2018 Fundamentals Cultural Awareness Fundamentals of Nursing: 4.1.1 Nurse Angie 2018 African American Description American citizens who have descended from Africa. Religious beliefs vary upon geographic location Communication • English speaking • Agreement cant be measured with a head nod • Non verbal communication is important • It is considered rude to ask personal questions upon first interaction • Long term eye contact may be considered rude Food preferences • • • • • Fried foods Greens Pork Chicken Rice Personal Space & Social Roles • Close personal space is welcome • Family matters take priority over being on time • Large extended family is important • Many households are lead by strong independent women • Social interactions are tied strongly to religious beliefs and are considered a source of strength • Elders are held with high respect End of Life • Issues are discussed with other family members • Family members care for the sick • Emotions are openly displayed • Death is preferred to occur at home Health & Illness Ideas of health and illness are centered around religious beliefs Health Risks • • • • • • • • Pica in pregnancy Sickle cell anemia Heart disease Hypertension Cancer Lactose intolerance Diabetes Obesity Interventions • Assess meaning of behavior both verbal and non verbal • Avoid rigidity and be flexible with scheduling • Encourage family involvement • Understand that praying, use of herbs, and laying of hands are used as alternative modes of healing Fundamentals of Nursing: 4.1.2 Nurse Angie 2018 Began in Switzerland and migrated to the US. They are known to live simplistic lives and are reluctant to adapt to modern technologies. The religious denomination is The Mennonite church. Amish Communication • Speak with German or Pennsylvania Dutch dialect • German language is used for worship and English is used for education Interventions • Educate in simple easy to understand terms • Educate on the consequences of non-immunization • Educate on the effects of inbreeding • Educate on the effects of sexual abuse Description Personal Space & Social Roles • Remains isolated from other communities • Most jobs consist of Farmers, Construction workers, Quilters, Builders, and Homemakers • Family has a patriarchal structure • Women and men have defined roles which are equally important • Men can only hold positions of power and authority • Marriage must remain in the faith • Unmarried women stay under the control if their fathers End of Life Organ donation is allowed with the exception of the heart. This is because the heart is considered the soul of the body Health & Illness • The church must grant permission for hospitalization • The community bears the cost of illness • Health insurance is considered a worldly product and is not used in the Amish community • barriers to care include: transportation, cost, and language Health Risks • Genetic disorders from inbreeding • Non-immunization • Sexual abuse of women Fundamentals of Nursing: 4.1.3 Nurse Angie 2018 Asian American Description Americans whose decent originates with ethnicities such as Chinese American, Filipino American, Korean American, Japanese American, and Vietnamese American Religions • Buddhism • Taoism • Confucianism • Shintoism • Hinduism • Islam • Christianity Communication • There are many languages and dialects spoken across Asia such as: Chinese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean, and English • Eye contact is considered sexual in nature which is inappropriate and disrespectful • Verbal expressions of criticism or disagreement do not usually occur • Head nodding is more about understanding than agreement • Saying no can be disrespectful Personal Space & Social Roles • The past is highly respected • Emphasis is on the present and future • Personal space is appreciated but friends and family are allowed to be close. Members do not touch during conversation. Do not touch the head, the head is considered sacred and considered disrespectful • Education is highly regarded • Men have authority and women are expected to be obedient • Honor and loyalty are highly valued Interventions Respect boundaries Request permission to touch Limit eye contact Do not use hands to gesture Females usually prefer a female provider • Clarify responses and expectations • Be aware of alternative medicines for healing • • • • • End of Life • Buddhist encourage organ donation. This is considered a merciful act. • Some believe in reincarnation of the soul. Health & Illness • To achieve optimum health the body must be in physical and spiritual harmony with nature and have balance of positive and negative forces • Health is considered a gift from the ancestors • Illness is an imbalance of yin and yang • Illness can come from long term sitting or overexertion Food preferences • Raw fish • Rice • Vegetables Health Risks • • • • • Hypertension Heart disease Cancer Lactose intolerence Thalassemia Fundamentals of Nursing: 4.1.4 Nurse Angie 2018 Native American Description indigenous population from all over North America who populate reservations where their cultural and religious beliefs should be preserved. Religon • Sacred myths and ledgends are used for spiritual guidence. • Christianity • Healing practices Personal Space & Social Roles Communication • There are many different dialects among the different tribes. • Silences indicates respect • Tone is usually low and calm • Attentiveness is expected • body language is important • Eye contact is disrespectful Interventions • Assess cultural preferences • Attention is still given in the absence of eye contact • Be attentive • Encourage family involvement • Encourage the client to bring personal affects to the hospital • Educate on infection control and hygiene • Understand the use of alternative medicine for healing. Herbs and shamans are most used. • Family