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For further information about the books and ebooks from DISHA, Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to info@dishapublication.com INDEX Quick History GK 1-65 INDIAN HISTORY • Ancient History : Stone Age, Indus Valley Civiliza on, Vedic Age, Jainism, Buddhism, Magadh Empire, Mauryan/ Post Mauryan (Na ve & Foreign), Guptas, Harsha, Sangam Period. • Medieval History : The Rajputs, Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar, Sufi Movement, Mughal Period, Sher Shah, Marathas, Foreign Travelers. • Modern History : Portuguese, Dutch, English, Danes, French/ English Governors/ Governor Generals/ Viceroys, Bri sh Wars before 1857 & with Indian States, Social & Cultural Reforms, Movements, Caste, Tribal & Freedom (Timeline), Indian Na onal Congress & its Sessions, Books/ Newspapers/ Journals, Plans & Acts (1773 to 1947). WORLD HISTORY • Ancient History : Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel, Greek, Rome, Chris anity, Parsi. • Medieval History : Europe, Africa, Mongol, Arab, China. • Modern History : Renaissance, Reforms, Revolu ons, World Wars - I & II, Major wars of World. EBD_7237 HISTORY u India u World TOP HISTORICAL TRENDS/ EVENTS/ DEVELOPMENTS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD INDIAN HISTORY MIND MAP ANCIENT Indus Valley Civilization Magadh Empire Gupta Empire Vedic Period/Aryan Maurya Dynasty Harshvardhana Jainism & Buddhism Kushan Dynasty Southern Kingdom MEDIEVAL Vijayanagar Advent of Europeans Bhakti & Sufi Movement Mughal Dynasty Kingdom of Great Marathas MODERN Trade Initiation of British East India Company British Rule before 1857 Sepoy Mutiny 1857 Freedom Struggle : Rowlatt Act (1919) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) Chauri Chaura (1922) Non Cooperation Movement (1920-22) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Quit-India Movement (1942) Partition of India (1947), etc. GK-2 HISTORY ANCIENT INDIA Pre Historic Ages Pre - historic period is divided into three sections- Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. Stone Age •• Stone age is divided into three periods i.e. Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age and Neolithic Age. Paleolithic Age (500,000-10,000 BC) This age is devided into 3 phases Age Tools Early (lower) Palaeolithic Age Hand axes, Chopper & Cleavers Soan Valley (Punjab) Upper Palaeolithic Age Burin and Scrapers Caves and rock shelters have been discovered at Bhimbetka near Bhopal. Middle Palaeolithic Age Borers and scrapers, Points Flakes, blades Sites Valleys of Soan, Narmada and Tungabhadra Rivers. Mesolithic Age (10,000-4,000 BC) •• This age was a transitional phase between the Palaeolithic Age and Neolithic Age. •• The characteristic tool of this age was microliths, pointed cresconic blades, scrapers etc. made of stone. •• The people of this age lived on hunting, fishing and food gathering. Neolithic Age (4000-1800 BC) •• Neolithic age was an age of polished tool culture. •• Tool making became an important profession and a variety of polished tools were manufactured. •• People of this age learnt the art of pottery and their pots were well made and decorated with paintings. •• They discovered the art of producing fire by the friction of stones and the wheel was also an important discovery of this age. •• Mehagarh in Baluchistan is the oldest Neolithic site in India. Chalcolithic Age (1800-1000 BC) •• Chalcolithic Age is marked by the use of copper as copper age. •• The economy was based on subsistence agriculture, stock-raising, hunting and fishing. •• The people of this age were the first to use painted poetry. The Malwa ware is considered the richest among the Chalcolithic ceramics. •• Neither people of this age milked animals for dairy products. •• It was a transitional stage when bronze, copper and stone tools were used and humans started living settled life. Bronze Age (3000-1300 BC) •• It began with the development of Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BC and continued up to 1300 BC. •• People started using weapons and agricultural tools made of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. •• Trade networks of Mesopotamia civilization were opened to reach out in various directions. •• Long distance trade was limited to luxury goods like spices, textiles and precious metals. •• The age came to an end because the metals used as alloy in manufacturing bronze were not very common and widely found. The expenses of making bronze were high at that time. Iron Age (12th Century BC) •• •• The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period in the prehistory and protohistory of the ancient world when the dominent tool making material was iron. Other changes in the society such as agricultural practices, religious belief and inclination towards art were started. There is an evidence of livestock breeding at the end of middle stone age. •• The age began in the 6th century BC in northern Europe and 8th century BC in central Europe and by 12th century BC in the East, i.e. ancient Iran, ancient India, and ancient Greece. •• In India the late Harappan Culture was marked with the Iron Age archaeological cultures of India with emphasis on the Painted Grey Ware culture (1200 to 600 BC) and the Northern Black Polished Ware (700 to 200 BC). Indus Valley Civilization (25001700 BC) •• Indus Valley Civilization was the most ancient urban civilization in the world which flourished on the bank of Indus River during Bronze Age. •• The term “Indus civilization” was first used by John Marshall. •• It was spread over Baluchistan, Sindh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western UP., Northern Maharashtra. •• Capital cities were Harappa, Mohenjodaro. •• Port cities were Lothal, Allahdino, Balakot, Kuntasi, Sutkagendor. •• Contemporary civilizations– Mesopotamia, Egypt & China. •• Iron was not known to people. •• No evidence of coins, barter system was used for exchange. •• Indus civilization was Urban. •• People didn’t worship Gods in temple as temple is not traced. •• Grains were stored in granaries. •• Pictographic script was found on seals. •• Majority scholars believe that this civilization makers were Dravidians. IMPORTANT SITES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Name of Sites Year of Excavation Excavators Features •• City followed grid planning •• Row of six granaries •• Only place having evidences of coffin burial •• Evidence of fractional burial and coffin burial •• Cemetery-H of alien people. •• Virgin-Goddess (Seal) •• Stone symbol of Lingam and Yoni •• Painted Pottery Harappa–Punjab (Pakistan) @ River Ravi 1921 Daya Ram Sahni, Madho Sarup Vats, Mortimer Wheeler Mohenjodaro Sindh (Pakistan) @River Indus 1922 R.D. Banerjee, Mackay, Wheeler Chanhu-daro Sindh (Pakistan) @ River Indus 1931 N. Gopal Majumdar, Mackay •• Great Granary, Great Bath assembly hall •• Pashupati Mahadeva Seal •• Bronze image of nude woman dancer •• Human Skeleton huddled together •• Clay figures of Mother Goddess •• A fragment of woven cotton •• Brick Kilns and Dice •• A city without citadel •• Inkpot, Lipstick •• Shell ornament makers’ shop and bead makers’ shop •• Footprint of dog on a brick •• Terracotta model of a bullock cart, Bronze toy cart •• Town was flooded more than seven times. EBD_7237 GK-3 HISTORY GK-4 HISTORY Kalibangan– Rajasthan (India) @ River Ghaggar 1953 A. Ghosh, B.V. Lal, B.K. Thapar Lothal–Gujarat (India) @River Bhogava 1953 S.R. Rao Banwali – Hisar (Haryana) 1974 R.S. Bisht Amri-Sindh 1935 N.G. Majumdar 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. Lal & S.R. Rao 1958 Y.D. Sharma DholaviraGujarat Rangpur–Gujarat @River Mahar Ropar-Punjab @River Sutlej Alamgirpur– Ghaziabad (UP.) 1985-90 1953 •• Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan phase •• Evidence of furrowed land •• Evidence of seven fire altars and camel bones •• Many houses had their own well •• Kalibangan stand for black bangles •• Evidence of wooden furrow •• A titled floor which bears intersecting design of circles •• Remains of rice husk •• Evidence of horse from a terracotta figurine •• A ship designed on a seal •• Beads & trade ports •• An instrument for measuring angles, pointing to modern day compass •• Dockyard R.S. Bisht Y.D. Sharma •• Shows both Pre-Harappan and Harppan phase •• Good quantity of barley found here •• Evidence of antelope •• •• •• •• Seven cultural stages Largest site Three part of city Unique water management •• Rice was cultivated •• Evidence of burying a dog below the human burial •• One example of rectangular mudbrick chamber was noticed •• Five fold cultures - Harappan, PGW, NBP, Kushana - Gupta and Medieval •• The impression of cloth on a trough is discovered •• Usually considered to be the eastern boundary of the Indus culture Common Features of Cities Animals •• •• •• •• •• Sheep, Goat, Bull, Buffalo, Boar, Dog, Cat, Pig, Fowl, Deer, Elephant, Camel, Rhinoceros, Tiger, Lion etc. Town-planning based on grid system Burnt-bricks used in construction Underground drainage system Fortified citadel (except Chanhudaro) Main Crops •• Wheat, Barley, rice (Lothal), dates, mustard, sesamum, cotton (first in the world) Trade •• Foreign trade with Mesopotamia or Sumeria (Iraq), Bahrain, etc. •• Export: Cotton goods, agricultural products, pottery, terracotta figurines, beads, Conch-shell, ivory, copper, etc. Pallavas were instrumental in spreading Indian culture in South-East Asia. The Pallava types of Shikhara can be found in temples of Java, Cambodia and Annam. Imports Copper Gold Silver Tin Jade Amethyst Steatite From Khetri (Rajasthan), Baluchistan Kolar (Karnataka), Afghanistan, Persia (Iran) Afghanistan, South India, Persia Afghanistan, Bihar Central Asia Maharashtra Shaher-i-Sokhta (Iran), Kirthar (Pakistan) Decline of Indus Civilization Historians Views 1. M.R. Sahani Inundation 3. Wheeler Sudden decline 2. 4. 5. 6. K.V.R. Kennedy R.L Stein and AN Ghosh Marshall, SR Rao Fairservis Epidemic Climate Change Flood Deforestation, Ecological Imbalances Vedic Period/ Aryan (1500–500 BC) •• The earliest specimen of Indo-European language is Rig Veda. Aryans were the people who spoke Indo-European languages basically belonging to Central Asia, migrated to India. •• They settled themselves in Sapta Sindhu, the land of seven rivers in north-western region of India which included Kabul River of Afghanistan along with Indus and its five tributaries. Early Vedic Period RIVERS MENTIONED IN RIGVEDA Rigvedic Name Sindhu Modern Name Indus Region Punjab Vitasta Jhelum Punjab Vipas Beas Punjab Asikani Parushi Sutudri Drishdavati Kubha Krumu Gomati Chenab Ravi Sutlej Ghaggar Kabul Kurram Gomal Punjab Punjab Punjab Rajasthan Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan •• According to the oldest Vedic literature (Rig Veda) the Aryan king came into conflict with Dasa (early Aryans) and Dasyus (original inhabitants of the country). They were soft to Dasas but strongly hostile to Dasyus. •• Gradually the region came to be known as Bharatavarsha named after the tribe Bharata. This clan consists of 5 Aryan chiefs and 5 non-Aryan chiefs. Dasrajna Yudha or Battle of Ten Kings has been mentioned in hymns of Rig Veda. •• The battle was fought on the bank of river Parusni, identical to river Ravi and was won by Bharatas. •• Samgrama meant that gram clashed with one another and caused war. Polity of Vedic Age •• The Kula (the family) was the basis of both social and political organisations. Above the Kula were the Grama, the Vis, the Jana and the Rashtra. A group of Kula (families) formed a Grama (the village) and so on. •• Regarding the form of government it was of patriarchal nature. Monarchy was normal, but non-monarchical polities were also there. •• The Rashtra was ruled by a King or Rajan and the royal descent was by hereditary based on the law of primogeniture. Probably elective monarchy was also known. Lahuradeva in Uttar Pradesh are the site for oldest agricultural region in the Indian sub-continent. EBD_7237 GK-5 HISTORY GK-6 HISTORY •• Very little is known about ministers of the king. The Purohita or domestic priest was the first ranking official. He was the king’s preceptor, friend, philosopher and guide. Other important royal officials were Senani (army chief) and Gramani (head of village). Unit Head Kula (the family) Kulapa Grama (the village) Gramani Vis (the clan) Vispati Jana (the people) Gopa/Gopati Rashtra (the country) Rajan •• The army consisted of foot-soldiers and charioteers. Wood, stone, bone and metals were used in weapons. Arrows were tipped with points of metal or poisoned horn. References are made to the moving fort (Purcharishnu) and a machine for assaulting strongholds. •• The king had religious duties also. He was the upholder of the established order and moral rules. •• Rig Veda speaks of assemblies such as the Sabha, Samiti, Vidath, Gana. Sabha was committee of few privileged and important individuals. Two popular assemblies, Sabha and Samiti, acted as checks on the arbitrary rule of kings. Later Vedas record that the Sabha functioned as a court of justice. •• Theft, burglary, stealing of cattle and cheating were some of the then prevent crimes. Vedic Society •• The Rigvedic society consists of four varnas: Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Shudra. It was based on the professions or occupations of the individuals. •• Teachers and priests were called Brahamanas. •• Rulers and administrators were called Kshatriyas. •• Farmers, merchants and bankers were called Vaishyas; •• Artisans and labourers were reckoned as Shudras. •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• The occupations had not become hereditary as they became later on. Members of the same family took to different professions like singing, medicine etc. The unit of society was family, primarily monogamous and patriarchal. Child marriage was not in trend. A window could marry the younger brother of her deceased husband (Niyoga). The father’s property was inherited by son. Right to property existed in respect of moveable things like cattle, horse, gold and ornaments and also in respect of immovable property like land and house. The home of the teacher was the school to teach the particular sacred texts. Milk and its products-curd, butter and ghee-formed an important part of the diet. These is also the mention of grain cooked with milk (Kshirapakamodanam). The meat of fish, birds and animals was eaten. The cow was already deemed Aghanya i.e. not to be killed. Rig Veda prescribes a penalty of death or expulsion from the kingdom to those who kill or injure cows. Alcoholic drinks, Sura and Soma were also consumed. Aryans were primarily agricultural and pastoral people. Amusements included music, dancing, chariot-racing and dicing. The Aryans were pastoral people and fought most of the war for it. Rig Veda is “gavisihthi” or search for cows as they were the most important form of wealth. Vedic Religion •• The concept of women slave was most common. Women and cows were gifted to the priests in those days. •• Voluntary offering to the chief was known as bali. Fahien, the Chinese pilgrim visited India during Chandragupta II and Hiuen-Tsang during Harshavardhana. •• Two priests who played important role during this time were Vasishtha and Vishvamitra. •• The people of Vedic period were theists. Vedic literature shows the existence of god. The religion of the Vedic Aryan worshipped nature with one in many concepts. •• Indra (rain god) was important as he played role of a warlord. 250 hymns were devoted to him. •• Agni (fire god) was devoted 200 hymns. Varuna, Soma (plant god), female divinities like Aditi and Usha were also worshipped but were not given importance as the male gods. God Associated Field Indra/Purandar Breaker of forts Varuna Water God Agni Surya Mitra Pushan Vishnu Rudra Sindhu Yama Marut Fire God God with horse driven chariot Solar God God of Marriage One who covered Earth in 3 steps God of Animals River Goddess God of death Personified Storm •• The administrative machinery worked under tribal chief called as Rajans. Clan based assemblies were found such as sabha, samiti, vidatha, gana. Women attended sabha and vidatha. •• Social structure of the society was based on the kinship. Common term for nephew, grandson and cousin was naptri. There were 3 Important Rituals in Early Vedic Age- •• Rajasuya:- The king performed this sacrifice, which was supposed to confer supreme power. •• Asvamedha:- The king performed the Asvamedha, which meant unquestioned controle over the area, in which the royal horse ran uninterrupted. •• Vajapeya:- The King performed the Vajapeya or the chariot race. Vedic Economy •• The Aryans followed a mixed economy, i.e. agriculture and pastoralism. Yet, great importance was attached to herds of cattle. Various animals were domesticated. •• The Vedic people were probably not familiar with cat and camel, but the wild animals like lion, elephant and boar were known to them. •• In all probability, very little of trade was there. •• Money and markets were known but they were not extensively used. Cows and gold ornaments of fixed value were the media of exchange. •• Coins were not known. •• Men of various professions like carpenters, smiths, tanners, weavers, potters and grinders of corn were there. •• The art of healing wounds and curing diseases were in existence. There were experts in surgery. •• OCP (Ochre Coloured Pottery) Culture : 1500 BC. to 500 BC. Later Vedic Period •• The later texts refers to river Narmada, Sadanira and Chambal. •• The expansion towards East is indicated in legend of Satapatha Brahmana. •• Gotra (clan) institution appeared in Later Vedic Period. Later Vedic Polity •• Kingship became hereditary. Assembly lost its importance and royal power increased at their cost. •• Vidhata totally disappeared. •• Women were no longer permitted to attend assemblies. •• The term Rashtra indicating territory, first appeared in this period. •• Taittiriya Brahmana refers to the theory of divine origin of kingship. •• Satapatha Brahmana refers to Twelfth Ratninas or civil functionaries of the time. Yapniya was the sect of Jainism which originated from Digambar sect but followed certain Svetambar beliefs too. EBD_7237 GK-7 HISTORY GK-8 HISTORY •• There was growth of judiciary. Kings administered the criminal court. Serious crimes were the killing of an embryo, homicide, the murder of a Brahmin, stealing of gold and drinking sura. Treason was a capital offence. 12 Ratninas or civil functionaries of the time. 12 Ratninas 1. Purohita → The Priest 3. Yuvaraja → Crown Prince 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Mahishi → Chief Queen Suta/Sarathi → The Royal herald Bhagadugha → Tax collector Akshapava → Accountant Palagala → Friend of King Govikarta → Head of forest deptt. Senani → The General Gramani → Head of village Kshatri → Gateman Sangrahitri → Treasurer Later Vedic Society •• Initially society was based on occupation, it later became hereditary. •• Brahmin: The growing cult of sacrifice enormously added to the power of Brahmins. •• Kshatriyas: The warrior class. •• Vaisyas: The agriculturalists, cattle rearers, traders, artisans and metal workers. •• Shudras: Lowest in the social hierarchy and born to serve the upper three varna. •• Position of women declined. Aitareya Brahmana states that daughter is the source of misery while a son is the protector of family. •• Maitrayani Samhita mentions three evils—liquor, woman and dice. •• Polygamy was in practice. •• However, some of the women had got higher education as indicated by the Yajnavalkya-Gargi dialogue in Vrihadarnyaka Upanishada. •• In this period, pratiloma vivah was not permitted. Ashramas (Stages of Life) •• It is found in the Jabala Upanishad. •• These Ashramas are: Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanprastha & Sanyasa. •• Ashrama system was formed to attain 4 Purushastha, i.e. Dharma, Artha, Kama & Moksha. HINDU MARRIAGE (VIVAHA) TYPES Types Feature Arsha Vivaha Giving the girl to a man with a bride price Daiva Vivaha Giving the girl to a priest for his fees Brahma Vivaha Gandharva Vivaha Asura Vivaha Prajapatya Vivaha Paishacha Vivaha Rakshasa Vivaha Giving the girl to a man with a dowry Love marriage Marriage with a purchased girl Giving the girl to a man without a bride-price Marriage to a girl after seducing (raping) her. Marriage with the daughter of defeated king or with kidnapped girl. Later Vedic Religion •• Rituals were in the cult of sacrifice. •• Prajapati became the supreme God. •• Vishnu was conceived as the preserver and protector of people. •• Pushan, responsible for well being of cattle, became the God of Shudras. •• In the end of the Vedic age, a section of society began to resent the priestly domination. 