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The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spherical"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Main proteins: <b>S,M,L,P</b><br><br><img src=""paste-49580281a4928b7066e8d67ecc297bef9d16bdcc.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""medium&#x20;envelope&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Main proteins: <b>S,M,L,P</b><br><br><img src=""paste-49580281a4928b7066e8d67ecc297bef9d16bdcc.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""large&#x20;envelope&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Main proteins: <b>S,M,L,P</b><br><br><img src=""paste-49580281a4928b7066e8d67ecc297bef9d16bdcc.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""small&#x20;envelope&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Main proteins: <b>S,M,L,P</b><br><br><img src=""paste-49580281a4928b7066e8d67ecc297bef9d16bdcc.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""polymerase&#x20;&#x28;one&#x20;molecule&#x20;is&#x20;covalently&#x20;linked&#x20;to&#x20;the&#x20;5&#x20;end&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;&#x28;&#x2D;&#x29;&#x20;DNA"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Main proteins: <b>S,M,L,P</b><br><br><img src=""paste-49580281a4928b7066e8d67ecc297bef9d16bdcc.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""a&#x20;second&#x20;molecule&#x20;of&#x20;P"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
The <b>HBV virion</b><br><br><div>§&nbsp; Roughly <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spherical</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; S: &nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">medium envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; L: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">large envelope protein</span></div> <div>§&nbsp; P: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polymerase (one molecule is covalently linked to the 5 end of the (-) DNA</span><br>§&nbsp; The virion may contain <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">a second molecule of P</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Main proteins: <b>S,M,L,P</b><br><br><img src=""paste-49580281a4928b7066e8d67ecc297bef9d16bdcc.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Filamentous&#x20;particles"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Spherical"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""patient’s&#x20;blood"" data-ordinal=""8"">[...]</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""infectious"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""most&#x20;abundant"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Dane&#x20;particles"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""viral&#x20;DNA&#x20;polymerase&#x20;&#x28;RT&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""7"">[integral protein to cycle]</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""enveloped"" data-ordinal=""6"">[enveloped/nonenveloped]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""least"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV structures present in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">patient’s blood</span><br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Spherical</span> 17-25 nm particle, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">most abundant</span> HBV particle in carriers, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Filamentous particles</span>, less numerous, up to 200 nm in length, <b>noninfectious</b><br><br></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dane particles</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">infectious</span>, 42 nm in diameter, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">enveloped</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">least</span> abundant, <br>containing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">viral DNA polymerase (RT)</span>,<i> protein kinase C</i>, <i>heat shock 90 protein</i> associated with the viral genome.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-3523d38c6b2ee4b24dc462552e3afc118c0abbe4.jpg""><br><img src=""cells-09-01486-g001.png""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""N&#x20;terminus&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;L&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-25e4d1ed104a80600351e0cfe57630f8813e3c52.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;most&#x20;abundant&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;three"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-25e4d1ed104a80600351e0cfe57630f8813e3c52.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""S&#x2C;&#x20;M&#x2C;&#x20;and&#x20;L"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-25e4d1ed104a80600351e0cfe57630f8813e3c52.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M&#x20;and&#x20;L"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""S"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-25e4d1ed104a80600351e0cfe57630f8813e3c52.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;N&#x20;terminus&#x20;on&#x20;the&#x20;outside&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;virion"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-25e4d1ed104a80600351e0cfe57630f8813e3c52.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hepatitis&#x20;B&#x20;surface&#x20;antigen"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Arrangement of HBV S, M and L Proteins in the Envelope<br><br><div>The virion <i>envelope</i> contains three protein species, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S, M, and L</span>.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">M and L</span> proteins are longer versions of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">S</span> protein, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">the most abundant of the three</span><br><br></div><div></div> <div>The surface regions of the envelope proteins <i>constitute an antigen</i> known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">hepatitis B surface antigen</span>. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>The virus attachment site is near the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">N terminus of the L protein</span>, but only about 50 percent of the L molecules have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the N terminus on the outside of the virion</span>; the N termini of the remaining L molecules are on the inside bound to the <i>capsid.</i></div><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-25e4d1ed104a80600351e0cfe57630f8813e3c52.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>Entry of HBV<br><br>The virion is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosed</span> then the nucleocapsid is released from the endosome by fusion of the virion and endosome membranes. </div> <br> <div>During uncoating, viral cores are released into the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cytoplasm&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>The <i>nucleocapsid</i> may enter the nucleus through <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nuclear pores</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>Entry of HBV<br><br>The virion is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosed</span> then the nucleocapsid is released from the endosome by fusion of the virion and endosome membranes. </div> <br> <div>During uncoating, viral cores are released into the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">cytoplasm.</span></div> <br> <div>The <i>nucleocapsid</i> may enter the nucleus through <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nuclear pores</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-6b3156f40b98d6992fd650aeedd60a5ecbdcc8fe.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>Entry of HBV<br><br>The virion is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosed</span> then the nucleocapsid is released from the endosome by fusion of the virion and endosome membranes. </div> <br> <div>During uncoating, viral cores are released into the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cytoplasm.</span></div> <br> <div>The <i>nucleocapsid</i> may enter the nucleus through <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""nuclear&#x20;pores"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>Entry of HBV<br><br>The virion is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosed</span> then the nucleocapsid is released from the endosome by fusion of the virion and endosome membranes. </div> <br> <div>During uncoating, viral cores are released into the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cytoplasm.</span></div> <br> <div>The <i>nucleocapsid</i> may enter the nucleus through <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">nuclear pores</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-6b3156f40b98d6992fd650aeedd60a5ecbdcc8fe.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>Entry of HBV<br><br>The virion is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""endocytosed"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> then the nucleocapsid is released from the endosome by fusion of the virion and endosome membranes. </div> <br> <div>During uncoating, viral cores are released into the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cytoplasm.</span></div> <br> <div>The <i>nucleocapsid</i> may enter the nucleus through <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nuclear pores</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>Entry of HBV<br><br>The virion is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosed</span> then the nucleocapsid is released from the endosome by fusion of the virion and endosome membranes. </div> <br> <div>During uncoating, viral cores are released into the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cytoplasm.</span></div> <br> <div>The <i>nucleocapsid</i> may enter the nucleus through <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nuclear pores</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-6b3156f40b98d6992fd650aeedd60a5ecbdcc8fe.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""covalently&#x20;closed&#x20;circular&#x20;DNA&#x20;&#x28;cccDNA&#x29;&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-99345acb998605ce7c2f95d541ea2005a0553227.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""a&#x20;circular&#x20;DNA&#x20;molecule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""P&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;5&#x20;end&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;minus&#x20;strand"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-99345acb998605ce7c2f95d541ea2005a0553227.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""double&#x2D;stranded"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-99345acb998605ce7c2f95d541ea2005a0553227.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""nucleus"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-99345acb998605ce7c2f95d541ea2005a0553227.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""5&#x20;end&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;plus&#x20;strand"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, while <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DNA&#x20;synthesis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">HBV
Genome Release and Formation of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cccDNA<br><br></span><div>Once the virus genome is free in the nucleus it is converted into <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">a circular DNA molecule</span>. The covalently bound <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> is removed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">the 5 end of the minus strand</span>, which is shortened to remove the third strand of the<b> triple-stranded region.</b></div> <br> <div>The RNA is removed from the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">5 end of the plus strand</span>, while <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">DNA synthesis</span> at the 3 end makes the entire molecule <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">double-stranded</span>. The ends of each strand are then ligated to form <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).</span> </div> <br> <div>The virus DNA is not replicated in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">nucleus</span>, but more copies are brought into the nucleus later in the replication cycle for transcription</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-99345acb998605ce7c2f95d541ea2005a0553227.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;span&#x20;style&#x3D;&quot;color&#x3A;&#x20;red&#x3B;&quot;&gt;host&#x0A;RNA&#x20;polymerase&#x20;II&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""integrate&#x20;into&#x20;the&#x20;host&#x20;chromosome"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""closed&#x20;circular&#x0A;plasmid&#x2D;like&#x20;dsDNA&#x20;molecule&#x20;called&#x20;an&#x20;&lt;span&#x20;style&#x3D;&quot;color&#x3A;&#x20;rgb&#x28;255&#x2C;&#x20;33&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x29;&#x3B;&quot;&gt;episome&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ligate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""viral&#x20;pregenomic&#x20;RNA&#x20;transcripts"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Genome
