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DOI: 10.1036/0071511245
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Section 1
Conversion Factors and
Mathematical Symbols*
James O. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E. Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society; Member, American
Society for Engineering Education
Table 1-1
Table 1-2a
Table 1-2b
Table 1-3
Table 1-4
Table 1-5
Table 1-6
Table 1-7
Table 1-8
CONVERSION FACTORS
SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units. . . . . . .
Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names. . . . . . . . . .
Additional Common Derived Units of SI . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly
Used Units to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical
Multiples of SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions . . . . . . . . .
Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-3
1-12
1-14
1-17
1-17
Table 1-9
Values of the Gas-Law Constant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights
and Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 1-11 Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 1-12 Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 1-13 Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees
Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot . . .
Table 1-14 Fundamental Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-17
1-18
1-18
1-18
1-19
1-20
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM
U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS
*Much of the material was taken from Sec. 1. of the fifth edition. The contribution of Cecil H. Chilton in developing that material is acknowledged.
1-1
Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
TABLE 1-1
SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units
Quantity or “dimension”
Base quantity or “dimension”
length
mass
time
electric current
thermodynamic temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity
Supplementary quantity or “dimension”
plane angle
solid angle
SI unit
SI unit symbol
(“abbreviation”);
Use roman
(upright) type
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
mole*
candela
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd
radian
steradian
rad
sr
*When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles.
TABLE 1-2a
Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Formula
frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)
force
pressure, stress
energy, work, quantity of heat
power, radiant flux
quantity of electricity, electric charge
electric potential, potential difference,
electromotive force
capacitance
electric resistance
conductance
magnetic flux
magnetic-flux density
inductance
luminous flux
illuminance
activity (of radionuclides)
absorbed dose
hertz
newton
pascal
joule
watt
coulomb
volt
Hz
N
Pa
J
W
C
V
l/s
(kg⋅m)/s2
N/m2
N⋅m
J/s
A⋅s
W/A
farad
ohm
siemens
weber
tesla
henry
lumen
lux
becquerel
gray
F
Ω
S
Wb
T
H
lm
lx
Bq
Gy
C/V
V/A
A/V
V⋅s
Wb/m2
Wb/A
cd⋅sr
lm/m2
l/s
J/kg
TABLE 1-2b
Additional Common Derived Units of SI
Quantity
Unit
acceleration
angular acceleration
angular velocity
area
concentration (of amount of
substance)
current density
density, mass
electric-charge density
electric-field strength
electric-flux density
energy density
entropy
heat capacity
heat-flux density,
irradiance
luminance
magnetic-field strength
molar energy
molar entropy
molar-heat capacity
moment of force
permeability
permittivity
radiance
meter per second squared
radian per second squared
radian per second
square meter
mole per cubic meter
m/s2
rad/s2
rad/s
m2
mol/m3
ampere per square meter
kilogram per cubic meter
coulomb per cubic meter
volt per meter
coulomb per square meter
joule per cubic meter
joule per kelvin
joule per kelvin
watt per square meter
A/m2
kg/m3
C/m3
V/m
C/m2
J/m3
J/K
J/K
W/m2
candela per square meter
ampere per meter
joule per mole
joule per mole-kelvin
joule per mole-kelvin
newton-meter
henry per meter
farad per meter
watt per square-metersteradian
watt per steradian
joule per kilogram-kelvin
joule per kilogram
joule per kilogram-kelvin
cubic meter per kilogram
newton per meter
watt per meter-kelvin
meter per second
pascal-second
square meter per second
cubic meter
1 per meter
cd/m2
A/m
J/mol
J/(mol⋅K)
J/(mol⋅K)
N⋅m
H/m
F/m
W/(m2⋅sr)
radiant intensity
specific-heat capacity
specific energy
specific entropy
specific volume
surface tension
thermal conductivity
velocity
viscosity, dynamic
viscosity, kinematic
volume
wave number
TABLE 1-3
W/sr
J/(kg⋅K)
J/kg
J/(kg⋅K)
m3/kg
N/m
W/(m⋅K)
m/s
Pa⋅s
m2/s
m3
1/m
SI Prefixes
Multiplication factor
Prefix
Symbol
000 = 1018
000 = 1015
000 = 1012
000 = 109
000 = 106
000 = 103
100 = 102
10 = 101
0.1 = 10−1
0.01 = 10−2
0.001 = 10−3
0.000 001 = 10−6
0.000 000 001 = 10−9
0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto*
deka*
deci*
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
µ
n
p
f
a
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
1
000
000
000
000
1
000
000
000
000
000
1
*Generally to be avoided.
1-2
Symbol
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Space,† time
Length
naut mi
mi
chain
link
fathom
yd
ft
1.852*
E + 00
1.609 344* E + 00
2.011 68* E + 01
2.011 68* E − 01
1.828 8* E + 00
9.144*
E − 01
3.048*
E − 01
3.048*
E + 01
2.54*
E + 01
2.54
E + 00
2.54*
E + 01
in
in
mil
km
km
m
m
m
m
m
cm
mm
cm
µm
Length/length
ft/mi
m/km
1.893 939 E − 01
Length/volume
ft/U.S. gal
ft/ft3
ft/bbl
m/m3
m/m3
m/m3
8.051 964 E + 01
1.076 391 E + 01
1.917 134 E + 00
Area
mi2
section
acre
ha
yd2
ft2
in2
km2
ha
ha
m2
m2
m2
mm2
cm2
2.589 988 E + 00
2.589 988 E + 02
4.046 856 E − 01
1.000 000* E + 04
8.361 274 E − 01
9.290 304* E − 02
6.451 6* E + 02
6.451 6* E + 00
Area/volume
ft2/in3
ft2/ft3
m2/cm3
m2/m3
5.699 291 E − 03
3.280 840 E + 00
Volume
cubem
acre⋅ft
km3
m3
ha⋅m
m3
m3
m3
dm3
m3
dm3
m3
dm3
dm3
dm3
dm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
4.168 182
1.233 482
1.233 482
7.645 549
1.589 873
2.831 685
2.831 685
4.546 092
4.546 092
3.785 412
3.785 412
1.136 523
9.463 529
4.731 765
2.841 307
2.957 353
1.638 706
yd3
bbl (42 U.S. gal)
ft3
U.K. gal
U.S. gal
U.K. qt
U.S. qt
U.S. pt
U.K. fl oz
U.S. fl oz
in3
L
L
L
L
L
L
E + 00
E + 03
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
E + 01
E − 03
E + 00
E − 03
E + 00
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E + 01
Volume/length (linear
displacement)
bbl/in
bbl/ft
ft3/ft
U.S. gal/ft
m3m
m3/m
m3/m
m3/m
L/m
6.259 342 E + 00
5.216 119 E − 01
9.290 304* E − 02
1.241 933 E − 02
1.241 933 E + 01
Plane angle
rad
deg (°)
min (′)
sec (″)
rad
rad
rad
rad
1
1.745 329 E − 02
2.908 882 E − 04
4.848 137 E − 06
Solid angle
sr
sr
1
Time
year
week
h
a
d
s
min
s
h
ns
1
7.0*
3.6*
6.0*
6.0*
1.666 667
1
E + 00
E + 03
E + 01
E + 01
E − 02
1.016 047
9.071 847
5.080 234
4.535 924
4.535 924
3.110 348
2.834 952
6.479 891
E + 00
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E + 01
min
mµs
Mass, amount of substance
Mass
U.K. ton
U.S. ton
U.K. cwt
U.S. cwt
lbm
oz (troy)
oz (av)
gr
Mg
Mg
kg
kg
kg
g
g
mg
t
t
1-3
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
Amount of substance
lbm⋅mol
std m3(0°C, 1 atm)
std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
4.535 924 E − 01
4.461 58 E − 02
1.195 30 E − 03
kmol
kmol
kmol
Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity
Calorific value, enthalpy
(mass basis)
Btu/lbm
cal/g
cal/lbm
MJ/kg
kJ/kg
kWh/kg
kJ/kg
J/kg
Caloric value, enthalpy
(mole basis)
kcal/(g⋅mol)
Btu/(lb⋅mol)
kJ/kmol
kJ/kmol
Calorific value (volume
basis—solids and liquids)
Btu/U.S. gal
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kJ/dm3
Btu/U.K. gal
Btu/ft3
cal/mL
(ft⋅lbf)/U.S. gal
J/g
J/g
2.326 000
2.326 000
6.461 112
4.184*
9.224 141
E − 03
E + 00
E − 04
E + 00
E + 00
4.184*
E + 03
2.326 000 E + 00
kJ/dm3
kJ/dm3
2.787 163
2.787 163
7.742 119
2.320 800
2.320 800
6.446 667
3.725 895
3.725 895
1.034 971
4.184*
3.581 692
E − 01
E + 02
E − 02
E − 01
E + 02
E − 02
E − 02
E + 01
E − 02
E + 00
E − 01
Calorific value (volume
basis—gases)
cal/mL
kcal/m3
Btu/ft3
kJ/m3
kJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
J/dm3
J/dm3
J/dm3
4.184*
4.184*
3.725 895
1.034 971
E + 03
E + 00
E + 01
E − 02
Specific entropy