16 Sanskars (1) (3) (5) (7) (9) (11) (13) (15) Garbhadhana Simantonnyan Namakaran Annaprashana Karan Chhedana Upanayana Samavaratana Vanaprastha (2) (4) (6) (8) (10) (12) (14) (16) Jai Chand was the last Rajput king who was killed by Mohammad Ghori in the Battle of Chandawar. Pumsavana Jatakarma Nishkramana Chuda Karma Vidyarambha Vedarambha Vivaha Ant yesti. Later Vedic Economy Yajur Veda (book of sacrificial prayers) •• Agriculture started to replace rearing of cattle. The plough was at times drawn by 24 oxen. •• Manure was known. •• Rice, barley, beans, sesame and wheat were sown. •• New occupational groups like fisherman, washerman, dyers, doorkeepers and footmen emerged. •• Indicating specialisation distinction was drawn between the chariot-maker and the carpenter and the tanner and the hide-dresser. •• Mention of tin, silver and iron was made apart from gold and ayas (either copper or iron) in the Rig Veda. •• Merchants were organised into guilds because of reference to corporations (Ganas) and aldermen (Sreshtins). •• PGW (Painted Grey Ware) Culture : 1100 BC – 600 BC. It is a ritual veda. It has both verses and prose in contrast with the fist two vedas. Its hymns were recited by Adhvaryus. It is divided into two parts- Krishna Yajur and Shukla Yajur. Vedic Literature (1500 BC - 500 BC) •• It is believed that the Rig Veda was composed while the Aryans were still in Punjab. •• Shruti: Vedic literature was carried on from generation to generation with the help of mouth-words, i.e. hearing. •• Vedic Literature is comprises of: 1. The Samhitas or Vedas 2. The Brahamana 3. The Aranyakas 4. The Upanishads Vedas •• There are four vedas- Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. The first three vedas are jointly called Vedatrayi (trio of vedas). Rig Veda (collection of lyrics) It is the oldest text in the world. It contains 10,500 verses and 1028 hymns, divided into 10 mandalas. The hymns of Rig Veda were recited by Hotri. It is the tenth mandalas which explains the four varnas. Sama Veda (Book of chants) It is important for Indian music. The hymns of Sama Veda were recited by Udgatri. Atharva Veda (book of magical formulae) It contains charms and spells to word of evils and diseases. Brahmanas Every veda has several Brahmanas attached to it: Rig Veda: Aitareya and Kaushitiki Sama Veda: Panchvisha, Shadvinsh, Chhandogya and Jaiminaya Yajur Veda: Shatapatha (The oldest and the largest Brahmana) and Taittiriya. Atharva Veda: Gopatha Towards the end of the vedic period there was an emergence of a strong reaction against rituals & priestly domination. Upanishads •• The most important is the “Shatapatha Brahmana attached to Yajurveda. •• The sages dwelling in the forests explained the vedic scriputures to their pupils in the form of Aranyakas. •• The term ‘Upanishadas’ is the knowledge acquired by sitting close to the teacher. •• There are 108 Upanishada of which 11 are predominant and they are called Mokhya Upanishadas. Vedic Literature (600BC - 600AD) •• Literature of Vedic Tradition (Smriti i.e. remembrance literature) comprises of 6 literary works: 1. Vedangas/Sutras 2. Smrities Dharmashastras 3. Mahakavyas (Epics) 4. Puranas 5. Upvedas 6. Shad-Dharshanas. 1. Vedangas i. Shiksha (Phonetics): Pratishakhya’ - the oldest text on phonetics. ii. Kalpa Sutras (Rituals): a). Shrauta Sutras/ Shulva Sutras- deal with the sacrifices, b). Grihya Sutras - deal with family ceremonies, C). Dharma Sutras deal with Varnas, Ashramas etc. Kanbana, Kuttana and Pugalendi are considered as ‘three gems of Tamil poetry’. EBD_7237 GK-9 HISTORY GK-10 HISTORY iii. Vyakarana (Grammar):’ ‘Ashtadyayi’ (Panini) - the oldest grammar of the word. iv. Nirukta (Etymology) : ‘Nirukta’ (Yask) based on ‘Nighantu’ (Kashyap)- a collection of difficult vedic words- ‘Nighantu’- the oldest word-collection of the world; ‘Nirukta’ - the oldest dictionary of the world). v. Chhanda (Metrics) : ‘Chhandasutras’ (Pingal)- famous text. vi. Jyotisha (Astronomy) : ‘Vedanga Jyotisha‘ (Lagadh Muni) - the oldest Jyotisha text. 2. Smritis (i) Manu Smriti (Pre-Gupta Period) - the oldest Smriti text; Commentators: Vishwarupa, Meghatithi, Gobindraj, Kulluk Bhatt. (ii) Yajnvalkya Smriti (Pre-Gupta Period) Commentators : Vishwarupa, Jimutvahan (‘Daybhag’), Vijnyaneshwar, (‘Mitakshara’) Apararka (a king of Shilahar Dynasty). (iii) Narad Smriti (Gupta period). (iv) Parashara Smriti (Gupta period). (v) Brihaspati Smriti (Gupta period). (vi) Katyayana Smriti (Gupta period). 1. 2. 3. 4. 3. Mahakavyas (Epics): (i) The Ramayana (Valmiki) : It is known as ‘Adi Kavya’ (the oldest epic of the world). At present, it consists of 24,000 Shlokas i.e. verses (Originally 6,000, later - 12,000, Finally - 24,000) in 7 Kandas i.e. sections. 1st and 7th Kandas were the latest additions to the Ramayana. (ii) The Mahabharata (Ved Vyasa): The longest epic of the world. At present, it consists of 1,00,000 shlokas i.e. verses (Originally- 8,800 - Jay Samhita, Later-24,000-Chaturvinshati Sahastri Samhita/Bharata, Finally – 1,00,000Shatasahastri Samhita/Maha Bharata) in 18 Parvans i.e. chapters, plus the Harivamsa supplement. Bhagavad Gita is extracted from Bhishma Parvan of Mahabharata. Shanti Parvan is the largest parvan (chapter) of the Mahabarata. Purans (i) The Purana means ‘the old’. There are 18 famous ‘Puranas’. The Matsya Purana is the oldest Puranic text. The other important Puranas are the Bhagavata, The Vishnu, The Vayu and The Brahmanda. They describe genealogies of various royal dynasties. The Upavedas (The Auxiliary Vedas) Upavedas Associated with Ayurveda i.e. Medicine Rig Veda Dhanurveda i.e. Archery Yajur Veda Gandharvaveda i.e. Music Sama Veda Shilpveda/Arthaveda i.e. the science of craft / wealth (Vishwakarma) Atharva Veda Schools of Indian Philosophy (Shad-Darshanas) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Darshana Founder Basic Text Sankhya Darshana Kapila Sankhya Sutra Nyaya Darshana Akshapada Gautama Nayaya Sutra Yoga Darshana Vaishesika Darshana Mimansa/Purva-Mimansa Vedant/Uttara-Mimansa Patanjali Uluka Kanada Jaimini Badarayana Yoga Sutra Vaishesika Sutra Purva Mimansa Sutra Brahma Sutra/Vedant Sutra Parshvanatha (23rd) Jainism •• There were 24 Tirthankaras according to Jain tradition. •• Rishabha Adinath (symbol-Bull) was the first and Mahavira (symbol-Lion) was the last Tirthankara. 24 TIRTHANKARAS S. N. Name Symbol 1 Rishabha Bull 3 Sambharnath Horse 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Ajitnath Abhinandan Sumatinath Padmaprabha Suparshvanath Chandraji Prabhu Suvidhinath Shitalnath Shreganath Vasupujya Vimalnath Anantnath Dharamanath Shantinath Kuntunath Arnath Mallinath Muniswasth Neminath Arishtanemi Parshwanath Mahavira Elephant Monkey Curlew Red Louts Swastik Moon Crocodile Srivatsa Rhinoceros Buffalo Boar Falcon Vajra Deer He-Goat Fish Waterpot Tortoise Blue Lotus Conch Shell Serpent Lion •• There is historical proof of only the last two Tirthankaras, Parshvanatha (23rd) and Mahavira (24th) while rest are obscure. He was a prince of Benaras who led the life of a hermit and died at Shikharji, Giridih, Jharkhand. His four main teachings were called chaturthi. These are: 1. Ahimsa (Non-injury) 2. Satya (Non-lying) 3. Asteya (Non-stealing) 4. Aparigraha (Non-possession) Mahavira He adopted all these four teachings and added Brahmacharya (Chastity) to it. Mahavira was born in 540 BC in a village called Kundagram near Vaishali in Bihar. •• He renounced his family at the age of 30 and became an ascetic. •• He attained kaivalya (perfect knowledge) at the age of 42 under a sal tree at Jambhika grama on the bank of river Rijupalika. •• He came to be known as Kevalin (perfect learned), Jina (one who conquered his senses), Nirgrontha (free from all bonds), Arhant (blessed one) and Mahavira (the brave). •• He delivered his first sermon at Pava to his 11 disciples who were called Gandharas. •• He passed away at Pavapuri near Bihar Sharif, Bihar at the age of 72 in 468 BC. •• Sudharma was the only Gandhara who survived after his death. Doctrine of Jainism Three Ratnas (Way to Nirvana) 1. Samyak Vishwas (Right faith) 2. Samyak Gyana (Right Knowledge) 3. Samyak Karma (Right conduct) Pancha Mahavaratas Principles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ahimsa Satya Asatya Aparigraha Brahmacharya — — — — — Two Sects arose non injury non lying non Stealing non-possessions Chastity 1. Shevetambaras (White garments) 2. Digambaras (Sky garments) Birth, Karma and Bhakti hold the same significance to achieve Moksha according to Bhagvad Gita. EBD_7237 GK-11 HISTORY GK-12 HISTORY Jain Architecture 3. Statue of Gometeshwar/Bahubali, Karnataka 4. Pavapuri Temple, Bihar 1. Dilwara Temple (Rajasthan) 2. Girnar Temple (Gujarat) Jain Council 1st 2nd Jain Literature Year 300 BC 512 AD Venue Patliputra Vallabhi Chairman Sthulabhadra Devardhi Kshmasramana • The literature of the Svetambaras is Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, and may be classified as follows: 1. 12 Angas 2. 12 Upangas 3. 10 Parikarnas 4. 6 Chhedasutras 5. 4 Mulasutras 6. Sutra-Granthas Note : 14 Purvas/Parvas- It is the part of 12 Angas and the oldest text of Mahavira’s preachings. • Other important jain texts are: 1. Kalpasutra (in Sanskrit)-Bhadrababu. 2. Bhadrabahu Charita. 3. Parishishta Parvan (an appendix of Trishashthishalaka Purush)-Hemchandra. Royal Patrons I. North India: 1. Nandas; Bimbisar, Ajatshatru and Udayin (Haryank); Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara and Samprati (Mauryan) – Magadha. 2. Pradyota (Avanti) 3. Udayin (Sidhu-Sauvira) 4. Kharavela (Kalinga) II. South India: 1. Ganga Dynasty 2. Kadamb Dynasty 3. Amoghavarsha (Rashtrakuta Dynasty) 4. Siddharaj sai singh and kumarpala (Chaulukya/solanki) the last great patrons of jainism. Buddhism Gautama Buddha He was the founder of Buddhism. He was born in 563 BC on the vaisakha purnima at Lumbinivana, Nepal in the Sakya Kshatriya clan. Result Compilation of 12 Angas Final compilation of 12 Angas and 12 Upangas •• At the age of 29, he renounced home, this was his Mahabhinish Kramana (great going forth) and became a wandering ascetic. •• After 49 days of continuous meditation under a pipal tree at Uruvella (Bodh Gaya) on the bank of river Naranjana (modern name Falgu) he attained Nirvana (enlightment). •• Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath (Deer Park) to his five disciples, this is known as Dharamachakro Pravartana. •• He died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at Kushinagar. This is known as Mahaparinirvana. Important event of Buddha’s life Symbols Janma (Birth) Lotus and Bull Nirvana/Sambodhi (Enlightenment) Bodhi tree Mahabhinish Kraman (Renunciation) Horse Dharamachakra Pravartana Wheel (First Sermon) Mahaparinirvana (Death) Stupa Doctrine of Buddhism (His teachings) Four Noble Truths (Satyas) •• Life/world is full of sorrows (Sabbam Dakkam) •• Desire is the cause of sorrows (Dwadash Nidan) •• Sorrows can be removed by conquering desire (Nirvana) •• Eight Fold Path-(Ashtangika Merga) can lead to Nirvana (Moksha or Salvation). S.A. Dange started the publication of an English Weekly Socialist in 1923. 3. Sangha (order) Eight fold Path (Ashtangika Marg) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Tripetaka Right Understanding Right thought Right Speech Right Action Right Means of livelihood Right Effort Right mindfulness, awareness Right concentration, meditation 1. Sutta Pitaka → Buddha’s saying 2. Vinya Pitaka → Monastic code 3. Abhidhamma Pitaka → Religious discourses of Buddha. Code of Conduct •• •• •• •• •• Tri Ratna (Three Jewels) 1. Buddha (Enlightened) 2. Dharma (Doctrine) Buddhist Council 1st BUDDHIST COUNCIL Year Venue Chairman Royal Parton 483 BC Rajgriha Mahakassapa Ajatshatru (Haryanaka Dynasty) 2nd 383 BC Vaishali Sabakami 4th 72 AD Kashmir Vashumitra 3rd Do not speak a lie Do not covet others property Do not commit violence Do not use intoxicants Do not indulge in corrupt practices 250 BC Buddhist Literature Patliputra Mogliputta Tissa Pali Texts (i) Tripitaka : Pitaka means ‘basket’ as original texts were written on palmleaves and kept in baskets. (ii) Sutta Pitaka : Buddha’s sayings, (iii) Vinay Pitaka : Monastic code, (iv) Abhidhamma pitaka : religious discourses of Buddha (v) Milindapanho (i.e. Questions of Milinda)—a dialogue between Milinda (identical with Indo-Greek ruler Menander) and Buddhist saint Nagasena. (vi) Dipavamsha and Mahavamsha—The great chronicles of Sri Lanka. Sanskrit Texts Buddha Charita, Saundarananda, Sutralankar, Sariputra Prakaran and Vajra Suchi. •• Ashwagosha, •• Mahavibhasha Shastra •• Vasumitra, •• Visudhimagga, Kalasoka (Shishunaga Dynasty) Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty) Kanishka (Kushan Dynasty) •• Atthakathayen and Sumangalvasini by Buddhagosha •• Madhyamika Karika and Prajnaparimita Karika by Nagarjuna etc. Sects of Buddhism Hinayana (i.e. the Lesser Vehicle) 1. Its followers believed in the origianl teaching of Buddha. 2. They sought individual salvation through self-discipline and meditation. 3. They did not believe in idol-worship. 4. They favoured Pali language. 5. It is known as ‘Southern Buddhist Religion’, e.g. Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Syam (Thailand), Java etc. 6. It has two subsects Vaibhasika & Soutantrika. Mahayana (i.e. the Greater Vehicle) 1. Its followers believed in the heavenliness of Buddha. 2. They sought the salvation of all through the grace of Buddha and Bodhisatva. 3. They believed in idol-worship. 4. They favoured Sanskrit language. Qutubuddin Aibak patronised Hasan-un-Nizami, author of ‘Taj-ul-Massir’ and Fakhruddin, author of ‘Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi’. EBD_7237 GK-13 HISTORY GK-14 HISTORY 5. It is known as ‘Northern Buddhist Religion, e.g. China, Korea, Japan etc. 6. There were two subsects of Mahayana— Madhyamika / Shunyavada (founder–Nagarjuna) and Yogachari / Vijnanavada (founder-Maitreyanath and his disciple Asanga). Vajrayana 1. Its followers believed that salvation could be best attained by acquiring the magical power, which they called Vajra. 2. The chief divinities of this new sect were the Taras. 3. It became popular in Eastern India eg. Bengal and Bihar. Bodhisattvas i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Vajrapani : Holds a thunderbolt, foe of sin and evil. Avlokitesvara also called Padmapani (the lotus bearer)/ kind-hearted. Manjushri (Stimulator of understanding) with a book describing 10 paramitas (spiritual perfections). Maitreya : The future Buddha. Kshitigriha : guardian of purgatories. Amitabha/Amitayusha: Buddha of heaven. Buddhist Universities Universities Location Kumargupta-I Jagadal Bengal Ramapala Bhagalpur, Bihar Gujarat Royal Patrons of Buddhism • • • • Founder Badagaon, Bihar Vallabhi • • • • Buddhist Architecture 1. Stupa—relics of the Buddha or some prominent Buddhist monks. 2. Chaitya—Prayer hall 3. Vihara—residence Nalanda Vikramshila • Sacred Shrines •• Lumbini life, Bodh Gaya (Enlightenment) Sarnath (FirstSermon) and Kusinagar (death). To these are added four places Sravasti, Rajgriha, Vaishali and Sankasya. •• These eight places have all along been considered as the eight holy places (Ashtasthanas). •• Other centres of Buddhism are •• Amaravati and Nagarjunikonda in Andhra Pradesh •• Nalanda in Bihar; •• Junagadh and Vallabhi in Gujarat; Sanchi and Bharhut in M.P.; •• Ajanta-Ellora in Maharashtra; •• Dhaulagiri in Orissa; •• Kannauj, Kaushambi and Mathura in U.P.; and •• Jagadalla and Somapuri in West Bengal. Bimbisara and Ajatashatru (Magadhan ruler) Prasenjit (Kosala ruler) Udayan (Vatsa ruler) Pradyota (Avanti ruler) Ashoka and Dasharatha (Mauryan ruler) Milinda/Menander (Indo-Greek ruler) Kanishka (Kushana ruler) Harshavardhana (Vardhana ruler) Gopala, Dharmapala and Rampala (Pala rulers) Dharmpala Extension Bhattaraka 1. Ashoka called 3rd Buddhist council and sent mission, comprising of his son Mahendra and his daughter Sanghamitra to Sri Lanka. 2. Kanishka called 4th Buddhist council and sent mission to China, Korea and Japan. 3. Palas of Bengal and Bihar were last great patrons of Buddhism. Mahajanapadas (600–325 BC) During the age of Buddha whole of northern territory especially north of Vindyan was Vinay Pitaka literature contains the rules and regulations of the Sangha in Buddhism. divided into sixteen states called Sodasha Mahajanapadas either monarchical or republican in form. The kingdoms of Magadh, Koshala, Vatsa and Avanti were considered powerful. Buddhist literature “Anguttara Nikaya” listed them as: S. N. Mahajanapadas Capital Present place 1 Gandhara Taxila A part of Afghanistan 3 Asmaka Potana Godavari Valley 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Kamboja Vatsa Avanti Surasena Chedi Malla Kurus Matasya Vajjis Anga Kashi Kosala Magadha Panchala Magadha Empire Rajauri Part of Kashmir and Afghanistan Kaushambi Allahabad Ujjain Malwa and a part of M.P Mathura Mathura in U.P Shuktimati Bundelkhand in M.P Kushinara, Pawa Hastinapur/Indraprashta Virat Nagari Vaishali Banaras Shravasti Oudh in U.P Ahichhatra/Kampilya Causes of Magadha’s Success •• Magadha had an advantageous geographical location in the abundance of iron, not far away from Rajgir, the earliest capital of Magadha and could be used for making weapons and implements. •• Iron axes were perhaps useful in clearing the thick forest, and irontipped plough-shares ploughed the land better and helped to increase grain production. •• Magadha was situated at the centre of the middle Gangetic plain. The alluvium, once cleared of the jungles, proved Jaipur and Alwar Bhagalpur and Munger in Bihar Banaras The political history of India from 6th century BC onwards reflects struggle for Supremacy among the 4 Mahajanapadas:— (1) Magadha (2) Kosla (3) Vasta (4) Avanti Founder of Magadha was Jarasandha and Brihadratha Delhi and Meerut North Bihar Champa Girivraja/Rajgriha Eastern U.P Patna and Gaya in Bihar Rohilkhand in U.P immense fertile and food surplus was thus available. •• Magadha had a special military organisation. Although the Indian states were well acquainted with the use of horses and chariots, it was Magadha which first used elephants on a large scale in its war against its neighbours. Haryanaka Dynasty (544 BC-412 BC) Bimbisara (Shronika) •• He was founder of Haryanaka dynasty. •• He was contemporary of Gautama Buddha. •• He married the princess of Kosala, Chellana and Madra which helped him in his expansion. •• He gained a part of Kashi as the dowry in his marriage. •• He conquered Anga and built the city of New Rajagriha. Ajatshatru 492-460 BC •• He was the son of Bimbisara. •• Ajatshatru killed his father and seized the throne. Borobudur in Central Java, Indonesia is the world’s largest Buddhist temple. EBD_7237 GK-15 HISTORY GK-16 •• Ajatshatru followed a more aggresive policy and gained complete control over Kashi. •• The Vajji was Ajatashatru’s next target of attack. This war was a lengthy one and after a long period of 16 years, he defeated the Vajji only through deceit, by sowing the seeds of discord amongst the people of Vajji. •• The three important reasons to defeat the Vajji. 1. Sunidha and Vatsakar—Ajatashatru’s diplomatic ministers, who sowed the seeds of discord amongest Vajjis, 2. Rathamusala —a kind of chariot to which a mace was attached. 3. Mahashilakantaka—a war engine which catapulted big stones. 