PCZO100 — FOUNDATIONS OF ZOOLOGY (LECTURE)
MODULE 1 — An Introduction to Zoology
LESSON 1 — BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
II.
Developmental Zoology
A. Embryology – the study of the development of embryos
B. Ontogeny – the study of an individual (from birth to
death)
C. Genetics – the study of the transmission of characters
from one generation to the next
III.
Functional Zoology
A. Animal Physiology – the study of the working mechanism
of the different parts of the body
B. Animal Behavior/Ethology – the study of animal
behaviors
IV.
Systematic Zoology/Taxonomy – the study of identification,
classification, and nomenclature of living organisms
A. Protozoology – the study of protozoa
B. Entomology – the study of insects
C. Malacology – the study of mollusks
D. Conchology – the study of molluscan shells
E. Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians
F. Ornithology – the study of birds
G. Ichthyology – the study of fishes
H. Helminthology – the study of worms (specifically,
parasitic worms)
V.
Medical Zoology
A. Parasitology – the study of parasites
B. Pathology – the study of disease
VI.
Distributional Zoology
A. Zoogeography – the study of the geographical distribution
of animals
B. Ecology – the study of the interrelationship between
living organisms and non-living things (from the Greek
word oikos, meaning “house” (environment))
VII.
Historical Zoology
A. Paleontology – the study of fossils
B. Phylogeny – the study of the origin and diversification of
organisms
C. Evolution/Evolutionary Biology – the study of the
evolutionary process of organisms
VIII.
Specialized Fields of Zoology
A. Molecular Zoology – the study of animal life at the
molecular level
INTRODUCTION
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Zoology – the branch of biology concerned with the study of
animals; also known as animal biology
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The study of zoology includes the interaction of the animal
kingdom in their ecosystems such as classification, habits,
structure, embryology, distribution, evolution, and extinction
Animals – organisms that belong to the animal kingdom (Kingdom
Animalia); they are multicellular, eukaryotic, lack cell walls, and are
heterotrophs
Why is zoology so broad of a science?
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There are 1.5 million+ animals (estimates as high as 3 million
undescribed/undefined animals)
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Animals are classified into 35 current phyla
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Phylum Arthropoda: 1.2 million+ named species
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Order Mammalia (mammals): 5,000+ named species
BRANCHES AND DISCIPLINES OF ZOOLOGY
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Science – derived from the Latin word scientia, meaning
“knowledge”
Branches of science:
Biology – derived from two (2) Greek words: bios, meaning “life” and
logos, meaning “study”
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The term was first proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and
Gottfried Treviranus
Aristotle – Father of Biology; Father of Zoology; Father of
Embryology
Branches of biology:
Branches of zoology:
I.
Structural Zoology
A. Morphology – the study of external structures of living
organisms
B. Anatomy – the study of structures of internal organs
C. Histology – the study of tissues (from the Greek word
histos, meaning “tissue”)
D. Cytology – the study of structures and functions of cells
Other zoological disciplines:
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Andrology – the study of the male reproductive system
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Angiology – the study of blood vessels and lymph vessels
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Anthology – the study of flowers
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Arthrology – the study of joints
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Bacteriology – the study of bacteria
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Cardiology – the study of the functions and diseases of the heart
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Chondrology – the study of cartilage
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Craniology – the study of the skull
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Cryobiology – the study of the effects of low temperatures on living
organisms
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Dermatology – the study of the skin (integumentary system)
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Endocrinology – the study of the structure and function of the
endocrine system
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Enzymology – the study of enzymes
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Gerontology – the study of aging
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Gynecology – the study of the female reproductive system
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Hematology – the study of the blood
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Hepatology – the study of the liver
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Hypnology – the study of sleep
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Immunology – the study of bodily defense and resistance to
infections (immune system)
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PCZO100 — FOUNDATIONS OF ZOOLOGY (LECTURE)
MODULE 1 — An Introduction to Zoology
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Kalology – the study of human beauty
Karyology – the study of the cell nucleus
Limnology – the study of inland waters
Mammology – the study of mammals
Melanology – the study of skin pigments
Myology/Sarcology – the study of muscles
Myrmecology – the study of ants
Odontology – the study of teeth
Ophiology – the study of snakes
Ophthalmology – the study of eyes
Osteology – the study of bones
Otology – the study of ears
Parazoology – the study of sponges
Pedology – the study of the soil
Phycology – the study of algae
Pomology – the study of fruits
Pteridology – the study of ferns
Rhinology – the study of the nose
Saurology – the study of lizards
Serology – the study of blood serum
Sonology – the study of hearing
Splanchnology – the study of visceral organs
Tricology – the study of hairs
Virology – the study of viruses
Zymology – the study of fermentation
What does a zoologist do?