Replication<br><br></span><div>•<span style=""color: red;"">Host
enzymes&nbsp;</span><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ligate</span>&nbsp;the ends of the genome</div>
<div>•DNA
synthesis is completed, gaps are repaired in both DNA strands</div>
<div>•Genome is now a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">closed circular
plasmid-like dsDNA molecule called an <span style=""color: rgb(255, 33, 18);"">episome</span></span></div>
<div>•HBV
DNA does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">integrate into the host chromosome</span> (no integrase activity)</div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Acts as a template for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div>
<div><span style=""color: red;"">•</span>Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by
the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><span style=""color: red;"">host
RNA polymerase II</span></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV episome (cccDNA):<br><br><div>•Acts as template for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""viral&#x20;pregenomic&#x20;RNA&#x20;transcripts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div> <div>•Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by host RNA pol II.&nbsp;</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV episome (cccDNA):<br><br><div>•Acts as template for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">viral pregenomic RNA transcripts</span></div> <div>•Genomic RNA transcripts transcribed by host RNA pol II.&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV Transcripts<br><br><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""4&#x20;mRNA&#x20;transcripts"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> total; can produce <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">7 proteins.</span></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">P protein</span> = largest protein (RNaseH, primer, other activities).&nbsp;</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV Transcripts<br><br><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">4 mRNA transcripts</span> total; can produce <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">7 proteins.</span></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">P protein</span> = largest protein (RNaseH, primer, other activities).&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>check protein count...<br><br><img src=""paste-44d4ea831b6c735ca26e65cbbdfbe72ed3dd4586.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV Transcripts<br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">4 mRNA transcripts</span> total; can produce <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">7 proteins.</span></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""P&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> = largest protein (RNaseH, primer, other activities).&nbsp;</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV Transcripts<br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">4 mRNA transcripts</span> total; can produce <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">7 proteins.</span></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">P protein</span> = largest protein (RNaseH, primer, other activities).&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>check protein count...<br><br><img src=""paste-44d4ea831b6c735ca26e65cbbdfbe72ed3dd4586.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV Transcripts<br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">4 mRNA transcripts</span> total; can produce <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""7&#x20;proteins&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">P protein</span> = largest protein (RNaseH, primer, other activities).&nbsp;</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV Transcripts<br><br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">4 mRNA transcripts</span> total; can produce <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">7 proteins.</span></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">P protein</span> = largest protein (RNaseH, primer, other activities).&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>check protein count...<br><br><img src=""paste-44d4ea831b6c735ca26e65cbbdfbe72ed3dd4586.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<b>Translation
of HBV Proteins<br></b><br><u>Leaky scanning</u><br><div>In some rare cases, ribosome will skip over <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""C&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to translate P protein</div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">C proteins</span> always produced at a much higher level</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<b>Translation
of HBV Proteins<br></b><br><u>Leaky scanning</u><br><div>In some rare cases, ribosome will skip over <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">C protein</span> to translate P protein</div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">C proteins</span> always produced at a much higher level</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-fe3670d4ce58c59a3f9cee4dd262b8b8fc4798ca.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<b>Translation
of HBV Proteins<br></b><br><u>Leaky scanning</u><br><div>In some rare cases, ribosome will skip over <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">C protein</span> to translate P protein</div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""C&#x20;proteins"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> always produced at a much higher level</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<b>Translation
of HBV Proteins<br></b><br><u>Leaky scanning</u><br><div>In some rare cases, ribosome will skip over <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">C protein</span> to translate P protein</div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">C proteins</span> always produced at a much higher level</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-fe3670d4ce58c59a3f9cee4dd262b8b8fc4798ca.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""terminal&#x20;protein&#x20;domain&#x20;of&#x20;P"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""minus&#x2D;strand&#x20;DNA&#x20;synthesis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-386185293505c38fbaff310ebef1e3158cd11dea.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DNA&#x20;synthesis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-386185293505c38fbaff310ebef1e3158cd11dea.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""a&#x20;remnant&#x20;of&#x20;15–18&#x20;bases&#x20;including&#x20;the&#x20;cap"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-386185293505c38fbaff310ebef1e3158cd11dea.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DR1"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> near <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;3&#x20;end&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;pregenome"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-386185293505c38fbaff310ebef1e3158cd11dea.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""RNase&#x20;H"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-386185293505c38fbaff310ebef1e3158cd11dea.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""–OH&#x20;group"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Synthesis
of HBV DNA by Reverse Transcription</span><br><br>The pregenome RNA acts as template for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA synthesis</span></div> <br><div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">terminal protein domain of P</span> acts as the primer for the initiation of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">minus-strand DNA synthesis</span>. A covalent bond is formed between the –OH group of a tyrosine residue near the N terminus of P and&nbsp; the first nucleotide</div> <br> <div>Initially a 4-nucleotide (−) DNA is synthesized then it is transferred to a complementary sequence in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DR1</span> near <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">the 3 end of the pregenome</span></div> <br> <div>The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">RNase H</span> activity of the P protein degrades the pregenome RNA from the RNA:DNA duplex</div> <br> <div>All the RNA is removed except for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">a remnant of 15–18 bases including the cap</span>. The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">–OH group</span> at the 3 end of the RNA remnant acts as the primer for the <b>synthesis of (+) DNA</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-386185293505c38fbaff310ebef1e3158cd11dea.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV DNA synthesis by reverse transcription<br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""P&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> for (-) strand<br>-OH group at the end of the RNA remnant for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x28;&#x2B;&#x29;DNA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV DNA synthesis by reverse transcription<br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">P protein</span> for (-) strand<br>-OH group at the end of the RNA remnant for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">(+)DNA</span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-386185293505c38fbaff310ebef1e3158cd11dea.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
HBV: whole genome is produced <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""inside&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;capsid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, prevents <b>host detection</b> of viral genome
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
HBV: whole genome is produced <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">inside of the capsid</span>, prevents <b>host detection</b> of viral genome