4. Thus Kashi and Vaishali (the capital of Vajji) were added to Magadha, making it the most powerful territorial power in the Ganges Valley. •• He built the fort of Rajgriha. Udayin (460-444 BC) •• Ajatshatru was succeeded by Udayin. •• He built the fort on the confluence of the Ganga and the Son rivers at Pataliputra (Patna), thus, transferred the capital from Rajgriha to the new city Pataliputra. •• Udayin was succeeded by weak rulers Anuruddha, Munda and Naga Dasak. Shishunaga Dynasty (412-344 BC) •• Shishunaga was the minister of NagDasak & was elected by the people. •• Shishunaga destroyed the Pradyota dynasty of Avanti •• Shishunaga was succeeded by Kalashoka. •• Kalashoka transferred the capital from Vaishali to Pataliputra and convened the 2nd Buddhist Council. Nanda Dynasty (344-321 BC) •• The Shishunaga dynasty was overthrown by Mahapadma, who established a new line of kings known as Nanda. •• Mahapadma is known as Sarvakshatrantak and Ugrasena. •• He was the founder of Nanda Dynasty and he is also described as “The first Buddhist Empire of Indian History’” •• He was succeeded by his eight sons last one being Dhanananda. HISTORY •• It was during the rule of Dhanananda that the invasion of Alexander took place in north-west India in 326 BC. •• According to Greek writer Curtius, Dhanananda commanded a huge army including 20,000 cavalry, 200,000 infantry, 2,000 chariots and 3,000 elephants. It was the might of Dhanananda that terrorised Alexander and stopped his march to the Gangetic Valley. •• He conquered Koshla & Kalinga. •• Chandragupta Maurya, assisted by Kautilya overthrew Dhananda to establish Mauryan Dynasty in 321 BC. Foreign Invasions Iranian (Persian) Invasion •• The Achaemenian ruler of Iran (Persia), took advantages of the political disunity on the North-West frontier of India. •• Cyrus of Persia (588 BC-530 BC) was the first foreign conqueror, who entered well into India. He destroyed the city of Capisa (North of Kabul). He took Indian soldiers in the Persian Army. •• Darius I (Darayabahu), grandson of Cyrus invaded North-West India in 516 BC and annexed Punjab, West of Indus and Sind. •• Xerxes, the successor of Darius, employed Indians in the long war against the Greeks. Effects of Iranian Invasion •• It gave an impetus to Indo-Iranian trade. •• There was cultural exchange in the form of Kharoshthi script from Iran to India. Some of Ashoka’s inscriptions in NorthWest India were written in this script. •• It was written from right to left as in Arabic. •• Iranian influence is perceptible in sculpture, e.g. the bell-shaped capitals. Macedonian Alexander’s Invasion (326 BC) •• Alexander, the king of Macedonia (Greek) destroyed the Iranian empire. •• From Iran, he marched towards India, attracted by its great wealth and divided polity. •• Alexander conquered Kabul in 328 BC. Sher Shah Suri was known as Hazarat-i-Ala and he defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa in 1539. •• He moved to India through the unguarded Khyber Pass and reached Orhind near Attock in 326 BC. •• Ambhi, the ruler of Taxila, readily submitted to Alexander. •• He got the first and strongest resistance from Porus. •• Alexander defeated Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes on the banks of the river Vitasta (Jhelum), however, he was impressed by his bravery, so he restored to Porus, his kingdom and made him his ally. •• After the Battle of Sakala, Alexander reached to Beas with a view to conquer the East, but his fatigued army refused to cross the river. •• It forced him to retreat. He placed the North-Western India under the Greek Governor Selecus Nicator. •• He remained in India for 19 months (326-325 BC) and died in Babylon (323 BC) at the age of 33 years. Effects of Alexander’s Invasion •• It opened new trade routes between North-West India and Western Asia. •• Indians learnt from the Greeks in the fields of coinage, astronomy, architecture and sculpture (Gandhara school). •• Greek settlements were established, like Alexandria in Kabul and Sind, Boukephala in Jhelum. •• It paved the way for the expansion of the Mauryan empire in that area. •• His historians have left valuable accounts related to Indian geography, social and economic conditions, which helped to build the Indian chronology of the times. Mauryan Empire (322-185 BC) Origin •• Mudrarakshasa: Mauryas were connected with the Nandas and were called Vrishal/ Kulhina (of low clan). •• Buddhist Tradition: Chandragupta was a Kshatriya (Sakya clan). •• Puranas: Mauryas belonged to the Moriya clan (low caste) •• Junagarh rock inscription of Rudradaman (AD 150): Mauryans might have been of Vaishya origin. Sources of Mauryan History A. Literary Sources Kautilya’s Arthasastra •• It is a treatise on government and polity. •• It gives a clear and methodological analysis of political and economic conditions of the Mauryan period. Megasthenese’s India •• Megasthenese was the ambassador of Seleucus Nicator in the court of Chandragupta Maurya. •• His ‘Indica’ is foremost among all the foreigners’ accounts for Maurya. •• But its original copy is lost, and it has survived only as quotations in the text of classical Greek writers like: Strabo, Diodorous, Arrian, Plutarch and Latin writers such as Pliny and Justin. •• It refers to Mauryan administration, 7-caste system, absence of slavery in India etc. Visakha Dattas ‘Mudra Rakshasa’ •• It was written during Gupta Period, how Chandragupta Maurya get Chanakya’s assistance to overthrow the Nandas. •• It gives an excellent account of the prevailing socio-economic conditions. Puranas •• These are a collection of legends interspread with religious teachings, also give the chronology and lists of Mauryan kings. Buddhist Literature 1. Indian Buddhist text Jatakas reveals a general picture of socio-economic conditions of Mauryan period. 2. Ceylonese Buddhist chronicles Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa describe the part played by Ashoka in spreading Buddhism to Sri Lanka. 3. Tibetan Buddhist text Divyavadana gives information about Ashoka and his efforts to spread Buddhism. B. Archaeological Sources Chandra Gupta Maurya (322-298 BC) •• The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandra Gupta Maurya with the help of Chanakya (Kautilya). •• Chandra Gupta Maurya defeated Seleucus Nicator in 305 BC. The Bhumisparsha mudra statue of Buddha of Sarnath is dated to Gupta period. EBD_7237 GK-17 HISTORY GK-18 HISTORY •• A Greek ambassador Megasthenes was sent to the court of Chandra Gupta by Seleucus Nicator. •• Chandra Gupta became Jain in the last stage of life. •• The whole of Northern India was united for the first time. Bindusara (298-273 BC) •• He succeeded Chandragupta Maurya. •• Bindusara was known as Amitrochates to the Greeks, probably derived from the Sanskrit word Amitraghata. •• He is believed to have reigned the Deccan (upto Mysore). •• He patronised Ajivikas. Ashoka (273 BC- 232 BC) •• Ashoka was the son of Bindusara who successed him, by usurping the throne after killing his 99 brothers and spared Tissa, the youngest one. •• Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 BC. He abandoned the policy of physical occupation after he was moved by the massacre in this war. Ashokan Edicts and Inscriptions I. Rock Edicts Information 14 Major Rock Edicts Various Principles of Dhamma 2 Kalinga Rock Edicts Minor Rock Edicts New system of administration after the Kalinga war Personal history of Ashoka and summary of his dhamma Ashoka’s Dhamma •• Ashoka’s Dhamma was not a sectarian faith. •• Its objective was to build an attitude of preserving social order as: – to obey parents elders – to show mercy to slaves and servants – to emphasise on truth, non-violence & tolerance. •• He never said that they would attain Nirvana (Moksha), the goal of Buddhist teaching. Ashoka’s Missionaries •• Ashoka sent missionaries to Chola’s and Pandya’s Kingdoms. •• He sent missionaries to Greek ruled states–Syria, Egypt, Mecedonia, Epirus, etc. •• He sent his son–Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra to Ceylon with a sapling of pipal tree. •• He inaugurated Dhammayatras after visiting Bodh Gaya. •• The last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha was assasinated in 185 BC by his Commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga who established his own Shunga dynasty. Place Manshera (Pakistan) Shahbajgarhi (Mardan, Pakistan), Kalsi (Dehradun, Uttarakhand), Junagadh (Girnar, Gujarat), Sopara (Thane, Maharashtra), Yerragudi (Kurnul, Andhra Pradesh), Dhauli (Khurda, Odisha), Jaugada (Ganjam, Odisha) Dauli or Tosali (Khurda, Odisha), Jaugada (Ganjam, Odisha) Sasaram (Bihar), Maski (Andhra Pradesh), BhabruBairat (Rajasthan), Rupanath (MP), Gavimath, Palkig-undu, Siddhpur, Jating Rameshwar, Brahmagiri (Karnataka) Bhabru-Bairat Rock Ashoka’ conversion to Bhabru-Bairat (Rajasthan) Edicts Buddhism II. Pillar Edicts 7 Pillar Edicts Appendix to rock Edicts Meerut-Delhi (Chhoti Lata), Topra-Delhi (Badi Lata), Allahabad (UP); Lauriya Nandangadh, Lauriya Areraj and Rampurva (Bihar) 4 Minor Pillar Edicts 2 Tarai Pillar Edicts III. Cave Edicts Signs of Ashoka’s Sanchi (MP), Sarnath and Allahabad (UP) fanaticism to Dhamma Ashoka’s respect for Rummandei/Lumbini and Nigaliva (Tarai of Nepal) Buddhism 3 Barabar Cave Edicts Ashoka’s toleration ASHOKAN 14 MAJOR ROCK EDICTS S. No. Informations 1. Prohibition of animal sacrifices and festive gatherings. Measures of social welfare. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Respect to Brahamanas. Courtesy to relatives, elders, consideration for animals. Appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras and their duties. Need for efficient organisation of administration (orders to Dhamma Mahamatras). Need for tolerance among all religious sects. System of Dhamma-yatras. Attack on meaningless ceremonies and rituals. Conquest through Dhamma instead of war. Explanation of Dhamma-policy. Appeal for tolerance among all religious sects. Kalinga war, mention 5 contemporary Hellenic (Greek) kings. Inspiration to spend religious life. Mauryan Art 1. Popular/Folk Art:- Sculpture of Yaksha and Yakshini 2. Royal/Court Art:-Royal Palace of Chandra Gupta Maurya at Kumhrar, Patna Barabar Hills (Gaya, Bihar) •• Mauryan introduced stone masonry on large scale. •• Pillars represents the masterpiece of Mauryan Sculpture. •• Four lion capital at Sarnath and Sanchi. Lion Capital of Sarnath was adopted as ‘National Emblem’ of India on 26 Jan. 1950. •• Single lion capital at Rampurva and Lauriya Nandangarh. •• Single bull capital at Rampurva. •• A carved elephant at Dhauli and engraved elephant at Kalsi. •• The Mauryan artisans who started the practice of hewing out caves from rocks for monks to live in. The earliest example are Barabar caves (Sudama, World Hut, Chaupada of Karna, Rishi Lomesh) in Gaya (Ashokan). The other examples are Nagarjuni caves in Gaya (Dasharath). •• Stupas were built throughout the empire to enshrine the relics of Buddha. The most famous are at Sanchi and Bharhuta. Mauryan Administration •• It was a welfare state with centralised government. •• King was on the top assisted by Mantri Parishad, i.e. – Yuvaraj (Crown Prince) – Gopal Purohit (Chief Priest) – Senapati & other ministers. Officials Sannidhata Chief treasury officer Vyavaharika (Dharmastha) Chief Justice of Dharmasthiya Nyayalaya (Civil Court) Samaharta The collector general of revenue Chamundarai, minister under Ganga ruler Rachmalla constructed Jain statue of Bahubali (Gomat) in 983 A.D. EBD_7237 GK-19 HISTORY GK-20 HISTORY Pradeshta Chief Justice of Kantakashodhan Nyayalaya (Criminal Court) Rashtrapala/Kumara The viceroys in charge of a province Dhamma Mahamatra A new post created by Ashoka, empowered with the dual functions of propagating Dhamma and taking care of the common folk for their material well-being. Pradesika They were the modern district magistrate Rajukas They were the Patwaris and responsible for surveying and assessing the land Yukta A subordinate revenue officer of the district level Sthanika The collecting officer directly under the control of the Pradeshika Gopa Responsible for accounts Nagaraka The officer in charge of the city administration Akshapatala Accountant General Sitaadhyaksha Supervised agriculture Panyadhyaksha Superintendent of commerce Samsthaadhyaksha Superintendent of Market Pautavadhyaksha Superintendent of weights and measures Navaadhyaksha Superintendent of ships Sulkaadhyaksha Collector of tolls Akaradhyaksha Superintendent of mines Lohadhyaksha Superintendent of Iron Provincial Administration Province Avantipatha (Western Province) Capital Ujjain Central Province Patliputra Dakshinapatha (Southern Province) Kalinga (Eastern Province) Uttarapatha (Northern Province) Suvarnagri Toshali Taxila Administrative Unit Head Chakra (i.e. province) Rashtrapala/ Kumara Ahar/Vishaya (i.e. District) Pradeshika (administrative) and Rajuka (land revenue) Sangrahana (a group of 10 villages Gram (i.e. village Gopa Gramika Mauryan Municipal Administration • • • • • • • • Kautilya writes full chapter to the rules of the Nagarak i.e. city superintendent, maintenance of law and order. Megasthenese account of the system: 6 committees of five members each, and their functions. Industrial Arts. Entertainment of Foreigners. Registration of Births and Deaths. Trade and Commerce. Public sale of manufactured goods. Collection of taxes on the articles (1/10th of purchase price). The Hathigumpha inscription tells us that Kharvela defeated three Southern Kingdom-Cholas, Cheras and Pandayas. Mauryan Army • • • The important feature of Mauryan administration was the maintenance of a huge army. They also maintained a Navy. Megasthenese writes about administration of Army that was carried by a board of 30 officers divided into 6 committee, each committee consisting of 5 members. committees were. 1. Infantry 2. Cavalry 3. Elephants 4. Chariots 5. Navy 6. Transport Detectives : • In the Mauryan period, these were two types of Gudhapurushas (detectives)– Sansthan (Stationary) and Sanchari (Wandering). Mauryan Economy • • • • • • • • The state controlled almost all economic activities. Tax collected from peasants ranged from 1/4 to 1/6 of the produce. The state also provided irrigation facilities (Setubandha) and charged water tax. Toll taxes were also charged on commodities brought to town for sale. The sate controlled mining, forest, salt, sale of liquor, manufacture of arms etc. Sohgaura (Gorakhpur district, U.P.) copper plate inscription and Mahasthana (Bogara district, Bangladesh) inscription tells about the relief measures to be adopted during a famine. Ports: Bharukachch/Bharoch and Supara (Western coast), Tamralipti in Bengal (Eastern coast). The punch-marked coins (mostly of silver) were the common units of transactions. Mauryan Society • • Kautilya/Chanakya/Vishnugupta is not as rigid on the Varna system as the earlier Smriti writers. Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ looked upon the Shudras as an Aryan community which is distinguished from Malechha or non-Aryan community. Reduction of gap between the Vaishyas and the Shudras. Magasthenese states that Indian society was divided into 7 classes: 1. Philosophers 2. Farmers 3. Soldiers 4. Herdsmen 5. Artisans 6. Magistrates 7. Councillors The ‘classes’ mentioned above appear to have been economic than social. Megasthenese stated that there were no slavery in India; but according to Indian sources, slavery was a recognised institution during Mauryan reign. It appears that Megasthenese was thinking of slavery in full legal sense as it existed in the West. • Woman occupied a high position and freedom in the Mauryan society. • According to Kautilya, women were permitted to have a divorce or remarry. Women were employed as personal body-guards of the king, spies and in other diverse jobs. • POST MAURYAN PERIOD A. Native successors Shunga (Sunga) Dynasty (185 BC –73 BC) Four rulers of Shunga or Sunga Dynasty were Pushyamitra Sunga (185 BC to 151 BC), Agnimitra (149 BC-141 BC), Bhagabhadra (114 BC-83 BC) and Devabhuti (87-73 BC). Pushyamitra Sunga (185 BC to 151 BC) •• Pushyamitra Shunga was the founder of Shunga Dynasty. •• Pushyamitra was succeeded by his Agnimitra, the hero of Kali Das’s drama “Malvikagnimitra”. •• Bhagvata Religion became important. •• The Bharat Stupa is the most famous monument of the Sunga Period. •• Example of Shunga Art:–Vihar, Chautya, Stupa of Bhaja, Amaravati Stupa. Yuktisastika (Sixty stanzas on Reasoning) was written by Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna. EBD_7237 GK-21 HISTORY GK-22 Bhagabhadra (114-83 BC) We know about the king Bhagabhadra by a Heliodorus pillar, which has been found in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh near modern Besnagar. Heliodorus was a Greek ambassador and he dedicated this pillar to God Vasudeva (Vishnu). The Heliodorus pillar has a surmounted figure of a Garuda. Devabhuti (87-73 BC) Devabhuti was the last Shunga ruler who was killed by his own minister Vasudeva Kanva in around 73 BC and founded the Kanva Dynasty. Kanva Dynasty (73 BC–28 BC) •• Kanva was a minor dynasty founded by Vasudeva, who killed the last Shunga king Devabhuti. Its capital was at Patliputra. •• Bhumimitra and Narayana succeeded Vasudeva. All the rulers were Brahmins. •• The last ruler, Susarman, was killed by Andhra king Simuka. The Cheti (Chedi) Dynasty of Kalinga •• The Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela—the third ruler of the dynasty, gives information about the Chetis. Kharavela pushed his kingdom upto Godavari in the South, and recovered the Jaina image from Magadha. •• He was a follower of Jainism. He constructed residential caves for Jain monks on the Udaygiri Hill near Bhubaneshwar, Orissa. Satavahana Dynasty (3rd Century BC–2nd Century AD) •• This dynasty rover over Andhras & Deccan for 400 years. •• They were also called Salivahanas & Satakarnis. •• Its founder, Simukha, ruled over it from 271 BC to 248 BC. •• Gautamiputra (62–86 AD) was the most powerful king of this dynasty. •• Yojnasri Satakarni was the last who ruled from 128-157 AD. •• They issued mostly lead coins (apart from copper and bronze). Satavahanas were the first rulers to make land grants to Brahmins. There is an instance of grants being made to Buddhist monk, which shows they also promoted Buddhism. HISTORY •• Satavahana rulers called themselves Brahmins. Gautamiputra Satkarni claimed that he was a true Brahmin. •• They performed Vedic rituals and worshipped Gods like Krishna, Vasudeva and others. •• Stupas at Nagarjunakonda and Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh became important seats of Buddhist culture under the Satavahanas. •• In the Satavahana phase, many chaityas e.g. Karla caves in Western Deccan, Nashik and Kanheri and Viharas were cut out of solid rocks in the NorthWestern Deccan. The official languages of Satavahanas was Prakrit and the script was Brahmi. •• Provinces were called Ahara, and the officials were known as Amatyas and Mahamatyas. B. Foreign Successors The Indo-Greeks: 2nd Centrury BC •• Indo-Greeks (Bacterian Greeks) were the first foreign rulers of North-Western India in the Post-Maurya period. •• Menander(165BC - 145 BC) the most famous indo-Greek ruler also known as Milinda. He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena or Nagarjuna. •• They issued the large number of coins. •• They were the first rulers in India to issue coins which can definitely be attributed to the kings. •• They were the first to issue gold coins. •• They introduced Hellenic. i.e., Greek features in art giving rise to Gandhar school in the North-Western India. The Sakas: 1st Century BC-4th Century AD •• The Sakas also known as Scythians replaced the Indo-Greeks in India. •• Among the five branches of Sakas in different parts of India, the most important was the one which ruled in Western India till the 4th Century AD. •• Rudradaman (130 AD-150 AD). He was famous not only for his military conquests but also for his public works as he repaired the famous Sudarsan Lake of the Mauryan period and for his patronage of Sanskrit as he issued the first ever long inscription in Sanskrit. Bali was a voluntary offering to the king but it became compulsory and oppressive tax during Gupta period. •• Other important Saka ruler in India were 1. Nahapana 2. Ushavadeva 3. Ghamatika 4. Chashtana Vikramaditya a king of Ujjain in about 58 BC fought effectively against the Sakas. An era called Vikrama Samvat is recknoed from 58 BC. The Parthians : 1st Century BC-1st Century AD •• Originally the Parthians (Pahlavas) lived in Iran, they replaced the Sakas in North-Western India, but controlled an area much smaller than the Sakas. •• The most famous Parthian king was Gondophernes in whose reign St. Thomas is said to have come to India for the propagation of Christianity. Kushan Dynasty (30–375 AD) •• Kanishka was the greatest ruler of the dynasty and is known for his military powers. •• The Capital of Kushan were Purushapura (Peshawar) and Mathura. •• Kanishka was patron of Buddhism and convened the 4th Buddhist Council in Kundalvana of Kashmir in 78 AD. •• The Kushans were the first rulers in India to issue Gold coins on a wide scale. •• The last great Kushan ruler was Vasudeva I. Post-Mauryas Important Facts There were three school of Sculpture: 1. Amaravati School (150 BC - 400 AD) Satvahanas 2. Gandhar School (50 BC - 5th Century AD) - Saka - Kushans 3. Mathura School (150 AD - 300 AD) Saka-Kushans. Note: The influence of Greek sculpture is very evident in the Gandhar school, while Mathura school, evolved an indigenous form. •• In 46-47 AD, Hippalus, a greek sailor, discovered the monsoon sea-route to India from West Asia. •• Important ports: Barygaza (Bharoch) and Barbairicum (Western Coast); Aricamedu (Podeku - according to ‘Periplus’)–near Pandicheri–Eastern Coast. •• ‘Bullion was flowing out of Rome to India’ – Pliny. •• ‘Geographica’ – Strabo, ‘Geography’ – Ptolemy, ‘Natural History’ – Pliny, ‘Periplus of the Erithryan Sea’ – Unknown. •• India had contacts with Central Asia, China Graceo-Roman World and South East Asia. The Gupta Empire (320-550 AD) •• The fall of Kushan empire towords the middle of 3 AD century led to the establishment of the empire of Guptas. •• This period is generally known as “Golden Age.” •• Sri Gupta was the founder of Gupta Dynasty. •• He was followed by his son Ghatotkacha & was followed by his son Chandragupta I. Chandragupta I (319–355 AD) •• Chandragupta was married to Kumara Devi •• He was the first gupta King to adopt the title of Maharaja Dhiraja. •• He issued Gold Coin. •• Samudragupta (355-380 A.D.)