Btu/(lbm⋅°R)
cal/(g⋅K)
kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
4.186 8*
4.184*
4.184*
E + 00
E + 00
E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mass
basis)
kWh/(kg⋅°C)
Btu/(lbm⋅°F)
kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
3.6*
4.186 8*
4.184*
E + 03
E + 00
E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mole
basis)
Btu/(lb⋅mol⋅°F)
cal/(g⋅mol⋅°C)
kJ/(kmol⋅K)
kJ/(kmol⋅K)
4.186 8*
4.184*
E + 00
E + 00
Temperature (absolute)
°R
K
K
K
5/9
1
Temperature (traditional)
°F
°C
5/9(°F − 32)
Temperature (difference)
°F
K, °C
5/9
Pressure
atm (760 mmHg at 0°C or 14,696 psi)
µmHg (0°C)
µ bar
mmHg = torr (0°C)
cmH2O (4°C)
lbf/ft2 (psf)
mHg (0°C)
bar
dyn/cm2
MPa
kPa
bar
MPa
kPa
MPa
kPa
bar
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
Pa
Pa
Pa
1.013 250* E − 01
1.013 250* E + 02
1.013 250* E + 00
1.0*
E − 01
1.0*
E + 02
6.894 757 E − 03
6.894 757 E + 00
6.894 757 E − 02
3.376 85 E + 00
2.488 4
E − 01
1.333 224 E − 01
9.806 38 E − 02
4.788 026 E − 02
1.333 224 E − 01
1.0*
E + 05
1.0*
E − 01
Vacuum, draft
inHg (60°F)
inH2O (39.2°F)
inH2O (60°F)
mmHg (0°C) = torr
cmH2O (4°C)
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
3.376 85
2.490 82
2.488 4
1.333 224
9.806 38
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
Liquid head
ft
in
m
mm
cm
3.048*
2.54*
2.54*
E − 01
E + 01
E + 00
Pressure drop/length
psi/ft
kPa/m
2.262 059 E + 01
Temperature, pressure, vacuum
bar
mmHg (0°C) = torr
1-4
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage
kg/m3
g/m3
kg/m3
g/cm3
kg/m3
kg/m3
g/cm3
kg/m3
kg/m3
1.601 846
1.601 846
1.198 264
1.198 264
9.977 633
1.601 846
1.601 846
1.0*
1.601 846
E + 01
E + 04
E + 02
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E − 02
E + 03
E + 01
ft /lbm
U.K. gal/lbm
U.S. gal/lbm
m3/kg
m3/g
dm3/kg
dm3/kg
dm3/kg
6.242 796
6.242 796
6.242 796
1.002 242
8.345 404
E − 02
E − 05
E + 01
E + 01
E + 00
Specific volume (mole basis)
L/(g⋅mol)
ft3/(lb⋅mol)
m3/kmol
m3/kmol
1
6.242 796 E − 02
Specific volume
bbl/U.S. ton
bbl/U.K. ton
m3/t
m3/t
1.752 535 E − 01
1.564 763 E − 01
Yield
bbl/U.S. ton
bbl/U.K. ton
U.S. gal/U.S. ton
U.S. gal/U.K. ton
dm3/t
dm3/t
dm3/t
dm3/t
Concentration (mass/mass)
wt %
wt ppm
kg/kg
g/kg
mg/kg
lbm/bbl
g/U.S. gal
g/U.K. gal
lbm/1000 U.S. gal
lbm/1000 U.K. gal
gr/U.S. gal
gr/ft3
lbm/1000 bbl
mg/U.S. gal
gr/100 ft3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
mg/m3
g/m3
g/m3
mg/m3
ft3/ft3
bbl/(acre⋅ft)
vol%
U.K. gal/ft3
U.S. gal/ft3
mL/U.S. gal
mL/U.K. gal
vol ppm
U.K. gal/1000 bbl
U.S. gal/1000 bbl
U.K. pt/1000 bbl
m3/m3
m3/m3
m3/m3
dm3/m3
dm3/m3
dm3/m3
dm3/m3
cm3/m3
dm3/m3
cm3/m3
cm3/m3
cm3/m3
Concentration (mole/volume)
(lb⋅mol)/U.S. gal
(lb⋅mol)/U.K. gal
(lb⋅mol)/ft3
std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)/bbl
kmol/m3
kmol/m3
kmol/m3
kmol/m3
Concentration (volume/mole)
U.S. gal/1000 std ft3 (60°F/60°F)
bbl/million std ft3 (60°F/60°F)
dm3/kmol
dm3/kmol
Throughput (mass basis)
U.K. ton/year
U.S. ton/year
U.K. ton/day
Density
lbm/ft3
lbm/U.S. gal
lbm/U.K. gal
lbm/ft3
g/cm3
lbm/ft3
Specific volume
ft3/lbm
3
Concentration (mass/volume)
Concentration (volume/volume)
cm3/g
cm3/g
L/t
L/t
L/t
L/t
g/dm3
g/L
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
L/m3
L/m3
L/m3
L/m3
L/m3
L/kmol
L/kmol
1.752 535
1.564 763
4.172 702
3.725 627
E + 02
E + 02
E + 00
E + 00
1.0*
1.0*
1
E − 02
E + 01
2.853 010
2.641 720
2.199 692
1.198 264
9.977 633
1.711 806
2.288 351
2.853 010
2.641 720
2.288 351
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E + 02
E + 01
E + 01
E + 03
E + 00
E − 01
E + 01
1
1.288 931
1.0*
1.605 437
1.336 806
2.641 720
2.199 692
1
1.0*
2.859 403
2.380 952
3.574 253
E − 04
E − 02
E + 02
E + 02
E − 01
E − 01
E − 03
E + 01
E + 01
E + 00
1.198 264
9.977 644
1.601 846
7.518 21
E + 02
E + 01
E + 01
E − 03
3.166 91
1.330 10
E + 00
E − 01
1.016 047
9.071 847
1.016 047
4.233 529
9.071 847
3.779 936
1.016 047
9.071 847
4.535 924
E + 00
E − 01
E + 00
E − 02
E − 01
E − 02
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
Facility throughput, capacity
U.S. ton/day
U.K. ton/h
U.S. ton/h
lbm/h
t/a
t/a
t/d
t/h
t/d
t/h
t/h
t/h
kg/h
1-5
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
Throughput (volume basis)
bbl/day
3
ft /day
bbl/h
ft3/h
U.K. gal/h
U.S. gal/h
U.K. gal/min
U.S. gal/min
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
E + 01
E − 01
E − 03
E − 01
E − 02
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 01
E − 02
E − 01
E − 02
t/a
m3/d
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
L/s
m3/h
L/s
m3/h
L/s
m3/h
L/s
5.803 036
1.589 873
1.179 869
1.589 873
2.831 685
4.546 092
1.262 803
3.785 412
1.051 503
2.727 655
7.576 819
2.271 247
6.309 020
kmol/h
kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01
1.259 979 E − 04
Throughput (mole basis)
(lbm⋅mol)/h
Flow rate (mass basis)
U.K. ton/min
U.S. ton/min
U.K. ton/h
U.S. ton/h
U.K. ton/day
U.S. ton/day
million lbm/year
U.K. ton/year
U.S. ton/year
lbm/s
lbm/min
lbm/h
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
1.693 412
1.511 974
2.822 353
2.519 958
1.175 980
1.049 982
5.249 912
3.221 864
2.876 664
4.535 924
7.559 873
1.259 979
E + 01
E + 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
E − 02
E + 00
E − 05
E − 05
E − 01
E − 03
E − 04
Flow rate (volume basis)
bbl/day
U.K. gal/h
U.S. gal/h
U.K. gal/min
U.S. gal/min
ft3/min
ft3/s
m3/d
L/s
m3/d
L/s
m3/s
L/s
m3/s
L/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
1.589 873
1.840 131
2.831 685
3.277 413
4.416 314
4.416 314
7.865 791
7.865 791
1.262 803
1.051 503
7.576 820
6.309 020
4.719 474
2.831 685
E − 01
E − 03
E − 02
E − 04
E − 05
E − 02
E − 06
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 02
E − 02
E − 01
E + 01
Flow rate (mole basis)
(lb⋅mol)/s
(lb⋅mol)/h
million scf/D
kmol/s
kmol/s
kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01
1.259 979 E − 04
1.383 45 E − 02
Flow rate/length (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft)
lbm/(h⋅ft)
kg/(s⋅m)
kg/(s⋅m)
1.488 164 E + 00
4.133 789 E − 04
Flow rate/length (volume basis)
U.K. gal/(min⋅ft)
U.S. gal/(min⋅ft)
U.K. gal/(h⋅in)
U.S. gal/(h⋅in)
U.K. gal/(h⋅ft)
U.S. gal/(h⋅ft)
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
Flow rate/area (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft2)
lbm/(h⋅ft2)
kg/(s⋅m2)
kg/(s⋅m2)
Flow rate/area (volume basis)
ft3/(s⋅ft2)
ft3/(min⋅ft2)
U.K. gal/(h⋅in2)
U.S. gal/(h⋅in2)
U.K. gal/(min⋅ft2)
U.S. gal/(min⋅ft2)
U.K. gal/(h⋅ft2)
U.S. gal/(h⋅ft2)
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
Flow rate
3
ft /day
bbl/h
ft3/h
1-6
L/s
L/s
L/s
L/s
L/s
L/s
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
2.485 833
2.069 888
4.971 667
4.139 776
4.143 055
3.449 814
E − 04
E − 04
E − 05
E − 05
E − 06
E − 06
4.882 428 E + 00
1.356 230 E − 03
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
3.048*
5.08*
1.957 349
1.629 833
8.155 621
6.790 972
1.359 270
1.131 829
E − 01
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 04
E − 04
E − 05
E − 05
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Energy, work, power
Energy, work
therm
E + 02
E + 05
E + 01
E + 01
E + 00
E + 03
E − 01
E + 00
E + 03
E − 01
E + 00
E + 03
E + 00
E − 04
E + 00
E − 04
E + 00
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 05
E − 07
kcal
cal
ft⋅lbf
lbf⋅ft
J
(lbf⋅ft2)/s2
erg
MJ
kJ
kWh
MJ
MJ
kJ
kWh
MJ
kJ
kWh
MJ
kJ
kJ
kWh
kJ
kWh
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
J
1.055 056
1.055 056
2.930 711
1.431 744
2.684 520
2.684 520
7.456 999
2.647 780
2.647 780
7.354 999
3.6*
3.6*
1.899 101
5.275 280
1.055 056
2.930 711
4.184*
4.184*
1.355 818
1.355 818
1.0*
4.214 011
1.0*
Impact energy
kgf⋅m
lbf⋅ft
J
J
9.806 650* E + 00
1.355 818 E + 00
Surface energy
erg/cm2
mJ/m2
1.0*
Specific-impact energy
(kgf⋅m)/cm2
(lbf⋅ft)/in2
J/cm2
J/cm2
9.806 650* E − 02
2.101 522 E − 03
Power
million Btu/h
ton of refrigeration
Btu/s
kW
hydraulic horsepower—hhp
hp (electric)
hp [(550 ft⋅lbf)/s]
ch or CV
Btu/min
(ft⋅lbf)/s
kcal/h
Btu/h
(ft⋅lbf)/min
MW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
W
W
W
2.930 711
3.516 853
1.055 056
1
7.460 43
7.46*
7.456 999
7.354 999
1.758 427
1.355 818
1.162 222
2.930 711
2.259 697
Power/area
Btu/(s⋅ft2)
cal/(h⋅cm2)
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2
