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OBJECTIVE
TO DEVELOP
SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES
REQUIRED IN THE FIRING OF SMALL ARMS
WEAPONS IN ORDER TO EFFECTIVELY HIT THE
TARGET.
MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING
INTRODUCTION
THEORY OF SMALL ARMS FIRE
THE ACCURACY OF SMALL ARMS FIRE IS AFFECTED BY SEVERAL
FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE:
•
THE INHERENT MECHANICAL ACCURACY OF THE RIFLE
THE INHERENT MECHANICAL ACCURACY OF THE AMMO
THE MECHANICAL ACCURACY OF RIFLE:
FACTORS
THE QUALITY
CONSISTENCY
OF
MANUFACTURE, EG
OF
THE
THE
CLOSENESS AND
CONSTRUCTION.
THE DESIGN OF THE RIFLE, INCLUDING THE STIFFNESS OF THE BARREL,
THE ACTION, THE AMOUNT OF PLAY IF ANY BETWEEN COMPONENTS,
THE BARREL MOUNTING, EG FREE FLOATING, DAMPENED.
THE
MATERIALS
THAT
THE
RIFLE
IS
CONSTRUCTED
OF.
WEATHER CONDITIONS
THE FIRER'S ABILITY
THE MECHANICAL ACCURACY OF THE
AMMUNITION
WEATHER FACTORS:
FACTORS:
TEMPERATURE
• THE QUALITY OF THE PROPELLANT
PROPELLANT, THE AIR DENSITY (AND THEREFORE THE
TRAJECTORY) AS WELL AS THE EXPANSION OR
CONTRACTION OF THE RIFLE. HIGH TEMPERATURES ALSO
INTRODUCE MIRAGE, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE AIM.
• THE QUALITY OF THE PROJECTILE
- AFFECTS THE BURN SPEED OF THE
• THE QUALITY OF THE CASE
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HUMIDITY
- AFFECTS THE AIR DENSITY (AND
THEREFORE THE TRAJECTORY), THE BURN RATE OF THE
POWDER AS WELL AS HAVING AN EFFECT ON THE
MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE STOCK IN A RIFLE WITH A
WOODEN STOCK, LEADING TO INCONSISTENCY OF THE
RIFLE
COMPONENTS.
PRECIPITATION
- AFFECTS VISIBILITY. WET OR MOIST
AMMUNITION, CHAMBER OR BARREL CAN ALSO AFFECT
THE CHAMBER PRESSURE. IN ADDITION A WET WOODEN
STOCK
IS
LIKELY
TO
WARP
SLIGHTLY.
WIND - AFFECTS THE TRAJECTORY AND INTRODUCES
DRIFT TO THE FIRED BULLET
THE FIRER'S ABILITY
FACTORS:
THE FIRER'S KNOWLEDGE - AFFECTS THE FIRER'S ABILITY TO
APPLY THE PRINCIPLES OF MARKSMANSHIP TO THE PRACTICE OF
MARKSMANSHIP.
THE FIRER'S STRENGTH - AFFECTS THE FIRER'S ABILITY TO HOLD
THE RIFLE CORRECTLY AND WITH MINIMAL EFFORT, WHICH REDUCES
SHAKE/TREMOR.
THE FIRER'S FITNESS - THE FITNESS OF THE FIRER AFFECTS THE
FIRER'S ABILITY TO BREATHE, AND CONTROL THE BREATH AND
SHAKING/TREMOR DUE TO BREATHING AND OXYGEN LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
AND MUSCLES.
MARKSMANSHIP
IS THE SKILLFUL ART OF SHOOTING AT
THE TARGET AT A GIVEN OR KNOWN
DISTANCE.
BASIC MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS
ARE THE BASIS FOR SHOOTING WELL.
OVERVIEW
• FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP
FOUR (4) FUNDAMENTALS OF
RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP
THESE ARE THE PHYSICAL (MECHANICAL AND
MENTAL) FACTORS ESSENTIAL TO THE FIRING OF
AN ACCURATE SHOT.
• RANGE PROCEDURES
1. STEADY POSITION
• ZEROING
2. AIMING
3. BREATH CONTROL
4. TRIGGER CONTROL
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1ST FUNDAMENTAL OF MARKSMANSHIP
REVIEW OF PARTS
1. STEADY POSITION
IT IS THE TECHNIQUES OF HOLDING THE
RIFLE AS STEADY AS POSSIBLE WHILE
ALIGNING THE SIGHTS AND FIRING THE
WEAPON.
BUTT
STOCK
SAFETY
TRIGGER
REGARDLESS OF STANCE OR POSITION, THE
WEAPON MUST BE HELD THE SAME WAY FOR
EACH SHOT AND IN A MANNER THAT WILL
FACILITATE THE LEAST WOBBLE (NATURAL
MOVEMENT OF THE BODY AS INDICATED BY
THE SIGHTS.)
Six Elements of Steady Position
A. Firing Hand Grip
B. Rifle Butt Position
C. Firing Elbow Placement
D. Non Firing Elbow
E. Stock Weld
F. Non Firing Hand Grip
2nd ELEMENT OF STEADY POSITION
1ST ELEMENT OF STEADY POSITION
A. FIRING HAND GRIP
THE FIRING HAND GRASPS THE PORTION OF THE STOCK AROUND THE TRIGGER
GROUP.
IT ALSO EXERTS STEADY REARWARD PRESSURE INTO THE “POCKET” OF THE
SHOULDER.
FIRING HAND GRIP
B. RIFLE BUTT POSITION
RIFLE BUTT SHOULD BE IN THE POCKET OF THE SHOULDER. ITS
PROPER PLACEMENT LESSENS THE EFFECT OF THE RECOIL AND
PREVENTS THE RIFLE BUTT FROM SLIPPING ON THE SHOULDER
DURING FIRING.
SHOULDER BONE
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RIFLE BUTT POSITION
3rd ELEMENT OF STEADY POSITION
C. FIRING ELBOW PLACEMENT
THE FIRING ELBOW PROVIDES BALANCE TO THE FIRER’S
POSITION.
THE EXACT LOCATION OF THE FIRING ELBOW VARIES IN
EACH POSITION.
PLACEMENT SHOULD ALLOW SHOULDERS TO REMAIN
LEVEL.
FIRING ELBOW
(STANDING)
FIRING ELBOW
(KNEELING)
FIRING ELBOW (PRONE)
FIRING ELBOW
(SITTING)
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4th ELEMENT OF STEADY POSITION
D. NON FIRING ELBOW PLACEMENT
NON FIRING ELBOW
(STANDING)
THE NON-FIRING ELBOW IS
DIRECTLY UNDER THE RIFLE.
NON FIRING ELBOW
NON FIRING ELBOW
(PRONE)
(KNEELING)
5th ELEMENT OF STEADY POSITION
NON FIRING ELBOW
(SITTING)
E. STOCK WELD
STOCK WELD
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THE STOCK WELD IS THE POINT OF FIRM CONTACT BETWEEN THE CHEEK AND THE SMALL OF
THE STOCK OF THE RIFLE.
IT PROVIDES A NATURAL LINE OF SIGHT THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE REAR SIGHT
APERTURE TO THE FRONT SIGHT POST AND ON TO THE TARGET.