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contains hemagglutinin (H) antigen glycoprotein spikes on the surface and neuraminidase (N) antigen spikes</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M2</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ssRNA&#x20;of&#x20;negative&#x20;polarity"" data-ordinal=""3"">[genome composition]</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">M1</span> = matrix protein</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contains hemagglutinin (H) antigen glycoprotein spikes on the surface and neuraminidase (N) antigen spikes</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M2</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">ssRNA of negative polarity</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">M1</span> = matrix protein</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-bf340894e022b98db315f0b579f5ac0321e46c4e.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Contains&#x20;hemagglutinin&#x20;&#x28;H&#x29;&#x20;antigen&#x20;glycoprotein&#x20;spikes&#x20;on&#x20;the&#x20;surface&#x20;and&#x20;neuraminidase&#x20;&#x28;N&#x29;&#x20;antigen&#x20;spikes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[2 surface proteins]</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M2</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">ssRNA of negative polarity</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">M1</span> = matrix protein</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contains hemagglutinin (H) antigen glycoprotein spikes on the surface and neuraminidase (N) antigen spikes</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M2</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">ssRNA of negative polarity</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">M1</span> = matrix protein</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-bf340894e022b98db315f0b579f5ac0321e46c4e.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contains hemagglutinin (H) antigen glycoprotein spikes on the surface and neuraminidase (N) antigen spikes</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M2"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">ssRNA of negative polarity</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">M1</span> = matrix protein</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contains hemagglutinin (H) antigen glycoprotein spikes on the surface and neuraminidase (N) antigen spikes</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">M2</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">ssRNA of negative polarity</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">M1</span> = matrix protein</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-bf340894e022b98db315f0b579f5ac0321e46c4e.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contains hemagglutinin (H) antigen glycoprotein spikes on the surface and neuraminidase (N) antigen spikes</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M2</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">ssRNA of negative polarity</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M1"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> = matrix protein</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A particle<br><br><div>•Enveloped</div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contains hemagglutinin (H) antigen glycoprotein spikes on the surface and neuraminidase (N) antigen spikes</span></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M2</span> ion channel protein</div> <div>•8 segments of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">ssRNA of negative polarity</span><br><br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">M1</span> = matrix protein</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-bf340894e022b98db315f0b579f5ac0321e46c4e.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"
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"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x20;protein&#x20;to&#x20;undergo&#x20;a&#x20;conformational&#x20;change"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""endocytosis&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sialic&#x20;acid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;sinuses&#x20;and&#x20;airways&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""low&#x20;pH&#x20;&#x28;from&#x20;7&#x20;to&#x20;5&#x29;&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Influenza A life cycle<br><br><div>•Influenza virus H protein binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sialic acid</span> present on glycoproteins of ciliated cells lining <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the sinuses and airways.</span></div> <br> <div>•Virions enter by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">endocytosis.</span></div> <br> <div>•Inside of the endosome, the virion is exposed to a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">low pH (from 7 to 5).</span></div> <br> <div>•The low pH causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">H protein to undergo a conformational change</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>Conformational changes in influenza H protein as a result of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""low&#x20;pH&#x20;exposure"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> trigger membrane fusion.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>Conformational changes in influenza H protein as a result of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">low pH exposure</span> trigger membrane fusion.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-8846ce08af35a2067462b9b70452ccc10bd31ad7.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>mRNA has <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""5’&#x20;cap&#x20;and&#x20;polyA&#x20;tail"" data-ordinal=""1"">[terminal structures]</span></div> <div>Viral genomic RNA has <b>neither</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>mRNA has <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">5’ cap and polyA tail</span></div> <div>Viral genomic RNA has <b>neither</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-d88d6d1d12108ca6172fd6f1eea7a35287283510.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">seasonal influenza strains</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H protein</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pandemic strains</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x20;or&#x20;N"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">seasonal influenza strains</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H protein</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pandemic strains</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">H or N</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-c4076c3c0284d7838eb53d788a56e88e4c1c4b33.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">seasonal influenza strains</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pandemic strains</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">H or N</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">seasonal influenza strains</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">H protein</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pandemic strains</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">H or N</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-c4076c3c0284d7838eb53d788a56e88e4c1c4b33.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">seasonal influenza strains</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H protein</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pandemic&#x20;strains"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">H or N</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">seasonal influenza strains</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H protein</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">pandemic strains</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">H or N</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-c4076c3c0284d7838eb53d788a56e88e4c1c4b33.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""seasonal&#x20;influenza&#x20;strains"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H protein</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pandemic strains</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">H or N</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Antigenic drift: responsible for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">seasonal influenza strains</span>; gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H protein</span> (and, to a lesser degree, the N protein).<br><br><br>Antigenic shift: responsible for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pandemic strains</span>;&nbsp;occurs when the influenza A virus acquires a new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">H or N</span> gene through genome re-assortment.
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-c4076c3c0284d7838eb53d788a56e88e4c1c4b33.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lysogenic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Lysogeny</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Superinfection&#x20;immunity"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lysogenic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Lysogeny</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Superinfection immunity</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lysogenic&#x20;infection"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Lysogeny</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Superinfection immunity</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lysogenic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Lysogeny</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Superinfection immunity</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lysogenic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lysogeny"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Superinfection immunity</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lysogenic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Lysogeny</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Superinfection immunity</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lytic&#x20;infection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lysogenic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Lysogeny</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Superinfection immunity</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Types of bacteriophage infection<br><br><div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage infection which culminates in host cell destruction.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lysogenic infection</span>: Often refers to a type of bacteriophage&nbsp; infection that ends up with viral genome being integrated into host genome as prophage or being copied along with host genome. <br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Lysogeny</span>: A status of lysogenic infection.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Superinfection immunity</span>: A resident prophage protects the host from superinfection by the same or similar strains of phages by repressing the incoming phage genome (subtype of lysogeny)</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"
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"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Bacteriophage translation<br><br><div>Translation may start <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""before&#x20;transcription&#x20;is&#x20;complete"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">All</span> ORFs within an mRNA are translated and several may be translated <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">concurrently</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Bacteriophage translation<br><br><div>Translation may start <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">before transcription is complete</span><br><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">All</span> ORFs within an mRNA are translated and several may be translated <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">concurrently</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-4c63e0595e26525a5c3214001239feb79d3e8738.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Bacteriophage translation<br><br><div>Translation may start <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">before transcription is complete</span><br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""All"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> ORFs within an mRNA are translated and several may be translated <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""concurrently"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Bacteriophage translation<br><br><div>Translation may start <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">before transcription is complete</span><br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">All</span> ORFs within an mRNA are translated and several may be translated <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">concurrently</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-4c63e0595e26525a5c3214001239feb79d3e8738.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">S</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">econdary
Structure of the </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ssRNA</span><b>
Phage Genome</b><br><br>Complex structure serves as a primer<br><br><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Capsid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> protein gene/ORF always exposed &gt;&gt; produced first upon entry to the cell</div><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">S</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">econdary