- He was son and successor of Chandragupta-I •• Harisena, the poet of his court, enumerated the long inscription in the pillar of Allahabad. •• Samudragupta was known as “Indian Napoleon”. Chandragupta IIHe succeeded Samundragupta. Extended his empire by marriage alliances and conquers. He married his daughter Prabhavati with a Vakataka prince who belonged to the Brahmana caste and ruled in central India. He patronized the famous Navaratnas. Kalidasa and Amarasimha were among them. He conquered western Malwa and Gujarat, ruled by the Saka Kshatrapas for about past four centuries and adopted the title of Vikramaditya after conquering Ujjain. Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien came to India during his reign. •• His son Kumaragupta succeeded him. Kumaragupta’s dominion suffered severely from the invasion of Huna Hordes, all over North India. Skandagupta, son of Kumaragupta defeated Pushyamitra who became powerful during Kumaragupta time. He also defeated the White Hunas. •• Nalanda University was built by Kumargupta. Katyayana, a smriti writer of Gupta period, was the first to use the expression Asprashya to denote the untouchables. EBD_7237 GK-23 HISTORY GK-24 HISTORY GUPTA KINGS, THEIR TITLES AND COINS Gupta Kings Chandragupta I Samudragupta Titles Gold Coins (Dinaras) Maharajadhiraja of king of the kings Kaviraj (Prayag Prasati), Ashvamedha, Vikram, Param Bhagvat, Sarva-rajoch Chetta (uprooter of all kings). Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, Sakari Devagupta/ Devashri/Devaraja, Narendra Chandra Sinh Vikram, Param Bhagvata etc. Kumaragupta Mahendraditya, Ashvamedha Mahendra and Mahendra Sinh Skandagupta Dhanurdhari-Archer, Garud, Axe, Ashvamedha, Vyagnra hanam (Tiger killing), Veena Vadan, Playing flute type. Ashvarohi, Chhatradhari, ChakraVikram type etc. Gajarohi, Khadgadhari, Gajarohi Sinh-nihanta, Khang-nihanata, (i.e. rhinocerous slayer) Kartikeya and Apratighmudra type. Vikramaditya, Kramaditya, Param Archer king and queen, Chhatra Bhagvat, (on coins); Shakropama and horseman type. (Kahaum Pillar inscription); Devaraja (Arya Manjushri Mula Kalpa). Gupta Administration •• It was highly decentralised and quasifeudal in character. •• Kings adopted famous titles such as Parameshvara, Maharajadhiraj, Parambhattarka, which signify that they ruled over the lesser kings in their empire. •• The practice of appointing Kumara (crown prince) came in practice. •• Kings were assisted by Mantriparishad (Council of Ministers) as referred in the Prayag Prasasti. Administrative Units Unit •• Bhukti (province) •• Vishayas (district) •• Nagar/Peth Kumaradevi type Headed by Uparika Vishyapati Purapala/Nagar Pati Village (sub-district) Gramika City Administration was the council responsible for city administration. It included: (i) The president of the city corporation, (ii) Chief representative of the guild of merchants, (iii) A representative of the artisans (iv) The Chief Accountant. (v) It comprised of local representatives. Army Military •• Chariots receded into the background and cavalry came to the forefront. •• The Gupta empire maintained a large standing army, but essentially the military organisation was feudal in character. Senabhakta •• It was a form of tax i.e. the army was to be fed by the people whenever, it passed through the countryside. •• Forced labour or Vishti was also practised in royal army. Revenue •• Land revenue was the chief source of state’s income. •• It varied from ¼th to ⅙th of the produce. The number of taxes increased. •• During the Gupta’s rule, land grants (Agarhara and Devagrahara grants) also included transfer of royal rights over salt and mines, which were earlier states monopoly during Mauryas. Chandragupta II ‘Vikramaditya‘ was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coins and adopted the title Sakari. •• Judiciary: For the first time, civil and criminal law were clearly defined and demarcated. •• Coinage: Guptas issued the largest number of gold coins, which were called dinaras in their inscriptions. Silver coins were called the Rupayakas. Important Officials Official Field of Work •• Maha Pratihari Chief usher of Royal Palace •• Mahaprajapati Chief officer of elephant corps •• Dandapashika Chief officer of the Police department •• Vinayasthitisthapak Chief officer of •• Mahashvapati •• Mahadandanayaka religious affairs Chief of Cavalry Minister of Justice Society in Gupta Period •• The Supremacy of the Brahmins continued. They accumulated wealth on accounts of numerous land grant and claimed many privilege. •• The position of the Shudras improved, and they were permitted to listen epic, puranas and to worship a new God, Lord Krishna. •• Varna system got strengthened due to the large scale proliferation of castes, chiefly because of assimilation of foreigners into the Indian society, absorption of tribal people into Brahminical society through land grant and transformation of guilds into class due to the decline of trade and urban centres. The Position of women •• The first example of immolation of widow after death of her husband (Sati) appeared in Gupta times. (Also referred in the Eran inscription, which mentions that the wife of Goparaja, Commander of Bhangupta, performed Sati) •• Polygamy and pre-puberty marriages were common. •• Women were not given the right to property except for stridhana, in the form of garments and jewellery. Gupta Religion •• Bhagavatism was based on around the worship of Vishnu or Bhagavad. •• Bhagvad Gita was written in this period. It preached the doctrine of incarnation or Avatar. •• Idol worship in the temple became a common feature. •• The Gods were unified with their respective consorts. Thus, Parvati got associated with Shiva and Laxmi with Vishnu. •• Gupta kings followed a policy of tolerance towards the different religious sects. •• There was an evolution of Vajrayanism as well and Buddhist tantric cult. •• Buddhism no longer received royal patronage in the Gupta period. Gupta Economy Land was classified into five groups: •• Khila Waste land •• Charagah Bhoomi Pasture land •• Kshetra Bhoomi •• Vastu Bhoomi •• Aprahata Bhoomi Cultivable land Habitable land Forest land •• State was the exclusive owner of land. •• Poona plates of Prabhavati Gupta refers to the land survey conducted during the period. •• Pushtapala was the officer incharge for maintaining records of all land transactions. •• Trade: There was a decline in trade with the Roman empire after 3rd century AD, while the South-East Asian trade increased. •• Ports on West coast to trade with Mediterranean and West Asia— Bharoach, Chaul, Kalyan and Cambay. •• Ports on East coast to trade with SouthEast Asia—Tamralipti, Ghantashala and Kandura. Taxes Bhaga Bali Bhoga King’s share in the produce, to be paid by cultivators. An additional and oppressive tax during Gupta period. Periodic supplies of fruits, firewoods etc., which the villagers had to furnish to the king. Uparika An extra tax levied on all subjects. Harshavardhana was an accomplished author who wrote three sanskrit plays – Nagenanda, Ratnavali and Priyadarshika. EBD_7237 GK-25 HISTORY GK-26 Gupta Art Gupta period is also called The Golden Age of Ancient India. •• Coin Arts: Samudragupta is represented on his coins playing the Veena and Chandragupta II is credited with maintaining in his court, nine luminaries or great scholars viz, Kalidasa, Amarsimha, Dhanavantri, Varahmihira, Vararuchi (Vartika-a comment on Ashtadhyayi), Ghatakarna, Kshapranak, Velabhatt and Shanku. •• Over two metre high bronze images of the Buddha of this period is recovered from Bhagalpur. •• For the first time, images of Vishnu, Shiva and some other Hindu Gods were found. •• Buddha sitting in Dharmachakra mudra (Sarnath) and Buddha images of Bamiyan belong to this period. •• Brahminical Image: The Great Boar (Varah) carved in relief at the entrance of a cave at Udayagiri. •• Paintings: Ajanta paintings and paintings at Bagh (Madhya Pradesh) are of this period. They belong to the Buddhist Art. •• In Gupta period the Gandhara School of Sculpture was replaced by regional centres at Banaras, Pataliputra and Mathura. •• Stupas—Mirpur Khas (Sindh), Ratnagiri (Orissa) and Dhammekh (Sarnath). Gupta Architecture •• The Gupta age marked the main style of temple architecture in India like the Nagara and Dravida style (shikhar style) with Garbhagriha. •• Square sanctum sanctorum and a pillared porch was found. Religious Literature Hindu Texts: Many old religious books were re-written e.g. Vayu Purana, Vishun Purana, Manu Smriti (translated into English under the title of “Institutes of Hindu law” William Jones), Ramayana and Mahabharata. New Text: Narad Smriti, Parashar Smriti, Katyana Smriti and Brihat Smriti. Jain Texts: Nyayavartam written by Sidhsena. Buddhist Texts: Abhidharma Kosha written by Dignaga, Vishnu-dhimagga written by Buddhghosa. HISTORY •• Mrichchakatikam (i.e. the clay cart) is the love story of a poor Brahmin Charudatta and virtuous courtsean Vasantasena. IMPORTANT FACTS •• Brahmasidhanta, was translated into Arabic under the title “Sind Hind”. •• Ritusamhara, Meghdootam and Raghuvamsham are epics and not plays. •• Bhasa wrote 13 plays in this period. •• There was a development of Sanskrit grammar based on Panini and Patanjali. Amarkosha was compiled by Amarasimha. Other Literary Works Author Sudraka Bharavi Dandin Bhasa Vishakhadatta Vishnu Sharma Amarismha Isware Krishna Vatsyayana Bhattin Varahamihira Astronomy Aryabhatta Book Mrichchakatikam Kiratarjuniya Dasa Kumar Charita and Kavyadarshan Svapnavasavadattam, Charudatta Mudrarakshasa Devi Chandraguptam Panchtantra and Hitopodesha Amarkosh Sankhya Kanika Kamasutra (earliest book on sex) Ravan Vadha Panchasiddhantika, Brihad Samhita He was the great mathematician who wrote Aryabhatiyam and Surya Siddhanta. He placed the value of first line number and the use of zero (‘0’). Varahamihira He wrote Panchsiddhantika and Brihadsamhita. He said the Moon moves Pallavi ruler Narshimhavarman ‘Mammala’ invaded chalukyas and captured vatapi and adopted the title vatapikonda. round the Earth and Earth together with the Moon, move round the Sun. Brahmagupta: He was a great mathematician. He hinted the law of gravitation in Brahma Siddhanta. Vagabhatta was a distinguished physician. Dhanvantri was famous for the knowledge of Ayurveda. Romaka Siddhanta, a book on astronomy was compiled. Palakapya wrote Hastyagarveda, a treatise on the disease of elephants. Bhaskara wrote Mahabhaskarya and Laghu Bhaskarya. Harshavardhana (606-647 AD) •• Fall of Gupta’s and Huna invasion left northern India in a disorder and chaotic situation. It gave rise to small kingdoms like Thaneswar, near Kurukshetra under the leadership of Prabhakarvardhana and his son Harsha. •• He made Kannauj his capital and his kingdom spread over northern India except Kashmir. •• Banabhatta was a poet in his court who wrote Harshacharita describing early history of his reign. •• Chinese pilgrim Hsuan Tsang who visited India during his reign has thrown great deal of light on the administrative, political and social life of that time. He spent his six years of life in India (606612 A.D.). •• Harsha himself wrote Ratnavali, Naganandam and Priyadarshika plays in Sanskrit. The Pala Empire (750–1174 BC) en Era of Bengal •• It was Buddhist dynasty from Bengal founded by Gopala I. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala conquered Kannauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. •• Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. •• Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman mentioned the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs. Southern Kingdoms (Sangam Period) The Cheras •• The Chera state covered the area of both Kerala and Tamil Nadu. •• The capital of Cheras was Vanjji. •• Mazris and Tondi were its main ports. •• The Romans established two regiment at Muzris like Cranganore in Chera state. They also built a temple of Augustus at Muzris. •• Udiyangeral was one of the earliest and better known among Chera rulers. He fed both the armies of Kurukshetra war and so earned the title Udiyangeral. •• The greatest of Chera King, was Senguttuvan or Red Chera. He invaded the North and even crossed the Ganges. •• He was also the founder of the famous Pattini cult related to worship of goddess of chastity - Kannagi. The Pandyas •• The Pandyas were first mentioned by Megasthanese, who mentioned the Kingdom was famous for pearls. •• The Pandya Kingdom included modern districts of Tirunelvelli, Ramand and Madurai in Tamil Nadu. •• It had its capital at Madurai, situated on the banks of Vaigai River. •• The Pandya King had trade with Roman Empire and sent emissaries to Roman emperor Augustus and Trojan. •• The Pandyas are mentioned in the Ramayana and Mahabharata. •• The earliest known Pandyan ruler was Mudukudumi. •• The Pallavas of Kanchi, the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pandyas of Madurai emerged as powerful states in southern India in the beginning of seven century. Pallavas of Kanchi Pallavas constructed temples of Shiva and Vishnu in Tamil Nadu. •• Epigraphs found in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka between second and third century B.C. were mostly written in Prakrit but around 400 A.D. Sanskrit became official language. Vaishesika School of Philosophy was founded by Uluka Kanada. EBD_7237 GK-27 HISTORY GK-28 HISTORY •• Pallavas ruled over southern Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamil Nadu. They made Kanchi their capital identical to present Kanchipuram and made it a city of temple and vedic learning. Chalukyas of Badami •• The Chalukyas set up their sovereign state at Vatapi (modern Bijapur district). •• Pulakesin I (543-567 A.D.) established this dynasty and Pulakesin II (608647AD) was greatest of all rulers. •• Well known Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi were built during Chalukyas reign. •• The Pallavas and Chalukyas were in conflict during Pulakesin II. Narasimhavarman captured his capital during their second clash between the two. Narasimhavarman then assumed the title of vatapikonda (conquer of Vatapi). Chola Dynasty •• The Capital of Chola was Palayarai. •• Vijaylaya was the founder of Chola Dynasty. •• Most powerful king of the dynasty was Rajaraja and his son Rajendra - I. •• Rajendra I founded a new capital of Gangai Kondacholapuram. •• Rajendra Chola III was last king of dynasty. •• The literature had improved in Chola Period. Sangam Administration •• The king was the centre of administration. •• He was called Ko, Mannam, Vendan Korravan or Iraivan. •• Avai was the court of the crowned monarch. •• Important officials (Panchmahasbha): 1. Amaichchar (Ministers) 2. Purohitar (Priests) 3. Dutar (Envoys) 4. Senapatiyar (Commander) 5. Orar (Spies) •• The kingdom was divided into Mandalam/Nadu (Province) Ur (town) Perur (Big village) Sirur (Small village) Pattinam (Name of coastal town) Puhar (Harbour areas) Cheri (Suburb of town) SANGAM REGIONS Panchtinai (five Tamil regions) Kurinji (hilly backwoods or montane) Palai (Parched or arid zone) Mullai (Pastoral tract) Marutam (Wetland) Neital (littoral/coastal) Sangam Economy Occupation Hunting, Gathering cattle lifting, Highway robbery Shifting Agriculture, Animal husbandry Plough Agriculture Fishing, Salt extraction •• The land was very fertile with proper irrigation facilities. The chief local God was Murugan, also called as Subramaniya. Revenue Terminologies •• Karai Land tax •• Iravu Extra demand or forced gift •• Irai Inhabitants Tribute paid by feudatories and booty collected in war •• Ulgu •• Variyar •• Variyam Kurvar, Vetar Eyinar, Maravar Ayar, Idaiyar Ulavar, Vellalar Paratavar, Valayar Custom duties Tax collector A well-known unit of territory yielding tax Sangam Literature •• The word Sangam was an assembly of Tamil scholars and poets, under the royal patronage of the Pandyan kings. •• The whole Sangam age is called Golden or Augustan age. •• The father of Tamil literature is ‘Agastya’ Tamil Sangams SanVenue gams Chairman 1st Agastaya 2nd 3rd Madurai Kapatapuran Agastaya Alvai (founder) Tolakappiyan (later chairman North Madurai Surviving Text — Tolakappiyam (Tamil Grammar) Nakkirar Ettutogai Patinenki lakanakku, Pattu-Pattu Other Sangam Works •• Tolkappiyam by Tolkappiyar (Tamil Grammar). •• Tirukkural or Kural by Tiruvalluvar is the fifth Veda or Bible of the Tamil land. It explains the doctrine of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. •• Aggatiyam is grammar of letters and life, presented in three parts, written by saint Aggatiyar. Epics •• Silappadikaram, i.e. the jewelled anklet by Ilango Adigal is an epic, a love story of Kovalan and Madhavi, also called Illiyad of Tamil Poetry. •• Manimekalai is also an epic and a sequel to Silappadikaram, written by Seetalai Sattannar. •• Sevaga Chintamani (Sivaga Sindamani), a third epic by a Jaina Tiruttakadeva. It has elements of Jainism. •• Bharatman was written by Perudevanar. Very Important Temples of Ancient India Temple Builder Jagannath Temple, Puri Narsinghdev Sun Temple, Konark Ganga Krishan-I Kailash Temple at Ellora Chandella Krishan-I Elephanta Narsingh Verman -I Mamallapuram Temple Narsingh Verman - II Kailashnath Temple Jain Temple of Dilwara Ganga Yashoverman Kandariya Mahadeva Temple Khajurao Dynasty Narsingh Verman - II Vimala Rashtrakuta Rashtrakuta Pallava Pallava Solankiruler MEDIEVAL HISTORY The Rajputs The Rajputas emerged as a powerful force in Northern India. Some Important Rajputs Kingdom Rajput Kingdom Capital Founder Chauhan/Chahman of Delhi-Ajmer (7th–1192) Delhi Vasudeva Paware/Parmar of Malwa (790–1150) Ujjain/Dhar Sri Harsha Pratihara/Parihar of Kannauj (730–1036) Avanti Kannauj Nagbhatta–I EBD_7237 GK-29 HISTORY GK-30 HISTORY Chalukya/Solanki of Kathiawar (942–1187) Anihalvada Mularaja I Chandella of Jejaka Bhukti (831– 1202) Khajuraho Nanuk Chandela Kalchuri/Haihaga of Chedi (850– 1211) Gadhwal/Rathor of Kannauj (1090–1194) Tomars of Delhi & Haryana Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar Important Rajput Rulers Tripuri Kannauj Dhillika Chittor Prithivi Raj Chauhan •• He was Chahamana ruler of Delhi & Agra. •• He fought 2 battles with Muslim invador Md. Ghori. (i) First Battle of Tarain (1191): Prithvi Raj defeated Muhammad Ghori (ii) Second Battle of Tarain (1192): Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Jaichand Gadhwal/Rathor •• He was last Rajputa King •• He was defeated by Md. Ghori in battle of Chandawar. Bhoja Parmar He was a great conqueror and a patron of literature. Dynasty Muhammad Ghori/slave dynasty (1193-1290) Khiljis (1290-1320) Sultan / Agent •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• Kokkala I Chandra Deva ---- Bappa Rawal Hammir I Architectural & Literary works by Rajputs •• Kandariya Mahadev Temple (Khajuraho) built by Chandella of Bundel Khanda. •• Dilwara Temple (Mount Abu) built by Siddharaja Solanki of Gujarat. •• Sun Temple at Konark. •• Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar. •• Rajtarangini (History of Kashmir) of Kalhana •• Gita Govinda of Jayadeva •• Vikramadeva Charita by Bilhana Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD) Delhi Sultanate begins with Turkish invasion in India by Muhammad Ghori from 1173 to 1202. He nominated his faithful slave Qutub-ud-Din Aibak as the governor of the newly possessed region called India. During this period Delhi became the centre of Turkish and Afghan Power. Event Highlights Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210) •• Construction of world famous Aram Shah (1210–1211) monument Qutub Minar by Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–1236), Qutub-ud-din Aibak and finished Rukn ud din Firuz (1236) by his successors. They attacked Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (1236–1240) temples of Ajmer, Samana, Muiz ud din Bahram (1240–1242) Kuhram, Delhi, Kol, Benaras Alauddin Masud (1242–1246), •• Construction of Quwat ul-Islam Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246–1266), at Delhi, Adhai din ka Jhopra at Ghiyas uddin Balban (1266–1286), Ajmer. Muiz uddin Qaiqabad (1286–1290), Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290–1296) Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316) Umar Khan Khilji (1316) Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (13161320) •• Khusro Khan (1320) •• Known for their cruelty as they levied taxes on the defeated community. During the period of Alauddin Khilji the famous Koh-inoor Diamond of Warangal was looted somewhere around 1310 Tughlaqs (1320-1395) •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• Sayyids (1400-1442) Lodis (1457-1518) •• •• •• •• •• Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq (1320-1325) •• Geographically