Zoologists can be…
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Biochemists/lab technicians
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Marine biologists
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Wildlife experts
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Animal rehabilitators
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Reproductive biologists
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Fisheries biologists
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Animal trainers
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Veterinarians
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Geneticists
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Teachers
LESSON 2 — HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY
ZOOLOGY IN ANCIENT TIMES
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People in the past must have had some knowledge about animals
that made them capable of hunting, identifying, and domesticating
animals
In ancient India, texts described some aspects of bird life
In Egypt, the metamorphosis of insects and frogs was described
Egyptians and Babylonians also knew of anatomy and physiology in
various forms
In ancient Mesopotamia, animals were sometimes kept in what can
be described as the first zoological gardens
Aristotle (384-322 BC) – a Greek scientist and philosopher who
described many animals and their behaviors; a pioneer zoologist
who is the first to devise a system for classifying animals
Pliny the Elder – a Roman philosopher who is known for his
knowledge of nature; wrote the book “Natural History”
Claudius Galen – a pioneer in physiology, medicine, and anatomy
Hippocrates – a Greek physician; the Father of Medicine; devised
the code of medical ethics (establishment of the first biomedical
tradition)
Leonardo da Vinci – an Italian anatomist and scientist who made
contributions by conducting autopsies on humans and studying the
concept of homology
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Homology – similarity in embryonic origin and development
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Andreas Vesalius – Father of Anatomy; the first to dissect cadavers
and accurately depict human anatomy
Conrad von Gessner – wrote the book “Historia Animalium” which
became the basis of modern zoology
William Harvey – made the first accurate description of blood
circulation
Marcello Malphigi – anatomist and entomologist; performed
observations on blood circulation and demonstrations of capillary
circulation in the lungs of frogs
Robert Hooke – the Father of Cytology; published Micrographia in
1665 wherein he based his observations using a single-lens
microscope; described the compartments of cork tissues as “cells”
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) – the Father of Microscopy;
the first person to view single-celled microbes; made more than 400
microscopes by himself
THE GROWTH OF MODERN ZOOLOGY
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In the 17th century, adherents of the new philosophy of
investigating nature by means of observation and experimentation
banded themselves into academies/societies for mutual support
and dialogue
Systematizing and classifying things dominated the world of biology
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) – a Swedish botanist; Father of
Taxonomy; one of the founders of modern ecology; developed a
classification for animals based on shared characteristics; developed
the binomial system of nomenclature
George Cuvier – a French naturalist and zoologist; established the
fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology
In the latter part of the 19th century, the area of genetics developed
Gregor Mendel – the Father of Genetics; published his laws of
inheritance in 1866
Claude Bernard – a French physiologist; the Father of Experimental
Medicine
Charles Darwin – the Father of Evolution; published “On the Origin
of Species by Means of Natural Selection” in 1859 which promoted the
biological theory of evolution
Other important names in the field of zoology:
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Alexander Fleming – the Father of Antibiotics
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Xavier Bichat – the Father of Histology
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William Harvey – the Father of Blood Circulation
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Karl Landsteiner – the Father of Blood Groups
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Ivan Parlov – the Father of Conditional Reflex
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Willem Einthoven – the Father of the Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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Edward Jenner – the Father of Immunology
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Thomas Addison – the Father of Endocrinology
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Pier Antonio Micheli – the Father of Mycology
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Wendell Stanley – the Father of Virology
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Norman Borlaug – the Father of the Green Revolution
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Alec Jeffreys – the Father of DNA Fingerprinting
Transes by Cyfert B. Francisco (BSMT1G)
Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology | Centro Escolar University
First Year | First Semester—Learning Term 1
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