Structure of the </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ssRNA</span><b>
Phage Genome</b><br><br>Complex structure serves as a primer<br><br><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Capsid</span> protein gene/ORF always exposed &gt;&gt; produced first upon entry to the cell</div><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-11adfad3789d573e7f0cc4b163ee25ded156703b.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Expression
of A gene of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ssRNA</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""> phage<br><br></span><div>Expression of the A gene occurs independently and is limited to periods of nascent plus strand synthesis, during which the initiator site of A becomes exposed transiently when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plus&#x20;strand&#x20;synthesis&#x20;begins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>. <br><br>Thus, the number of molecules of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A protein</span> is maintained in line with the number of new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">RNA plus strands.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Expression
of A gene of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ssRNA</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""> phage<br><br></span><div>Expression of the A gene occurs independently and is limited to periods of nascent plus strand synthesis, during which the initiator site of A becomes exposed transiently when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">plus strand synthesis begins</span>. <br><br>Thus, the number of molecules of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A protein</span> is maintained in line with the number of new <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">RNA plus strands.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-2d0c7dae05ff51b24eaefe6d0f9c7276e84d81e1.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Expression
of A gene of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ssRNA</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""> phage<br><br></span><div>Expression of the A gene occurs independently and is limited to periods of nascent plus strand synthesis, during which the initiator site of A becomes exposed transiently when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">plus strand synthesis begins</span>. <br><br>Thus, the number of molecules of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""A&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is maintained in line with the number of new <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""RNA&#x20;plus&#x20;strands&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Expression
of A gene of </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ssRNA</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""> phage<br><br></span><div>Expression of the A gene occurs independently and is limited to periods of nascent plus strand synthesis, during which the initiator site of A becomes exposed transiently when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">plus strand synthesis begins</span>. <br><br>Thus, the number of molecules of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">A protein</span> is maintained in line with the number of new <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">RNA plus strands.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-2d0c7dae05ff51b24eaefe6d0f9c7276e84d81e1.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Double&#x2D;stranded"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Phi6&#x20;&#x28;ϕ6&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""RNA&#x20;dependent&#x20;RNA&#x20;polymerase"" data-ordinal=""9"">[...]</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""polyhedral&#x20;inner&#x20;core&#x20;with&#x20;a&#x20;lipid&#x2D;containing&#x20;envelope"" data-ordinal=""5"">[core shape and enveloped/not]</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""RNA&#x20;L&#x20;&#x28;large&#x29;&#x2C;&#x20;RNA&#x20;M&#x20;&#x28;medium&#x29;&#x2C;&#x20;and&#x20;RNA&#x20;S&#x20;&#x28;small&#x29;&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""double&#x2D;stranded"" data-ordinal=""8"">[...]</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""carried&#x20;by&#x20;the&#x20;virus"" data-ordinal=""7"">[...]</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pilus"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""segmented&#x20;dsRNA"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plus&#x20;strand"" data-ordinal=""10"">[...]</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Double-stranded</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;RNA Phages<br><br></span><div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Phi6 (ϕ6)</span> <br><ul><li>First dsRNA phage to be isolated and has been extensively studied. </li><li>Infects <font color=""#5555ff"">Pseudomonas syringae</font>, by way of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pilus</span>, which retracts to bring the virion into contact with the cell, and the nucleocapsid enters. </li></ul></div> <br> <div>•<b>Genome/structure:</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">segmented dsRNA</span> genome packaged in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">polyhedral inner core with a lipid-containing envelope</span>. <br><br>The genome comprises three linear segments: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">RNA L (large), RNA M (medium), and RNA S (small).</span></div> <br> <div>•Uncoating occurs inside the cell and the polymerase, always <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">carried by the virus</span>, is released.</div> <br> <div>•Transcription of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">double-stranded</span> genome involves a phage <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">RNA dependent RNA polymerase</span>. The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""10"">plus strand</span> transcripts serve as <b>replication templates</b> and <b>mRNAs.</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ral&#x20;&#x28;restriction&#x20;alleviation&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""concatemers"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""temperate&#x20;phage"" data-ordinal=""8"">[...]</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""methylation&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;viral&#x20;DNA"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""linear&#x20;dsDNA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""type&#x20;I&#x20;restriction&#x20;enzymes&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""7"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cohesive&#x20;ends"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""circularization"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""protects&#x20;viral&#x20;genome&#x20;from&#x20;degradation"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Phage Lambda (λ)</b> ( long, flexible tail)<br><br>•Isometric head containing a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">linear dsDNA</span> genome</div> <br> <div>•The genome has <b>12-base single-stranded complementary 5' ends</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cohesive ends</span>) that mediate <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">circularization</span> of the DNA after infection of the host, which <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">protects viral genome from degradation</span>. The cohesive ends are generated due to the mode of packaging of the DNA from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">concatemers</span>, which are cut asymmetrically at λ cos sites.</div> <br> <div>•To subvert bacterial restriction–modification activities upon infection, phage λ encodes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Ral (restriction alleviation)</span> protein, which enhances <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">methylation of the viral DNA</span>, thereby alleviating restriction by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">type I restriction enzymes.</span></div> <br> <div>•As a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">temperate phage</span>, λ can either establish lysogeny, being maintained as a prophage integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the biotin and galactose operons, or multiply lytically to produce progeny virions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Lambda genome: integrates genome <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""into&#x20;host&#x20;at&#x20;a&#x20;specific&#x20;location&#x20;rather&#x20;than&#x20;randomly"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> &gt;&gt; unique feature.&nbsp;
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Lambda genome: integrates genome <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">into host at a specific location rather than randomly</span> &gt;&gt; unique feature.&nbsp;
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-f9a4ca611306ba676c146fbffd965c27caffa984.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x28;&#x2D;&#x29;&#x20;DNA&#x20;synthesis&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-95a73e0276d92792bca53aa21fc174666f3bfbed.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""replication&#x20;format&#x20;&#x28;RF&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-95a73e0276d92792bca53aa21fc174666f3bfbed.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gene&#x20;II&#x20;protein&#x20;&#x28;pII&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-95a73e0276d92792bca53aa21fc174666f3bfbed.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""minus&#x20;strand"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-95a73e0276d92792bca53aa21fc174666f3bfbed.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;second&#x20;stage&#x20;of&#x20;replication&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of Ff phages<br><br></span><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">replication format (RF)</span><br><br>•<i>Host RNA and DNA polymerases</i> are involved in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">(-) DNA synthesis.</span></div> <br> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minus strand</span> can be transcribed and translated into<b> phage proteins</b>, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">gene II protein (pII)</span>, an endonuclease, which is required for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">the second stage of replication.</span></div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-95a73e0276d92792bca53aa21fc174666f3bfbed.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<font color=""#5555ff""><b>Replication
of Ff (F-specific filamentous) phage DNA</b></font><br><div><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded replication format (RF)&nbsp;<br><br></div>Stage 2: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""multiplication&#x20;of&#x20;RF&#x20;via&#x20;rolling&#x20;circle&#x20;replication"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<font color=""#5555ff""><b>Replication
of Ff (F-specific filamentous) phage DNA</b></font><br><div><div>Stage 1: generation of the double-stranded replication format (RF)&nbsp;<br><br></div>Stage 2: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">multiplication of RF via rolling circle replication</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-1eadea7beddea6871205c02b84e62a2938ed1e98.jpg""><br><div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">The old plus strand is displaced,
cleaved and circularized by </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">pII<br><br></span><div>•Host RNA and DNA polymerases are involved in the (-) DNA synthesis.</div> <br> <div>•The minus strand can be transcribed and translated into phage proteins, such as gene II protein (pII), an endonuclease, which is required for the second stage of replication.</div><br></div></div>
</div>"
"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Replication
cycle of F-specific filamentous phage<br></span><img src=""paste-e742e13ba5cb62141ed433d550b1726dbdb13f2c.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cloning