kW/m2
kW/m2
1.135 653 E + 01
1.162 222 E − 02
3.154 591 E − 03
Heat-release rate, mixing power
hp/ft3
cal/(h⋅cm3)
Btu/(s⋅ft3)
Btu/(h⋅ft3)
kW/m3
kW/m3
kW/m3
kW/m3
2.633 414
1.162 222
3.725 895
1.034 971
Cooling duty (machinery)
Btu/(bhp⋅h)
W/kW
Specific fuel consumption (mass
basis)
lbm/(hp⋅h)
mg/J
kg/kWh
kg/MJ
1.689 659 E − 01
6.082 774 E − 01
Specific fuel consumption (volume
basis)
m3/kWh
U.S. gal/(hp⋅h)
U.K. pt/(hp⋅h)
dm3/MJ
dm3/MJ
dm3/MJ
mm3/J
mm3/J
mm3/J
2.777 778 E + 02
1.410 089 E + 00
2.116 806 E − 01
Fuel consumption
U.K. gal/mi
U.S. gal/mi
mi/U.S. gal
mi/U.K. gal
dm3/100 km
dm3/100 km
km/dm3
km/dm3
L/100 km
L/100 km
km/L
km/L
2.824 807
2.352 146
4.251 437
3.540 064
U.S. tonf⋅mi
hp⋅h
ch⋅h or CV⋅h
kWh
Chu
Btu
E + 00
E − 01
E + 00
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
E − 03
E + 00
E − 01
E − 02
E + 01
E + 00
E + 01
E − 02
3.930 148 E − 01
E + 02
E + 02
E − 01
E − 01
1-7
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
in/s
in/min
km/h
km/h
m/s
cm/s
m/s
mm/s
mm/s
m/d
mm/s
mm/s
1.852*
E + 00
1.609 344* E + 00
3.048*
E − 01
3.048*
E + 01
5.08*
E − 03
8.466 667 E − 02
3.527 778 E − 03
3.048*
E − 01
2.54*
E + 01
4.233 333 E − 01
Corrosion rate
in/year (ipy)
mil/year
mm/a
mm/a
2.54*
2.54*
Rotational frequency
r/min
r/s
rad/s
1.666 667 E − 02
1.047 198 E − 01
Acceleration (linear)
ft/s2
m/s2
cm/s2
3.048*
3.048*
Acceleration (rotational)
rpm/s
rad/s2
1.047 198 E − 01
Momentum
(lbm⋅ft)/s
(kg⋅m)/s
1.382 550 E − 01
Force
U.K. tonf
U.S. tonf
kgf (kp)
lbf
dyn
kN
kN
N
N
mN
9.964 016 E + 00
8.896 443 E + 00
9.806 650* E + 00
4.448 222 E + 00
1.0
E − 02
Bending moment, torque
U.S. tonf⋅ft
kgf⋅m
lbf⋅ft
lbf⋅in
kN⋅m
N⋅m
N⋅m
N⋅m
2.711 636 E + 00
9.806 650* E + 00
1.355 818 E + 00
1.129 848 E − 01
Bending moment/length
(lbf⋅ft)/in
(lbf⋅in)/in
(N⋅m)/m
(N⋅m)/m
5.337 866 E + 01
4.448 222 E + 00
Moment of inertia
lbm⋅ft2
Velocity (linear), speed
knot
mi/h
ft/s
ft/min
ft/h
ft/day
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
kPa
Pa
E − 01
E + 01
4.214 011 E − 02
kg⋅m2
2
E + 01
E − 02
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
1.378 951 E + 01
9.806 650* E + 00
9.576 052 E − 02
6.894 757 E − 03
4.788 026 E − 02
1.0*
E − 01
Stress
U.S. tonf/in
kgf/mm2
U.S. tonf/ft2
lbf/in2 (psi)
lbf/ft2 (psf)
dyn/cm2
Mass/length
lbm/ft
kg/m
1.488 164 E + 00
Mass/area structural loading,
bearing capacity (mass
basis)
U.S. ton/ft2
lbm/ft2
Mg/m2
kg/m2
9.764 855 E + 00
4.882 428 E + 00
Diffusivity
ft2/s
m2/s
ft2/h
m2/s
mm2/s
m2/s
9.290 304* E − 02
1.0*
E + 06
2.580 64* E − 05
Thermal resistance
(°C⋅m2⋅h)/kcal
(°F⋅ft2⋅h)/Btu
(K⋅m2)/kW
(K⋅m2)/kW
8.604 208 E + 02
1.761 102 E + 02
Heat flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2
3.154 591 E − 03
Thermal conductivity
(cal⋅cm)/(s⋅cm2⋅°C)
(Btu⋅ft)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
W/(m⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
(kJ⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
4.184*
1.730 735
6.230 646
1.162 222
1.442 279
1.162 222
E + 02
E + 00
E + 00
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kJ/(h⋅m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
4.184*
2.044 175
1.162 222
5.678 263
2.044 175
5.678 263
1.162 222
E + 01
E + 01
E − 02
E − 03
E + 01
E − 03
E − 03
Miscellaneous transport properties
(kcal⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅°C)
(Btu⋅in)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
(cal⋅cm)/(h⋅cm2⋅°C)
Heat-transfer coefficient
cal/(s⋅cm2⋅°C)
Btu/(s⋅ft2⋅°F)
cal/(h⋅cm2⋅°C)
Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°R)
kcal/(h⋅m2⋅°C)
1-8
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
kW/(m3⋅K)
kW/(m3⋅K)
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Volumetric heat-transfer
coefficient
Btu/(s⋅ft3⋅°F)
Btu/(h⋅ft3⋅°F)
6.706 611 E + 01
1.862 947 E − 02
Surface tension
dyn/cm
mN/m
Viscosity (dynamic)
(lbf⋅s)/in2
(lbf⋅s)/ft2
(kgf⋅s)/m2
lbm/(ft⋅s)
(dyn⋅s)/cm2
cP
lbm/(ft⋅h)
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Viscosity (kinematic)
ft2/s
in2/s
m2/h
ft2/h
cSt
m2/s
mm2/s
mm2/s
m2/s
mm2/s
9.290 304* E − 02
6.451 6* E + 02
2.777 778 E + 02
2.580 64* E − 05
1
Permeability
darcy
millidarcy
µm2
µm2
9.869 233 E − 01
9.869 233 E − 04
Thermal flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
Btu/(s⋅ft2)
cal/(s⋅cm2)
W/m2
W/m2
W/m2
3.152
1.135
4.184
E + 00
E + 04
E + 04
Mass-transfer coefficient
(lb⋅mol)/[h⋅ft2(lb⋅mol/ft3)]
(g⋅mol)/[s⋅m2(g⋅mol/L)]
m/s
m/s
8.467
1.0
E − 05
E + 01
Admittance
S
S
1
Capacitance
µF
µF
1
Charge density
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Conductance
S
S
S
1
1
S/m
/m
m /m
S/m
S/m
mS/m
1
1
1
Current density
A/mm2
A/mm2
1
Displacement
C/cm2
C/cm2
1
Electric charge
C
C
1
Electric current
A
A
1
Electric-dipole moment
C⋅m
C⋅m
1
1
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
6.894 757 E + 03
4.788 026 E + 01
9.806 650* E + 00
1.488 164 E + 00
1.0*
E − 01
1.0*
E − 03
4.133 789 E − 04
Electricity, magnetism
Conductivity
(mho)
Electric-field strength
V/m
V/m
1
Electric flux
C
C
1
Electric polarization
C/cm2
C/cm2
1
Electric potential
V
mV
V
mV
1
1
Electromagnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Electromotive force
V
V
1
Flux of displacement
C
C
1
Frequency
cycles/s
Hz
1
Impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Linear-current density
A/mm
A/mm
1
Magnetic-dipole moment
Wb⋅m
Wb⋅m
1
Magnetic-field strength
A/mm
Oe
gamma
A/mm
A/m
A/m
1
7.957 747 E + 01
7.957 747 E − 04
Magnetic flux
mWb
mWb
1
1-9
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
Magnetic-flux density
mT
G
gamma
SI unit
mT
T
nT
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
1
1.0*
1
Magnetic induction
mT
mT
1
Magnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Magnetic polarization
mT
mT
1
Magnetic potential
difference
A
A
1
Magnetic-vector potential
Wb/mm
Wb/mm
1
Magnetization
A/mm
A/mm
1
Modulus of admittance
S
S
1
Modulus of impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Mutual inductance
H
H
1
Permeability
µH/m
µH/m
1
E − 04
Permeance
H
H
1
Permittivity
µF/m
µF/m
1
Potential difference
V
V
1
Quantity of electricity
C
C
1
Reactance
Ω
Ω
1
Reluctance
H−1
H−1
1
Resistance
Ω
Ω
1
Resistivity
Ω⋅cm
Ω⋅m
Ω⋅cm
Ω⋅m
1
1
Self-inductance
mH
mH
1
Surface density of change
mC/m2
mC/m2
1
Susceptance
S
S
1
Volume density of charge
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Absorbed dose
rad
Gy
1.0*
Acoustical energy
J
J
1
Acoustical intensity
W/cm2
W/m2
1.0*
Acoustical power
W
W
1
Sound pressure
N/m2
N/m2
1.0*
Illuminance
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Illumination
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Irradiance
W/m2
W/m2
1
Light exposure
fc⋅s
lx⋅s
1.076 391 E + 01
Luminance
cd/m2
cd/m2
1
Acoustics, light, radiation
Luminous efficacy
lm/W
lm/W
1
Luminous exitance
lm/m2
lm/m2
1
Luminous flux
lm
lm
1
Luminous intensity
cd
cd
1
Radiance
W/m2⋅sr
W/m2⋅sr
1
Radiant energy
J
J
1
Radiant flux
W
W
1
Radiant intensity
W/sr
W/sr
1
Radiant power
W
W
1
1-10
E − 02
E + 04
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Concluded)
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Wavelength
Å
nm
1.0*
E − 01
Capture unit
10−3 cm−1
m−1
E + 01
m−1
m−1
1.0*
1
1
Ci
Bq
3.7*
E + 10
Radioactivity
10−3 cm−1
*An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact.
† Conversion factors for length, area, and volume are based on the international foot. The international foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S. Survey
foot (land-measurement use).
NOTE: The following unit symbols are used in the table:
Unit symbol
Name
Unit symbol
A
a
Bq
C
cd
Ci
d
°C
°
dyn
F
fc
G
g
gr
Gy
H
h
ha
Hz
J
K
L, ᐉ, l
ampere
annum (year)
becquerel
coulomb
candela
curie
day
degree Celsius
degree
dyne
farad
footcandle
gauss
gram
grain
gray
henry
hour
hectare
hertz
joule
kelvin
liter
lm
lx
m
min
′
N
naut mi
Oe
Ω
Pa
rad
r
S
s
″
sr
St
T
t
V
W
Wb
NOTE:
Name
lumen
lux
meter
minute
minute
newton
U.S. nautical mile
oersted
ohm
pascal
radian
revolution
siemens
second
second
steradian
stokes
tesla
tonne
volt
watt
weber
Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System of Units and SPE’s Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, 1977.
1-11
TABLE 1-5
Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m.
