unfinished past
2. duration of past
situations / actions
related to present (with
state verbs
2. I have marked six exam papers so far.
3. recent past
3. recently finished
actions
3. ​She has just finished cooking.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
4. first of two actions in the
4. sequencing actions in 4. When you have done your homework,
future
the future
you can go out.
Present perfect continuous
How long, since, for, recently, lately
1. actions with present results
1. actions and situations
which have just stopped
but which have present
results.
1. I must go and wash. I have been
gardening for two hours.
2. recent activity lasting for a
while.
2. looking back over
actions and situations
which starts in the past
and are still going on.
2. I have been working very hard recently.
Present perfect vs simple past
She has just gone out of the building.
I studied French.
Future
1. will
2. be going to
1.1. spontaneous decisions
1.1. making
spontaneous decisions
1.1. I’m bored. I’ll watch a movie.
1.2. intentions / predictions
1.2. making predictions
1.2. It’ll rain
2. definite future plans
2. talking about planned
future actions events
and states
2. I’m going to Geneva this weekend.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
3. was/were going to
3. unfulfilled actions
3. talking about
intended actions but
could not be fulfilled.
4. talking about events
happened or not
3. I was going to call you, but my phone
broke down.
4. was/were + to present infinitive
4. events happened or not
5. was/were + to perfect infinitive
5. events that did not occur
5. talking about events
that did not occur
5. The exam results were (due) to have
arrived at the school today.
6. future continuous
6. situation in progress at a
particular time in the future
6. This time next month I will be
sunbathing.
Just think, next Friday you will be
working in your new job.
7. future perfect
7. completed action in the future
6. referring to
something that is
predicted or
programmed to begin
before a particular point
and probably continue
after that time
7. talking about actions
events and states which
will be completed in the
future
8. talking about actions
events and states which
will be completed in the
future in a period of
time
sequencing past events
8. I will have been working at P&G for 3
years by August.
8. future perfect continuous
Past perfect simple
4. The exam results were (due) to arrive at
the school today.
7. By 2020 I will have graduated from
university.
8. completed action in the future
first of two past actions
Before, after, when, by the time, by, just
Jane had graduated from Texas university
before she did her MA.
Macqueen had just left the room when the
police arrived.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
Past perfect continuous
Determiners - Articles
1. a/an
2. the
first of two past actions that were
in progress
talking about actions or
situations that were in
progress before some
other actions or
situations
The boys had been quarreling for half an
hour when we arrived home.
It had been raining hard for several hours
and the streets were very wet.
1. indefinite article
1.1. singular countable
nouns meaning one
1.2. any one member of
a class
1.3. classifying and
defining
1.4. no information
1.5. with rates and
speeds
1.6. for large numbers,
fractions with singular
nouns, weights and
distances.
1.7. with names that
when we mean “a
person called…”
1.1. There’s a book on the table.
2. 1. things both the
speaker and the listener
know about
2.1. How are the children?
2. definite article
1.2. I want to live in an old house(any
house)
1.3. She’s a doctor.
1.4. I’m looking for a jacket.
1.5. The rent is 50$ a month.
1.6. a hundred, a third, a meter and a
half
1.7. Is there a Tom Davis staying here?
2.2. The Sun is bright today.
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3. no article
HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
2.2. if there’s only one
of something /
2.3. Jessica made pasta and meatballs. The
uniqueness
pasta was delicious.
2.3. to talk about
something for the
2.4. Can you play the violin?
second time
2.4. with musical
2.5. a​ t the cinema, at the beach, in the
instruments
mountains, etc.
2.5. with the names of
shops and places with a 2.6. Ken was the best hunter in the country.
general reference
2.6. a phrase or
adjective such as first,
best, wrong, only that
identifies the noun
2.7. t​ he Koran, the U.S. Constitution
the United Arab Emirates, the Alps,
2.7. used with some
The French, The Russians, the Titanic
3. generalizations
proper nouns for
example, with the
names of
* certain books and
documents
* countries, nationality
adjectives and some
geographical features,
most vehicles with
2.8. Is he the Tom Davis you went to school
proper names
with?