vectors </span>(DNA phages)<br><br> <div>•The relatively <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">small size</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-lytic</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;infection cycle suggest easy manipulation and straightforward usage as cloning vectors.</div> <br> <div>•Since filament size is governed by size of the genomic DNA, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""insert&#x20;DNA&#x20;can&#x20;be&#x20;very&#x20;big&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> </div> <br> <div>•Vectors are based on the RF, which is easily obtained from infected cells. Cloned ssDNA can be recovered from the phage particles for direct use in DNA sequencing, designing DNA probes and site-directed mutagenesis.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cloning
vectors </span>(DNA phages)<br><br> <div>•The relatively <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">small size</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-lytic</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;infection cycle suggest easy manipulation and straightforward usage as cloning vectors.</div> <br> <div>•Since filament size is governed by size of the genomic DNA, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">insert DNA can be very big.</span> </div> <br> <div>•Vectors are based on the RF, which is easily obtained from infected cells. Cloned ssDNA can be recovered from the phage particles for direct use in DNA sequencing, designing DNA probes and site-directed mutagenesis.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cloning
vectors </span>(DNA phages)<br><br> <div>•The relatively <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""small&#x20;size"" data-ordinal=""1"">[size]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-lytic</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;infection cycle suggest easy manipulation and straightforward usage as cloning vectors.</div> <br> <div>•Since filament size is governed by size of the genomic DNA, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">insert DNA can be very big.</span> </div> <br> <div>•Vectors are based on the RF, which is easily obtained from infected cells. Cloned ssDNA can be recovered from the phage particles for direct use in DNA sequencing, designing DNA probes and site-directed mutagenesis.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cloning
vectors </span>(DNA phages)<br><br> <div>•The relatively <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">small size</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-lytic</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;infection cycle suggest easy manipulation and straightforward usage as cloning vectors.</div> <br> <div>•Since filament size is governed by size of the genomic DNA, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">insert DNA can be very big.</span> </div> <br> <div>•Vectors are based on the RF, which is easily obtained from infected cells. Cloned ssDNA can be recovered from the phage particles for direct use in DNA sequencing, designing DNA probes and site-directed mutagenesis.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cloning
vectors </span>(DNA phages)<br><br> <div>•The relatively <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">small size</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""non&#x2D;lytic"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;infection cycle suggest easy manipulation and straightforward usage as cloning vectors.</div> <br> <div>•Since filament size is governed by size of the genomic DNA, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">insert DNA can be very big.</span> </div> <br> <div>•Vectors are based on the RF, which is easily obtained from infected cells. Cloned ssDNA can be recovered from the phage particles for direct use in DNA sequencing, designing DNA probes and site-directed mutagenesis.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cloning
vectors </span>(DNA phages)<br><br> <div>•The relatively <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">small size</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-lytic</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;infection cycle suggest easy manipulation and straightforward usage as cloning vectors.</div> <br> <div>•Since filament size is governed by size of the genomic DNA, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">insert DNA can be very big.</span> </div> <br> <div>•Vectors are based on the RF, which is easily obtained from infected cells. Cloned ssDNA can be recovered from the phage particles for direct use in DNA sequencing, designing DNA probes and site-directed mutagenesis.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""host&#x20;promoters"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E&#x2E;&#x20;coli&#x20;diarrhea&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""10"">[...]</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""introns"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lipopolysaccharide"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""linear&#x20;dsDNA"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""degraded&#x20;and&#x20;recycled"" data-ordinal=""7"">[...]</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""large"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""remains&#x20;extracellular"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""AT&#x2D;rich"" data-ordinal=""8"">[...]</span> and contains <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""modified&#x20;bases"" data-ordinal=""8"">[...]</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""protect&#x20;the&#x20;phage&#x20;DNA&#x20;from&#x20;many&#x20;host&#x20;restriction&#x20;systems"" data-ordinal=""9"">[...]</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phage
T4<br><br></span><div>•A virulent <b>T-even phage</b> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">linear dsDNA</span> genome of ~169 kbp (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">large</span>). T4 provided evidence of <b>gene splicing</b> through the presence of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">introns</span> in the genome. </div> <br> <div>•T4 tail fibres, pins and baseplate are involved in binding to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">lipopolysaccharide</span> receptor of the E. coli host. </div> <br> <div>•The empty capsid <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">remains extracellular</span> after the viral genome is injected into host cell. </div> <br> <div>•Host RNA polymerase stops recognizing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">host promoters</span> and instead <b>uses phage promoters</b> for<b> T4 gene expression</b>, and the bacterial genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7"">degraded and recycled</span> in <i>phage DNA synthesis.</i></div> <br> <div>•The genome is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">AT-rich</span> and contains <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8"">modified bases</span> in the form of 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine, rather than cytosine, which <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""9"">protect the phage DNA from many host restriction systems</span> and from <i>phage-encoded nucleases.</i></div> <br> <div>•Has been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in, for example, the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""10"">E. coli diarrhea.</span></div>
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Bacteriophages can be used as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""disinfectants&#x20;in&#x20;food&#x20;industry"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br><br>e.g. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">LISTEX P100</span>, a cocktail of 6 phages</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Bacteriophages can be used as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">disinfectants in food industry</span><div><br><br>e.g. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">LISTEX P100</span>, a cocktail of 6 phages</div>
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<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
Bacteriophages can be used as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">disinfectants in food industry</span><div><br><br>e.g. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""LISTEX&#x20;P100"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, a cocktail of 6 phages</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
Bacteriophages can be used as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">disinfectants in food industry</span><div><br><br>e.g. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">LISTEX P100</span>, a cocktail of 6 phages</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oncogenecity&#x20;&#x28;tumorigenesis&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cancer"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oncogene"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oncogenic&#x20;virus"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Proto&#x2D;oncogene"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cancer</span> — in a human or an animal a cancer is a malignant tumor and involves continuous proliferation of a clone of cells derived from one of the body’s normal cells.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oncogenecity (tumorigenesis)</span> —&nbsp; in vivo development of tumors.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oncogene</span>: a gene that has the potential to convert a normal cell to a cancerous or transformed cell.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Oncogenic virus</span>: viruses that are able to cause cancer.</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">Proto-oncogene</span>: cellular genes that promote the normal growth and division of cells.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tumor suppressor genes</span>—genes that suppress or inhibit the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell. These genes cause cancer when they are turned off.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cell transformation</span>—the change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth properties of a cell.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Metastasis"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>—when a cell or clump of cells separates from a tumor and spreads to another location.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tumor suppressor genes</span>—genes that suppress or inhibit the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell. These genes cause cancer when they are turned off.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cell transformation</span>—the change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth properties of a cell.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Metastasis</span>—when a cell or clump of cells separates from a tumor and spreads to another location.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tumor&#x20;suppressor&#x20;genes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>—genes that suppress or inhibit the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell. These genes cause cancer when they are turned off.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cell transformation</span>—the change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth properties of a cell.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Metastasis</span>—when a cell or clump of cells separates from a tumor and spreads to another location.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tumor suppressor genes</span>—genes that suppress or inhibit the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell. These genes cause cancer when they are turned off.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cell transformation</span>—the change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth properties of a cell.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Metastasis</span>—when a cell or clump of cells separates from a tumor and spreads to another location.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tumor suppressor genes</span>—genes that suppress or inhibit the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell. These genes cause cancer when they are turned off.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cell&#x20;transformation"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>—the change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth properties of a cell.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Metastasis</span>—when a cell or clump of cells separates from a tumor and spreads to another location.</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tumor suppressor genes</span>—genes that suppress or inhibit the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell. These genes cause cancer when they are turned off.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cell transformation</span>—the change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth properties of a cell.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Metastasis</span>—when a cell or clump of cells separates from a tumor and spreads to another location.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