the largest dynasty; Muhammad bin Tughlaq Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351) was one of the powerful sultans Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351) Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388) who changed the capital from Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II (1388– Delhi to Daulatabad (present 1389) Deogir in Maharashtra) to rule the empire more proficiently thus Abu Bakr Shah (1389–1390) ordered for forceful migration of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III common masses. Though a good (1390–1393) idea but he failed to execute. Sikander Shah I (March-April 1393) Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq •• Secondly his ideas to introduce (1393–1413) bronze coin instead of silver coin Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughlaq also failed as the bronze coins (1394–1414), were easy to forge Khizr Khan (1414–1421) Mubarak Shah (1421–1434) Muhammad Shah (1434–1445) Alam Shah (1445–1451) •• Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489) •• Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517) •• Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526), •• The vast Tughlaq dynasty shrunk within 10 miles of Delhi during this period. •• The dynasty had fought one of the greatest battles in India- Battle of Panipat in 1526 with Babur who was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi to enter India and at the end Ibrahim Lodi lost the battle. LITERATURE OF DELHI SULTANATE Book Author Historical Importance Tabqiq-i-Hind Al-beruni Alberuni was an Arabian scholar who wrote about the Slave dynasty Laila-Majnu Amir Khusrau Court poet of Alauddin Khilji Tabaqat-i-Nasiri Khazain-ul-Futuh Tughlaq-Nama Nuh-Sipihr Fatawa-i-Jahandri Tarikha-i-Firoz Shahi Fatwah-i-Firoz Shahi Kitab-fi-Tahqiq Qanun-e-Masudi Jawahar-fil-jawahir Qamas Taj-ul-Maathir Chach Namah Lubab-ul-Alab Minhaj-us-Siraj Amir Khusrau Amir Khusrau Amir Khusrau Ziauddin Barani Ziauddin Barani Firoz Shah Alberuni Alberuni Alberuni Firozabadi Hasan Nizami Abu Bakr Bhukhari Gives an account of Iltutmish’s region Describes conquests of Alauddin Khilji Gives account of Ghiyasuddin’s reign Poetic description of Alauddin Khilji Gives an account of the Tughlaq dynasty Gives an account of Firoz Shah’s reign Gives an account of his reign About Indian Sciences About astronomy About mineralogy Arabic words dictionary History of IIbaris, the slave dynasty History of Sindh region Persian anthology EBD_7237 GK-31 HISTORY GK-32 HISTORY Khamsah Amir khusrau Literature and Poems Kitab-ul-Rehla lbn Battutah A travelogue with stories Shah Namah Firdausi Miftah-ul-Futuh Amir Khusrau Multa-ul-Anwar Amir Khusrau Ayina-i-Sikandari Amir Khusrau Hasht Bihisht Shirin Khusrau Amir Khusrau Tarik-i-Firoz Shahi Futuh-us-Salatin Amir Khusrau Shams-i-Shiraj Afif Isami About Mahmud Ghazni’s reign Jalaluddin’s conquest and life Literary masterpieces Literary masterpieces Literary masterpieces Literary masterpieces History of Tughlaqs About Bahmani Kingdom CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION OF DELHI SULTANATE Department Head (Founded by) Diwan – i-Wizarat (Finance Department) Wazir Diwan-i-Insha (Correspondence Department) Dabir-i-Mumalik. Diwan – i-Ariz (Military Department) Diwan-i-Risalat (Department of Appeals) Diwan-i-Mustakharaj (Department of Arrears) Diwan-i-Kohi (Department of Agriculture) Diwan-i-Bandgan Department of Slaves) Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of Charity) Diwan-i- Isthiaq (Department of Pension) Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 AD) Ariz – i –Mumalik Dabir-i-Mulq Founded by Alauddin Khilji Founded by Md-bin-Tughlaq Founded by Firoz Tughlaq Founded by Firoz Tughlaq Founded by Firoz Tughlaq. •• Vijay Nagar Kingdom and city were founded by Harihara and Bukka. •• Vijay Nagar Kingdom lay in the Deccan, to the south of the Bahmani Kingdom. •• Vijay Nagar period can be divided into 4 distinct dynasty viz Sangma, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu. Dynasty Sangama Dynasty Emperors •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• Harihara Raya I(1336–1356) Bukka Raya I (1356–1377) Harihara Raya II (1377–1404) Virupaksha Raya (1404–1405) Bukka Raya II (1405–1406) Deva Raya I (1406–1422) Ramachandra Raya(1422) Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya (1422–1424) Deva Raya II (1424–1446) Mallikarjuna Raya (1446–1465) Virupaksha Raya II (1465–1485) Praudha Raya(1485) Important Highlights •• The rise of Vijayanagar dynasty was the result of political and cultural movement against the Tughlaqs. •• Presumably Harihar I and Bukka I were the founders of this dynasty. •• This dynasty had to face the invasion from Bahmani Sultan Ahmed Lin. •• The kings of this dynasty were generous and worked for the social welfare of the people. •• Some of the kings were great patronage of literature. Saluva Dynasty •• Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485–1491) •• Thimma Bhupala (1491) •• Narasimha Raya II (1491–1505) Tuluva Dynasty •• •• •• •• •• •• Aravidu Dynasty •• Aliya Rama Raya 1542–1565 •• The last dynasty of Vijayanagar •• Tirumala Deva Raya 1565– empire founded by Tirumal Deva 1572 Raya •• Sriranga I 1572–1586 •• The battle of Raksa –Tangadi happened hence the Aravidu dynasty •• Venkata II 1586–1614 as well as Vijayanagar empire came •• Sriranga II 1614 to an end by the combined forces of •• Rama Deva Raya 1617–1632 Bijapur muslims •• Venkata III 1632–1642 •• Sriranga III 1642–1646 Tuluva Narasa Nayaka (1491–1503) Vira Narasimha Raya (1503–1509) Krishna Deva Raya (1509–1529) Achyuta Deva Raya (1529–1542) Venkata I 1542 Sadasiva Raya (1542–1570) Vijay Nagar Administration • • • Nayankar system was special feature of provincial administration. Ayngar system was special feature of village administration. The Vijaynagar rulers issued Gold coins called “Varahas or Pagodas”. Vijay Nagar Architecture • • Vijay Nagar Rulers produced a new style of Architecture called as provida Style. Important temples were Vittalswami & Hazara Rama Temple of Hampi., Varadraja and Ekambarnath temple at Kanchipuram and Parvati Temple at Chidambaram. Religious Movements During fifteenth and sixteenth century religious movements have emerged in India so as to liberate people from dogmatic beliefs, ritualism, caste and communal hatred, etc. Two major movements that carried out by both Hindu and Muslim communities were Bhakti and Sufi Movement. •• The Saluva started ruling soon after Saluva Narasimha had a fight with the Sambetas of Peranipadu and the Paligers of Ummattur but they couldn’t sustain power for a very long period •• Founded by Tuluva Narasa Nayak, the third Hindu dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire seemed to be the most powerful dynasties. •• Krishan Deva Raya the most powerful king of this dynasty. •• Believed to be the golden period of Telugu literature. •• Worshipped Nagaraja Vasuki hence called as Nagavanshis. Bhakti Movement •• Bhakti means personal devotion to God. It stresses the union of the individual with God. •• Bhakti movement originated in South India between the 15th and the 17th centuries AD. •• The Nayanars, who worshipped Shiva, and the Alwars, who worshipped Vishnu, preached the idea of Bhakti. •• Saints like Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhwa gave their concepts of God and the individual soul. •• Teachings of Ramanuja (1017–1137 AD) were based on the Upanishads and Bhagwad Gita. •• Ramananda was follower of Ramunaja. He was the first reformer to preach in Hindi. •• Kabir (1440–1510 AD) was an ardent disciple of Ramananda. He wanted unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. •• He preached that both the Hindus and the Muslims are the children of a single God. •• The devotees of Kabir were known as Kabir Panthis. Harshavardhana called for a religious assembly at Kannauj which was joined by many learned people and presided over by Hiuen-Tsang. EBD_7237 GK-33 HISTORY GK-34 •• Namdeva (1270–1350 AD) was a waterman by birth. He composed beautiful hymns in Marathi. •• Guru Nanak (1469–1538 AD) was the founder of the Sikh religion. •• Nanak’s teachings were in the form of verses. They were collected in a book called the Adi Granth. •• Later Adi Granth was written in a script called Gurmukhi. •• Chaitanya (1486–1533 AD), a great devotee of Lord Krishna, was a saint from Bengal. •• Meerabai (1498–1546 AD) was a Rajput princess. She married the Rana of Mewar. She was a pious devotee of Lord Krishna. •• Chatrapati Shivaji, the great Maratha ruler, was a follower of Ramdas. •• Tukaram (1598–1650 AD) was a saint who lived in Maharashtra. He composed a large number of verses called Abhangas. •• Tulsidas (1532–1623 AD) composed the famous Ramcharitamanas in Hindi, expounding the various aspects of Hindu dharma. •• Surdas was a devotee of Lord Krishna and Radha. His works include Sursagar, Sahitya Ratna and Sur Sarawali. •• Dadu Dayal (1544–1603 AD) was a disciple of Kabir. His followers were known as Dadu Panthis. •• Eknath (1533–1599 AD) was a devotee of Vithoba. He wrote commentary on verses of the Bhagavad Gita. Sufi Movement Sufism or tasawwuf, as it is called in Arabic, is generally understood by scholars and Sufis to be the inner, mystical, or psycho-spiritual dimension of Islam. Today, however, many Muslims and non-Muslims believe that Sufism is outside the sphere of Islam. In Sufism, a perfect being is also called a Wali (saint), a word that literally means ‘sincere friend’. The superstructure of Sufism is built on the concept of teacher, pir or murshid. HISTORY The cardinal doctrines of the Sufism include 1. Absorbed variety of ideas and practices from Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and Zorastrianism. 2. It aimed at services of mankind. 3. Building cultural synthesis. 4. It opposed orthodoxy and preached devotion to God. 5. Discouraged materialistic life but did not support complete renunciation. These cardinal principles altogether make the Doctrine of Fana which means annihilation of human attributes through Union with God. Sufism had succeeded in inculcating the sentiments of fraternity, equality and equity, coupled with sense of service to humanity, in the followers, irrespective of race, community, caste, creed and colour. Sufi Saint •• Khwaja Ali Hujjwiri (11th century): He was also known as Data Ganj Baksh. He wrote a manual of Sufism called ‘Kashf-ul-Mahjub’. •• Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya (1182-1262): He was the founder of Suhrawardi order who founded first leading Khanqah in India at Multan. •• Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti (11411236): He was the founder of the chisti order which is the first and most popular liberal sufi order in India. He settled down at Ajmer. Other chisti Sufi Saints who followed Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti were: (1) Sheikh Hamiduddin Nagauri (1192-1274); (2) Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki in whose memory Qutub Minar was built; (3) Baba Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar (1175-1265) popularly known as Baba Farid. He built his Khanqah at Ajodan (Punjab). He was also the first Punjabi poet of Sufism; (4) Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1236-1325): He was known as Mehboob-i-ilahi, built his khanqah in Delhi and became the most famous Sufi Saint of the Chisti order. Hiuen-Tsang spent about eight years (635-643 AD) in India and wrote a text called- Si Yu ki. Shaikh Nasiruddin Mahmud (death 1365) was a chisti saint came to be known as Chirag-iDelhi; (6) Syed Muhammad Gesu Daraz (death 1421) settled down at Gulbarga (Karnataka). He was popularly known as Bandanawaz. •• Shaikh Badruddin Samarkandi (13th century): He founded Firdausi order which thrived only in Bihar. (5) •• Shah Nayamatullah Qadri and Shah Abdullah Shuttari (15th Centry): Shah Nayamattullah Qadri founded the Qadiriya order. It spread in Uttar Pradesh and Deccan. Miya Mir (15501635) was its popular Saint. Shah Abdullah Shuttari (dealth 1458) founded the Shuttari order. It spread mainly in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. •• Khwaja Baqi Billah (1536-1603) He founded Naqsbandiah order. Major Events during Mughal Period (1526 - 1858) 1526, May 27 Babur found the empire of Hind. 1555, July 23 Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored. 1540, May 17 1600, Dec 31 1608 Mughal rulers are expelled and suppressed by the Afghan Suri Dynasty. East India Company (EIC) was given monopoly privileges on all trades with the East. The Companies ships arrived at the port of Surat. Jahangir granted the EIC the right to establish a factory at Surat. 1615 1717 EIC received a firman exempting the company from the payment of custom duties in Bengal. The forces of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah, was defeated at the Battle of Plassey. 1757 1773 1858, Mar 29 1858, Aug 2 Lord North’s India Bill, known as the Regulating Act of 1773, provided for greater Parliamentary control over the affairs of the company and placed India under the rule of a Governor General. The last Mughal ruler is deposed. U.K. Act of Parliament annexed the Empire, creating British India. Babur’s Expeditions to India Year Place Remarks AD 1518-19 Bajaur and Bhira • First invasion of India • Babur’s artillery played a decisive role. • Gunpowder was used for the first time. AD 1520 Sialkot • Third expedition in India. AD 1524 Lahore and Dipalpur • Gave Sultanpur to Dilawar Khan AD 1526 Panipat AD 1527 Khanwa (or Khanua) • He defeated Rana Sangha. He proclaimed victory by (near Fatehpur Sikri) assuming the title of Ghazi. • This victory secured Babur’s position in Delhi-Agra region. • Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. EBD_7237 GK-35 HISTORY GK-36 HISTORY AD 1528 Chanderi • Defeated the Rajput ruler, Medini Rai. AD 1529 Ghagra (near Patna) • Fought against the allied forces of Afghans, under Mahmud Lodi, brother of Ibrahim Lodi, in Bengal and Bihar. • Sultan Nusrat Shah of Bengal faced crushing defeat. MUGHAL DYNASTY Sultans Babur (1526-1530) Humayun (1530-40 to 1555-56) Akbar (1556-1605) Jahangir (16051627) Shah Jahan (1628-1658) Important accomplishments •• Babur won by defeating the last king of Lodhi dynasty, i.e. Ibrahim Lodhi. •• Two major battles won by Babur were Battle of Panipat I (April 1526) and Khanwa Battle (March 1527). •• Continued to conquer places in the coming years and his territory extended almost up to the northern part of India. •• Came to power soon after the death of his father Babur in 1530. •• Forcefully driven to Afghanistan by the Muslim rebel Sher Shah in 1540 and returned to India after 15 years in 1555. •• Encouraged Persian artists for their fine arts; brought two of them from the school of Bihzad to teach Akbar, the lessons of drawing. •• Died accidentally by falling down from stone staircase. •• Ruled from 1556 till his death in 1605. •• His power influenced entire country because of the dominance of Mughal military, politics, culture and economy. •• Was quite different from other mughal emperors in terms of his liberal behaviour with the society, religious practices and administrative policies. •• Abolished pilgrimage tax which the common people had to pay while visiting to pilgrim spots. •• Rajputs were made equal partners in government. •• Driven by the thought of religious equality, formulated his own religion Din-i-Ilahi which focused on universal harmony. •• His great passion about knowledge made him appoint intellectual people in his court and name them as Navratna. •• The only heir that survived and ruled the mughal dynasty after Akbar. •• First military expedition was against Rana Amar Singh, son of Rana Pratap of Mewar. •• Art, literature, and architecture prospered under Jahangir’s rule, and the Mughal gardens in Srinagar remained an enduring testimony to his artistic taste. •• The fifth ruler of Mughal dynasty was famous for his great administration. •• As a great lover of art and culture he took interest in the construction and architecture and the master piece is Taj Mahal built in the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. •• He also built Red Fort and Jama Masjid at Delhi. Krishna Deva Rai took the titles of Yavanaraja Sthapancharya and also was known as Andhra Bhoj and Andhra Pitamaha. Aurangzeb (1658-1707) •• Started ruling the dynasty as its sixth emperor. •• Was a ruler with religious orthodoxy and used to support Islam •• Was not much passionate about art and culture, so during his tenure only few monuments have been developed - the exquisite Moti (Pearl) Mosque at Delhi. •• Reintroduced Jaziya, i.e. taxation on non-muslims. DIN-I-ILAHI •• Akbar adopted the policy of Sulh-iKul (peace for all) to unite the people of all religions, He started a new faith “Tauhid-i-Ilahi” which later became popular as “Din-i-ilahi”. •• Akbar’s Rajput Policy was also based on his religious policy. •• Akbar cancelled the Royal Status of Islam. •• ‘Din-i-Ilahi was the essence of all the religions. Akbar granted freedom to people of all religions. He abolished all the religious restrictions imposed by previous Muslim religions. •• Akbar granted freedom to Hindus to worship in temples and public places. He also allowed the converted Muslims to change their religion. •• The christian missionaries were allowed to propagate their ideas. •• He never discriminated on the basis of caste and religion and gave equal opportunity to all to hold government positions. •• Because of the policies adopted by Akbar, the Ulemas lost their positions and were annoyed to such an extent that they issued ‘Fatwa’ against him. •• He changed the Jagirs to ‘Khalisa’ land and reduced the allowances of nobles. Ten Commandments of Din-i-illahi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Liberal mindedness and generosity. Forgiveness of the evil doers. Repulsion of anger with mildness. Abstinence from wordly desire. Non attachment to the materialistic world. Careful thought on proposed action. Softness of voice and gentle speech. Good treatment with fellow brethren. Total break with bad characters. Dedication of soul in the love of God. He fixed 14 years age for girls and 16 years age for boys for marriage. Akbar’s Nine Ratnas Akbar’s court had Navratans, meaning a group of nine extraordinary people. They included1. Abul Fazel - Akbar’s chief advisor 2. Faizi - Poet 3. Tansen - Singer of his court 4. Birbal - Noble known for his wittiness 5. Raja Todar Mal - Akbar’s finance Minister 6. Raja Man Singh - Trusted general 7. Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana - Hindi Scholar 8. Hakim Humam - Physician to the King. 9. Mullah Do Piaza - An intelligence advisor to the King. Main Events during the reign of Akbar Year Major Events 1562 Abolition of Slavery 1563 Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax. 1564 Abolition of Jaziya. 1575 1579 Ibadatkhana was built in Fatehpur Sikri Parliament of Religions in Ibadatkhana. Proclamation of “Marhar’ 1582 Proclamation of Tauhid-i-illahi. 1575-76 Entire empire divided into 12 provinces (After victory of south it becomes 15) ‘Dahsala system’ introduced by Todarmal. ‘Mansabdari system’ introduced after victory over Gujarat. 