To convert from
abampere
abcoulomb
abfarad
abhenry
abmho
abohm
abvolt
acre
ampere (international of
1948)
angstrom
are
astronomical unit
atmosphere
bar
barn
barrel (petroleum 42 gal)
barye
British thermal unit (ISO/
TC 12)
British thermal unit
(International Steam Table)
British thermal unit (mean)
British thermal unit
(thermochemical)
British thermal unit (39°F)
British thermal unit (60°F)
bushel (U.S.)
cable
caliber
calorie (International Steam
Table)
calorie (mean)
calorie (thermochemical)
calorie (15°C)
calorie (20°C)
calorie (kilogram,
International Steam Table)
calorie (kilogram, mean)
calorie (kilogram,
thermochemical)
carat (metric)
Celsius (temperature)
centimeter of mercury (0°C)
centimeter of water (4°C)
chain (engineer’s)
chain (surveyor’s or
Gunter’s)
circular mil
cord
coulomb (international of
1948)
cubit
cup
curie
day (mean solar)
day (sidereal)
degree (angle)
denier (international)
dram (avoirdupois)
dram (troy or apothecary)
dram (U.S. fluid)
dyne
electron volt
erg
Fahrenheit (temperature)
Multiply by
To convert from
To
Multiply by
ampere
coulomb
farad
henry
mho
ohm
volt
meter2
ampere
To
+01 1.00
+01 1.00
+09 1.00
−09 1.00
+09 1.00
−09 1.00
−08 1.00
+03 4.046 856
−01 9.998 35
meter
meter2
meter
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
meter2
meter3
newton/meter2
joule
−10 1.00
+02 1.00
+11 1.495 978
+05 1.013 25
+05 1.00
−28 1.00
−01 1.589 873
−01 1.00
+03 1.055 06
joule
+03 1.055 04
joule
joule
+03 1.055 87
+03 1.054 350
joule
joule
meter3
meter
meter
joule
+03 1.059 67
+03 1.054 68
−02 3.523 907
+02 2.194 56
−04 2.54
+00 4.1868
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
+00 4.190 02
+00 4.184
+00 4.185 80
+00 4.181 90
+03 4.186 8
joule
joule
+03 4.190 02
+03 4.184
kilogram
kelvin
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
meter
meter
−04 2.00
tK = tc + 273.15
+03 1.333 22
+01 9.806 38
+01 3.048
+01 2.011 68
meter3
meter
meter
newton/meter2
lumen/meter2
candela/meter2
meter
meter/second2
meter3
meter3
meter3
tesla
tesla
ampere turn
meter3
meter3
degree (angular)
radian
kilogram
kilogram
meter
meter2
henry
meter3
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
kilogram
kilogram
meter
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
joule
1/meter
joule
−05 2.957 352
−01 3.048
−01 3.048 006
+03 2.988 98
+01 1.076 391
+00 3.426 259
+02 2.011 68
−02 1.00
−03 4.546 087
−03 4.404 883
−03 3.785 411
−09 1.00
−04 1.00
−01 7.957 747
−04 1.420 652
−04 1.182 941
−01 9.00
−02 1.570 796
−05 6.479 891
−03 1.00
−01 1.016
+04 1.00
+00 1.000 495
−01 2.384 809
+02 7.456 998
+03 9.809 50
+02 7.46
+02 7.354 99
+02 7.457
+02 7.460 43
+03 3.60
+03 3.590 170
+01 5.080 234
+01 4.535 923
−02 2.54
+03 3.386 389
+03 3.376 85
+02 2.490 82
+02 2.4884
+00 1.000 165
+02 1.00
+03 4.186 74
meter2
meter3
coulomb
−10 5.067 074
+00 3.624 556
−01 9.998 35
meter
meter3
disintegration/second
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
radian
kilogram/meter
kilogram
kilogram
meter3
newton
joule
joule
kelvin
fluid ounce (U.S.)
foot
foot (U.S. survey)
foot of water (39.2°F)
footcandle
footlambert
furlong
gal (galileo)
gallon (U.K. liquid)
gallon (U.S. dry)
gallon (U.S. liquid)
gamma
gauss
gilbert
gill (U.K.)
gill (U.S.)
grad
grad
grain
gram
hand
hectare
henry (international of 1948)
hogshead (U.S.)
horsepower (550 ft lbf/s)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (electric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (U.K.)
horsepower (water)
hour (mean solar)
hour (sidereal)
hundredweight (long)
hundredweight (short)
inch
inch of mercury (32°F)
inch of mercury (60°F)
inch of water (39.2°F)
inch of water (60°F)
joule (international of 1948)
kayser
kilocalorie (International
Steam Table)
kilocalorie (mean)
kilocalorie (thermochemical)
kilogram mass
kilogram-force (kgf)
kilopond-force
kip
knot (international)
lambert
lambert
langley
lbf (pound-force,
avoirdupois)
lbm (pound-mass,
avoirdupois)
league (British nautical)
league (international
nautical)
league (statute)
light-year
link (engineer’s)
link (surveyor’s or Gunter’s)
liter
lux
maxwell
meter
micrometer
mil
mile (U.S. statute)
mile (U.K. nautical)
mile (international nautical)
mile (U.S. nautical)
millibar
millimeter of mercury (0°C)
joule
joule
kilogram
newton
newton
newton
meter/second
candela/meter2
candela/meter2
joule/meter2
newton
+03 4.190 02
+03 4.184
+00 1.00
+00 9.806 65
+00 9.806 65
+03 4.448 221
−01 5.144 444
+04 1/π
+03 3.183 098
+04 4.184
+00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
meter
meter
+03 5.559 552
+03 5.556
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter3
lumen/meter2
weber
wavelengths Kr 86
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
+03 4.828 032
+15 9.460 55
−01 3.048
−01 2.011 68
−03 1.00
+00 1.00
−08 1.00
+06 1.650 763
−06 1.00
−05 2.54
+03 1.609 344
+03 1.853 184
+03 1.852
+03 1.852
+02 1.00
+02 1.333 224
Fahrenheit (temperature)
Celsius
farad (international of 1948)
faraday (based on carbon
12)
faraday (chemical)
faraday (physical)
fathom
fermi (femtometer)
farad
coulomb
−01 4.572
−04 2.365 882
+10 3.70
+04 8.64
+04 8.616 409
−02 1.745 329
−07 1.111 111
−03 1.771 845
−03 3.887 934
−06 3.696 691
−05 1.00
−19 1.602 10
−07 1.00
tK = (5/9)(tF +
459.67)
tc = (5/9)(tF −
32)
−01 9.995 05
+04 9.648 70
coulomb
coulomb
meter
meter
+04 9.649 57
+04 9.652 19
+00 1.828 8
−15 1.00
1-12
TABLE 1-5
Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units (Concluded)
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2.
To convert from
minute (angle)
minute (mean solar)
minute (sidereal)
month (mean calendar)
nautical mile (international)
nautical mile (U.S.)
nautical mile (U.K.)
oersted
ohm (international of 1948)
ounce-force (avoirdupois)
ounce-mass (avoirdupois)
ounce-mass (troy or apothecary)
ounce (U.S. fluid)
pace
parsec
pascal
peck (U.S.)
pennyweight
perch
phot
pica (printer’s)
pint (U.S. dry)
pint (U.S. liquid)
point (printer’s)
poise
pole
pound-force (lbf
avoirdupois)
pound-mass (lbm
avoirdupois)
pound-mass (troy or
apothecary)
poundal
quart (U.S. dry)
quart (U.S. liquid)
rad (radiation dose
absorbed)
Rankine (temperature)
rayleigh (rate of photon
emission)
rhe
rod
roentgen
rutherford
second (angle)
To
Multiply by
radian
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
meter
meter
meter
ampere/meter
ohm
newton
kilogram
kilogram
meter3
meter
meter
newton/meter2
meter3
kilogram
meter
lumen/meter2
meter
meter3
meter3
meter
(newton-second)/meter2
meter
newton
−04 2.908 882
+01 6.00
+01 5.983 617
+06 2.628
+03 1.852
+03 1.852
+03 1.853 184
+01 7.957 747
+00 1.000 495
−01 2.780 138
−02 2.834 952
−02 3.110 347
−05 2.957 352
−01 7.62
+16 3.083 74
+00 1.00
−03 8.809 767
−03 1.555 173
+00 5.0292
+04 1.00
−03 4.217 517
−04 5.506 104
−04 4.731 764
−04 3.514 598
−01 1.00
+00 5.0292
+00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
kilogram
−01 3.732 417
newton
meter3
meter3
joule/kilogram
−01 1.382 549
−03 1.101 220
−04 9.463 529
−02 1.00
kelvin
1/second-meter2
tK = (5/9)tR
+10 1.00
meter2/(newtonsecond)
meter
coulomb/kilogram
disintegration/second
radian
+01 1.00
+00 5.0292
−04 2.579 76
+06 1.00
−06 4.848 136
To
Multiply by
second (ephemeris)
second (mean solar)
To convert from
second
second (ephemeris)
second (sidereal)
section
scruple (apothecary)
shake
skein
slug
span
statampere
statcoulomb
statfarad
stathenry
statmho
statohm
statute mile (U.S.)
statvolt
stere
stilb
stoke
tablespoon
teaspoon
ton (assay)
ton (long)
ton (metric)
ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT)
ton (register)
ton (short, 2000 lb)
tonne
torr (0°C)
township
unit pole
volt (international of 1948)
watt (international of 1948)
yard
year (calendar)
year (sidereal)
year (tropical)
year 1900, tropical, Jan., day
0, hour 12
year 1900, tropical, Jan., day
0, hour 12
second (mean solar)
meter2
kilogram
second
meter
kilogram
meter
ampere
coulomb
farad
henry
mho
ohm
meter
volt
meter3
candela/meter2
meter2/second
meter3
meter3
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
joule
meter3
kilogram
kilogram
newton/meter2
meter2
weber
volt
watt
meter
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
second (ephemeris)
+00 1.000 000
Consult
American
Ephemeris
and Nautical
Almanac
−01 9.972 695
+06 2.589 988
−03 1.295 978
−08 1.00
+02 1.097 28
+01 1.459 390
−01 2.286
−10 3.335 640
−10 3.335 640
−12 1.112 650
+11 8.987 554
−12 1.112 650
+11 8.987 554
+03 1.609 344
+02 2.997 925
+00 1.00
+04 1.00
−04 1.00
−05 1.478 676
−06 4.928 921
−02 2.916 666
+03 1.016 046
+03 1.00
+09 4.20
+00 2.831 684
+02 9.071 847
+03 1.00
+02 1.333 22
+07 9.323 957
−07 1.256 637
+00 1.000 330
+00 1.000 165
−01 9.144
+07 3.1536
+07 3.155 815
+07 3.155 692
+07 3.155 692
second
+07 3.155 692
1-13
1-14
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions
To convert from
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acre-feet
Ampere-hours (absolute)
Angstrom units
Angstrom units
Angstrom units
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Bags (cement)
Barrels (cement)
Barrels (oil)
Barrels (oil)
Barrels (U.S. liquid)
Barrels (U.S. liquid)
Barrels per day
Bars
Bars
Bars
Board feet
Boiler horsepower
Boiler horsepower
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u. per cubic foot
B.t.u. per hour
B.t.u. per minute
B.t.u. per pound
B.t.u. per pound per degree
Fahrenheit
B.t.u. per pound per degree
Fahrenheit
B.t.u. per second
B.t.u. per square foot per hour
B.t.u. per square foot per minute
B.t.u. per square foot per second
for a temperature gradient of
1°F. per inch
To
Multiply by
Square feet
Square meters
Square miles
Cubic meters
Coulombs (absolute)
Inches
Meters
Microns
Millimeters of mercury at 32°F
Dynes per square centimeter
Newtons per square meter
Feet of water at 39.1°F
Grams per square centimeter
Inches of mercury at 32°F
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Pounds (cement)
Pounds (cement)
Cubic meters
Gallons
Cubic meters
Gallons
Gallons per minute
Atmospheres
Newtons per square meter
Pounds per square inch
Cubic feet
B.t.u. per hour
Kilowatts
Calories (gram)
Centigrade heat units (c.h.u. or p.c.u.)