THE FIRER’S NECK SHOULD BE RELAXED, ALLOWING HIS CHEEK TO
FALL NATURALLY ONTO THE STOCK.
THE FIRER’S NECK SHOULD BE RELAXED, ALLOWING HIS CHEEK TO FALL NATURALLY ONTO
THE STOCK.
STOCK WELD
THE FIRM CONTACT BETWEEN THE HEAD AND THE RIFLE ENABLES THE HEAD AND THE
WEAPON TO RECOIL AS ONE UNIT THEREBY FACILITATING RAPID RECOVERY BETWEEN
ROUNDS.
STOCK WELD
WITHOUT STOCK WELD THERE WILL BE EXTRA MOVEMENT EITHER WITH THE HEAD OR
THE RIFLE PRIOR TO ALIGNMENT OF THE SIGHT.
EXTRA MOVEMENT OF THE HEAD AFTER THE SHOT TO ALIGN THE SIGHT
WITH THE TARGET
STOCK WELD
STOCK WELD ALSO DETERMINES THE HEIGHT OF
THE EYES IN RELATION TO THE SIGHTS.
EXTRA MOVEMENT OF THE RIFLE AFTER THE
SHOT TO ALIGN THE SIGHT WITH THE TARGET
HEIGHT OF EYE
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6th ELEMENT OF STEADY POSITION
E. NON FIRING HAND GRIP
THE SUPPORT ELBOW IS HELD DIRECTLY UNDER THE RIFLE.
THE RIFLE HAND GUARD RESTS ON THE HEEL OF THE HAND IN THE V FORMED BY THE
THUMB AND FINGERS
A HARD HAND GRIP BY THE HAND MAY INTRODUCE LATERAL “WOBBLE”. THE GRIP
SHOULD BE LIGHT.
.
WOBBLE
INTERIM SUMMARY
SIX ELEMENTS OF STEADY POSITION
A. FIRING HAND GRIP
B. RIFLE BUTT POSITION
C. FIRING ELBOW PLACEMENT
D. NON FIRING ELBOW
E. STOCK WELD
F. NON FIRING HAND GRIP
NON FIRING
HAND GRIP
2ND FUNDAMENTAL OF MARKSMANSHIP
2. AIMING
EVERY MARKSMAN HAS A NATURAL POINT
OF AIM (NPOA). THE SHOOTER ALIGNS
HIMSELF WITH THE TARGET IN SUCH A
MANNER
THAT
HIS
SIGHTS
REST
COMFORTABLY
ON
THE
BULL’S
EYE
WITHOUT EXCESSIVE MUSCULAR TENSION
IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN A DESIRED SIGHT
PICTURE.
REVIEW OF SELECTED PARTS OF THE RIFLE
AIMING
OVERVIEW
• PARTS OF RIFLE USED IN AIMING
• SIGHT ALIGNMENT
• PLACING OF AIMING POINT
• CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE
• BULLET TRAJECTORY
• PHASES OF AIMING
FRONT SIGHT - Placed at the top of the barrel,
position of which determines the direction of the
barrel.
FRONT SIGHT
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REAR SIGHT - Placed at the rear part of the rifle,
where the shooter peeps in to align the front sight
post with the target. Improper use of the rear sight
in relation to the front creates a significant angular
shift error in the alignment.
3. AIMING POINT
• The point in the target were the sights are
aligned.
• A reference point in the target.
TARGET
TARGET
REAR SIGHT
FRONT SIGHT
IN AIMING THE FIRER IS CONCERNED WITH CORRECTLY
POINTING OF THE RIFLE SO THAT THE PROJECTILE WILL
HIT THE TARGET WHEN IT FIRES.
SIGHT ALIGNMENT
AIMING POINT
SIGHT ALIGNMENT AND PLACING OF AIMING POINT ENSURES THAT
SHOTS FIRED, IF THE OTHER FUNDAMENTALS ARE CORRECTLY
APPLIED, WILL HIT IN THE SAME GENERAL AREA.
SIGHT ALIGNMENT
IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REAR SIGHT AND FRONT
SIGHT WITH RESPECT TO THE EYE.
REAR
SIGHT
FRONT
SIGHT
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NOTE: THE FRONT SIGHT OR RECTICLE SHOULD ALWAYS
BE POSITIONED IN THE SAME SPOT.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE FRONT AND REAR SIGHT IS MOST
IMPORTANT TO ACCURACY AS IT HELPS ELIMINATE ANGULAR
ERROR.
RECTICLE
REAR SIGHT
CORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENT
TO DO THIS THE FIRER MUST OBTAIN A CORRECT
SIGHT PICTURE.
DIRECTION OF AIM
THE CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE INCORPORATES THE
PROPER –
FRONT SIGHT
• SIGHT ALIGNMENT
• PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT
CORRECT SIGHT
ALIGNMENT
COMPARISON OF CORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENT WITH
INCORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENTS
DIRECTION OF AIM
REAR SIGHT
PROPER PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT
DIRECTION OF GUN BARREL
AIMING POINT
DIRECTION OF AIM
CORRECT SIGHT
ALIGNMENT
FRONT SIGHT
INCORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENTS
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COMPARISON OF PROPER AND IMPROPER PLACEMENT OF AIMING
POINT
DIRECTION
GUN BARREL
OF
INCORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENT RESULTS IN ANGULAR ERROR OF
BULLET POINT FROM THE AIMING POINT
DIRECTION OF AIM
BULLET
AIMING
POINT
POINT
PROPER PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT
DIRECTION OF BARREL
PROPER PLACEMENT OF
AIMING POINT
IMPROPER PLACEMENTOF AIMING POINTS
IMPROPER PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT IN A CORRECT SIGHT
ALIGNMENT RESULTS IN ANGULAR ERROR OF BULLET POINT
FROM THE AIMING POINT
IMPROPER SIGHT
ALIGNMENT
RESULT OF AN INCORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENT AND IMPROPER
PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT
AIMING POINT
AIMING
POINT
BULLET
POINT
IMPROPER PLACEMENT OF
AIMING POINT
DIRECTION OF BARREL
IMPROPER
PLACEMENT OF
AIMING POINT
PROPER SIGHT ALIGNMENT
RESULT OF AN INCORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENT AND IMPROPER
PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT
INCORRECT SIGHT
ALIGNMENT
SIGHT PICTURE
THE ALIGNED SIGHTS PLACED ON TARGET IS SIGHT PICTURE.
THE FRONT SIGHT OR RECTICLE SHOULD ALWAYS BE
POSITIONED IN THE SAME SPOT.
BULLET PATH
DIRECTION OF AIM
DIRECTION OF BARREL
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SIGHT PICTURE
SIGHT PICTURES
THIS DIFFERS FROM SIGHT ALIGNMENT ONLY BY ADDING THE
BULLS EYE OR AIMING POINTS TO THE FRONT SLIGHT BLADE.