1578 1582 1573-74 EBD_7237 GK-37 HISTORY GK-38 HISTORY LITERATURE OF MUGHAL PERIOD Book Author Tuzuk-i-Baburi Babur Qanun-i-Humayu Khwand Amair Humayun Nama Akbar Nama Tobaqat-i-Akbari Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri Chahar Chaman Alamgir-Nama Massir-i-Alamgiri Ain-i-Akbari Muntakhab-ulTawarikh Tawarikh-i-Alfi Nuriyya-i-Sultaniyya Waqt-i-Hyderabad Futuhat-i-Alamgiri Nuskha-i-Dilkusha Khulasat-ul-Tawarikh Padshah Namah Padshah Namah Shahjahan Namah Shahjahan Namah Hamlai-Haidri Namah-e-Alamgiri Sirr-i-Akbar Safinat-ul-Auliya Majma-ul-Bahrain Raqqat-e-Alamgiri Hasmat-ul-Arifin Gulbadan Begum Abul Fazl Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Baksh Jahangir Muhammad Khan Contents Describes military tactics and administrative organisation during Babur’s reign Describes Humayun’s administration, festivities and buildings of that period Biography of Humayun Gives a history of Akbar’s reign Given a history of Akbar‘s reign Memoirs of his own reign History of Jahangir's reign Chandra Bhan Brahman History of Shah Jahan's rule Munshi Mirza Gives an account of Aurangzeb's first 10 Muhamma Kazin years of rule Saqi Mustaid Khan Abul Fazl Abdal Qadir Badauni Mulla Daud Abdul Haq Nimat Khan Ali Ishwar Das Bhimsen Saxena Official history of Aurangzeb’s reign written after his death History of Akbar's reign History of Akbar's rule History of Akbar‘s rule Theory of Kinship during Mughal Period Aurangzeb's Golconda conquest Aurangzeb's history Sujan Raj Khatri Analysis of Aurangzeb's character History of Aurangzeb's rule Muhammad Waris History of Shah Jahan‘s rule Abdul Hamid Lahori Muhammad Salih Inyat Khan Muhammad Rafi Khan Aquil Khan Zafar Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Aurangzeb Dara Shikoh History of Shah Jahan's reign History of Shah Jahan‘s rule History of Shah Jahan‘s rule History of Aurangzeb's rule History of Aurangzeb‘s rule Urdu translation of Upanishad Biographies of Sufi Saints Philosophical ideas discussed A compendium of his letters Religious ideas discussed rule and PAINTINGS OF MUGHAL PERIOD Ruler Famous painter Humayun Mirsayyid Ali, Abdur Samed Jahangir Bishan Das, Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur Akbar Other feature Khusro Ali, Fahrukhbeg Basawan, Jamshed Daswan Introduction of Passion Style, Daswan illustrated ‘Razma Namah’ and Akbar Nama Use of Halo Started Translation of Famous Sanskrit Texts in Persian in Medieval India 1370 1303 1500 1574-1575 1575-76 1582-83 1583-84 1585 1589-90 1590 1593 1594 1596 1650 1652-83 Nakshatra Shastra Sali Kshetra Chiktsa Shastra Singhasan Battisi Atharv Ved Mahabharat Ramayan Harivansh Puran Kaliya Daman Raj Tarangini Liawati (Arthmatic) Nal Damayanti Panch Tantra Yog Vashishtha Bhagwat Gita SHER SHAH SURI Ejuddin Kirmani Abdulla bin Safi Main Bhuwan Faizi & others Haji Ibrahim Sarhindi Badayuni, Naqibkhan, Sheikh Sultan Badayuni Maulana, Sherry Abul Fazal Mulla Shah Muhammad Faizi Faizi Abul Fazal Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh •• His real name was Farid and born to Hassan. •• Ibrahim Lodhi transferred his Jagir to him. •• He gaind Chunar by marrying a Widow lady Malika. Dalyab-i-Firoz Shahi - Tibbe Sikandari Siral Afza - Razm Nama - Jamaye Rashidi Ayar Danish - - Masnavi Nalodaman Anwar-i-Saheli - - Firoz Tuglaq Ahmad Shah Bahamani Sikandar Lodhi Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Shahjahan Shahjahan •• In 1539, he captured Chausa from Humayun in the battle of Chausa. •• He annexed Kannauj after defeating Humayun. •• He defeated Rajput forces of Marwar in Battle of Samel (1544) •• He introduced a regular postal service, Silver rupiya. EBD_7237 GK-39 HISTORY GK-40 HISTORY •• He built Purana Qila along with GrandTrunk. •• Malik Muhammad Jaysi wrote Padmavat during his reign. •• He introduced the principle of local responsibility for local crimes. •• The taxes were directly collected. THE KINGDOM OF THE GREAT MARATHA Eminent Persons Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-80 A.D) Sambhaji Rajaram Sahuji Balaji Vishwanath Notable accomplishments •• Known as the father of Maratha nation. •• Before killing Adilshahi general Afzal Khan in 1647, he gradually started capturing forts in the region like Purandar, Rajgad, Torna. •• The guerrilla tactics and brilliant military strategies were his key to success in every war. •• Fought with Jai Singh, general of Aurangzeb in which he lost and was arrested in 1666, but soon he escaped and regained his lost territory. •• Assumed the title of “Chhatrapati” at his elaborate coronation in 1674. •• Died in 1680 and at that time had control over most of western Maharashtra and had made ‘Raigad’ capital. •• Was the first son of Chhatrapati Shivaji and succeeded his father after his death in the first week of April 1680. •• Gave shelter to Sultan Muhammad Akbar, the fourth son of Aurangzeb, who sought Sambhaji’s aid in winning the Mughal throne from his emperor father. •• During this period Mughals sieged the Maratha fort of Ramsej in 1682, but after five months of failed attempts, including planting explosive mines and building wooden towers to gain the walls, the Mughal siege failed. •• Was imprisoned and executed by Aurangzeb, in 1689. •• After the execution of Sambhaji, Rajaram, the second son of Shivaji had taken the charge of Marathas in 1689 but soon died in 1700. •• Tarabai the widow of Rajaram, put her young son Sambhaji II on the throne after his father’s death, at the tender age of ten, and continued the fight against Mughals until the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. •• Sahuji the son of Sambhaji was released from Mughals captivity in 1707. •• He attacked Tarabai and Sambhaji II from the throne of Maratha with the help of Peshwa Balaji Biswanathan and won the battle. Soon he had his own territory. •• Didn’t posses a strong affinity for politics, he settled down in Satara. •• He was appointed as Prime Minister of Sahuji and assisted him on political issues. •• This was the beginning of another great dynasty in 1718 known as Peshwa dynasty. •• He died in 1721. •• As the eldest son to his father Balaji Vishwanath, Bajirao Peshwa I took the charge of Peshwa dynasty after his death in 1721. •• During his tenure, Pune regained the status of capital Maratha Kingdom from Raigad. •• In 1734, captured the Malwa territory in the north, and in 1739, drove out the Portuguese from nearly all their possessions in the Western Ghats. Bajirao Peshwa I •• He died in 1740. Balaji Bajirao (Nanasaheb) Madhav Rao Mahadaji Shinde •• Succeeded Peshwa after his father Bajirao Peshwa’s death. •• Fought the Third War of Panipat with Ahmad Shah Abdalli in 1761 but lost the war. •• Was shattered by the loss of his elder son and brother in the war and died soon after the war ended. •• Assumed the title of Peshwa in 1761. •• His leading achievements included the defeat of Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali of Mysore and Bhosle of Nagpur. •• Defeated Jats and took the hold of Agra and Mathura in 1769 with the help of Mahadaji Shinde and Nana Phadnavis. •• In 1772, died at an early age of 27 years. •• Was a trusted lieutenant of the Peshwa and one of the three pillars of Maratha Resurrection. •• Wiped out the power of Jats of Mathura and during 1772-73 destroyed the power of Pashtun Rohillas in Rohilkhand and captured Najibabad. •• Died of typhoid fever, at his camp at Wanavdi near Pune on 12 February 1794 while he was at the zenith of power. •• Was a prominent minister and statesman of the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa administration in Pune. •• Handled the Peshwa well and with great unity among Maratha chiefs. •• The then rising powers have been halted by his great efforts and continued to serve the Peshwas until his death in 1800 AD. Nana Phadnavis GREAT TRAVELERS IN INDIAN HISTORY Megasthenes Identity: Greek ethnographer & ambassador. Time of Visit to India: During the rule of Chandragupta Maurya. Duration of Stay: 302-298 BC. Contribution: Wrote the book Indica. EBD_7237 GK-41 HISTORY GK-42 Fa Hsien Hiuen Tsang/ Xuanzang Al-Biruni/Abu Rayhan Muhammad Marco Polo Ibn Battuta Thomas Roe Niccolo Conti William Hawkins HISTORY Identity: A Buddhist Monk who came from China. Time of Visit to India: Reign of Harshvardhana. Duration of Stay: 405-411 AD. Contribution: Wrote ‘Record of Buddhist kingdoms’. Identity: Chinese Buddhist monk. Time of Visit to India: Reign of Harshavardhan. Duration of Stay: 630-645 AD. Contribution: Wrote Si-yu-ki or the ‘Records of Western World. Identity: Muslim scholar and polymath from Persia Time of Visit to India: Came along with Mahmud of Ghazni. Duration of Stay: 1024-1030 AD Contribution: Wrote Taharikh-al-Hind, about social religious, political nature of India during that time. Identity: Italian merchant and traveller Time of Visit to India: Came during the period of Rudramani Devi of Kakatiya Dynasty. Duration of Stay: 1292-1294 AD Contribution: Wrote “The Book of Sir Marcopolo”, describing about Indian economy at that time. Identity: Traveller of Morocco Time of Visit to India: Came in India at the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq. Duration of Stay: 1333-1347 AD Contribution: wrote Kitab-ul-rahla, relating geographical, social and economical behaviour of this time. Identity: English diplomat. Time of visit to India: visited the court of Jahangir in 1615 to seek protection for an English factory at Surat. Contribution : His journal ‘Mission to the Mughal Empire’. Identity: Russian merchant Traveller Time of Visit to India: Came to India during the reign of Bahmani Sultanate. Duration of Stay: 1469-1472 Contribution: ‘The Journey Beyond Three Seas’. Identity: Ambassador of James II, king of England Time of Visit to India: Came in India at the reign of Jahangir, the great mogul along with William Finch. Duration of Stay: First Visit: 1421, Revisited: 1430 Barley was the first grown crop by human in the Middle East around 8000 B.C. Afanasy Nikitin Abdur Razzaq Francois Bernier Sulaiman Al Mahri Al-Masudi Identity: Italian Traveller Time of Visit to India: Came during the rule of Devaraya I of Sangam dynasty of Vijaynagar empire. Duration of Stay: First Visit : 1421 Revisited: 1430 Contribution: Author of “Voyage aux Indes. Identity: Persian traveller Time of Visit to India: Came to India during Bahmani Sultanate. Duration of Stay: 1443-1444 AD Identity: French physician Time of visit: He was the personal physician of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for around 12 years during his stay in India. He visited India during 1658 and 1671. Contribution: He wrote ‘Travels in the Mughal Empire’. Identity: Arab navigator Time of Visit: Middle of Ninth Century during the age of Palas and Pratiharas Contribution: Wrote an account on Pala Empire Identity: Arab historian & geographer Time: Visited Gujarat in 915-16 during Pratiharas Kingdom. Contribution: Testified the great power and prestige of the Pratihara rulers. MODERN HISTORY ADVENT OF EUROPEANS Portuguese The cape route from Europe to India was discovered by Vasco da Gama. Cochin was the initial capital of the Portuguese in India, later on was replaced by Goa. Dutch The Dutch East India Company established factories in India at Masulipatnam in 1605. Dutch was defeated by British in the Battle of Sedera. English In 1617, the British East India Company was given permission by Mughal Emperor Jahangir to trade in India. As a result of three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The AngloMysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to the control of the vast regions of India. First few to Burmese invasion and then to Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later. The first factory was built at Surat (1608). The factory at Sutanati was fortified and named Fort William in 1700. In 1757, Clive was appointed by the company as its first ‘Governor of Bengal’. In same year Treaty of Allahabad was concluded by which the Mughal Emperor granted the Diwani rights to the English East India Company. Thus, the British power in India was thoroughly established. First evidence of human in India was found in western Narmada region in Madhya Pradesh. EBD_7237 GK-43 HISTORY GK-44 HISTORY Danes French The Danes arrived in India in 1616. They established Settlement at Tranquebee (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore (Bengal) in 1676. The French East India company was formed in 1664 by Colbert. The first French factory was established at Surat in 1668 and second at Masulipatnam in 1669. GOVERNORS OF BENGAL AND GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA Name and Tenure Robert Clive (1758-60) and (1765-67) Henry Vansittart (1760-65) Harry Verelst 1767-69 Well Known For War fought •• Diarchy of Dual Government of Bengal from •• Battle of Plassey (1757) 1765-72. •• Battle of Condore (1758) •• Considered one of the creators of British power in India. •• Deposed Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal, and •• Battle of Buxar replaced him with his son-in-law Mir Qasim. •• Increased tax revenue of the East India Company. •• Exposed corruption within the company. John Cartier •• The Great Famine of Bengal 1770 occured in his regime which claimed about two million (1769-1772) lives Warren •• Founding Asiatic Society of Bengal Hastings (1772- •• Auctioning the right to collect land revenue to 85) its highest bid •• Starting Diwani and Fauzdari Adalats in district level and Nizam Adalats at Kolkata Lord •• Codifying laws in 1793 so as to separate the administration for revenue and justice Cornwallis (1786-93) •• Abolition of all the superfluous posts. •• Creating the post of District judge. •• Establishment of lower grade court. •• Father of Civil Services in India. Sir John Shore •• 1st Charter of Act in 1793 (1793-98) •• Rohilla war (1774) •• 1st Anglo-Maratha War (1776-82) •• 2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84) •• 3rd Anglo-Mysore War against Tipu Sultan and signed the treaty of Srirangapatnam in 1792 •• Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas in 1793 Lord Wellesley •• Started subsidiary alliance to achieve British •• 4th Anglo-Mysore War in dominancy over India 1799 and with defeat and (1798-1805) death of Tipu Sulatan •• Forming Madras Presidency •• Treaty of Bassein in 1802 •• 2nd Anglo-Maratha War from 1803-1805 defeating Scindia, Bhonsle and Holkar Sir George •• Vellore Mutiny in 1806 Barlow (18051807) Shyadvade also known as Anekantvada is the theory and philosophy of Jainism of ancient times. •• Concluding Treaty of Amritsar with Raja Ranjit Singh •• Charter of Act 1813 was passed Lord Hastings •• Adopting the Policies of intervention and wars •• Anglo-Nepalese War •• Forceful implementation humiliating treaties (1813-23) (1813-1823) or Peshwas and Scindias. Lord Amherst •• Acquisition of Malayan Peninsular territories •• First Burmese War (1824•• Capturing Bharatpur 26) (1823-33) Lord William •• Abolition of Sati and other cruel rites in 1829 •• occupied Coorg and •• Annexation of Mysore. Central Cachar in 1834 Bentinck •• Concluding a treaty of perpetual friendship due the misgovernance (1833-35) with Ranjit Singh (1831) •• He was also known as Father of Modern Western Education in India. •• He was last Governor General of Bengal who later continued his service as the first Governor General of India from 1833 to 1835 Sir Charles •• Passed the famous Press Law which liberated the press in India Metcalfe (183436) Lord Auckland •• Extended irrigation •• 1st Anglo Afgan war •• Inaugurated famine relief (1836-42) (1836-42) Lord Ellen •• Brought an end to Afgan War. •• War with Gwalior (1843) Borough (1842- •• Annexed Sindh in 1843 44) Lord Hardings •• Gave preference to English education •• 1st Anglo Sikh War •• Treaty of Lahore in 1846 (1845-46) (1844-48) Lord Dalhousie •• Abolished titles and pensions •• 2nd Anglo Sikh War •• Passed widow Re-marriage Act 1856. (1848-49) (1848-56) •• Introduced “Doctrine of Lapse” •• 2nd Anglo Burmese War, •• Annexed Punjab, lower Burma or Pegu and 1852. Awadh. •• Started railway, post and telegraph service. Lord Minto (1807-1813) WARS FOUGHT BEFORE 1857 Event Involved First Carnatic War Between France and England (1746-1748) Second Carnatic War (1749-1754) Nasir Jung aided by France while England aided Muzaffar Jung Consequences •• Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle (1748) British victory. Third Carnatic War (1758-1763) At Wandiwash (1760) Comte de Lally French commander was defeated by British General Sir Eyre Coote French supported Siraj-udDaula and East India Company led by Robert Clive. •• Defeat of French •• Treaty of Paris (1763) was signed, which returned Chandernagore and Pondichérry to France. •• Paved way for British mastery of Bengal and eventually whole of India. •• Rich revenue of Bengal helped British to maintain strong army. Battle of Plassey (23 June 1757) The original script of the Rigveda is in Brahmi. •• Ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754 and Muzaffar Jung became the Nizam. •• Dupleix was replaced by Godeheu as the French governor. EBD_7237 GK-45 HISTORY GK-46 HISTORY Battle of Buxar, East India Company led by •• Treaty of Allahabad secured Diwani 22nd October, 1764 Hector Munro and Mughal Rights for the Company to collect and Emperor along with the Nawab manage the revenues of real estate. of Bengal •• Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at 1781 War Forces of the Kingdom of Port Novo. Mysore and Great Britain. Pitt’s Act 1784 •• British government got supreme control over the company’s affair and its administration. War 1789 -1792 Tipu Sultan and East India •• Treaty of Seringapatam was signed. Company Tipu had to cede half of his territories to English and paid ` 330 lakhs as indemnity. Awadh Lord Dalhousie •• Introduced the famous Doctrine of annexation 1856 Lapse. The rebellion East India Company and united force of Indian leaders like (Bahadur of 1857–Sepoy Shah, Bakt Khan, Begum Hazart Mahal of Avadh, Tanti Tope, Nana Saheb, Mutiny Azimullah, Rani Lakshmibai, Kunwar Singh etc.), The revolt marked the end of the East India Company’s rule, and India came under the direct rule of the British Crown. LIST OF VICEROYS IN INDIA Viceroys Lord Canning Period 1856-62 Lord Mayo 1869-72 Lord Lytton 1876-1880 Lord Rippon 1880-1884 Lord 1884-1888 Dufferin Lord Curzon 1899-1905 Lord Harding 1910-1916 Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Important Point He was the last Governor- General of India He was the Governor-General during the Revolt of 1857. He was also appointed as the first viceroy of India. The First census of India was conducted. He was killed by a convict in the Andaman Islands. The Delhi Darbar was held, in which Queen Victoria was proclaimed Kaisar-i-Hind. Vernacular Press Act, 1878, for better control of Indian newspapers was passed during his tenure. Introduced the dual system of Governance. First complete census of British territories in India. Also associated with Ilbert Bill Known as the Father of local self Government in India. The Indian National Congress was formed during his period. Partition of Bengal Launch of Swadeshi Movement. The Capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi George V, the King of England visited india to attend the Delhi Darbar in 1911. The Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy. Montague Chelmsford reforms. Rowlatt Act. Khilafat Movement. Lord Reading Lord Irwin 1921-1926 Lord Willingdom 1931-1936 • • • • • • • • • Lord 1936-1943 Linlithgow Lord Wavell 1943-47 • • • • • 1926-1931 Chauri Chaura Incident Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned for the first time in India. First Round Table conference. Simon Commission. Gandhi – lrwin Pact. Famous Dandi March. Second Round Table conference. Communal Award was given by PM Ramsay Macdonald. The Poona Pact signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar during this period. Cripps Mission visited India Quit India Resolution was passed during his tenure. Simla Conference Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act was passed. BRITISH WARS WITH DIFFERENT INDIAN STATES. Involved Consequences Event Anglo-Mysore wars First war (1766-69) between Haider Ali and Britishers. Second war (1780-84) Haider Ali was defeated by Britishers Third war (1789-92) Marathas & Nizams aided the British, Lord Cornwallis captured Bangalore Anglo-Maratha wars First war (1775-82) Britishers attacked Marathas. Second Maratha war (180306) Third Maratha war (1817-19) Anglo-Sikh war First war (1845-46) Second Anglo Sikh war (1848-49) Date Haider Ali defeated the British. Treaty of Madras signed Tipu Sultan ceded parts of his territories Treaty of Seringapatnam was signed. Britishers favoured Raghunath to become Peshwa. Treaty of Salbai was signed. Warren Hastings attacked French Port Mahe. Treaty of Mangalore was signed by Tipu Sultan. Peshwar signed treaty for subsidiary Alliances. Treaty of Bassein was signed. Lord Hastings moved against Marathas. Marathas were decisively defeated. Sikh were defeated. Treaty of Lahore ended the war. Dolhousie annexed Punjab. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL REFORMS Person 1815 Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1820 Henry Louis Vivian Derozio Sir John Lawrence become the first commissioner of Punjab. Event Established Atmiya Sabha. He was the first Indian to start an agitation for social, religious and political reforms. Founded Young Bengal Movement. Supported Women’s education. EBD_7237 GK-47 HISTORY GK-48 HISTORY 1828 Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1839 Debendranath Tagore 1850 Vishnu Shankar Pundit 1830 1850 1851 1852 1866 1867 1872 Radhakant Dev Vidyasagar Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji and S.S.Bengalee Kassondas Mulji Dadabhai Naoroji MG Ranade Baba Ram Singh 1897 Vivekananda 1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Swami Dayanand Saraswathi Swami Shradhananda Saralabala Devi Chaudharani Movement Fairazi Movement (1804) Deoband Movement (1867) Aligarh Movement (1875) Protested against child-marriage and promoted women education. Founded widow remarriage association. Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha or Religious Reform Association. Advocated widow remarriage in Gujarat. Namdhari Movement originated in north-west corner of Sikh kingdom. It was also known as Kuka movement. HP Blavatsky and Col HS Olcott, Annie Besant 1910 Founded Tattvabodhini Sabha to propagate Ram Mohan Roy’s ideas. Founded The Prathana Sabha. It rejected idolatry, denied the Vedas and adopted the method of Congregational worship. 