Foot-pounds
Horsepower-hours
Joules
Liter-atmospheres
Pounds carbon to CO2
Pounds water evaporated from and
at 212°F
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Kilowatt-hours
Joules per cubic meter
Watts
Horsepower
Joules per kilogram
Calories per gram per degree
centigrade
Joules per kilogram per degree
Kelvin
Watts
Joules per square meter per second
Kilowatts per square foot
Calories, gram (15°C.), per square centimeter per second for a temperature gradient of 1°C. per centimeter
43,560
4074
0.001563
1233
3600
3.937 × 10−9
1 × 10−10
1 × 10−4
760
1.0133 × 106
101,325
33.90
1033.3
29.921
2116.3
14.696
94
376
0.15899
42
0.11924
31.5
0.02917
0.9869
1 × 105
14.504
1⁄12
33,480
9.803
252
0.55556
777.9
3.929 × 10−4
1055.1
10.41
6.88 × 10−5
0.001036
0.3676
2.930 × 10−4
37,260
0.29307
0.02357
2326
1
4186.8
1054.4
3.1546
0.1758
1.2405
To convert from
Drams (avoirdupois)
Dynes
Ergs
Faradays
Fathoms
Feet
Feet per minute
Feet per minute
Feet per (second)2
Feet of water at 39.2°F.
Foot-poundals
Foot-poundals
Foot-poundals
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds force
Foot-pounds per second
Foot-pounds per second
Furlongs
Gallons (U.S. liquid)
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons per minute
Gallons per minute
Grains
Grains
Grains per cubic foot
Grains per gallon
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams per cubic centimeter
Grams per cubic centimeter
Grams per liter
Grams per liter
Grams per square centimeter
Grams per square centimeter
Hectares
Hectares
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
To
Grams
Newtons
Joules
Coulombs (abs.)
Feet
Meters
Centimeters per second
Miles per hour
Meters per (second)2
Newtons per square meter
B.t.u.
Joules
Liter-atmospheres
B.t.u.
Calories, gram
Foot-poundals
Horsepower-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Liter-atmospheres
Joules
Horsepower
Kilowatts
Miles
Barrels (U.S. liquid)
Cubic meters
Cubic feet
Gallons (Imperial)
Liters
Ounces (U.S. fluid)
Cubic feet per hour
Cubic feet per second
Grams
Pounds
Grams per cubic meter
Parts per million
Drams (avoirdupois)
Drams (troy)
Grains
Kilograms
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per gallon
Grains per gallon
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Acres
Square meters
B.t.u. per minute
B.t.u. per hour
Foot-pounds per minute
Foot-pounds per second
Watts
Multiply by
1.7719
1 × 10−5
1 × 10−7
96,500
6
0.3048
0.5080
0.011364
0.3048
2989
3.995 × 10−5
0.04214
4.159 × 10−4
0.0012856
0.3239
32.174
5.051 × 10−7
3.766 × 10−7
0.013381
1.3558
0.0018182
0.0013558
0.125
0.03175
0.003785
0.13368
0.8327
3.785
128
8.021
0.002228
0.06480
1⁄ 7000
2.2884
17.118
0.5644
0.2572
15.432
0.001
0.0022046
0.002679
62.43
8.345
58.42
0.0624
2.0482
0.014223
2.471
10,000
42.42
2545
33,000
550
745.7
B.t.u. (60°F.) per degree
Fahrenheit
Bushels (U.S. dry)
Bushels (U.S. dry)
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram, per gram per
degree C.
Calories, kilogram
Calories, kilogram per second
Candle power (spherical)
Carats (metric)
Centigrade heat units
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters per second
Centimeters of water at 4°C.
Centistokes
Circular mils
Circular mils
Circular mils
Cords
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Cubic feet of water (60°F.)
Cubic feet per minute
Cubic feet per minute
Cubic feet per second
Cubic feet per second
Cubic inches
Cubic yards
Curies
Curies
Degrees
Drams (apothecaries’ or troy)
Calories per degree centigrade
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
B.t.u.
Foot-pounds
Joules
Liter-atmospheres
Horsepower-hours
Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatts
Lumens
Grams
B.t.u.
Angstrom units
Feet
Inches
Meters
Microns
Atmospheres
Feet of water at 39.1°F.
Newtons per square meter
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Feet per minute
Newtons per square meter
Square meters per second
Square centimeters
Square inches
Square mils
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Gallons
Ounces (U.S. fluid)
Quarts (U.S. fluid)
Bushels (U.S.)
Cubic centimeters
Cubic meters
Cubic yards
Gallons
Liters
Foot-pounds
Liter-atmospheres
Pounds
Cubic centimeters per second
Gallons per second
Gallons per minute
Million gallons per day
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Disintegrations per minute
Coulombs per minute
Radians
Grams
453.6
1.2444
0.03524
3.968 × 10−3
3.087
4.1868
4.130 × 10−2
1.5591 × 10−6
4186.8
0.0011626
4.185
12.556
0.2
1.8
1 × 108
0.03281
0.3937
0.01
10,000
0.013158
0.4460
1333.2
27.845
0.19337
1.9685
98.064
1 × 10−6
5.067 × 10−6
7.854 × 10−7
0.7854
128
3.532 × 10−5
2.6417 × 10−4
0.03381
0.0010567
0.8036
28,317
0.028317
0.03704
7.481
28.316
2116.3
28.316
62.37
472.0
0.1247
448.8
0.64632
1.6387 × 10−5
0.76456
2.2 × 1012
1.1 × 1012
0.017453
3.888
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (metric)
Horsepower (metric)
Hours (mean solar)
Inches
Inches of mercury at 60°F
Inches of water at 60°F
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Kilocalories
Kilograms
Kilograms force
Kilograms per square centimeter
Kilometers
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatts
Knots (international)
Knots (nautical miles per hour)
Lamberts
Liter-atmospheres
Liter-atmospheres
Liters
Liters
Liters
Lumens
Micromicrons
Microns
Microns
Miles (nautical)
Miles (nautical)
Miles
Miles
Miles per hour
Miles per hour
Milliliters
Millimeters
Millimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Millimicrons
Mils
Mils
Minims (U.S.)
Minutes (angle)
Minutes (mean solar)
Newtons
Ounces (avoirdupois)
Ounces (avoirdupois)
Ounces (U.S. fluid)
Ounces (troy)
Horsepower (metric)
Pounds carbon to CO2 per hour
Pounds water evaporated per hour
at 212°F
Foot-pounds per second
Kilogram-meters per second
Seconds
Meters
Newtons per square meter
Newtons per square meter
B.t.u. (mean)
Calories, gram (mean)
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Foot-pounds
Kilowatt-hours
Liter-atmospheres
Joules
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Newtons
Pounds per square inch
Miles
B.t.u.
Foot-pounds
Horsepower
Meters per second
Miles per hour
Candles per square inch
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Foot-pounds
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
Gallons
Watts
Microns
Angstrom units
Meters
Feet
Miles (U.S. statute)
Feet
Meters
Feet per second
Meters per second
Cubic centimeters
Meters
Newtons per square meter
Microns
Inches
Meters
Cubic centimeters
Radians
Seconds
Kilograms
Kilograms
Ounces (troy)
Cubic meters
Ounces (apothecaries’)
1.0139
0.175
2.64
542.47
75.0
3600
0.0254
3376.9
248.84
9.480 × 10−4
0.2389
0.3485
0.7376
2.7778 × 10−7
0.009869
4186.8
2.2046
9.807
14.223
0.6214
3414
2.6552 × 106
1.3410
0.5144
1.1516
2.054
0.03532
74.74
0.03532
0.001
0.26418
0.001496
−6
1 × 10
1 × 104
1 × 10−6
6080
1.1516
5280
1609.3
1.4667
0.4470
1
0.001
133.32
0.001
0.001
2.54 × 10−5
0.06161
2.909 × 10−4
60
0.10197
0.02835
0.9115
2.957 × 10−5
1.000
1-15
1-16
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded)
To convert from
Pints (U.S. liquid)
Poundals
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Pounds per square inch
Pounds per square inch
Pounds force
Pounds force per square foot
Pounds water evaporated from
and at 212°F.
Pound-centigrade units (p.c.u.)
Quarts (U.S. liquid)
Radians
Revolutions per minute
Seconds (angle)
Slugs
Slugs
Slugs
To
Cubic meters
Newtons
Grains
Kilograms
Pounds (troy)
Grams per cubic centimeter
Kilograms per cubic meter
Atmospheres
Kilograms per square meter
Atmospheres
Kilograms per square centimeter
Newtons per square meter
Newtons
Newtons per square meter
Horsepower-hours
B.t.u.
Cubic meters
Degrees
Radians per second
Radians
Gee pounds
Kilograms
Pounds
Multiply by
4.732 × 10−4
0.13826
7000
0.45359
1.2153
0.016018
16.018
4.725 × 10−4
4.882
0.06805
0.07031
6894.8
4.4482
47.88
0.379
1.8
9.464 × 10−4
57.30
0.10472
4.848 × 10−6
1
14.594
32.17
To convert from
Square centimeters
Square feet
Square feet per hour
Square inches
Square inches
Square yards
Stokes
Tons (long)
Tons (long)
Tons (metric)
Tons (metric)
Tons (metric)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons (refrigeration)
Tons (British shipping)
Tons (U.S. shipping)
Torr (mm. mercury, 0°C.)