2.9. the unemployed, the rich
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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2.8. when we specify a
person
2.9. groups of people
identified with
3.1 Meat is expensive.
adjectives
I usually wear jackets.
3.1. uncountable nouns
or plural countable
nouns
3.2. proper names, days,
months, seasons
3.2. Jack, Monday, January, winter
Be used to / get used to
adaptation
changes
I am used to getting up early.
I got used to living without my parents.
Modals
1.1.Can/can’t
1.2. Could/ couldn’t
1.ability (present/ past)
1. talking about abilities
1.1. I can play the piano.
1.2. She couldn’t ride a bike 2 years ago.
2. Can/could
2.polite requests / permission
2. talking about wants
3. Should / Shouldn’t
3. advice
3. giving advice
2. Please. Food / drink vocab
Can you open the door please?
You can have my pencil case.
3. You should study hard for the exams.
4. Would like + noun (?)
4. polite offers / requests
5.Have to / don’t have to / must/ had
to
5.present / past obligation
4. making requests and
offers
5.talking about present
and past obligations
6.possibility
4. Would you like some coffee?
I would like some chocolate, please.
5. You have to pay taxes to the government.
6. The new computer may arrive tomorrow.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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6. Might/may / Could
6.mentioning
7. You needn’t bring food to the party.
7.advice
possibilities
7. Needn’t
7.giving advice and
8. I am bad at tennis. I need to practice.
8. necessity/advice
suggestions
You ought to help her in the kitchen when
8. Need to / Ought to
8. talking or asking
she needs you.
about something that is
necessary. / giving
9. She was able to read by the age of four.
9. ability (past & present)
advice
Could vs was/were able to
9. Be able to
9. talking about an
By the time she was seven, she could
ability now or in the
already speak three languages.
past, and a single action Were you able to speak to him before he left
that was successfully
home?
completed.
10. You had better wear a coat.
10. strong advice
You had better not go now.
10. had better (not)
10. giving strong advice
11. ​ Must/could/might/can’t
11. present deduction / certainty/
It must/could/might/can’t be the postman.
11. Present Modals of deduction
possibility
11. making deductions
12. ​ ​She must have forgotten to call us.
12. deduction/certainty/ criticism
She should have called us.
12. past modals of deduction
12. making
They could have called us before they
deductions/criticism
came.
Conditionals
1. Type 0
1. general truths for certain
situations
1.a. talking about real
present situations
1.b. talking about one
event always follows
another event
1a. If you heat the water up to 100°C, it
boils.
1b. If you shout a lot, most babies cry.
Type 1-“when” vs “if”
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2. Type 1
HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
2. probability / possibility
2.talking about present
2a. I will visit my grandparents if I have
conditions with possible time.
results
2b. I will visit my grandparents when I have
time.
3. Type 2
3. present hypothetical situations
3. talking about present
unreal conditions with
hypothetical outcomes
3. If I were on holiday, I would sleep till
noon
4. Type 3
4. hypothetical past
4.talking about past
unreal conditions with
hypothetical outcomes
4.​ ​If I had studied harder, I could have
passed the test.
-Unless / If not
5.Wish
5.1. hypothetical present / future
5.2. past regrets
6. Even if
7.In case
8. In case (of)
5. 1.​ I​ wish I were on holidays.
I wish you would stop talking.
5.2. The young girl wished she hadn’t
married at such a young age.
5.3. complaining and critism
5.3 I wish you would stop talking.
6. no change in result
6.Even if they tried hard, they couldn’t find
the thief.
7. being prepared for possible
future situations
8. being prepared for possible
future situations
7. I took some cash in case they didn’t
accept credit card.
8. In case of breakdown, please press the
alarm button and call this number.
9. expressing a hope or wish
9. If only
9. If only the town had high-speed Internet
access.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
10. Only if
11.​ ​Unless / If not
12. provided/ providing that
13. Mixed conditionals
14. as long as
Gerunds
10. expressing a command or
requirement
10. He can stay on the team only if he
completes his homework and improves his
grades​.
10.1 Only if everybody agreed would I
accept this position
11. expressing a condition
11. You won't get the job unless you
prepare for the interview.