1875 1902 Formed Dharma Sabha to counter Brahmo Sarwaj Established East India Association in London. 23 September, Mahatma Jyotirao Govindrao Phule 1873 1875 Established Brahmo Samaj to preach monotheism and purify Hinduism. Formed Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth). Founded Theosophical Society of India. Founded Arya Samaj in Bombay. Called Vedas to be source of “true knowledge” and gave the motto “back to Vedas”. Was against idol worship, child marriage and caste system. Founded the Ramakrishna Mission to carry out humanitarian relief and social work. Started Gurukul near Haridwar to propagate more traditional idea of education. Founded the Servants of India Society World for famine relief, tribal welfare. Founded the Bharat Stri Mandal it was the First All India women organization. MUSLIM SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT Location Faridpur Bengal Deoband South Leaders Dudhu Miyan RA Ganghoi Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Aim Emphasis on strict Monotheism. Against western education & promoted classical studies in Islam. Liberalisation of Indian Islam and modernisation of Indian Muslim through religious reinterpretation and modern education. Great philosopher and political thinker Chanakya was known by other names such as Kautilya and Vishnugupta. Ahmadiya Movement Faridkot (1889-90) Ahrar Movement Mirza Ghulam Ahmed … Ali Brothers Oppose to Islamic Orthodoxy and spread of Eastern liberal education among the Youth. Against Aligarh Movement CASTE MOVEMENTS & ORGANISATIONS Movements Location Leaders Aimes Satya Sodhak Samaj (1873) Maharashtra Jyotiba Phule Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalan Yogam/ SNDP Movement (1902) Kerala Shri Narayan Guru Temple Entry Movement Kerala Self respect Movement Madras Sri Narayan Guru TK Madhavan To allow lower castes to enter into the temples Mahatma Gandhi For removal of untouchability and social discrimination against untouchables. Harijan Sevak Sangh (1932) Pune EV Ram Swamy To fight against Brahmanical domination. Started a School for untouchables. Demanded free entry of people of lower castes to the temples. Launched Aravipuram Movement. Anti-Brahmin, advocated wedding without priest, forcible temple entry. TRIBAL MOVEMENTS Revolts Year Chuar uprising Koli uprising Rampa Rebellion Kuki Up Rising under Rani Gaidinlieu Naikad Revolt Kachhang Revolt Munda Revolt Bengal and Bihar 1818-31 Western Ghat 1879 Khasi Up Rising No Rising 1966-70 1824-28,1839,1899 Bhil uprising Area 1846-48, 1885, 1914 1917-19 1820, 1822 1858-59 1882 1899-1900 Gujarat Coastal Andhra Odisha Manipur Singhbhum and Chhotanagpur Gujarat Chhachar Area, Assam Chhotanagpur area THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE TIMELINE 1885 28 Dec. 1885 28-31 Dec. 1885 Pherozeshah Mehta, K.T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji formed Bombay Presidency Association. Indian National Congress was formed by Allan Octavian Hume. First session of Indian National Congress was attended by 72 delegates under the presidency of W.C. Bonnerjee. EBD_7237 GK-49 HISTORY GK-50 1896-97 HISTORY Bal Gangadhar Tilak initiated a no-tax campaign in Maharashtra. 20 July, 1905 Partition of Bengal order was passed by Lord Curzon. 1906 Dadabhai Naoroji became the president of National Congress and clearly declared their goal to be self-government or Swaraj like the other colonies. Dec. 1905 30 Dec. 1906 1909 1911 1913 April, 1915 26 Dec. 1916 1917 1918 1919 March, 1919 13 April, 1919 31 August, 1920 1 February, 1922 5 Feb. 1922 1925 Nov. 1927 17 Nov. 1928 Dec. 1928 26 Jan. 1930 Feb. 1930 12 March, 1930 Gokhale then the president of Congress condemned the partition of Bengal and supported Swadeshi and Boycott movement. All India Muslim League was formed by Aga Khan III and the founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah. The Indian Councils Act or Morley-Minto Reform was announced. Government announced the withdrawal of Partition of Bengal. Ghadar Party founded by Punjabi Indians in the United States and Canada aiming at securing India’s independence. First session of Hindu Mahasabha was held under the presidentship of Maharaja of Kasim Bazar. Lucknow Pact was signed dealing with the structure of the government of India and with relation to the Hindu and Muslim communities. Indigo Satyagraha started by M.K. Gandhi in Champaran, Bihar. Edwin Montagu, then the Secretary of State and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy, produced a scheme of constitutional reform which was called as the Montague-Chelmsford reforms. Enactment of the Government of India Act. Rowlatt Act was passed which enabled government to imprison people without trial. Unarmed crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal was attacked by the British army as commanded by General Dyer. Khilafat Committee launched a Non-cooperation Movement. M.K. Gandhi announced mass Civil Disobedience Movement. Protesters participating in the Non-cooperation Movement turned violent, leading to police opening fire in Chauri Chaura. Congress as a result halted the Non-cooperation Movement. Communist Party came into existence. Simon headed commission was set up to submit report on working of Indian constitution established by Government of India Act, 1919. Lala Lajpat Rai died due to the injuries by the beating of local police during a protest demonstration at Lahore. Gandhi joined back the active politics at Calcutta session. Was fixed as the First Independence Day and since then was celebrated every year up to 1947. Chandra Shekhar Azad was shot dead in a park called Azad Park at Allahabad, in an encounter by British police. Dandi March lead by M.K. Gandhi took place. Together with 78 companions he walked 375 km from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. Bhagwat were the first to worship Vasudev Krishna. 6 April, 1930 Gandhi reached Dandi and broke the Salt Law. 5 March, 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Gandhi and then viceroy of India Lord Irwin according to which British agreed to withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions and release all political prisoners. 12 Nov. 1930 24 August, 1932 1935 October, 1940 8 August, 1942 1945 2 Sept. 1946 9 Dec. 1946 First round table conference was held in London, was chaired by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. Poona Pact was signed between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar at Yerwada Central Jail. Government of India Act was passed according to which All India Federation was established including British India and Princely States (representative were appointed by the rulers) forming a bicameral federal legislature. Mahatma Gandhi gave an order for limited satyagraha (for few individuals only). Quit India Movement was launched by M.K. Gandhi. Congress Working Committee adopted a resolution to abolish landlordism. Interim government of India formed the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India. This idea was rejected by Muslim League. The Constituent Assembly met for the first time. INTERIM GOVERNMENT 1946 External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations : Jawahar Lal Nehru Home (including Information and Broadcasting) : Vallabhbhai Patel Defence Finance Posts and Air Food and Agriculture Labour Transport and Railways Industries and Supplies Education and Arts Works, Mines and Power Commerce Law Health Mountbatten Plan : : : : : : : : : : : : Baldev Singh Liaquat Ali Khan Abdur Rab Nishtar Rajendra Parsad Jagjivan Ram M. Asaf Ali John Matthai C. Rajagopalachari C.H. Bhabha I.I. Chundrigar Jogindar Nath Mandal Ghazanfar Ali Khan The Indian Independence Act 1947 also called 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan, declared that power would be handed over by 15 August 1947. It gave India and Pakistan a dominion status. The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947. The boundaries between the two dominion states were determined by a Boundary Commission which was headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe. EBD_7237 GK-51 HISTORY GK-52 HISTORY SESSIONS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS The Founding Years (1885-1900) Session Place Date President 1st Session Bombay Dec. 28-30, 1885 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 3rd Session Madras Dec. 27-30, 1887 Badruddin Tyabji 8th Session Allahabad Dec. 28-30, 1892 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 2nd Session 6th Session 11th Session 9th Session Calcutta Calcutta Poona Lahore 21st Session 22nd Session 23rd Session (contd.) 24th Session 32nd Session Dec. 26-30, 1890 Dec. 27-30, 1895 Dec. 27-30, 1893 Dadabhai Naoroji Pherozeshah Mehta Surendranath Banerjee Dadabhai Naoroji THE PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA (1900-1947) Session 23rd Session Dec. 27-30, 1886 Place Benares Calcutta Surat Madras Lahore Calcutta Date President Dec. 27-30, 1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Dec. 26-29, 1906 Dec. 26-27, 1907 approx Dec. 28-30, 1908 Dec. 27-29, 1909 Dadabhai Naoroji Rash Behari Ghosh Rash Behari Ghosh Madan Mohan Malaviya Dec. 26-29, 1917 Annie Besant (Special Session) Bombay Aug. 29-Sept. 1, 1918 Syed Hasan Imam 34th Session Amritsar Dec. 26-30, 1919 Motilal Nehru (Special Session) Delhi 45th Session Karachi 51st Session 33rd Session 37th Session 39th Session 48th Session Delhi Gaya Dec. 26-31, 1918 Dec. 26-31, 1922 Belgaum Dec. 26-27, 1924 Bombay Oct. 24-28, 1934 Haripura Madan Mohan Malaviya C.R. Das Abul Kalam Azad M.K. Gandhi Mar. 29-31, 1931 Vallabbhai J. Patel Rajendra Prasad Feb. 19-21, 1938 Subhash Chandra Bose 52nd Session Tripuri Mar. 10-12, 1939 Subhash Chandra Bose 54rd Session Meerut Nov. 23-24, 1946 J.B. Kripalani 53rd Session Ramgarh Editor /Author Aurobindo Ghosh Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Mar. 19-20, 1940 Abul Kalam Azad IMPORTANT BOOKS Book Name • • • • • Kalmayogi New Lamp for Old Bhawani Mandir Anand Math Durgesh Nandini Gautam Buddha was raised to the position of God during the reign of Kanishka. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • BR. Ambedkar Dadabhai Naoroji Dayanand Saraswati Gopal Krishna Gokhale Jawahar Lal Nehru M.K. Gandhi Madan Mohan Maliviya R.N. Tagore Raja Ram Mohan Roy Vivekananda Mook Nayak Bahishkrit Bharat Rast Goftar Voice of India Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. Veda Bhasya Bhumika Satyartha Prakash Nation Sudharak Discovery of India Glimpses of World History Navjeevan, Young India and Harijan Indian Opinion Hindustan Leader Letters form Russia, Gora Samvad Kamaudi, Mirat – ul Akhbar, Barga Dutta Prabhudha Bharat Udbodhana Prachya Acir Pashchaya NEWSPAPERS AND JOURNALS Newspaper/Journal Name Founder Bengal Gazette (1780) (India’s First Newspaper) James Augustus Hickey. Kesari B.G. Tilak Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra Amrita Bazar Patrika Vande Mataram Rast Goftar(first newspaper in Gujarati) Statesman Hindu Yugantar Bombay Chronicle Hindustan Mooknayak Comrade Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Al-Hilal Al-Balagh Independent Punjabi New India(Daily) Pratap Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh Aurobindo Ghosh, Madam Bhikaji Cama Dadabhai Naoroji Robert Knight Vir Raghavacharya and G.S. Iyer Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh Firoze Shah Mehta M.M. Malaviya B.R. Ambedkar Mohammad Ali Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Abul Kalam Azad Abul Kalam Azad Motilal Nehru Lala Lajpat Rai Annie Besant Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Ram Mohan Roy Bodhisatva Avalokiteshwara of Mahayana Buddhism is also known as Padmapani. EBD_7237 GK-53 HISTORY GK-54 HISTORY Mirat-ul-Akbhar (first Persian Newspaper) Ram Mohan Roy Hindustan Times K.M. Panikkar Young India Harijan M.K Gandhi M.K Gandhi IMPORTANT ACTS The Regulating Act •• The Regulating Act of 1773 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to refurbish the management of the East India Company’s rule in India. •• The Company was very much important to British as it was the only company which was trading in India with many influential people as its shareholders. Provisions of this Act were 1. The Act cut down company dividends to 6% until it repaid a £1.5M loan along with restricting the term of the Court of Directors to 4 years. 2. It prohibited the servants of company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents or bribes from the natives. 3. It elevated the position of Governor of Bengal to Governor-General of Bengal during the period of Warren Hastings with the subsumption of the presidencies of Madras and Bombay under Bengal’s control. 4. According to the Act four men were to be appointed by British government in the name of “Council of Four” to serve the Supreme Council of Bengal. 5. A Supreme Court was established at Fort William at Calcutta under the provision of the Act stating that British judges were to be sent to India to administer the British legal system that was used there. The Pitt’s India Act The Pitt’s India Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which was passed by East India Company in 1784 so as to address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773. Provisions of this Act were 1. With the Pitt‘s India Act of 1784, East India Company’s political functions were differentiated from its commercial activities. 2. In political matters, the Company which was till now working as somewhat sovereign was made directly subordinate to the British government. 3. To enable this, a Board of Commissioners was created, which was called Board of Control. 4. 6 people viz. the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary of State, and four Privy Councilors, nominated by the King were the members of this Board of Control. 5. The Secretary of the State was entitled as the President of the Board of Control. This Board of control was empowered to control all matters of civil or military government or revenues. 6. The board was given full access to the company’s records. It had the powers to send Governors to India and full authority to alter them. The Charter Act of 1793 •• The Charter Act of 1793 extended the commercial privileges of the company for a further period of twenty years. •• Lord Cornwallis was given special power at the time of his appointment, to override his Council but it was not extended to all Governors or Governor General by the Charter Act of 1793. Provisions of this Act were The Charter Act of 1833 1. The Governor General was granted extensive powers over the subordinate presidencies. 2. The Governor General’s power of over ruling his council was affirmed, and extended over the Governors of the subordinate presidencies. 3. Senior officials were forbidden from leaving India without permission. 4. Royal approval was mandated for the appointment of the Governor General, the governors, and the Commander-in-Chief. 5. The EIC was empowered to grant licences to both individuals and company employees to trade in India (known as the “privilege” or “country” trade), which paved the way for shipments of opium to China. •• The Charter Act of 1833 granted a lease to the Company for further twenty years. •• The Act introduced centralization in the legislative and administrative function and provided the abolition of slavery thereby brought several changes in the Constitution of India. •• The Charter Act of 1833 was a turning point in the history of modern India. The Charter Act of 1813 •• The Charter Act of 1813 renewed the tenures of the commercial privileges of the Company. •• Moreover the Charter of 1813, envisaged that the Company should function as the commercial body wholly. •• Its political function was limited considerably. Provisions of this Act were 1. The monopoly of trade of the company was abolished except in tea trade and its trade with China. 2. Church was placed under a Bishop which was maintained from Indian revenue. Englishmen were granted permission to settle and hold land in India. The Christian Missionaries were allowed to spread their religion in India. 3. The Crown had Complete power over territorial and revenue. 4. For the improvement of education, grant of rupees one lakh every year was allotted. Provisions of this Act were 1. The monopoly of all trade of the company was abolished. 2. All restrictions on European immigration into India and acquisition of land and property in India removed. 3. A Law Commission was constituted for codification of laws. 4. The debts of the company were taken over by the Indian government which agreed to pay its shareholders a 10.5% dividend on their capital out of the Indian revenues for the next 40 years. 5. Section 87 of the Act declared that no person can be disqualified for any place in the Company’s service by reason of caste, colour, creed or place of birth. 6. The Charter Act of 1833 provided the Indians an opportunity of entering into the company’s service. 7. The merit became the basis for employment in government services and the religion, birth place were not the criteria. The Charter Act of 1853 •• The Charter Act of 1853 renewed the powers of the company but did not mention the specific time period. •• It allowed the company to retain the possession of the Indians territories in trust of Her Majesty. EBD_7237 GK-55 HISTORY GK-56 •• It also provided the scope for thorough revisions of the existing legislative procedure. Provisions of this Act were 1. Laid foundation of Parliamentary system of government, the executive and legislative organs were separated. Legislative Assembly functioned on the model of British Parliament. 2. Renewed the term of East India Company for an indefinite period; 3. Reduced the number of Board of Directors from 24 to 18 and 6 out of them were nominated; 4. Indian Civil Service became an open competition. Macaulay was made Chairman of the Committee. 5. The Act for the first time introduced local representation in the Indian (Central) Legislative Council. The Governor-General’s Council had six new legislative members. They were appointed by the local (provincial) governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra. 6. The Act separated, for the first time, the legislative and executive functions of the Governor General’s Council. The Government of India Act, 1858 1. Rule of company in India ended and the rule of Crown started. 2. System of dual government ended. Court of Directors and Board of control abolished and substituted them with a post of secretary of state. 3. Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General. 4. Governor General received the title of Viceroy who represented Secretary of State. 5. A highly centralised administrative structure was created. The Indian Council Act, 1861 •• The first ever constitutional structure was formulated in 1861. •• The British Government passed the Legislative Council Act to introduce better provisions for the Governor General’s Council and for Local Government. HISTORY Provisions of this Act were 1. The three separate presidencies (Madras, Bombay and Bengal) were brought into a common system. 2. System of legislative devolution in India was inaugurated. 3. The Act added to the Viceroy’s Executive Council a fifth member - a jurist. 4. For purposes of legislation, the Viceroy’s Executive Council was expanded by the addition of not less than six and not more than 12 additional members, who would be nominated by the Governor General and would hold office for two years. Therefore, the total membership increased to 17 The Indian Council Act, 1892 •• The Government introduced another Act known as the Indian Councils Act of 1892 which could not ensure the maximum safeguards to the Muslims. •• For which the leaders of Muslim community felt for a separate electorate to protect the Muslim Interest. Provisions of this Act were 1. The number of the non-official members, in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils were increased. However, the official members were still in majority. 2. The members of the Legislative Councils were given the right to put questions. They were also authorized to discuss the annual budget. 