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watt-hours
Yards
To
Square feet
Square meters
Square meters per second
Square centimeters
Square meters
Square meters
Square meters per second
Kilograms
Pounds
Kilograms
Pounds
Tons (short)
Kilograms
Pounds
B.t.u. per hour
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Newtons per square meter
B.t.u. per hour
Joules per second
Kilogram-meters per second
Joules
Meters
Multiply by
0.0010764
0.0929
2.581 × 10−5
6.452
6.452 × 10−4
0.8361
1 × 10−4
1016
2240
1000
2204.6
1.1023
907.18
2000
12,000
42.00
40.00
133.32
3.413
1
0.10197
3600
0.9144
TABLE 1-7
Mass (M)
Length (L)
Common Units and Conversion Factors*
1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams
= 0.45359 kilograms
= 7000 grains
1 slug
= 32.174 pounds mass
1 ton (short) = 2000 pounds mass
1 ton (long) = 2240 pounds mass
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kilograms
= 2204.62 pounds mass
1 pound mole = 453.59 gram moles
= 30.480 centimeters
= 0.3048 meters
1 inch
= 2.54 centimeters
= 0.0254 meters
1 mile (U.S.) = 1.60935 kilometers
1 yard
= 0.9144 meters
1 foot
Area (L2)
Volume (L3)
1 square foot = 929.0304 square centimeters
= 0.09290304 square meters
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters
1 square yard = 0.836127 square meters
1 cubic foot
1 gallon
Time (θ)
= 28,316.85 cubic centimeters
= 0.02831685 cubic meters
= 28.31685 liters
= 7.481 gallons (U.S.)
= 3.7853 liters
= 231 cubic inches
1 hour
= 60 minutes
= 3600 seconds
Temperature (T)
1 centigrade or Celsius degree
= 1.8 Fahrenheit degree
Temperature, Kelvin
= T°C + 273.15
Temperature, Rankine
= T°F + 459.7
Temperature, Fahrenheit
= 9/5 T°C + 32
Temperature, centigrade or Celsius = 5/9 (T°F − 32)
Temperature, Rankine
= 1.8 T K
Force (F)
1 pound force = 444,822.2 dynes
= 4.448222 Newtons
= 32.174 poundals
2
Pressure (F/L )
Normal atmospheric pressure
1 atm = 760 millimeters of mercury at 0°C
(density 13.5951 g/cm3)
= 29.921 inches of mercury at 32°F
= 14.696 pounds force/square inch
= 33.899 feet of water at 39.1°F
= 1.01325 × 106 dynes/square centimeter
= 1.01325 × 105 Newtons/square meter
Density (M/L3)
1 pound mass/cubic foot = 0.01601846 grams/cubic centimeter
= 16.01846 kilogram/cubic meter
Energy (H or FL)
1 British thermal unit = 251.98 calories
= 1054.4 joules
= 777.97 foot-pounds force
= 10.409 liter-atmospheres
= 0.2930 watt-hour
Diffusivity (L2/θ)
1 square foot/hour = 0.258 cm2/s
= 2.58 × 10−5 m2/s
Viscosity (M/Lθ)
1 pound mass/foot hour = 0.00413 g/cm s
0.000413 kg/m s
1 centipoise
= 0.01 poise
= 0.01 g/cm s
= 0.001 kg/m s
= 0.000672 lbm/ft s
= 0.0000209 lbfs/ft2
2
Thermal conductivity [H/θL (T/L)]
2
1 Btu/hr ft (°F/ft) = 0.00413 cal/s cm2 (°C/cm)
= 1.728 J/s m2 (°C/m)
Heat transfer coefficient
1 Btu/hr ft2 °F = 5.678 J/s m2 °C
Heat capacity (H/MT)
1 Btu/lbm °F = 1 cal/g °C
= 4184 J/kg °C
Gas constant
1.987 Btu/lbm mole °R = 1.987 cal/mol K
= 82.057 atm cm3/mol K
= 0.7302 atm ft3/lb mole °F
= 10.73 (lbf /in.2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
= 1545 (lbf /ft2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
= 8.314 (N/m2) (m3)/mol K
Gravitational acceleration
g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2
NOTE:
U.S. customary units, or British units, on left and SI units on right.
*Adapted from Faust et al., Principles of Unit Operations, John Wiley and Sons, 1980.
TABLE 1-8
Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas
Viscosity scale
Saybolt Universal
Saybolt Furol
Redwood No. 1
Redwood Admiralty
Engler
Range of
t, sec
32 < t < 100
t > 100
25 < t < 40
t > 40
34 < t < 100
t > 100
Kinematic viscosity,
stokes
0.00226t − 1.95/t
0.00220t − 1.35/t
0.0224t − 1.84/t
0.0216t − 0.60/t
0.00260t − 1.79/t
0.00247t − 0.50/t
0.027t − 20/t
0.00147t − 3.74/t
TABLE 1-9
Temp.
scale
Values of the Gas-Law Constant
Press.
units
Vol.
units
Kelvin
atm.
atm.
mm. Hg
bar
kg/cm2
atm
mm Hg
cm3
liters
liters
liters
liters
ft3
ft3
atm
in Hg
mm Hg
lb/in2abs
lb/ft2abs
ft3
ft3
ft3
ft3
ft3
Rankine
Wt.
units
Energy
units*
R
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
calories
joules (abs)
joules (int)
atm cm3
atm liters
mm Hg-liters
bar-liters
kg/(cm2)(liters)
atm-ft3
mm Hg-ft3
chu or pcu
Btu
hp-hr
kw-hr
atm-ft3
in Hg-ft3
mm Hg-ft3
(lb)(ft3)/in2
ft-lb
1.9872
8.3144
8.3130
82.057
0.08205
62.361
0.08314
0.08478
1.314
998.9
1.9872
1.9872
0.0007805
0.0005819
0.7302
21.85
555.0
10.73
1545.0
*Energy units are the product of pressure units and volume units.
1-17
TABLE 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights
and Measures
Linear Measure
12 inches (in) or (″) = 1 foot (ft) or (′)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd)
16.5 feet
= 1 rod (rd)
5.5 yards
5280 feet
= 1 mile (mi)
320 rods
1 mil = 0.001 inch
Nautical:
Square Measure
144 sq. inches (sq. in) or (in ) or (ⵧ″) = 1 sq. foot (ft2) or (ⵧ′)
9 sq. feet (ft2) (ⵧ′) = 1 sq. yard (yd2)
30.25 sq. yards = 1 sq. rod, pole, or perch
10 sq. chains
160 sq. rods =
= 1 acre
43,560 sq. ft
640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 1 section
1 circular inch (area of
circle of 1 inch diameter) = 0.7854 sq. inch
1 sq. inch = 1.2732 circular inch
1 circular mil = area of circle of 0.001
inch diameter
1,000,000 circular mils = 1 circular inch
2
Circular Measure
60 seconds (″) (sec) = 1 minute (min) or (′)
60 minutes (′) = 1 degree (°)
90 degrees (°) = 1 quadrant
360 degrees (°) = 1 circumference
= 1 radian (rad.)
57.29578 degrees
= 57° 17′ 44.81″
Volume Measure
Solid:
1728 cubic in (cu. in) (in3) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft)(ft3)
27 cu. ft = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd)
Dry Measure:
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
1 United States
Winchester bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches
Liquid:
4 gills = 1 pint (pt)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal)
7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot
Apothecaries’ Liquid:
60 minims (min. or ) = 1 fluid dram or drachm
8 drams ( ) = 1 fluid ounce
16 ounces (oz. ) = 1 pint
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams = 437.5 grains = 1 ounce (oz)
16 ounces = 7000 grains = 1 pound (lb)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt)
2000 pounds = 1 short ton: 2240 pounds = 1 long ton
Troy Weight
24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz)
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
Apothecaries’ Weight
20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple ( )
3 scruples = 1 dram ( )
8 drams = 1 ounce ( )
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
1-18
Temperature Conversion Formulas
°F = (°C × 5/9) + 32
°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
°R = °F + 459.69
°K = °C + 273.15
°K = °R × 5/9
Temperature difference, T
°F = °C × 9/5
NOTE: An extensive table of temperature conversions may be found in the
sixth edition of the Handbook (Table 1-12).