12. only on this condition
13. past action with present result
13. talking about past
unreal conditions with
present hypothetical
results
14. expressing a situation where
we mean “only on this condition”
12. You can borrow my bike
provided/providing that you bring it back.
13. If they hadn’t spent that much money
they wouldn’t be so poor now.
14. I will marry you as long as you
financially support my family.
based on lexis
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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1. Likes and dislikes (Hate/like
1.talking about likes, dislikes
1​. She hates/ likes swimming/ reading, etc.
/prefer/ enjoy/love + verb+ ing)
2. Gerunds after certain verbs (like,
enjoy, avoid, imagine, hate, dislike,)
2. using noun form of a verb,
ending in –ing.
2. I can’t imagine working for that awful
boss!
3. Gerunds subject & Objects
3.1-ing form of a verb that
functions as a noun as the ​subject
&​​object​ of a sentence.
3.2. gerunds after ​prepositions
and ​fixed expressions​.
3.3. gerunds after ​nouns​ + ​of
3.1. Attending college is important these
days & I finished working on the project
last night
3.2. Are you afraid of failing?
She had trouble finishing her degree.
3.3. A benefit of going to community college
is cost saving.
4. They worry about her having so few
friends.
5. talking about wants
6. making requests
5. They want to go to the cinema, etc.
6. I would like to help you.
7. adding more information to
what is expressed in certain
verbs, verb + object
combinations, adjectives and
nouns, or expressions including
them.
8. ​ ​Saying who or what does the
action.
7. We hesitated to use guerrilla marketing.
The police were ready to destroy the ads.
It was a great chance to learn something
new.
4. Possessive + gerund
Infinitives
5. Wants (Want + noun/to inf.)
6. Offers, requests (Would like +noun/
to inf.)
7. Infinitives with verbs, after
adjectives and nouns
8.​ ​It + Infinitive ( For/of + Noun /
Pronoun)
8. It was wrong of him to go ahead.
9. See, remember, forget, stop, regret, try
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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9. verbs used with both gerunds &
She remembered to send a card to her
infinitives with a difference in
mother.
meaning
She remembered sending a card to her
mother.
Passive with all tenses
1. Present Passive with/without by
2. Past Passive with/without by
3. ​Future Passive with / without ​by
4. Modal Passive (see modals covered
so
far) with / without ​by
5. Present Continuous
Receiver Be V3 (by Doer)
1. habits/ routines/ general truths
timetables
2. finished actions in the past
3. actions/events in the future
4. actions/events that
should/can/must be done, etc.
-stating what
happens/happened /will
happen/can, must,
should etc. happen to
the subject.
-stating who or what
does/did/will do/can,
must, should, etc. do it
-stating how it
is/was/has
been/will/can, must,
should etc. be done.
1. Exams are written by the teachers.
2. This bridge was built in 1932 by the
government.
3. A new road will be built next year by the
government.
The car is going to be fixed by the
mechanic.
4. A glass of water should be added into the
mixture. etc.
5. Right now, the letter is being written by
Jane.
6. Past Continuous
6. The customer was being helped by the
policeman when the thief came into the
store.
7. Present Perfect
7. That castle has been visited by many
tourists.
8. Past Perfect
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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8. Many cars had been repaired by Lucas
before he received his mechanic's license.
9.Passives with infinitives
9. The baby wants to be fed.
They expect their baby to be born in May.
10. passives with gerunds
10.She doesn’t like being teased.
11. reporting passives
Causatives
1.Make/Have/Get
11. introducing
evidence, argument or
opinion
emphasis on services
when the object is the recipient of
an action and the subject is
responsible for what happened
but did not do it
11. She is believed / known to be a
successful archeologist.
That man is believed to have murdered
two women.
Get/have sth done
Make/let/have sb do sth
Get sb to do sth
1.a. describing what is
arranged for someone to
do for someone else
1. a. ​They had their car repaired.
The police inspector made the killer
confess the crime.
1.b. describing what we
arrange for someone to
do for us
1.c. describing what is
arranged for us to do for
someone else
1. b. ​I’m going to get my car fixed
tomorrow.
I had everybody in the room keep quiet.
1. c. He made us kill Jane.