SIGHT PICTURE
• 6 O’ CLOCK
FRONT
SIGHT
• 12 O’ CLOCK
REAR
SIGHT
TARGET
• DEAD CENTER
6 O’ CLOCK
12 O’ CLOCK
THE LOWER EDGE OF THE AIMING POINT IS LEVEL
WITH THE TOP EDGE OF THE RECTICLE
THE TOP EDGE OF THE AIMING POINT IS LEVEL WITH
THE TOP EDGE OF THE RECTICLE
FRONT
SIGHT
FRONT
SIGHT
REAR
SIGHT
REAR
SIGHT
AIMING POINT
AIMING POINT
DEAD CENTER
SIGHT PICTURES
THE MIDDLE OF THE AIMING POINT IS LEVEL WITH
THE TOP EDGE OF THE RECTICLE
FRONT
SIGHT
REAR
SIGHT
6 O’ CLOCK
12 O’ CLOCK
DEAD CENTER
AIMING POINT
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BULLET TRAJECTORY
BULLET PT AND AIMING
PT INTERSECTS
BULLET PT. IS 2.4
CM BELOW
AIMING PT.
BULLET TRAJECTORY
PATH OF BULLET IS
PARABOLIC (TRAJECTORY)
25 MTRS
PARTS OF A TRAJECTORY
OF A BULLET)
(PATH
BULLET HIT ON A STANDING HUMAN TARGET (UP TO 300
METERS)
FROM LINE OF
SIGHT
PHASES OF AIMING
I.
EYE RELIEF
II.
SIGHT ALIGNMENT
III.
PROPER PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT
IV.
SIGHT PICTURE
250 MTRS
LINE OF SIGHT
FROM LINE OF
SIGHT
FROM LINE OF
SIGHT
FROM LINE OF
SIGHT
PHASE I. EYE RELIEF
IT IS THE DISTANCE FROM THE AIMING EYE
TO THE REAR SIGHT (3 INCHES IS IDEAL)
EYE RELIEF
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AIMING EYE SHOULD NOT BE TOO CLOSE TO THE REAR SIGHT
BECAUSE THE REAR SIGHT WOULD LOOK BLURRED.
IT SHOULD NOT ALSO BE TOO FAR AWAY FROM THE REAR
SIGHT BECAUSE OF ADJUSTMENT OF EYE AND SIGHTS MENT
OF ALIGNMENTS WOULD TAKE TOO LONG TO FIRE ANOTHER
SHOT.
PHASE II. SIGHT ALIGNMENT
PHASE III. PROPER PLACEMENT
OF AIMING POINT
REAR
SIGHT
FRONT
SIGHT
PHASE IV. SIGHT PICTURE
FRONT SIGHT
AIM
TAKE CORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENT AND SIGHT
PICTURE, AND FOCUS THE EYE AT THE TOP OF THE
FRONT SIGHT.
THE FIRER MUST BE AWARE OF THE RIFLE'S
MOVEMENT (WHILE SIGHTED ON A TARGET) AS A
RESULT OF BREATHING.
AIMING POINT
REAR SIGHT
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AIM
RELAX
RELAX THE BODY MUSCLES
INTERIM SUMMARY
AIMING
• PARTS OF RIFLE USED IN AIMING
• SIGHT ALIGNMENT
• PLACING OF AIMING POINT
• CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE
• BULLET TRAJECTORY
• PHASES OF AIMING
OVERVIEW
• NORMAL BREATHING CYCLE
• EMPTY LUNG TECHNIQUE
• HALF-FULL LUNG TECHNIQUE
3rd FUNDAMENTAL OF MARKSMANSHIP
3. BREATH CONTROL
IT IS A WORD THE FIRER SHOULD
THINK OF EACH TIME HE FIRES HIS
WEAPON:
IF THE FIRER CONTINUES NORMAL BREATHING WHILE AIMING
AND FIRING HIS RIFLE, THE MOVEMENT OF HIS CHEST WILL
CAUSE CORRESPONDING MOVEMENT OF HIS RIFLE.
INITIALLY THE FIRER SHOULD TAKE NORMAL BREATH, RELEASE
PART OF IT AND HOLD THE REMAINING AIR IN HIS LUNGS.
HE SHOULD NOT HOLD HIS BREATH FOR MORE THAN TEN
SECONDS OTHERWISE HIS VISION MAY BEGIN TO BLUR AND
LUNG STRAIN MAY CAUSE MUSCULAR TENSION
• THREE-QUARTERS FULL LUNG
TECHNIQUE
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NORMAL BREATHING CYCLE
(ILLUSTRATION)
NORMAL BREATHING CYCLE
NATURAL
EXHALE
RESPIRATORY PAUSE
EXHALE
INHALE
INHALE
EXHALE
EXHALE
INHALE
NATURAL
EXHALE
INHALE
EXHALE
DO NOT USE THIS WHEN YOU SHOOT
RESPIRATORY PAUSE
EMPTY LUNG TECHNIQUE
INHALE
INHALE
INHALE
EXHALE
EMPTY LUNG TECHNIQUE
(ILLUSTRATION)
8 SEC
INHALE
EXHALE
INHALE
FULL
HOLD BREATH
EXHALE
FULL
INHALE
FULL
EXHALE FULL
FIRE
HOLD BREATH
• INHALE DEEP AND BREATH OUT EVERYTHING, THEN
FIRE
• HOLD BREATH AND FIRE
• FIRE 8 SECONDS FROM THE POINT OF “BREATH HOLD”
HALF - FULL LUNG TECHNIQUE
HALF - FULL LUNG TECHNIQUE
(ILLUSTRATION)
HOLD BREATH
HOLD BREATH
INHALE
INHALE
FULL
EXHALE
EXHALE
REMAINDER
INHALE
HALF
FIRE
FULL
INHALE
INHALE
FULL
EXHALE
EXHALE
REMAINDER
INHALE
HALF
FIRE
EXHALE EVERYTHING
INHALE ONLY HALF-FULL (ONE HALF)
THEN HOLD BREATH
AFTER 8 SEC, FIRE
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THREE-QUARTERS-FULL LUNG TECHNIQUE
THREE-QUARTERS-FULL LUNG TECHNIQUE
(ILLUSTRATION)
HOLD BREATH
FULL
INHALE
HOLD BREATH
FULL
EXHALE
INHALE 3/4
ONLY
EXHALE
REMAINDER
FULL
INHALE
FULL
EXHALE
INHALE 3/4
ONLY
FIRE
EXHALE
REMAINDER
FIRE
EXHALE EVERYTHING
INHALE ONLY THREE QUARTER (3/4)
THEN HOLD BREATH
AFTER 8 SEC, FIRE
4th FUNDAMENTAL OF MARKSMANSHIP
AIM
4. TRIGGER CONTROL
6 O’ CLOCK
12 O’ CLOCK
DEAD CENTER
OVERVIEW
•
BREATHE
•
RELAX
•
AIM
•
SLACK
•
SQUEEZE
•
FOLLOW THROUGH
STANCE OR POSITION OVERVIEW
THE SHOOTER SHOULD POINT TOWARD
THE TARGET IN A NATURAL STANCE OR
POSITION, WITHOUT EFFORT. (THE IDEAL
POSITION IS ATTAINED BY "NATURAL
POINT OF AIM" IN WHICH NO UNDUE
MUSCULAR TENSION IS REQUIRED TO
KEEP
THE
SIGHTS
ON
TARGET.)
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THE
POSITION
MUST
ALSO
BE
COMFORTABLE. IF NOT, THE SHOOTER
WILL NOT BE ABLE TO CONCENTRATE ON
THE TASK AT HAND, BUT WILL BE TRYING
TO AVOID THE DISCOMFORT. HUMAN
NATURE BEING WHAT IT IS, THIS USUALLY
MEANS BREAKING THE SHOT FASTER
THAN PRUDENT AND A SUBSTANDARD
HIT.