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
60 nautical miles = 1° of latitude
TABLE 1-11
TABLE 1-12
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Greek Alphabet
= Α, α = A, a
= Β, β = B, b
= Γ, γ = G, g
= ∆, δ = D, d
= Ε, ε = E, e
= Ζ, ζ = Z, z
= Η, η = E, e
= Θ, θ = Th, th
= Ι, = I, i
= Κ, κ = K, k
= Λ, λ = L, l
= Μ, µ = M, m
Nu
Xi
Omicron
Pi
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
= Ν, ν = N, n
= Ξ, ξ = X, x
= Ο, ο = O, o
= Π, π = P, p
= Ρ, ρ = R, r
= Σ, σ = S, s
= Τ, τ = T, t
= , υ = U, u
= Φ, φ = Ph, ph
= Χ, χ = Ch, ch
= Ψ, ψ = Ps, ps
= Ω, ω = O, o
TABLE 1-13
Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot*
145
140
sp gr 60°/60°F − 1
141.5
°Bé = 145 − (heavier than H2O); °Bé = − 130 (lighter than H2O); °Tw = °API = − 131.5
sp gr
sp gr
0.005
sp gr
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
104.33
102.38
100.47
98.58
96.73
4.9929
5.0346
5.0763
5.1180
5.1597
37.350
37.662
37.973
38.285
38.597
0.700
.705
.710
.715
.720
70.00
68.58
67.18
65.80
64.44
94.00
92.22
90.47
88.75
87.05
94.90
93.10
91.33
89.59
87.88
5.2014
5.2431
5.2848
5.3265
5.3682
39.910
39.222
39.534
39.845
40.157
.725
.730
.735
.740
.745
.650
.655
.660
.665
.670
85.38
83.74
82.12
80.53
78.96
86.19
84.53
82.89
81.28
79.69
5.4098
5.4515
5.4932
5.5349
5.5766
40.468
40.780
41.092
41.404
41.716
.675
.680
.685
.690
.695
77.41
75.88
74.38
72.90
71.44
78.13
76.59
75.07
73.57
72.10
5.6183
5.6600
5.7017
5.7434
5.7851
42.028
42.340
42.652
42.963
43.275
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
°API
0.600
.605
.610
.615
.620
103.33
101.40
99.51
97.64
95.81
.625
.630
.635
.640
.645
°API
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
°API
70.64
69.21
67.80
66.40
65.03
5.8268
5.8685
5.9101
5.9518
5.9935
43.587
43.899
44.211
44.523
44.834
0.800
.805
.810
.815
.820
45.00
43.91
42.84
41.78
40.73
45.38
44.28
43.19
42.12
41.06
63.10
61.78
60.48
59.19
57.92
63.67
62.34
61.02
59.72
58.43
6.0352
6.0769
6.1186
6.1603
6.2020
45.146
45.458
45.770
46.082
46.394
.825
.830
.835
.840
.845
39.70
38.67
37.66
36.67
35.68
.750
.755
.760
.765
.770
56.67
55.43
54.21
53.01
51.82
57.17
55.92
54.68
53.47
52.27
6.2437
6.2854
6.3271
6.3688
6.4104
46.706
47.018
47.330
47.642
47.953
.850
.855
.860
.865
.870
.775
.780
.785
.790
.795
50.65
49.49
48.34
47.22
46.10
51.08
49.91
48.75
47.61
46.49
6.4521
6.4938
6.5355
6.5772
6.6189
47.265
48.577
48.889
49.201
49.513
.875
.880
.885
.890
.895
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
°API
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
6.6606
6.7023
6.7440
6.7857
6.8274
49.825
50.137
50.448
50.760
51.072
0.900
.905
.910
.915
.920
25.56
24.70
23.85
23.01
22.17
25.72
24.85
23.99
23.14
22.30
7.4944
7.5361
7.5777
7.6194
7.6612
56.062
56.374
56.685
56.997
57.310
40.02
38.98
37.96
36.95
35.96
6.8691
6.9108
6.9525
6.9941
7.0358
51.384
51.696
52.008
52.320
52.632
.925
.930
.935
.940
.945
21.35
20.54
19.73
18.94
18.15
21.47
20.65
19.84
19.03
18.24
7.7029
7.7446
7.7863
7.8280
7.8697
57.622
57.934
58.246
58.557
58.869
34.71
33.74
32.79
31.85
30.92
34.97
34.00
33.03
32.08
31.14
7.0775
7.1192
7.1609
7.2026
7.2443
52.943
53.255
53.567
53.879
54.191
.950
.955
.960
.965
.970
17.37
16.60
15.83
15.08
14.33
17.45
16.67
15.90
15.13
14.38
7.9114
7.9531
7.9947
8.0364
8.0780
59.181
59.493
59.805
60.117
60.428
30.00
29.09
28.19
27.30
26.42
30.21
29.30
28.39
27.49
26.60
7.2860
7.3277
7.3694
7.4111
7.4528
54.503
54.815
55.127
55.438
55.750
.975
.980
.985
.990
.995
1.000
13.59
12.86
12.13
11.41
10.70
10.00
13.63
12.89
12.15
11.43
10.71
10.00
8.1197
8.1615
8.2032
8.2449
8.2866
8.3283
60.740
61.052
61.364
61.676
61.988
62.300
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F.
wt. in
air
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
0.72
1.44
2.14
2.84
3.54
1
2
3
4
5
8.3700
8.4117
8.4534
8.4950
8.5367
62.612
62.924
63.236
63.547
63.859
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
29.46
29.92
30.38
30.83
31.27
51
52
53
54
55
10.4546
10.4963
10.5380
10.5797
10.6214
78.206
78.518
78.830
79.141
79.453
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
48.65
48.97
49.29
49.61
49.92
101
102
103
104
105
12.5392
12.5809
12.6226
12.6643
12.7060
93.800
94.112
94.424
94.735
95.047
1.755
1.760
1.765
1.770
1.775
62.38
62.61
62.85
63.08
63.31
151
152
153
154
155
14.6238
14.6655
14.7072
14.7489
14.7906
109.394
109.705
110.017
110.329
110.641
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
4.22
4.90
5.58
6.24
6.91
6
7
8
9
10
8.5784
8.6201
8.6618
8.7035
8.7452
64.171
64.483
64.795
65.107
65.419
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
31.72
32.16
32.60
33.03
33.46
56
57
58
59
60
10.6630
10.7047
10.7464
10.7881
10.8298
79.765
80.077
80.389
80.701
81.013
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545
1.550
50.23
50.54
50.84
51.15
51.45
106
107
108
109
110
12.7477
12.7894
12.8310
12.8727
12.9144
95.359
95.671
95.983
96.295
96.606
1.780
1.785
1.790
1.795
1.800
63.54
63.77
63.99
64.22
64.44
156
157
158
159
160
14.8323
14.8740
14.9157
14.9574
14.9990
110.953
111.265
111.577
111.889
112.200
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
7.56
8.21
8.85
9.49
10.12
11
12
13
14
15
8.7869
8.8286
8.8703
8.9120
8.9537
65.731
66.042
66.354
66.666
66.978
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
33.89
34.31
34.73
35.15
35.57
61
62
63
64
65
10.8715
10.9132
10.9549
10.9966
11.0383
81.325
81.636
81.948
82.260
82.572
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570
1.575
51.75
52.05
52.35
52.64
52.94
111
112
113
114
115
12.9561
12.9978
13.0395
13.0812
13.1229
96.918
97.230
97.542
97.854
98.166
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820
1.825
64.67
64.89
65.11
65.33
65.55
161
162
163
164
165
15.0407
15.0824
15.1241
15.1658
15.2075
112.512
112.824
113.136
113.448
113.760
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
10.74
11.36
11.97
12.58
13.18
16
17
18
19
20
8.9954
9.0371
9.0787
9.1204
9.1621
67.290
67.602
67.914
68.226
68.537
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
35.98
36.39
36.79
37.19
37.59
66
67
68
69
70
11.0800
11.1217
11.1634
11.2051
11.2467
82.884
83.196
83.508
83.820
84.131
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595
1.600
53.23
53.52
53.81
54.09
54.38
116
117
118
119
120
13.1646
13.2063
13.2480
13.2897
13.3313
98.478
98.790
99.102
99.414
99.725
1.830
1.835
1.840
1.845
1.850
65.77
65.98
66.20
66.41
66.62
166
167
168
169
170
15.2492
15.2909
15.3326
15.3743
15.4160
114.072
114.384
114.696
115.007
115.318
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
13.78
14.37
14.96
15.54
16.11
21
22
23
24
25
9.2038
9.2455
9.2872
9.3289
9.3706
68.849
69.161
69.473
69.785
70.097
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
37.99
38.38
38.77
39.16
39.55
71
72
73
74
75
11.2884
11.3301
11.3718
11.4135
11.4552
84.443
84.755
85.067
85.379
85.691
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620
1.625
54.66
54.94
55.22
55.49
55.77
121
122
123
124
125
13.3730
13.4147
13.4564
13.4981
13.5398
100.037
100.349
100.661
100.973
101.285
1.855
1.860
1.865
1.870
1.875
66.83
67.04
67.25
67.46
67.67
171
172
173
174
175
15.4577
15.4993
15.5410
15.5827
15.6244
115.630
115.943
116.255
116.567
116.879
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
16.68
17.25
17.81
18.36
18.91
26
27
28
29
30
9.4123
9.4540
9.4957
9.5374
9.5790
70.409
70.721
71.032
71.344
71.656
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
39.93
40.31
40.68
41.06
41.43
76
77
78
79
80
11.4969
11.5386
11.5803
11.6220
11.6637
86.003
86.315
86.626
86.938
87.250
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645
1.650
56.04
56.32
56.59
56.85
57.12
126
127
128
129
130
13.5815
13.6232
13.6649
13.7066
13.7483
101.597
101.909
102.220
102.532
102.844
1.880
1.885
1.890
1.895
1.900
67.87
68.08
68.28
68.48
68.68
176
177
178
179
180
15.6661
15.7078
15.7495
15.7912
15.8329
117.191
117.503
117.814
118.126
118.438
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
19.46
20.00
20.54
21.07
21.60
31
32
33
34
35
9.6207
9.6624
9.7041
9.7458
9.7875
71.968
72.280
72.592
72.904
73.216
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
41.80
42.16
42.53
42.89
43.25
81
82
83
84
85
11.7054
11.7471
11.7888
11.8304
11.8721
87.562
87.874
88.186
88.498
88.810
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670
1.675
57.39
57.65
57.91
58.17
58.43
131
132
133
134
135
13.7900
13.8317
13.8734
13.9150
13.9567
103.156
103.468
103.780
104.092
104.404
1.905
1.910
1.915
1.920
1.925
68.88
69.08
69.28
69.48
69.68
181
182
183
184
185
15.8746
15.9163
15.9580
15.9996
16.0413
118.740
119.062
119.374
119.686
119.998
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
22.12
22.64
23.15
23.66
24.17
36
37
38
39
40
9.8292
9.8709
9.9126
9.9543
9.9960
73.528
73.840
74.151
74.463
74.775
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
43.60
43.95
44.31
44.65
45.00
86
87
88
89
90
11.9138
11.9555
11.9972
12.0389
12.0806
89.121
89.433
89.745
90.057
90.369
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695
1.700
58.69
58.95
59.20
59.45
59.71
136
137
138
139
140
13.9984
14.0401
14.0818
14.1235
14.1652
104.715
105.027
105.339
105.651
105.963
1.930
1.935
1.940
1.945
1.950
69.87
70.06
70.26
70.45
70.64
186
187
188
189
190
16.0830
16.1247
16.1664
16.2081
16.2498
120.309
120.621
120.933
121.245
121.557
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
24.67
25.17
25.66
26.15
26.63
41
42
43
44
45
10.0377
10.0793
10.1210
10.1627
10.2044
75.087
75.399
75.711
76.022
76.334
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
45.34
45.68
46.02
46.36
46.69
91
92
93
94
95
12.1223
12.1640
12.2057
12.2473
12.2890
90.681
90.993
91.305
91.616
91.928
1.705
1.710
1.715
1.720
1.725
59.96
60.20
60.45
60.70
60.94
141
142
143
144
145
14.2069
14.2486
14.2903
14.3320
14.3737
106.275
106.587
106.899
107.210
107.522
1.955
1.960
1.965
1.970
1.975
70.83
71.02
71.21
71.40
71.58
191
192
193
194
195
16.2915
16.3332
16.3749
16.4166
16.4583
121.869
122.181
122.493
122.804
123.116
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
27.11
27.59
28.06
28.53
29.00
46
47
48
49
50
10.2461
10.2878
10.3295
10.3712
10.4129
76.646
76.958
77.270
77.582
77.894
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
47.03
47.36
47.68
48.01
48.33
96
97
98
99
100
12.3307
12.3724
12.4141
12.4558
12.4975
92.240
92.552
92.864
93.176
93.488
1.730
1.735
1.740
1.745
1.750
61.18
61.34
61.67
61.91
62.14
146
147
148
149
150
14.4153
14.4570
14.4987
14.5404
14.5821
107.834
108.146
108.458
108.770
109.082
1.980
1.985
1.990
1.995
2.000
71.77
71.95
72.14
72.32
72.50
196
197
198
199
200
16.5000
16.5417
16.5833
16.6250
16.6667
123.428
123.740
124.052
124.364
124.676
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F.
wt. in
air
*Prepared by Lewis V. Judson, Ph.D., Chief of Length Section of National Bureau of Standards with the advice and assistance of E. L. Peffer, B.S., A.M., late Chief of Capacity and Density
Section, National Bureau of Standards.