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"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV (human papillomaviruses</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">cervical, vulva, vagina, anus and penis cancers</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Integrated&#x20;DNA&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x20;&#x28;E6&#x2F;E7&#x20;involved&#x20;in&#x20;oncogenesis&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span><br><br><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV (human papillomaviruses</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">cervical, vulva, vagina, anus and penis cancers</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Integrated DNA&nbsp; (E6/E7 involved in oncogenesis)</span><br><br><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-120bdebf79070a7671944be792b59d0036338c34.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;&#x28;human&#x20;papillomaviruses"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">cervical, vulva, vagina, anus and penis cancers</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Integrated DNA&nbsp; (E6/E7 involved in oncogenesis)</span><br><br><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV (human papillomaviruses</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">cervical, vulva, vagina, anus and penis cancers</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Integrated DNA&nbsp; (E6/E7 involved in oncogenesis)</span><br><br><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-120bdebf79070a7671944be792b59d0036338c34.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV (human papillomaviruses</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">cervical, vulva, vagina, anus and penis cancers</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Episomal&#x20;forms&#x20;of&#x20;HPV&#x2D;16&#x20;DNA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Integrated DNA&nbsp; (E6/E7 involved in oncogenesis)</span><br><br><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV (human papillomaviruses</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">cervical, vulva, vagina, anus and penis cancers</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Integrated DNA&nbsp; (E6/E7 involved in oncogenesis)</span><br><br><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-120bdebf79070a7671944be792b59d0036338c34.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV (human papillomaviruses</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cervical&#x2C;&#x20;vulva&#x2C;&#x20;vagina&#x2C;&#x20;anus&#x20;and&#x20;penis&#x20;cancers"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Integrated DNA&nbsp; (E6/E7 involved in oncogenesis)</span><br><br><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV (human papillomaviruses</span> infections most common among sexually active adults and adolescents.</div> <br> <div>•High-risk types cause <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">cervical, vulva, vagina, anus and penis cancers</span> (e.g. types 16 and 18).</div><br>Cells of Benign Tumors contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA</span> whereas Cells of Malignant Tumors Contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Integrated DNA&nbsp; (E6/E7 involved in oncogenesis)</span><br><br><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-120bdebf79070a7671944be792b59d0036338c34.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"Expression
of HPV genes from an integrated virus sequence <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">// important...&nbsp;<br><br></span><img src=""paste-9bccfef34c31417c79da5bbafb03bbee77b562f6.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span>""<img src=""paste-120bdebf79070a7671944be792b59d0036338c34.jpg"">"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Other Viral Proteins Capable of p53
and/or </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">pRB</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">
Function Suppression<br></span><br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""SV40&#x20;large&#x20;T"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (= tumour) antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""KSHV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> latency-associated nuclear antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">HTLV-1 Tax</span> protein (binds to p53).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">HBV X</span> protein (binds to p53).</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Other Viral Proteins Capable of p53
and/or </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">pRB</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">
Function Suppression<br></span><br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">SV40 large T</span> (= tumour) antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">KSHV</span> latency-associated nuclear antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">HTLV-1 Tax</span> protein (binds to p53).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">HBV X</span> protein (binds to p53).</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Other Viral Proteins Capable of p53
and/or </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">pRB</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">
Function Suppression<br></span><br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">SV40 large T</span> (= tumour) antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">KSHV</span> latency-associated nuclear antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HTLV&#x2D;1&#x20;Tax"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> protein (binds to p53).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HBV&#x20;X"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> protein (binds to p53).</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Other Viral Proteins Capable of p53
and/or </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">pRB</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">
Function Suppression<br></span><br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">SV40 large T</span> (= tumour) antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">KSHV</span> latency-associated nuclear antigen (binds to p53 and Rb).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">HTLV-1 Tax</span> protein (binds to p53).</div> <br> <div>•<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">HBV X</span> protein (binds to p53).</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
3 theories of how viruses cause cancer<br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""‘&lt;br&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Deliberate’&#x20;Interference&#x20;with&#x20;Control&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;Cell&#x20;Cycle&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;&lt;li&gt;‘Accidental’&#x20;Activation&#x20;of&#x20;Cell&#x20;Genes&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Oncogenes&#x20;Carried&#x20;by&#x20;Virus&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Damage&#x0A;to&#x20;Immune&#x20;Defenses&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
3 theories of how viruses cause cancer<br><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">‘<br><ul><li>Deliberate’ Interference with Control of the Cell Cycle</li><li>‘Accidental’ Activation of Cell Genes</li><li>Oncogenes Carried by Virus</li><li>Damage
to Immune Defenses</li></ul></span><br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Immunological Memory &amp; Viral Vaccine<br><br></span><div>Some<b> B cells and T cells</b> can survive as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">memory cells</span> long after the first or subsequent encounters with viruses.<br><br>Memory cells can be reactivated from a resting state if they encounter the same antigen again. These cells are the basis of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunological&#x20;memory"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, which can be formed as a result of both <i>natural infection and vaccination.</i><br><br>Therefore, the purpose of most viral vaccines is to induce <b>long-term immunity</b> against the virus by establishing <u>immunological memory </u>that will be triggered if the virus ever invades the body.<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Immunological Memory &amp; Viral Vaccine<br><br></span><div>Some<b> B cells and T cells</b> can survive as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">memory cells</span> long after the first or subsequent encounters with viruses.<br><br>Memory cells can be reactivated from a resting state if they encounter the same antigen again. These cells are the basis of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">immunological memory</span>, which can be formed as a result of both <i>natural infection and vaccination.</i><br><br>Therefore, the purpose of most viral vaccines is to induce <b>long-term immunity</b> against the virus by establishing <u>immunological memory </u>that will be triggered if the virus ever invades the body.<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Immunological Memory &amp; Viral Vaccine<br><br></span><div>Some<b> B cells and T cells</b> can survive as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""memory&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> long after the first or subsequent encounters with viruses.<br><br>Memory cells can be reactivated from a resting state if they encounter the same antigen again. These cells are the basis of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">immunological memory</span>, which can be formed as a result of both <i>natural infection and vaccination.</i><br><br>Therefore, the purpose of most viral vaccines is to induce <b>long-term immunity</b> against the virus by establishing <u>immunological memory </u>that will be triggered if the virus ever invades the body.<br></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Immunological Memory &amp; Viral Vaccine<br><br></span><div>Some<b> B cells and T cells</b> can survive as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">memory cells</span> long after the first or subsequent encounters with viruses.<br><br>Memory cells can be reactivated from a resting state if they encounter the same antigen again. These cells are the basis of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">immunological memory</span>, which can be formed as a result of both <i>natural infection and vaccination.</i><br><br>Therefore, the purpose of most viral vaccines is to induce <b>long-term immunity</b> against the virus by establishing <u>immunological memory </u>that will be triggered if the virus ever invades the body.<br></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Recombined&#x20;virus&#x20;vaccines"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Subunit&#x20;vaccines"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nucleic&#x20;acid&#x20;vaccine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Live&#x20;attenuated&#x20;virus&#x20;vaccines"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Inactivated&#x20;viruses"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><b>Types of virus vaccines<br></b><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Live attenuated virus vaccines</span>: they infect but do not cause disease<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Inactivated viruses</span>: they cannot infect but expose the person to the viral antigens</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Subunit vaccines</span>: they contain only a subset of viral proteins</div> <div></div> <div><br><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Recombined virus vaccines</span>: harmless recombined virus that produce antigen from virulent virus<br><br></div> <div></div> <div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nucleic acid vaccine</span>: DNA or mRNA that produces virus antigens after injection</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"