WHEN
SHOOTING
,
THE
SHOOTER
ADJUSTS HIS/HER POSITION BY MOVING
HIS/HER FEET. SOMETIMES JUST MOVING
A TOE OR A HEEL WILL BE SUFFICIENT TO
SHIFT YOUR POINT OF AIM ENOUGH.
RELAX
BREATH
RELAX THE BODY MUSCLES
HOLD BREATH
FULL
INHALE
FULL
EXHALE
INHALE 3/4
ONLY
EXHALE
REMAINDER
FIRE
TRIGGER RELEASE (SQUEEZE)
A PERFECT RELEASE OR “BREAK” RESULTS
FROM PRESSING THE TRIGGER STRAIGHT BACK
(USUALLY WITH THE PAD OF THE TRIGGER
FINGER, NOT AT THE FIRST JOINT) WITH NO
LATERAL
PRESSURE.
IT SHOULD OCCUR AT AN INSTANT WHEN THE
SHOOTER DOES NOT EXPECT THE RIFLE TO
DISCHARGE, RESULTING IN A “SURPRISE
BREAK” THAT IS IMMUNE TO ANTICIPATION OR
“FLINCH” THAT DISTURBS THE SIGHT PICTURE.
• IF THE TRIGGER IS NOT PROPERLY SQUEEZED, THE
RIFLE WILL BE MISALIGNED WITH THE TARGET AT THE
MOMENT
OF
FIRING.
• TRIGGER SQUEEZE
REASONS:
IS
IMPORTANT
FOR
TWO
FIRST, ANY SUDDEN MOVEMENT OF THE FINGER ON
THE TRIGGER CAN DISTURB THE LAY OF THE RIFLE
AND CAUSE THE SHOT TO MISS THE TARGET.
SECOND, THE PRECISE INSTANT OF FIRING SHOULD
BE A SURPRISE TO THE SOLDIER. THE SOLDIER’S
NATURAL REFLEX TO COMPENSATE FOR THE NOISE
AND SLIGHT PUNCH IN THE SHOULDER CAN CAUSE
HIM TO MISS THE TARGET IF HE KNOWS THE EXACT
INSTANT THE RIFLE WILL FIRE. THE SOLDIER
USUALLY TENSES HIS SHOULDERS WHEN EXPECTING
THE RIFLE TO FIRE. IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETECT SINCE
HE DOES NOT REALIZE HE IS FLINCHING.
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PRESS TRIGGER STRAIGHT BACK WITH THE PAD OF
THE TRIGGER FINGER, NOT AT THE FIRST JOINT.
TARGET
NO LATERAL
PRESSURE DURING
SQUEEZING
MUCH
BETTER
POOR
JOINT
PAD
TARGET
TARGET
WITH LATERAL
PRESSURE
TO THE LEFT
WITH LATERAL
PRESSURE
TO THE RIGHT
SLACK
BEFORE FINAL SQUEEZE, TAKE UP THE TRIGGER
SLACK
SLACK
SQUEEZE
Once the grip / hold is achieved, only the index finger of the
shooting hand moves during the trigger slack and squeeze. The
shooter must smoothly squeeze the trigger straight back with
increasing pressure without attempting to anticipate when the
round will fire.
SQUEEZE
SLACK
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FOLLOW THROUGH
FOLLOW THROUGH IS IMPORTANT IN
DEVELOPING CONSISTENCY WHILE THE
BULLET LEAVES THE RIFLE’S BARREL
WITHIN MILLI-SECONDS OF IGNITION.
IT IS THE CONTINUES MECHANICAL AND
MENTAL APPLICATION FUNDAMENTALS
AFTER EACH ROUND HAS BEEN FIRED.
THE FIRER MAINTAINS STABLE POSITION,
AIMING BREATHING CONTROL
ANDCONTINUES TO PRESS THE TRIGGER TO
THE REAR , EVEN THOUGH THE RIFLE HAS
BEEN FIRED.
RIFLE SHOOTING
POSITIONS
THERE ARE FOUR BASIC POSITIONS FOR SHOOTING
RIFLES OR CARBINES.
KNEELING POSITION
GENERALLY WITH ONE KNEE ON THE GROUND AND
THE SUPPORT ELBOW RESTING ATOP (IMPROPERLY)
OR (PREFERABLY) SLIGHTLY FORWARD OF THE
ELEVATED KNEE.
STEADIER THAN OFFHAND AND FASTER THAN
SITTING OR PRONE.
INTERIM SUMMARY
TRIGGER CONTROL
•
BREATHE
•
RELAX
•
AIM
•
SLACK
•
SQUEEZE
•
FOLLOW THROUGH
STANDING POSITION
ERECT ON BOTH FEET WITH THE RIFLE SUPPORTED BY THE
SHOOTING HAND AND THE SUPPORT HAND.
THIS IS THE FASTEST POSITION TO ASSUME BUT IS THE
LEAST STEADY.
SITTING POSITION
TWO VARIANTS INCLUDE "OPEN LEGGED" OR
"CROSS
LEGGED"
(ANKLES
APART
OR
OVERLAPPING) WITH BOTH ELBOWS SUPPORTED
ON THE KNEES OR THIGHS.
THE BEST ALL-ROUND SUPPORTED POSITION, AS
IT PERMITS A FAST, STEADY PLATFORM SUITABLE
TO ROUGH TERRAIN.
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PRONE POSITION
SQUATTING POSITION
LYING ON ONE'S STOMACH WITH THE SUPPORT HAND
BENEATH THE RIFLE. FEET MAY BE SPLAYED OR CLOSER
TOGETHER BUT MOST SHOOTERS FIND IT HELPFUL TO BRING
THE SUPPORT-SIDE KNEE FORWARD.
THE STEADIEST POSITION, BUT REQUIRES MORE TIME TO
ASSUME THAN ANY OTHER AND MAY BE UNSUITABLE FOR
SOME TERRAIN OR WHERE GROUND COVER OBSCURES THE
TARGET.
OTHER NONSTANDARD POSITIONS
• SUPINE WHERE THE FIRER LIES OHIS/HER SIDE, WITH THE
RIFLE LYING ON THE BENT LOWER LEG; THE SIGHT IS USUALLY
MOUNTED ON THE END OF THE STOCK AND AS SUCH THE
RIFLE IS DESIGNED TO BE SHOT IN THIS POSITION ONLY.
The Three Elements
of a Good Position
• BONE SUPPORT
• RICE PADDY PRONE
• SPEED KNEELING WITH BOTH KNEES ON THE GROUND.
• MUSCULAR RELAXATION
• NATURAL POINT OF AIMING
BONE SUPPORT
• IT IS A LEARNED PROCESS. ONLY THROUGH
CONSTANT PRACTICE WILL THE SHOOTER
GAIN PROFICIENCY OIN THE SKILL.
• POSITIONS ARE FOUNDATION FOR THE RIFLE,
HENCE GOOD POSITION FOR THE RIFLE IS
IMPORTANT TO THE SHOOTER.
• WHEN A SHOOTER ESTABLISHES A WEAK
FOUNDATION (POSITION) FOR THE RIFLE, THE
POSITION WILL NOT HAVE THE SUPPORT
NECESSARY FOR PRECISE FIRING.