The teacher made us study very hard.
1. d. I got my friend to write an essay for
me.
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2. Let
HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
​ LEVEL -​ GRAMMAR POINTS EXPLAINED
1.d. convincing or
Susie got her son to take the medicine
tricking someone into
even though it tasted terrible.
doing something
1. e. He got his leg broken.
M
​ ike​ had his nose broken in a fight.
2. The guard let no one enter the area.
1.e. unfortunate
experiences
2. allowing someone to
do something
Defining & Non-defining Relative
clauses
1. Defining Relative Clauses
defining nouns
describing nouns by
joining sentences.
1. This is my brother who lives in Japan.
This is the town where I grew up.
Yesterday was the time when you could
visit your parents.
2. Non-defining relative clauses
2. People power, which is a way to create
energy, is popular.
The character Sherlock Holmes, who
Arthur Conan Doyle created, was a
fictional detective.
3. Omission
3. Omission of who/whom/that/which
3.1 The doctor (who/whom/that) I spoke to
told me not to worry.
3.2 The dress (which) you are wearing is
nice.
4. Reduction
4.1 I like the girl dancing with your brother.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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4.2 I Two boy ​attacked​ by a dog was taken
to hospital.
Noun Clauses
1. direct objects in affirmative
statement with ​wh- words
1. functioning as the
direct object the
statement.
How, why, when, who, where, what time,
which, if, that, whether, what, when,
where, whom, whomever, whose, why
1​. My son eats whatever we put on his plate.
I can respect what the teacher said.
Dad cannot remember what Mom wants
for Christmas.
My coworker hates whoever keeps leaving
the photocopier on.
2. a clause that functions as the
subject of the sentence.
2.1 performing the
action of or act upon the
verb
2.1 That his daughter stole his car surprises
me.
What you said made the crowd angry.
2.2 following a
preposition and
completing the meaning
of a prepositional phrase
2.2. The students are thinking about what
they just learned in class.
His wife listened to him singing in the
shower.
My puppy begged for me to give him a
treat.
3. a clause that functions as
subject complement
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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3. The reason you failed the test was that
you did not study the eight grammatical
forms.
The thief will be whoever has blue ink on
their hands.
4. a clause that functions as
object complement
Participle Clauses
1. actions that take place at the
same time
2. actions that take place at
different times
4. The judges have declared the winner
whoever entered the double chocolate fudge
cake.
You may call my husband whatever you
wish.
1. –ing participle for
active constructions
1.1. time
1.1. I saw the road block. I stopped my car.
Seeing the road block, I stopped my car.
1.2. reason
1.2.I felt tired. I went to bed early.
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
2. past participle / -ed
participle (for passive
constructions) /-ing
participle (for active
constructions)
2.1. time
2.1. John had collected sufficient data. He
started to write his thesis.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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Having collected sufficient data, John
started to write his thesis.
2.2. reason
2.2. Because the dog is seriously injured, it
may die.
(Being) seriously injured, the dog may die.
As she had already seen the film, Mary
doesn’t want to see it again.
Having already seen the film, Mary doesn’t
want to see it again.
Reported speech
indirect speeches
talking about what
somebody said or
thought and reporting it
Ask sb whether/if… Tell sb to/not to do
…
Tell vs. Say
The teachers will be asked whether they
would recommend the book to their classes.
I rang Peter from the station and asked if I
could drop in to see him before going back
or if he’d meet me.
I told him to open his eyes and to read one
letter.
I told him not to go there.
Impersonal “it” ( Empty it )
hedging
making impersonal
statements using
perceptive verbs
It is important to…
It is believed that…
It seems that…
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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(believe, think, assume,
know, say,etc)
Parts that are highlighted with ​turquoise blue​are the objectives that will be covered for the first time at C level. The non-highlighted parts
are A1, A2, B1 and B2 objectives and will be revised throughout the module.
CEFR: A student at C level…
● can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning.
● can express himself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions.
● can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes.
● can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organizational patterns, connectors and
cohesive devices.
● can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read.
● can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation.
● can express himself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning, even in the most complex
situations.
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HALİÇ UNIVERSITY - PREP SCHOOL - C
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