<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""cbbdf0eb545b4c8399264ccb0bf76ff4-oa-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""paste-6d86f82ceff0f83cc920179ba3154f3506608860.jpg"" /></div>
</div>
<div id=""io-footer""></div>
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<div id=""io-header""></div>
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<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""cbbdf0eb545b4c8399264ccb0bf76ff4-oa-2-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""paste-6d86f82ceff0f83cc920179ba3154f3506608860.jpg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
<div id=""io-extra-wrapper"">
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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
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<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2b4568b102444bbd923a70117292593b-ao-1-Q.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""paste-6d86f82ceff0f83cc920179ba3154f3506608860.jpg"" /></div>
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<div id=""io-header""></div>
<div id=""io-wrapper"">
<div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""2b4568b102444bbd923a70117292593b-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div>
<div id=""io-original""><img src=""paste-6d86f82ceff0f83cc920179ba3154f3506608860.jpg"" /></div>
</div>
<button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button>
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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
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"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Live Recombinant Virus Vaccines<br><br></span><div>Example: <u>vaccinia virus</u> expressing the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rabies</span> virus.</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Live Recombinant Virus Vaccines<br><br></span><div>Example: <u>vaccinia virus</u> expressing the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G protein</span> of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rabies</span> virus.</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Live Recombinant Virus Vaccines<br><br></span><div>Example: <u>vaccinia virus</u> expressing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">G protein</span> of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rabies"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> virus.</div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Live Recombinant Virus Vaccines<br><br></span><div>Example: <u>vaccinia virus</u> expressing the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">G protein</span> of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rabies</span> virus.</div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigen</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">synthesize the antigen</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""steady&#x20;supply&#x20;of&#x20;new&#x20;antigen&#x20;to&#x20;stimulate&#x20;the&#x20;immune&#x20;system"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">efficient T-cell mediated responses.</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigen</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">synthesize the antigen</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">steady supply of new antigen to stimulate the immune system</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">efficient T-cell mediated responses.</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Examples: HIV-1, SARS coronavirus, West Nile virus and foot and mouth disease virus. Trials have been carried out in mice, pigs, horses and humans.</div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""antigen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">synthesize the antigen</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">steady supply of new antigen to stimulate the immune system</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">efficient T-cell mediated responses.</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigen</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">synthesize the antigen</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">steady supply of new antigen to stimulate the immune system</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">efficient T-cell mediated responses.</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Examples: HIV-1, SARS coronavirus, West Nile virus and foot and mouth disease virus. Trials have been carried out in mice, pigs, horses and humans.</div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigen</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">synthesize the antigen</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">steady supply of new antigen to stimulate the immune system</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""efficient&#x20;T&#x2D;cell&#x20;mediated&#x20;responses&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigen</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">synthesize the antigen</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">steady supply of new antigen to stimulate the immune system</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">efficient T-cell mediated responses.</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Examples: HIV-1, SARS coronavirus, West Nile virus and foot and mouth disease virus. Trials have been carried out in mice, pigs, horses and humans.</div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigen</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""synthesize&#x20;the&#x20;antigen"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">steady supply of new antigen to stimulate the immune system</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">efficient T-cell mediated responses.</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">DNA Vaccines<br><br></span><div>•Introduction into the vaccinee of DNA encoding an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigen</span>, with the aim of inducing cells of the vaccinee to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">synthesize the antigen</span>.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div>•Advantage: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">steady supply of new antigen to stimulate the immune system</span>, as with live virus vaccines. Because the antigen is produced <i>within the cells of the vaccinee</i>, it is likely to stimulate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">efficient T-cell mediated responses.</span><br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>Examples: HIV-1, SARS coronavirus, West Nile virus and foot and mouth disease virus. Trials have been carried out in mice, pigs, horses and humans.</div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""potency"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid development</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low-cost manufacture</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NRM (nonamplifying mRNA) and SAM (self-replicating mRNA)</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">potency</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid development</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low-cost manufacture</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NRM (nonamplifying mRNA) and SAM (self-replicating mRNA)</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>NRM and SAM &gt;&gt;&nbsp;differ in&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;to copy themselves inside the cell<br><br><img src=""paste-1639768465faf230f78266545ca41e8a7e6aa7f9.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">potency</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rapid&#x20;development"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low-cost manufacture</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NRM (nonamplifying mRNA) and SAM (self-replicating mRNA)</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">potency</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid development</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low-cost manufacture</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NRM (nonamplifying mRNA) and SAM (self-replicating mRNA)</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>NRM and SAM &gt;&gt;&nbsp;differ in&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;to copy themselves inside the cell<br><br><img src=""paste-1639768465faf230f78266545ca41e8a7e6aa7f9.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">potency</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid development</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low-cost manufacture</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""NRM&#x20;&#x28;nonamplifying&#x20;mRNA&#x29;&#x20;and&#x20;SAM&#x20;&#x28;self&#x2D;replicating&#x20;mRNA&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">potency</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid development</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">low-cost manufacture</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">NRM (nonamplifying mRNA) and SAM (self-replicating mRNA)</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>NRM and SAM &gt;&gt;&nbsp;differ in&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;to copy themselves inside the cell<br><br><img src=""paste-1639768465faf230f78266545ca41e8a7e6aa7f9.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">potency</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid development</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""low&#x2D;cost&#x20;manufacture"" data-ordinal=""4"">[cost]</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NRM (nonamplifying mRNA) and SAM (self-replicating mRNA)</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold;"">mRNA vaccine<br><br></span><div>•high <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">potency</span></div> <div>•capacity for <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid development</span></div> <div>•potential for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">low-cost manufacture</span></div> <div>•<i>safe administration</i><br><br><br>2 different major types: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NRM (nonamplifying mRNA) and SAM (self-replicating mRNA)</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'>NRM and SAM &gt;&gt;&nbsp;differ in&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;to copy themselves inside the cell<br><br><img src=""paste-1639768465faf230f78266545ca41e8a7e6aa7f9.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">selectivity index</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""minimum&#x20;concentration&#x20;inhibiting&#x20;cell&#x20;proliferation&#x20;&#x28;or&#x20;DNA&#x20;synthesis&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""minimum&#x20;concentration&#x20;inhibiting&#x20;virus&#x20;replication"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">a high value</span> while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IC50</span> should be low
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">selectivity index</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting cell proliferation (or DNA synthesis)</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting virus replication</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">a high value</span> while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IC50</span> should be low