MUSCULAR RELAXATION
IF SUPPORT IS USED PROPERLY, THE SOLDIER SHOULD BE ABLE TO
RELAX MOST OF HIS MUSCLES. USING ARTIFICIAL SUPPORT OR
BONES IN THE UPPER BODY AS SUPPORT ALLOWS HIM TO RELAX
AND SETTLE INTO POSITION.
USING MUSCLES TO SUPPORT THE RIFLE CAN CAUSE IT TO MOVE
DUE TO MUSCLE FATIGUE.
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NATURAL POINT OF AIMING
• THE SHOOTER MUST LEARN TO RELAX
AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.
• HOWEVER. A CERTAIN AMOUNT
MUSCLE TENSION IS NEEDED
OF
• BUT UNDUE MUSCLE STRAIN OR
TENSION CAUSES TREMBLING WHICH
IS TRANSMITTED TO THE RIFLE.
WHEN CORRECT BODY-RIFLE-TARGET ALIGNMENT IS
HELD ON TARGET, USING MUSCULAR SUPPORT AND
EFFORT.
WHEN THE SOLDIER FIRST ASSUMES HIS FIRING
POSITION, HE ORIENTS HIS RIFLE IN THE GENERAL
DIRECTION OF HIS TARGET.
THEN HE ADJUSTS HIS BODY TO BRING THE RIFLE
AND SIGHTS EXACTLY IN LINE WITH THE DESIRED
AIMING POINT.
WHEN USING PROPER SUPPORT AND CONSISTENT
CHEEK TO STOCK WELD THE SOLDIER SHOULD HAVE
HIS RIFLE AND SIGHTS ALIGNED NATURALLY ON THE
TARGET.
BASIC MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS ARE THE
BASIS FOR SHOOTING WELL.
AS THE RIFLE FIRES, MUSCLES TEND TO RELAX, CAUSING
THE FRONT SIGHT TO MOVE AWAY FROM THE TARGET
TOWARD THE NATURAL POINT OF AIM. ADJUSTING THIS
POINT TO THE DESIRED POINT OF AIM ELIMINATES THIS
MOVEMENT.
WHEN MULTIPLE TARGET EXPOSURES ARE EXPECTED (OR
A SECTOR OF FIRE MUST BE COVERED), THE SOLDIER
ADJUSTS HIS NATURAL POINT OF AIM
TO THE CENTER OF THE EXPECTED TARGET EXPOSURE
AREA (OR CENTER OF SECTOR).
RANGE PROCEDURES
1.
RANGE SAFETY RULES
OVERVIEW
1. RANGE SAFETY RULES
2.
FIRE COMMANDS
21
3/10/2021
A. DO NOT CARRY A LOADED WEAPON AT THE FIRING
RANGE EXCEPT AT DESIGNATED FIRING POINT.
C.
KEEP WEAPON DOWNWARD AT
ALL TIMES.
E. INSURE BARREL IS FREE OF
OBSTRUCTION BEFORE LOADING
WEAPONS.
B.
INSURE WEAPONS ARE NOT LOADED DURING
MOVEMENT TO / FROM FIRING POINT.
D.
DO NOT LOAD WEAPON UNTIL
INSTRUCTED TO DO SO.
F. DO NOT TURN AROUND WITHOUT LAYING DOWN
THE UNLOCKED / LOADED WEAPON, DOWN AND
POINTED DOWN RANGE.
22
3/10/2021
G. DO NOT PUT YOUR FINGER ON THE
TRIGGER
UNTIL WEAPON IS POINTED
AT THE TARGET.
FIRE COMMANDS
H. DO NOT GO FORWARD TO THE
FIRING LINE UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO
DO BY RANGE OFFICER / NCO.
A. FIRERS, ASSUME / TAKE ______ POSITION
SIMPLE,
STANDARDIZED
FIRE
COMMAND ARE ESSENTIAL TO AVOID
CONFUSION DURING FIELD FIRING
EXERCISES.
B. PICK-UP RIFLE / PIECES
C. COACHES ISSUE MAGAZINE WITH
________ROUNDS
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3/10/2021
D. FIRERS PICK-UP / GET
MAGAZINE
LOADING
INSERT MAGAZINE,
AND LOCK.
LOAD
LOCKING
UNLOCKED
LOCKED
E. READY FROM FIRING LINE
( FIRERS RESPONSE “READY” )
F. UNLOCK PIECES, THEN FIRE.
READY !!!
LOCKED
UNLOCKED
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3/10/2021
G. CEASE FIRING
REMOVE MAGAZINE
CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.
BRING SELECTOR TO SAFE POSITION
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3/10/2021
H. RANGE CLEAR
DOWN RIFLES.
NOTE: IN CASE OF ALIBI, ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS TO
I.
FIRERS VERIFY YOUR TARGET.
BRING DOWN YOUR RIFLE AND ASK THE ASSISTANCE OF
THE INSTRUCTOR BY RAISING YOUR RIGHT/LEFT HAND.
SUMMARY
ZEROING
THE MOST SKILLED SHOOTERS IN THE WORLD REACHED THE
TOP BY CONCENTRATING ON THE APPLICATION OF THE
FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP.
EVEN THOUGH EXPERIENCED SHOOTERS IMPROVE THEIR
SKILLS, REFINE TECHNIQUES, AND ADD VARIATIONS, THEIR
SUCCESS IS ROOTED IN THE PROPER APPLICATION OF THE
FUNDAMENTALS.
26
3/10/2021
ZEROING IS ALIGNING THE FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM (SIGHTS)
WITH THE RIFLE BARREL, CONSIDERING THE GIVEN
AMMUNITION BALLISTICS.
BULLET POINT
WHEN THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED CORRECTLY, THE BULLET POINT
AND POINT OF AIM ARE POINT OF IMPACT AT A STANDARD
BATTLESIGHT ZERO RANGE.
AIMING
POINT
AIMING
POINT
BULLET POINT
FRONT SIGHT
FRONT SIGHT
REAR SIGHT
REAR SIGHT
WHEN A RIFLE IS ZEROED, THE SIGHTS ARE ADJUSTED SO THAT
BULLET STRIKE IS THE SAME AS POINT OF AIM AT SOME GIVEN
RANGE.
THE BULLET WILL HIT A STANDING HUMAN TARGET
AT VARIOUS POINTS AT CORRESPONDING RANGES.
BULLET PATH AND
BULLET STRIKES
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
LINE OF SIGHT
250
275
250 MTRS
42 MTRS
ADJUSTMENT OF S I
GHTS
THE SIGHTS ARE ADJUSTABLE FOR
BOTH ELEVATION AND WINDAGE.
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
250 MTRS
42 MTRS
FOR WINDAGE (LEFT OR RIGHT)
ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE ON THE REAR
SIGHT
REAR SIGHT
FRONT SIGHT
REAR SIGHT
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3/10/2021
SIGHT ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES
FOR ELEVATION (UP OR DOWN)
ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE ON THE FRONT
SIGHT.
THE BEST POSSIBLE ZERO IS OBTAINED BY
ZEROING AT ACTUAL RANGE.
BECAUSE FACILITIES NORMALLY DO NOT
EXIST FOR ZEROING AT 250 METERS, MOST
ZEROING IS CONDUCTED AT 25 METERS.