1-19
TABLE 1-14
Fundamental Physical Constants
1 sec = 1.00273791 sidereal seconds
g0 = 9.80665 m/sec2
1 liter = 0.001 cu. m
1 atm = 101,325 newtons/sq m
1 mm Hg (pressure) = (1⁄ 760) atm
= 133.3224 newtons/sq m
1 int ohm = 1.000495 0.000015 abs ohm
1 int amp = 0.999835 0.000025 abs amp
1 int coul = 0.999835 0.000025 abs coul
1 int volt = 1.000330 0.000029 abs volt
1 int watt = 1.000165 0.000052 abs watt
1 int joule = 1.000165 0.000052 abs joule
T0°C = 273.150 0.010°K
(PV)0°CP=0 = (RT)0°C = 2271.16 0.04 abs joule/mole
= 22,414.6 0.4 cu. cm atm/mole
= 22.4146 0.0004 liter atm/mole
R = 8.31439 0.00034 abs joule/deg mole
= 1.98719 0.00013 cal/deg mole
= 82.0567 0.0034 cu. cm atm/deg mole
= 0.0820567 0.0000034 liter atm/deg mole
ln 10 = 2.302585
R ln 10 = 19.14460 0.00078 abs joule/deg mole
= 4.57567 0.00030 cal/deg mole
N = (6.02283 0.0022) × 1023/mole
h = (6.6242 0.0044) × 10−34 joule sec
c = (2.99776 0.00008) × 108 m/sec
(h2/8π2k) = (4.0258 0.0037) × 10−39 g sq cm deg
(h/8π2c) = (2.7986 0.0018) × 10−39 g cm
Z = Nhc = 11.9600 0.0036 abs joule cm/mole
= 2.85851 0.0009 cal cm/mole
(Z/R) = (hc/k) = c2 = 1.43847 0.00045 cm deg
Ᏺ = 96,501.2 10.0 int coul/g-equiv or int joule/int volt g-equiv
= 96,485.3 10.0 abs coul/g-equiv or abs joule/abs volt g-equiv
= 23,068.1 2.4 cal/int volt g-equiv
= 23,060.5 2.4 cal/abs volt g-equiv
e = (1.60199 0.00060) × 10−19 abs coul
= (1.60199 0.00060) × 10−20 abs emu
= (4.80239 0.00180) × 10−10 abs esu
1 int electron-volt/molecule = 96,501.2 10 int joule/mole
= 23,068.1 2.4 cal/mole
1 abs electron-volt/molecule = 96,485.3 10. abs joule/mole
= 23,060.5 2.4 cal/mole
1 int electron-volt = (1.60252 0.00060) × 10−12 erg
1 abs electron-volt = (1.60199 0.00060) × 10−12 erg
hc = (1.23916 0.00032) × 10−4 int electron-volt cm
= (1.23957 0.00032) × 10−4 abs electron-volt cm
k = (8.61442 0.00100) × 10−5 int electron-volt/deg
= (8.61727 0.00100) × 10−5 abs electron-volt/deg
= (R/N) = (1.38048 0.00050) × 10−23 joule/deg
1 IT cal = (1⁄ 860) = 0.00116279 int watt-hr
= 4.18605 int joule
= 4.18674 abs joule
= 1.000654 cal
1 cal = 4.1840 abs joule
= 4.1833 int joule
= 41.2929 0.0020 cu. cm atm
= 0.0412929 0.0000020 liter atm
1 IT cal/g = 1.8 Btu/lb
1 Btu = 251.996 IT cal
= 0.293018 int watt-hr
= 1054.866 int joule
= 1055.040 abs joule
= 252.161 cal
1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb (wt)/sec
= 745.578 int watt
= 745.70 abs watt
1 in = (1/0.3937) = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 0.304800610 m
1 lb = 453.5924277 g
1 gal = 231 cu. in
= 0.133680555 cu. ft
= 3.785412 × 10−3 cu. m
= 3.785412 liter
1-20
sec = mean solar second
Definition: g0 = standard gravity
Definition: atm = standard atmosphere
mm Hg (pressure) = standard millimeter mercury
int = international; abs = absolute
amp = ampere
coul = coulomb
Absolute temperature of the ice point, 0°C
PV product for ideal gas at 0°C
R = gas constant per mole
ln = natural logarithm (base e)
N = Avogadro number
h = Planck constant
c = velocity of light
Constant in rotational partition function of gases
Constant relating wave number and moment of inertia
Z = constant relating wave number and energy per mole
c2 = second radiation constant
Ᏺ = Faraday constant
e = electronic charge
Constant relating wave number and energy per molecule
k = Boltzmann constant
Definition of IT cal: IT = International steam tables
cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition: cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition of Btu: Btu = IT British Thermal Unit
cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition of horsepower (mechanical): lb (wt) = weight of 1 lb
at standard gravity
Definition of in: in = U.S. inch
ft = U.S. foot (1 ft = 12 in)
Definition; lb = avoirdupois pound
Definition; gal = U.S. gallon
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS
American engineers are probably more familiar with the magnitude of physical
entities in U.S. customary units than in SI units. Consequently, errors made in
the conversion from one set of units to the other may go undetected. The following six examples will show how to convert the elements in six dimensionless
groups. Proper conversions will result in the same numerical value for the
dimensionless number. The dimensionless numbers used as examples are the
Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Schmidt, and Archimedes numbers.
Table 1-7 provides a number of useful conversion factors. To make a conversion of an element in U.S. customary units to SI units, one multiplies the value
of the U.S. customary unit, found on the left side in the table, by the equivalent
value on the right side. For example, to convert 10 British thermal units to
joules, one multiplies 10 by 1054.4 to obtain 10544 joules.
In each example, the initial values of the factors are expressed in U.S. customary units, and the dimensionless value is calculated. Then the factors are
converted to SI units, and the dimensionless value is recalculated. The two
dimensionless values will be approximately the same. (Small variations occur
due to the number of significant figures carried in the solution.)
Example 1. Calculation of a Reynolds Number
DVρ
NRe = µ
U.S. customary units
D = 3 in. = 3⁄12 ft
V = 6 ft/s
ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3
µ = 0.015 cp = (0.015)(0.000672) lbm/ft⋅s
(3/12)(6)(0.08)
NRe = = 11,904
(0.015)(0.000672)
SI units
D = (3)(0.0254) m
V = (6)(0.3048) m/s
ρ = (0.08)(16.018) kg/m3
µ = (0.015)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
(Difference due to rounding)
Example 4. Calculation of a Grashof Number
NGr = L3ρ2gβ(∆T)/µ2
U.S. Customary units
L = 3 ft
ρ = 0.0725 lbm/ft3
g = 32.174 ft/s2
β = 0.00168/°R
∆T = 99 °R
µ = 0.019 centipoise = 0.019 × 0.000672 lbm/ft⋅s
= 1.277 × 10−5 lbm/ft⋅s
(33) (0.0725)2(32.174) (0.00168) (99)
= 4.66 × 109
NGr = (1.277 × 10−5)2
SI units
L = (3)(0.3048) = 0.9144 m
ρ = (0.0725)(16.018) = 1.1613 kg/m3
g = 9.807 m/s2
β = (0.00168)/(1.8) = 0.000933/°K
∆T = (99)(1.8) = 178.2 °K
µ = (0.019)(0.001) = 1.9 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s
(0.9144)3(1.1613)2(9.807)(0.000933)(178.2)
= 4.66 × 109
NGr = (1.9 × 10−5)2
Example 5. Calculation of a Schmidt Number
µ
NSc = ρD
(3 × 0.0254) (6 × 0.3048) (0.08 × 16.018)
NRe = = 11,904
(0.015) (0.001)
Example 2. Calculation of a Prandtl Number
Cp µ
NPr = k
U.S. customary units
γp = 0.47 Btu/lbm °F
µ = 15 centipoise = (15) (0.000672) (3600) lbm/ft⋅hr
k = 0.065 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft)
(0.47) (15 × 0.000672 × 3600)
NPr = = 262.4
0.065
SI units
γ = (0.47)(4184) J/kg °C
µ = (15)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
k = (0.065)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m)
(0.47) (4184) (15) (0.001)
NPr = = 262.6
(0.065) (1.728)
(Difference due to rounding)
Example 3. Calculation of a Nusselt Number
hD
NNu = k
U.S. customary units
h = 200 Btu/hr⋅ft2⋅°F
D = 1.5 in. = 1.5/12 ft
k = 0.07 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft)
(200)(1.5/12)
NNu = = 357.1
0.07
SI units
h = (200)(5.678) J/(s⋅m2⋅°C)
D = (1.5)(0.0254) m
k = (0.07)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m)
(200) (5.678) (1.5) (0.0254)
NNu = = 357.7
(0.07) (1.728)
U.S. customary units
µ = 0.02 centipoise = (0.02)(2.42) lbm/ft⋅hr
ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3
D = 1.0 ft2/hr (diffusivity)
(0.02) (2.42)
NSc = = 0.605
(0.08)(1.0)
SI units
µ = (0.02)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
ρ = (0.08)(16.02) kg/m2
D = (1.0)(2.58 × 10−5) m2/s
(0.02) (0.001)
= 0.605
NSc = (0.08)(16.02)(1.0) (2.58 × 10−5)
Example 6. Calculation of an Archimedes Number
d 3ρf(ρp − ρf)g
NAr = µ2
U.S. customary units
d = 2 mm = 2/[(1000)(0.3048)] = 0.00656 ft
ρf = 0.0175 lbm/ft3
ρp = 168.5 lbm/ft3
g = 32.174 ft/s2
µ = 0.04 centipoise = 0.04 × 0.000672 = 2.688−5 lbm/ft⋅s
(0.00656)3 (0.0175) (168.5 − 0.017) (32.174)
= 37,064
NAr = (2.688 × 10−5)2
SI units
d = 2/1000 m
ρp = 168.5 × 16.02 = 2699.37 kg/m3
ρf = 0.0175 × 16.02 = 0.2804 g/m3
g = 9.807 m/s2
µ = 0.04 × 0.001 = 4 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s
(2/1000)3 (0.2804) (2699.37 − 0.28) (9.807)
= 37,118
NAr = (4 × 10−5)2
(Difference due to rounding)
1-21
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