members are usually present An emphasis is put on the present • Personal space is highly regarded • Hands are lightly touched during greetings • Massage is used to promote maternal bonding with newborns • Touching the deceased is not practiced • Family oriented • Elders are leaders • • • • Children are taught to respect elders Community is important Father is the head of the household Mother performs domestic duties Health & Illness • Health is a state of harmony between the person, family, and environment • Illness is beleived to be caused by supernatural forces Health Risks • • • • • • • • Food preferences End of Life • Family meetings may be held to make decisions about end of life care and the type of treatments that should be pursued • Some groups avoid contact with the dying Alcohol abuse Obesity Heart disease Diabetes Tuberculosis Arthritis Lactose intolerence Gallbladder disease • • • • • Corn meal Fish Game Fruits Berries Fundamentals of Nursing: 4.1.5 Nurse Angie 2018 Hispanic & Latin American Description Hispanic/Latin Americans have roots in many countries such as; Cuba, Columbia, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico , Spain, Salvador, and Ecuador Religion Mainly Catholicism but can vary depending on location or subgroup Communication • Main languages used are English and Spanish • Verbally expressive • It is considered respectful to avoid eye contact • Confrontation is disrespectful • Emotions are expressed via gestures or body language Interventions • Allow patient to discuss treatments with family • Maintain privacy • Offer clergy • Ask permission to touch children, touching when speaking is important to prevent “ evil eye” • Be flexible with scheduling • Use of herbs and alternative medicine is common Personal Space & Social Roles • Focus is on present time • Relationships and family events take priority over appointments • Personal space isn’t an issue most enjoy closeness and are tactile • The physical presence of others is valued • Modesty and politeness are important Health & Illness • Good health is considered a gift from God • Health is a balance of physical and emotional well being • Illness is punishment from God • Folk medicine is used to maintain health or used as a curative. Health Risks End of Life • Family generally makes decisions and may request to withhold the diagnosis from the client • Extended-family members are often involved in end of life care (pregnant • women may be prohibited from caring for dying clients or attending their funeral) • Dying at home may be considered bad luck • • • • • • Hypertension Heart disease Diabetes Obesity Parasites Lactose intolerence Foods • Spicy foods • Rice, Beans • Fried foods Fundamentals of Nursing: 4.1.6 Nurse Angie 2018 White American Description Includes citizens of the united states that may have origins in many different countries. Religions Christianity of many denominations, but will very based on ethnicity, location, and culture. Communication Personal Space & Social Roles • Languages depending on cultural origin and can include; can include Russian, Polish, French, Italian, and English • Silence indicative of respect or disrespect depending on the dialog • Eye contact is encouraged and is considered a sign of respect • Timeliness is valued • At times closeness is avoided • Firm handshakes are a sign of trustworthiness • The basic family unit is considered nuclear • The male is usually the head of the house hold • There is a notion that individuals are to live independently and support themselves shortly after leading high school or college Interventions End of Life • Asses verbal and nonverbal communication • Respect personal space • Encourage family involvement • Death can occur in the hospital, nursing home, or home environment • Burial, cremation, and organ donation are acceptable Health & Illness • Health is considered the absence of illness • Western medicine & allopathy is commonly used. Alternative medicines are viewed with skepticism. Health Risks • • • • • Hypertension Diabetes Cancer Heart disease Obesity Food preferences • • • • • Carbohydrates Meat Fatty foods Sweets Fried foods Fundamentals of Nursing: 4.1.7 Nurse Angie 2018 Description The broad geographical native Jewish American Communication • Languages include Hebrew and English • Hebrew is read from right to left • Humor is used to communicate, but jokes are considered inappropriate when used to reinforce mainstream stereotypes, such as jews being cheap or pampered Personal Space & Social Roles Fathers name the male babies 8 days post birth Artificial methods of birth control are not encouraged Vasectomy is not allowed Abortion is permitted only to save the mother's life 7 day mourning period “ Shiva’ The beard is considered a mark of piety End of Life • Required to visit the patient as a religious duty. They believe someone should be with the patient when the soul leaves the body. Must be buried in 24 hrs • Go onto afterlife to flourish • Dying person is considered living person • Active and passive euthanasia is forbidden • Body is wrapped and placed on the flood with feet to the food • Autopsy not permitted b/c desecration of the body • Imbalming is prohibited • Cremation is prohibited • Funerals/burials 24-48 hours after death • Casket made of wood with no ornamentation region of the majority of Jewish Americans is eastern Europe Displaying a unique cultural heritage, a consciousness of community, and a group identity Regardless of their attachment to the Jewish religion. Health & Illness Chicken soup is like Penicillin Health Risks • Tay-sachs • Gaucher's • Canavan's disease • Riemann-Pack • Bloom Syndrome Food preferences • Allowed to consume plant eating animals and must be slaughtered according to jewish law • Scaled fish • No combination of meat and milk • 24 hour fasting during Yom Kippur