FRONT SIGHT
TO GAIN THE MANY BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH HAVING BULLETS
HIT EXACTLY WHERE THE RIFLE IS AIMED DURING 25-METER
FIRING, THE LONG-RANGE SIGHT IS USED ON THE ZERO RANGE.
THEREFORE, WHEN BULLETS ARE ADJUSTED TO HIT THE SAME
PLACE THE RIFLE IS AIMED AT 25 METERS, THE BULLET ALSO HITS
WHERE THE RIFLE IS AIMED AT 375 METERS.
25 METER TARGET (LONG RANGE)
PUSH THE REAR SIGHT FORWARD SO THE L IS
EXPOSED.
LONG RANGE (BEYOND
300 MTRS)
SHORT RANGE
L
SHORT RANGE TARGET
LONG RANGE
THE BULLET CROSSES LINE OF SIGHT AT 25 METERS, REACHES A
MAXIMUM HEIGHT ABOVE LINE OF SIGHT OF ABOUT 11 INCHES AT 225
METERS, AND CROSSES LINE OF SIGHT AGAIN AT 375 METERS
AFTER MAKING THIS ADJUSTMENT AND FLIPPING BACK TO THE SHORTRANGE SIGHT AND AIMING CENTER OF MASS AT A 42-METER TARGET, THE
BULLET CROSSES THE LINE OF SIGHT AT 42 METERS AND AGAIN AT 250
METERS.
225 MTRS
11 INCHES
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
LONG RANGE (BEYOND
400
300 MTRS)
SHORT RANGE
25
MTRS
LINE OF SIGHT
375
MTRS
L
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3/10/2021
COMPARISON OF THE 25 MTR AND 42 MTR TARGETS
SHORT RANGE
AFTER MAKING THIS ADJUSTMENT AND FLIPPING BACK TO THE SHORTRANGE SIGHT AND AIMING CENTER OF MASS AT A 42-METER TARGET, THE
BULLET CROSSES THE LINE OF SIGHT AT 42 METERS AND AGAIN AT 250
METERS.
0
42
50
75
150
150
MTRS
LINE OF SIGHT
175
200
225
25
MTRS
0
50
25 MTR TARGET (LONG RANGE)
100
150
200
250
375
MTRS
300
350
400
250
250
MTRS
0
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
42
250
MTRS
MTRS
42 MTR TARGET (SHORT RANGE)
HOW TO ADJUST THE REAR SIGHT
COMPARISON OF THE 25 MTR AND 42 MTR TARGETS
25
0
MTRS
25 MTR TARGET (LONG RANGE)
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
42
375
MTRS
300
350
400
THE REAR SIGHT CONSISTS OF TWO APERTURES AND
A WINDAGE DRUM WITH A SPRING-LOADED DETENT.
THE APERTURE MARKED L IS USED FOR RANGES
BEYOND 300 METERS.
250
MTRS
MTRS
42 MTR TARGET (SHORT RANGE)
BOTH BULLETS WILL HIT THE SAME STANDING HUMAN
TARGET AT VARIOUS POINTS AT RESPECTIVE RANGES.
L
SHORT RANGE
LONG RANGE (BEYOND
300 MTRS)
ADJUSTMENTS FOR WINDAGE ARE MADE BY PRESSING IN ON THE SPRINGLOADED DETENT WITH A SHARP INSTRUMENT (OR THE TIP OF A
CARTRIDGE) AND ROTATING THE WINDAGE DRUM IN THE DESIRED
DIRECTION OF CHANGE (RIGHT OR LEFT) IN THE STRIKE OF THE BULLET.
IF THE SIGHTS ARE ALIGNED WITH THE AIMING POINT BUT THE BULLET STRIKES LEFT.
ROTATE THE WINDAGE DRUM IN THE DESIRED NUMBER OF CLICKS CLOCKWISE IN THE
DIRECTION OF THE ARROW MARKED R.
AIMING
POINT
ROTATE WINDAGE DRUM
BULLET STRIKE
IS LEFT
R
WINDAGE DRUM
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3/10/2021
IF THE SIGHTS ARE ALIGNED WITH THE AIMING POINT BUT THE BULLET STRIKES AT THE
RIGHT.
BULLET WILL STRIKE THE AIMING POINT
ROTATE THE WINDAGE DRUM COUNTER CLOCKWISE IN THE DESIRED NUMBER OF
CLICKS.
AIMING
POINT
AIMING
POINT
ROTATE WINDAGE DRUMK
BULLET STRIKE
IS RIGHT
R
R
FRONT SIGHT
THE BULLET WILL STRIKE THE AIMING POINT
IT CONSISTS OF A SQUARE, ROTATING SIGHT POST WITH A
FOUR-POSITION, SPRING-LOADED DETENT.
AIMING
POINT
DETENT
FRONT SIGHT
R
UP
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
HOW TO ADJUST THE
FRONT SIGHT
ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE BY USING A SHARP INSTRUMENT OR
THE TIP OF A CARTRIDGE.
HOW TO ADJUST THE
FRONT SIGHT
ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE BY USING A SHARP INSTRUMENT OR
THE TIP OF A CARTRIDGE.
DETENT
UP
30
3/10/2021
TO RAISE OR LOWER THE FRONT SIGHT POST, THE SPRING-LOADED DETENT IS
DEPRESSED, AND THE POST IS ROTATED IN THE DESIRED DIRECTION OF CHANGE.
ADJUSTMENT OF THE FRONT SIGHT
IF THE BULLET POINT IS ABOVE THE AMING POINT THE FRONT SIGHT
SHOULD BE MOVED UPWARD.
DETENT
BULLET PT.
AIMING PT.
UP
FRONT SIGHT
TO ADJUST THE FRONT SIGHT UPWARD PRESS ON THE DETENT
AND ROTATE CLOCKWISE
THE FRONT SIGHT WILL MOVE UPWARD
BULLET PT.
AIMING PT.
UP
THE STRIKE OF THE BULLET WILL CORRESPOND WITH THE
AIMING POINT.
TO ADJUST THE FRONT SIGHT UPWARD
TO RAISE THE STRIKE OF THE BULLET, THE FIRER ROTATES THE FRONT
SIGHT POST THE DESIRED NUMBER OF CLICKS CLOCKWISE IN THE
DIRECTION OF THE ARROW MARKED UP. THUS, THE STRIKE OF THE
BULLET IS RAISED BUT THE POST IS LOWERED. HE REVERSES THE
DIRECTION OF ROTATION TO MOVE THE STRIKE OF THE BULLET DOWN.
BULLET PT.
AIMING PT.
UP
31
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CONDUCT OF ZEROING ON
A 25-METER RANGE
SHOT-GROUP MARKING
1. AIM THEN FIRE THREE (3) SHOTS ON THE
TARGET
3. PLACE A NUMBER BY THE SHOT GROUP
1
• USING THE L-SIGHT AND APPLYING THE
FUNDAMENTALS,
THE
SOLDIER
CONSISTENTLY AIMS TARGET CENTER
OF MASS.
2. CONNECT THE THREE BULLET HOLES ON
THE TARGET WITH A STRAIGHT LINE.
4. MARK AN X IN THE CENTER WHICH
REPRESENT THE THREE (3) SHOTS.