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-af96679bec6855ac34dfd09cff29b8b01e472bfc.jpg""><br>IC50: <b>50% inhibitory concentration</b></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">selectivity index</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting cell proliferation (or DNA synthesis)</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting virus replication</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">a high value</span> while <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IC50"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> should be low
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">selectivity index</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting cell proliferation (or DNA synthesis)</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting virus replication</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">a high value</span> while <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">IC50</span> should be low
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-af96679bec6855ac34dfd09cff29b8b01e472bfc.jpg""><br>IC50: <b>50% inhibitory concentration</b></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">selectivity index</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting cell proliferation (or DNA synthesis)</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting virus replication</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""a&#x20;high&#x20;value"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IC50</span> should be low
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">selectivity index</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting cell proliferation (or DNA synthesis)</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting virus replication</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">a high value</span> while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IC50</span> should be low
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-af96679bec6855ac34dfd09cff29b8b01e472bfc.jpg""><br>IC50: <b>50% inhibitory concentration</b></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""selectivity&#x20;index"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting cell proliferation (or DNA synthesis)</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting virus replication</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">a high value</span> while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IC50</span> should be low
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<font color=""#5555ff"">Safety of antiviral drugs</font><br><br>SI = <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">selectivity index</span><br><br>SI depends on (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting cell proliferation (or DNA synthesis)</span> ) / (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">minimum concentration inhibiting virus replication</span>)<br><br>SI value should be <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">a high value</span> while <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IC50</span> should be low
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-af96679bec6855ac34dfd09cff29b8b01e472bfc.jpg""><br>IC50: <b>50% inhibitory concentration</b></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""phosphorylated"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> at the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""5&#x20;carbon"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""nucleosides&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""5&#x20;triphosphate&#x20;derivative"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""competitive&#x20;inhibitor"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;synthesis&#x20;of&#x20;virus&#x20;nucleic&#x20;acids"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""will&#x20;be&#x20;terminated"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anti-viral Drugs: Nucleoside
Analogues<br><br></span><div>•<b>Synthetic</b> compounds structurally similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleosides.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Act by interfering with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">the synthesis of virus nucleic acids</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Become <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">phosphorylated</span> at the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5 carbon</span> (or its equivalent) to <u>become a nucleotide analogue</u> after being taken into a cell. <br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">5 triphosphate derivative</span> of the nucleoside analogue is the <b>active form</b> of the drug and acts as a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6"">competitive inhibitor</span> of a viral replicase.<br><br></div> <div></div> <div>•When<b> incorporated into a growing strand</b>, the nucleic acid synthesis <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">will be terminated</span>, as that found in the d<i>ideoxy method of DNA sequencing</i> (the structure of the nucleotide analogue prevents it from accepting the next nucleotide)<br><br></div> <div></div> <br>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'></div>
</div>"
"<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Phosphorylation of A Nucleoside
Analogue<br><br></span><img src=""paste-d735b0cc8af89b7abcb7491952ce827bc5ff7e5b.jpg""><img src=""paste-b7d28b0357c6e655556d110c9c8b2ca818a8109a.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;span&#x20;style&#x3D;&quot;font&#x2D;weight&#x3A;&#x20;bold&#x3B;&quot;&gt;Aciclovir&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&#x20;style&#x3D;&quot;font&#x2D;weight&#x3A;&#x20;bold&#x3B;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;acyclovir&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-61bcc144931043affbca00077563d39d2cc2b53b.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""safe"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""side&#x2D;effects&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-61bcc144931043affbca00077563d39d2cc2b53b.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""herpes&#x20;simplex&#x20;viruses&#x20;1&#x20;and&#x20;2&#x20;&#x28;HSV&#x2D;1&#x20;and&#x20;HSV&#x2D;2&#x29;&#x20;and&#x20;varicella&#x2D;zoster&#x20;virus&#x20;&#x28;VZV&#x29;&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-61bcc144931043affbca00077563d39d2cc2b53b.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""guanosine&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-61bcc144931043affbca00077563d39d2cc2b53b.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""herpesvirus&#x20;DNA&#x20;synthesis"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Aciclovir</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">/acyclovir</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br><br></span><div>•Analogue of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanosine.</span> </div> <div></div> <div>•Function: inhibition of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">herpesvirus DNA synthesis</span>.</div> <div></div> <div>•Very <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">safe</span> drug, with almost no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">side-effects.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</span></div></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><img src=""paste-61bcc144931043affbca00077563d39d2cc2b53b.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Nevirapine:</span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Non-nucleoside
Inhibitor of Reverse Transcription</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span><div></div> <div>•Developed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">rational design.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Targets different site in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""reverse&#x20;transcriptase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> to those targeted by the nucleoside analogues.&nbsp;</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Nevirapine:</span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Non-nucleoside
Inhibitor of Reverse Transcription</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span><div></div> <div>•Developed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">rational design.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Targets different site in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">reverse transcriptase</span> to those targeted by the nucleoside analogues.&nbsp;</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><br>Rational drug design is a strategy used in drug development that involves designing new medications based on an understanding of the biological target for the drug<br><br><img src=""paste-9319f15cd02e9902002d5f6d0e9ab6417c00d726.jpg""></div>
</div>"
"<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Nevirapine:</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Non&#x2D;nucleoside&#x0A;Inhibitor&#x20;of&#x20;Reverse&#x20;Transcription"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span><div></div> <div>•Developed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">rational design.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Targets different site in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">reverse transcriptase</span> to those targeted by the nucleoside analogues.&nbsp;</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>
</div>""<div id=""kard"">
<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Nevirapine:</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Non-nucleoside
Inhibitor of Reverse Transcription</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span><div></div> <div>•Developed from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">rational design.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Targets different site in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">reverse transcriptase</span> to those targeted by the nucleoside analogues.&nbsp;</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><br>Rational drug design is a strategy used in drug development that involves designing new medications based on an understanding of the biological target for the drug<br><br><img src=""paste-9319f15cd02e9902002d5f6d0e9ab6417c00d726.jpg""></div>
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<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Nevirapine:</span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Non-nucleoside
Inhibitor of Reverse Transcription</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span><div></div> <div>•Developed from <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rational&#x20;design&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Targets different site in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">reverse transcriptase</span> to those targeted by the nucleoside analogues.&nbsp;</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>
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<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Nevirapine:</span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Non-nucleoside
Inhibitor of Reverse Transcription</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span><div></div> <div>•Developed from <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">rational design.</span></div> <div></div> <div>•Targets different site in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">reverse transcriptase</span> to those targeted by the nucleoside analogues.&nbsp;</div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div id='extra'><br>Rational drug design is a strategy used in drug development that involves designing new medications based on an understanding of the biological target for the drug<br><br><img src=""paste-9319f15cd02e9902002d5f6d0e9ab6417c00d726.jpg""></div>
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<div class=""tags""></div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oseltamivir"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> binds to influenza viral neuraminidase</div>
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<div class=""tags"" id='tags'></div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Oseltamivir</span> binds to influenza viral neuraminidase</div>
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<div id='extra'>oseltamivir = <b>tamiflu<br><br></b></div>
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