1
X
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3/10/2021
THE X MARK IN THE CENTER REPRESENTS
THE THREE (3) SHOTS
FOR THREE SHOT GROUPS THE CENTRAL POINT OF ALL NINE
BULLETS CAN BE FOUND BY TREATING THE X AS A SINGLE
BULLET.
1
X
X
X
X
X
THE THREE-ROUND SHOT GROUP CONFIRMS THE
VARIATION INHERENT IN THE RIFLE, AMMUNITION,
AND FIRER.
IF THE SOLDIER MAINTAINS THE SAME POINT OF AIM FOR EACH
SHOT, THIS INDICATES FIRING ERRORS OR NEEDED SIGHT
CHANGES.
WHEN A SOLDIER FIRES A MATCH-GRADE QUALITY RIFLEAMMUNITION COMBINATION (USED FOR COMPETITIONS)
WHICH PLACES ALL BULLETS IN ALMOST THE SAME HOLE, THERE
IS NO FIRER ERROR.
BUT IF THE SAME SOLDIER FIRES A STANDARD SERVICE RIFLE AMMUNITION COMBINATION (e.g. WITHDRAWN FROM THE
ARMORY) AND THERE IS A DISPLAY OF DISPERSION PATTERN IT
IS NOT FIRER’S ERROR.
WHEN THE SOLDIER CAN CONSISTENTLY PLACE
TWO CONSECUTIVE THREE-ROUND SHOTS
WITHIN THE SAME GENERAL AREA AT 25
METERS, HE IS READY TO ZERO HIS RIFLE.
WHILE SOME OF THE VARIATION WITHIN A
SINGLE SHOT GROUP IS DUE TO THE RIFLE
AND AMMUNITION, THE FIRING OF MORE
SHOT GROUPS WILL INDICATE ANY FIRER’S
ERRORS.
33
3/10/2021
• THE SOLDIER FIRES A THREE-ROUND SHOT GROUP AT
THE 25-METER ZERO TARGET. THE FIRING LINE IS
CLEARED, AND HE MOVES DOWNRANGE..
• THE SOLDIER CONNECTS THE BULLET HOLES WITH A
PENCIL LINE AND MARKS THE HOLES WITH THE
NUMBER 1 AND X IN THE MIDDLE.
1
THE SOLDIER EXAMINES THE SHOT GROUP
FOR SIZE PLACEMENT AND FUNDAMENTAL
ERRORS.
1
X
X
IF THE SHOT GROUP IS NOT ON THE
PAPER, MAKE SIGHT CHANGES TO
BRING THE NEXT GROUPS CLOSER TO
TARGET CENTER
• THE SOLDIER THEN RETURNS TO THE FIRING LINE
AND FIRES A SECOND THREE-ROUND SHOT GROUP.
AGAIN, HE MOVES DOWNRANGE AND EXAMINES THE
SECOND SHOT GROUP. THE SOLDIER CONNECTS THE
SECOND SET OF BULLET HOLES AND MARKS THEM
WITH THE NUMBER 2. HE THEN DETERMINES IF ANY
SIGHT CHANGES ARE NEEDED.
1
X
MAKE WINDAGE ADJUSTMENTS
TO MAKE A SIGHT CHANGE, BOTH SHOT GROUPS
SHOULD BE IN THE SAME LOCATION AND NO LARGER
THAN 4 CM.
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF CENTER OF AIMING POINT
TO CENTER OF SHOT GROUP IS 5 SQUARES
EQUIVALENT TO 5 CLICKS COUNTERCLOCKWISE.
CENTER OF 2
GROUPS
SHOT
5 SQUARES
1
1
2
X
4 CM
2
X
34
3/10/2021
ROTATE WINDAGE DRUM 5 CLICKS
COUNTER CLOCKWISE
R
ROTATE FRONT SIGHT POST 3 CLICKS
COUNTER CLOCKWISE.
RULES IN ADJUSTMENT OF
ELEVATION
TO RAISE THE STRIKE OF THE BULLET,
THE FRONT SIGHT POST IS ROTATED
CLOCKWISE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE
ARROW MARKED UP,THUS, THE STRIKE
OF THE BULLET IS RAISED BUT THE
POST IS LOWERED.
UP
RULES IN ADJUSTMENT OF
WINDAGE
IF THE BULLET STRIKES AT THE LEFT, ROTATE
THE WINDAGE DRUM IN THE DESIRED NUMBER
OF CLICKS CLOCKWISE IN THE DIRECTION OF
THE ARROW MARKED R.
IF THE BULLET STRIKES AT THE RIGHT,
ROTATE THE WINDAGE DRUM COUNTER
CLOCKWISE.
TO LOWER THE STRIKE OF THE BULLET
DIRECTION OF ROTATION IS
CLOCKWISE TO MOVE THE STRIKE OF
THE BULLET DOWN.
ANALYSIS OF SHOT GROUPS
SHOT GROUP SIZE ON (THE TARGET) IS
THE DISTANCE OF THREE BULLET
POINTS OF A SHOT GROUP FROM EACH
OTHER.
PURPOSE: TO DETERMINE FIRER
ERRORS SO THAT THE SOLDIER
CAN APPLY CORRECTIONS FOR
THE NEXT SHOT GROUP.
35
3/10/2021
ANY SHOT GROUP WITHIN 2 CM (ABOUT THREE
SQUARES ON THE TARGET) INDICATES THAT NO
FIRER ERROR IS INVOLVED OR THAT NONE CAN BE
DETECTED.
PROPER APPLICATION OF
MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS
REGARDLESS OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE
THREE BULLETS WITHIN THE GROUP, NO USEFUL
INFORMATION IS PROVIDED TO IMPROVE THE
SOLDIER'S FIRING PERFORMANCE.
PROPER FIRER PERFORMANCE: REPRESENTS
ACCEPTABLE FIRING PERFORMANCES AND
POSSIBLY THE ABILITY OF SOME RIFLES.
SHOT GROUPS: 3
CM
REGARDLESS, PROPERLY APPLY THE FOUR MARKSMANSHIP
FUNDAMENTALS. FIRING ANOTHER SHOT GROUP (WITHOUT A SIGHT
CHANGE) COULD PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION TO DETERMINE
POSSIBLE FIRER ERROR.
INDICATES FIRER ERROR
SHOT GROUPS -6 CM OR LARGER.
IMPROPER TRIGGER SQUEEZE
SHOT GROUPS -ABOUT 4 CM.
CHECK FOR A PROPER STEADY POSITION, THAT THE EYE IS FOCUSED
ON THE FRONT SIGHT POST TIP (WHICH IS PLACED AT TARGET CENTER
FOR EACH FIRING), THAT THE BREATH IS LOCKED DURING TRIGGER
SQUEEZE, AND THAT THE TRIGGER SQUEEZE IS CORRECT. THEREFORE,
ANOTHER SHOT GROUP MUST BE FIRED.
GROUPING PERFORMANCE
IMPROPER TRIGGER SQUEEZE IS PART OF THE PROBLEM. SHOT GROUPS THAT
ARE ABOUT 6 CM OR LARGER (ABOUT NINE SQUARES ON THE TARGET) ARE
NORMALLY THE RESULT OF THE SOLDIER KNOWING WHEN THE RIFLE IS GOING
TO FIRE. IMPROVE TRIGGER SQUEEZE .SO THE SOLDIER CAN TIGHTEN HIS
SHOT GROUP SHOULD RECEIVE EXTENSIVE DRY-FIRE TRAINING TO HELP
CORRECT FIRING PROBLEMS.
36
3/10/2021
TIGHT SHOT GROUPS IN THE SAME LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE SHOT GROUPS (4 CM OR LESS) IN THE SAME
LOCATION. MAKE A SIGHT CHANGE OF LEFT 4 AND DOWN
6.
IMPROPER SHOT GROUPS WITH CONSISTENT
PLACEMENT
INDICATE CONSISTENT AIMING, BUT THE SOLDIER
PROBABLY KNOWS WHEN THE RIFLE IS GOING TO
FIRE (IMPROPER TRIGGER SQUEEZE) OR HE IS
FIRING FROM AN UNSTEADY POSITION.
MARGINAL SHOT GROUPS; IMPROPER
VERTICALPLACEMENT AND PROPER
HORIZONTAL PLACEMENT
ACCEPTABLE SHOT GROUPS DISPERSED
PROPER FIRING FUNDAMENTALS ARE BEING APPLIED BY THE SOLDIER FOR
EACH SHOT GROUP, BUT THAT THE SOLDIER COULD BE USING A DIFFERENT
AIMING POINT EACH TIME A SHOT GROUP IS FIRED. THE SOLDIER'S
UNDERSTANDING OF THE AIMING PROCESS IS QUESTIONED, AND HIS
POSITION IS CHECKED FOR CONSISTENCY. THE INSTRUCTOR/TRAINER
CANNOT DETERMINE WHICH SHOT GROUP BEST REPRESENTS THE FIRER'S
ZERO; THEREFORE, A SIGHT CHANGE SHOULD NOT BE MADE.
IMPROPER SHOT GROUPS DISPERSED
INDICATE PROBLEMS WITH SHOT-GROUP SIZE AND
WITH CONSISTENT PLACEMENT OF GROUPS. THE
FOUR MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS SHOULD BE
CHECKED/
PROPER SHOT GROUPS, IMPROPER
VERTICAL DISPERSION
WHEN VIEWED AS NINE SHOTS, REFLECT PROPER HORIZONTAL
PLACEMENT OF SHOTS BUT UNSATISFACTORY VERTICAL DISPERSION.
THIS INDICATES A FAILURE TO AIM AT TARGET CENTER OF MASS FOR
EACH SHOT, THE SOLDIER'S AIMING PROCEDURE IS CHECKED ALONG
WITH OTHER MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS.
PROPER GROUPS, BUT VERTICAL DISPERSION
INDICATES THAT A DIFFERENT AIMING POINT IS USED
FOR EACH GROUP. THE SOLDIER'S UNDERSTANDING
OF THE TARGET CENTER OF MASS AND AIMING
PROCESS SHOULD BE QUESTIONED.
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3/10/2021
IMPROPER SHOT GROUPS ON THE
EDGE OF THE TARGET
IMPROPER SHOT GROUPS THAT
INDICATE TRIGGER JERK
A SIGHT CHANGE IS MADE TO BRING THE GROUPS CLOSER TO
TARGET CENTER. IF THE INITIAL GROUP IS CLOSE TO THE
PAPER'S EDGE, THE GROUPS ARE STILL COMPLETED TO
PROVIDE THE NEEDED INFORMATION FOR A SIGHT CHANGE. A
LARGE SIGHT CHANGE MOVES THE GROUPS CLOSE TO TARGET
CENTER OF MASS. ASSUMING THAT THE LAST BULLET IN THE
THIRD GROUP IS TO THE RIGHT OF THE TARGET, A CHANGE OF
10 CLICKS LEFT AND 10 CLICKS UP IS INDICATED.
INDICATE IMPROPER FIRING. TRIGGER JERK IS
INDICATED AS A PROBABLE CAUSE, BUT ALL
FUNDAMENTALS ARE CHECKED.
A RIFLE THAT IS PROPERLY ZEROED FOR ONE SOLDIER
IS CLOSE TO THE ZERO FOR ANOTHER SOLDIER. WHEN A
STRAIGHT LINE IS DRAWN FROM TARGET CENTER TO
THE TIP OF THE FRONT SIGHT POST AND THROUGH THE
CENTER OF THE REAR APERTURE, IT MAKES LITTLE
DIFFERENCE WHOSE EYE IS LOOKING ALONG THIS LINE,
PROVIDED THE SOLDIER USING IT
KNOWS THE
APPLICATION OF THE FOLLOWING FUNDAMENTALS:
IF A SOLDIER IS HAVING DIFFICULTY
ZEROING AND THE PROBLEM CANNOT BE
DIAGNOSE. A GOOD FIRER COULD ZERO THE
RIFLE .
• STEADY POSITION
• AIMING
• BREATH CONTROL
• TRIGGER CONTROL
WHEN A SOLDIER MUST FIRE ANOTHER
SOLDIER'S RIFLE WITHOUT OPPORTUNITY
TO VERIFY THE ZERO BY FIRING - FOR
EXAMPLE, PICKING UP ANOTHER MAN'S
RIFLE ON THE BATTLEFIELD - IT IS CLOSER
TO ACTUAL ZERO IF THE RIFLE SIGHTS ARE
LEFT UNCHANGED.
IS IT ESSENTIAL THAT EACH SOLDIER IS ASSIGNED A
PERMANENT RIFLE ON WHICH ALL MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING
IS CONDUCTED.
THEREFORE, ALL NEWLY ASSIGNED PERSONNEL SHOULD BE
REQUIRED TO FIRE THEIR RIFLE FOR ZERO.
THE SAME RULE MUST APPLY ANYTIME A SOLDIER IS ASSIGNED
A NEW RIFLE.
38
3/10/2021
2. AIMING
• THEORY OF SMALL ARMS FIRES
• SIGHT ALIGNMENT
• FOUR (4) FUNDAMENTALS OF RIFLE
MARKSMANSHIP
STEADY POSITION
AIMING
BREATH CONTROL
TRIGGER CONTROL
• PLACING OF AIMING POINT
• CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE
• BULLET TRAJECTORY
• PHASES OF AIMING
EYE RELIEF
SIGHT ALIGNMENT
PROPER PLACEMENT OF AIMING POINT
SIGHT PICTURE
3. BREATH CONTROL
• NORMAL BREATHING CYCLE
• EMPTY LUNG TECHNIQUE
• HALF-FULL LUNG TECHNIQUE
• THREE-QUARTERS FULL LUNG
TECHNIQUE
SHOOTING POSITIONS
• STANDING
• KNEELING
• SITTING
• PRONE
• SQUATTING
• OTHER NON-STANDARD
4. TRIGGER CONTROL
•
BREATHE
•
RELAX
•
AIM
•
SLACK
•
SQUEEZE
•
FOLLOW THROUGH
The Three Elements of a
Good Position
• BONE SUPPORT
• MUSCULAR RELAXATION
• NATURAL POINT OF AIMING
39
3/10/2021
RANGE PROCEDURES
ZEROING
• SIGHT ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES
1.
2.
SAFETY RULES
FIRE COMMANDS
• ANALYSIS OF SHOT GROUPS
• GROUPINGS PERFORMANCE
40