3. The local bodies were given right to send their elected members to the Legislative Councils. The Indian Councils Act, 1909 (The Morely-Minto Reforms) •• Morely was the Secretary of State and Minto was the Indian Viceroy. •• It introduced for the first time indirect elections to the state legislative councils. •• Separate electorates were introduced for the Muslims. •• Resolution could be moved before the Budget takes its final form. Supplementary questions could be asked. Indian Press Act, 1910 •• It revived the worst features of the Vernacular Press Act – Local government was empowered to demand a security at registration from the printer or publisher. •• Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Gujarati, Konkani, Malayalam, Kashmiri and Marathi were added in new Vernacular language and literature. The Government of India Act, 1919 (The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms) •• Devolution Rules: Subjects of administration were divided into two categories – ‘Central’ and ‘Provincial’. All important subjects (like Railways and Finance) were brought under the category of Central, while matters relating to the administration of the Provinces were classified as Provincial. •• Dyarchy system introduced in the Provinces. •• The Provincial subjects of administration were divided into two categories ‘Transferred’ and ‘Reserved’ subjects. •• The Transferred subjects were to be administered by the Governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the Legislative Council. •• The Reserved subjects (Rail, Post, Telegraph, Finance, Law & order, •• •• •• •• etc.) were to be administered by the Governor and his Executive Council. Indian legislature became ‘bicameral’ for the first time. Communal representation extended to Sikhs. Secretary of State for India now to be paid from British revenue. An officer of the High Commissioner of India was created in London. The Government of India Act, 1935 •• The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for setting up of the Federation of India comprising British Indian provinces and Indian States (Princely States). The joining of Princely states was voluntary and as a result, the federation did not come into existence. •• Dyarchy in the Provinces was replaced by Provincial autonomy. They were granted separate legal identity. •• It divided powers into three fold: Federal, Provincial and Concurrent. Residuary powers were to be with Governor-General. •• The Indian Council of Secretary of State for India was abolished. •• Principle of separate electorate was extended to include Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians and Europeans. •• The Federal Bank (The Reserve Bank of India) and the Federal Court (Supreme Court of India) were established in 1935 and 1937 respectively. Indian Independence Act, 1947 •• Indian Independence Act, 1947 did not lay down any provision for the administration of India. •• It was about the partition of India and the establishment of two countries (India and Pakistan). •• Constituent Assembly of each Dominion would have unlimited powers to frame and adopt any Constitution. •• The office of the Secretary of State for India was to be abolished and his work was to be taken over by the Secretary of State for common wealth affairs. EBD_7237 GK-57 HISTORY GK-58 HISTORY WORLD HISTORY MIND MAP WORLD HISTORY Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization (5000-900 BC) Egyptian Civilization (500-30 BC) Israel Kingdom (1300-63 BC) Greek Civilization (776388 BC) Medieval Medieval Europe Civilization African Civilization Mongol Empire Civiliza- tion Arab civilization & Islam Medieval China Roman Civilization (753 BC-476AD) Christianity Zoroastrianism (Parsi) Modern Renaissance Reforms Major Revolutions of World • Glorious Revolution • Industrial Revolution • American Revolution • French Revolution • Russian Revolution An insight into World Wars Major wars of World • Trojan War • Persian War • Peloponnesian War • Punic Wars • Hundred Years War • Russo-Japan War • Vietnam War • Iraq War ANCIENT WORLD HISTORY MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION Time Period Events 5000-3500 BC The first city built by Sumerian people in southern Mesopotamia. 2300 BC The first Akkadian ruler Sargon started to conquer Sumerian cities 3500 BC 2112-2095 BC 2100 BC 1792-49 BC 1530 BC 1530 BC 1500 BC 1200 - 900 BC Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand year to be evolved in full cuneiform script. The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and was called the third dynasty of Mesopotamian. Hammurabi, the greatest Baylonian rules, united the whole kingdom now called Iraq. Development of Babylonian civilization by king Hammurabi along the Euphrates River. Kassite came into being in Hammurabi’s rule in 1750 BC and categorized into minorities of Mesopotamia. The potter’s wheel was perhaps first used in Mesopotamian Period. Northern Mesopotamia is conquered by an Indo-European ruler called Mittani. He has also conquered Syria and Asia Minor. Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability engulfing Anatolia, Syria, and the Levant coast. The original script of the Rigveda is in Brahmi. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Time Period Events 5000 BC Farming started along the bank of Nile river. 3500-3000 BC Starting of Pre dynastic period which was characterized by permanent settlement. 3100 B.C 2650 BC 2575-2465 BC The Egyptian Script, known as hierroglyphic, was invented. The Egyptian Script – hierroglyphic script was deciphered by Champollion. Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of dynamic development of Egyptian art. Pharaoh Khufu built Great pyramid of Giza having a height of 481 feet. 2381-2345 BC The Old Kingdom ended during the realm of Unas. 1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the religious reforms of Pharaoh Akhenaton. 2055 BC-1650 BC 1539 BC 1336-1327 BC 1279-1213 BC 728 BC 639 BC 525 BC 332 BC 305 BC 30 BC The era of middle kingdom started with the reunion of Egypt. With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became the leading power in the Middle East. The realm of Tutankhamun. The existence of Ramses Realm when Egypt experienced the height of its power. Nubian kings took over the power of Egypt. The period of revival started with the expulsion of Assyrians by Egyptians. Persians started ruling the Egypt. Alexander the Great conquered Egypt. A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of Alexander the Great. The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied Egypt. CHINESE CIVILIZATION Time period 3rd Century B.C. 202 BC. 604 BC 1st Century AD. In 2nd century AD. Events The Chinese dynasty became important. During the China dynasty the construction of Great Wall’ begin to keep out invaders from the North. The Han Dynasty followed the China Dynasty under the Hans, Silk was a principal item of export. The major religion of ancient China were Toism, based on teachings of lao-be. Paper was invented in China. China invented Seismogaph. EBD_7237 GK-59 HISTORY GK-60 HISTORY THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL Time Period Events 1300-1200 BC The land of Canaan occupied by the Israelites. 970 BC David’s son Solomon became the new king. 1050-970 BC The kingdom was ruled by Soul followed by David. 931 BC The kingdom divided into north (Israel) and south(Judah) parts. 620 BC A religious revival took place in southern kingdom of Judah. 722 BC The Assyrians destroyed the northern kingdom. 597-582 The destruction of both Judah and Jerusalem occurred. 164 BC The revolution broke out against the Seleucid kings under the leadership of the Maccabbees brothers by Jews. 538 BC 63 BC The Persian king Cyrus repatriated the kings of Judah and Jerusalem and encouraged them to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Judea was conquered by Romans and the family of Herod the Great started ruling. GREEK CIVILIZATION Time Period Events 776 BC The first official date of Olympic Games. 490-479 Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion from the huge Persian Empire. 750 BC 490 B.C. 447 BC 431-404 399 338 336BC-323BC 326 BC Greek started planting colonies on the Mediterranean coast. The Battle of Marathon happened, the Greek defeated the Iranian King Darius 1 at Marathon near Athens. Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. Athens was defeated by Sparta in the Second Peloponnesian War. Socrates, the famous philosopher of Athens was sentenced to death as he was questioning conventional ideas. The Greek city-states were defeated by King Phillip II of Macedon. Alexander compelled all Greece to accept his leadership and conquered the Achaemenid empire. Alexander comes to border of India and he defeated king Porus on the Jhelum. ROMAN CIVILIZATION Time Period Events 1000 BC The city of Rome was founded 390 BC Rome was sacked by the Gauls. 509 BC Roman republic was built. 264-241 BC First Punic War between Carthage and Rome took place. 83-31 BC Decline of Roman Republic due to the continuous phase of civil wars. 218-202 BC 27 BC 117 AD 312 AD 410 AD 476 AD Christianity •• •• •• •• •• Second Punic War consisting of several small battles took place where Rome was the ultimate winner. Augustus established himself as the first of the Roman emperors. Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time. Constantine the great got converted to Christianity. Goths sacked Roman Empire. The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes. It was founded by Jesus Christ (i.e. Merriah). He was born on 25th December to Mother Mary (Marium) in Bethlehem (Nr. Jerusalam) Bible is the holy book of Christians. His crucifixion (hanging) on cross happened in about 33 AD. So, sign of ‘cross’ is considered holy for Christians. MEDIEVAL WORLD HISTORY MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION Time Period 500-600AD 650-700AD 800AD 850-900AD 900-950AD 1000-1050 Events •• A monastery was built in Italy. •• Christianity was introduced in England. •• The foundation stone of Roman Catholic Church was laid by Gregory the Great. History of the English Church and People was written by Bede. Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. First Russian states founded at Kiev and Novgorod. Viking raids across Western Europe. Medical school set up in Salerno, Italy (1030). 1050-1100 AD •• William of Normandy invaded England and becomes king. •• First Crusade was proclaimed. 1200-1250 AD •• St Francis of Assisi sets up a monastic order, emphasizing austerity and compassion. •• Rebellion against the king by the Lords of England as he signed the Magna Carta, accepting to rule according to law. 1150-1200 AD 1250-1300 AD Construction of the cathedral of Notre Dame. Establishment of the Hapsburg dynasty that continued to rule Austria till 1918. EBD_7237 GK-61 HISTORY GK-62 HISTORY Feudalism was a socio-political hierarchy which started in 8th century AD in Europe and ended in 14th century AD. Crusades were the series of military campaign organized under the banner of the cross so as to recover the holy places of Palestine from Muslim occupation. AFRICAN CIVILIZATION Time Period Events 830AD Ghana Empire was created. 1100-1150AD Emergence of Zimbabwe as a centre for producing gold and copper artifacts and long distance trade. 1050-1100AD 1200-1250 AD 1375 AD 1465 AD 1588–91 AD Expansion of Almoravid kingdom from Ghana to southern Spain. Christian churches established in Ethiopia. Kingdom of Mali was established in West Africa, with Timbuktu as a centre of learning. Gao rebelled against Malian hegemony and Songhai started to expand its realm. Songhai conquered Mema and after three years seized Timbuktu. Songhai was attacked by Moroccan forces with firearms and they kept on conquering Tondibi, Timbuktu and Gao one after the other. MONGOL EMPIRE Time Period Events 1206 AD Temüjin from the Orkhon Valley received the title Genghis Khan, and started ruling the unified nomads of Mongolia homeland. 1250–1350 AD Pax Mongolica or stabilization of Mongol empire. 1227 AD 1260-1294 AD 1368 AD 1687 AD Death of Genghis Khan. Fragmentation of Mongol Empire into Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty, Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde. Fall of Yuan Dynasty. Collapse of Chagatai Khanate. ARAB CIVILIZATION Time Period Events 571AD The great Prophet of Islam was born in Mecca With the rise of new religion Islam, the Arab civilization started expanding its realm 622 AD Mohammad had to leave Mecca and take refuge in Medina. This Year is known as Hijra. 632AD After the death of Mohammad his successors continued to spread his teachings and were known as Caliphs or Khalifas. 13th Century The Islamic Empire came to end with the defeat of Abbasids by Seljuq Turks AD Islam in Arab Civilization •• Hazrat Prophet Muhammad Saheb founded Islam as a religion. •• His father was Abdullah & mother was Aminah. •• His father died in Madina before Muhammad was born. •• He was suckled by Haleema (Dai). •• His mother died when he was 6 and grandfather died 2 years later. •• Hijri Era started on 24th September 622 when he migrated to Medina. •• He attained enlightenment, i.e. the first revelation came to him on Monday, August 10th, 610 AD (21st of Ramadan) at 40 years of age at Gaare-Hira (Hira cave). •• First persons who embraced Islam were–Khadija (wife), Zaid (slave), Ali (cousin), & Abu Bakr (friend). •• Prophet Muhammad died on Monday, 8th June, 623 AD and was buried at Medina. •• Islam divided into Shia and Sunni cults after his death. •• His successors were called Khalifa. •• Eid-milad-un-Nabi is celebrated as the birthday of the prophet. Renaissance by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, steam engine by James Watt in 1769 etc. MODERN WORLD HISTORY The European era between 14th to 17th centuries AD was designated as the Age of Renaissance generally known for “Revival of Learning”. The Florence city of Italian region Tuscany was well known as the birth place of Renaissance. Reformation Reformation was a social movement initiated by Martin Luther during 16th century in Europe against Roman Catholic Church. He started criticizing the selling of self indulgence of higher authorities in the church by highlighting the fact that the Pope had no authority over the purgatory and there was no evidence of catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints in the gospel. Major Revolutions Glorious Revolution (1688) It was otherwise known as the Bloodless Revolution primarily focused on securing freedom of worship from Catholics and unifying Whigs and Tories of Anglican church against the Roman Catholic ruler James II. Industrial Revolution It was the process of change in earning livelihood by adopting industrial processes rather than agriculture. It started during mid 18th century in Britain with the invention of several technological aids such as spinning jenny by James Hargreaves in 1764, water-powered spinning frame by Richard Arkwright in 1769, spinning mule by Samuel Crompton in 1779, power loom Bhagwat were the first to worship Vasudev Krishna. American Revolution It was the mutiny of people living in thirteen colonies of England in North America in late 18th century. Various factors such as French and Indian War, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party (1773/Intolerable Acts, can be considered as the triggering fact of this revolution in 1775-83. •• On 4th July 1776, the Declaration of Independece was issued by Thomas Jafferson. •• The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. French Revolution It was one of the greatest revolutions of eighteenth century which put an end to French monarchy. It lasted from 1789 to 1799, and partially carried forwarded by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. •• Liberty, Equality and Fraternity were the watch of the revolution. •• Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau were the French writers and thinkers of the period. Russian Revolution Based on the ideology of Marxism, Russian revolution took place in 1917 and eventually ended up in creating the Russian Soviet Union. The prime causes of these revolutions were the autocratic rule of Czars, inefficient and vigorous use of power, low living standard of people in the society, to support church forcefully. EBD_7237 GK-63 HISTORY GK-64 HISTORY GREAT LITTERATEUR OF RENAISSANCE Italian Dante – Book Divine Comedy Petarch – Founder of Humanism. Boccacio- Book Dacemeron. Rabelais – Pantagruel Cewantes – Don Quixote Thomas Kempis – The Imitation of Christ French Spanish German WORLD WARS: I & II Event Countries Involved Duration of War Causes World War I Germany, Austria,Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey vs. France, Russia, Britain, US, Italy. July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 Immediate Murder of Austrian King Archduke Ferdinand at Serajevo by a Serbian which resulted in strong hostility between Austria-Hungary and Serbia Associated Militarism Nationalism or Competitive Patriotism Economic Imperialism Anglo-German Rivalry and the charter of William II Lack of International Organization Consequences End of the German, Russian, Ottoman and AustroHungarian empires Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East. Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations World War II Britain, France, USSR, US, Other nations vs. Germany, Italy, Japan September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 Immediate Germany’s ultimatum and Poland’s rejection for surrender of Port Dazing. Refusal of Poland to establish rail link between Germany and West Prussia through Polish corridor. Associated The Treaty of Versailles (1919) Nationalist movement of Germany & Italy. Ideological conflict between Dictatorship and Democracy Inefficiency of League of Nation Colonial and commercial rivalry Aggressiveness of Berlin-Rome –Tokyo axis Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES Discovery Year Discoverer Name Cape of Good Hope 1487 Bartholomew, Portugal Newfoundland 1497 John Cabot, England America Sea-route of India New Zealand 1492 1498 1642 Christropher Columbus, Spain Vasco da Gama, Portuguese Tasman, Holland Major Wars in History Trojan War Participants: City of Troy vs City of Sparta Duration of War: 10 years Causes of War: The war resulted due to the kidnapping of Queen Helen from her husband, the king of Sparta by the Trojan Prince. Outcome of war: The war ended with victory of Greek and destruction of Troy. Persian War Participants: Greek vs. Persia Duration of War: 499 BC – 449 BC Causes of War: The king of Persia, Darius I attacked Athens when the series of Greek uprisings were suppressed. Outcome of war: The Greek had its victory against Persia. Peloponnesian War Participants: Athens vs. Sparta Duration of War: 431 BC – 404 BC Causes of War: The war occurred due to the political fragmentation and mutual two city states of Greece, Athens and Sparta. Outcome of War: Eventually Sparta registered its victory by defeating Athens in Decelean war (known to be the third phase of Peloponnesian War), with the help of Persian Empire. Punic Wars First Participants: Rome vs. Carthage Duration of War: 264 BC -241 BC Causes of War: The war broke out as the Carthaginians established a base of island that seemed to be a potential threat to Rome. Outcome of War: The Romans won the war. Second Participants: Greek vs. Trojan Duration of War: 218 BC- 201 BC Causes of War: The war occurred when Carthage started expanding its power in Spain and striving for the coastal city of Saguntum (the present day Sagunto) which was allied with Rome. Outcome of War: Finally Rome won over Carthage in the Battle of Zama forcing the Carthaginians to give up Spanish territories and its navy. Third Participants: Greek vs. Persian Duration of War: 149 BC- 146 BC Causes of War: The fear of Carthaginian resurgence led to the war in the city streets of Carthage Outcome of War: Ultimately Romans destroyed the city of Carthage Hundred Years’ War Participants: France vs. England Duration of War: 1337 BC -1453 BC Causes of War: The war broke out after King Edward III of England invaded the country of France and continued to seize its land and became its ruler. Outcome of War: At the end France managed to defy the England’s reign with the help of Scotland. Russo-Japan War Participants: Russia vs. Japan Duration of War: 1904 – 05 AD Causes of War: The war took place for having imperial authority over Manchuria and Korea. Outcome of War: Japanese won the war. Vietnam War Participants: Democratic Republic of Vietnam allied with Soviet Union vs. China. Duration of War: 1955 – 75 AD Causes of War: The war was fought for checking communism spread all over South-Asia. Outcome of War: The war ended with the victory of North Vietnam by empowering the Communist government in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia with annexure of South Vietnam. The American-led forces had to back out from Indochina. Iraq–Iran War Participants: Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq Duration of War: 1980 – 88 AD Causes of War: The war started with the invasion of republic of Iran resulting from a border dispute of two Republics. Outcome of War: Iraq failed to take over the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab and strengthen Arab separatism in the region of Khuzestan. The Iranian invasion failed and the idea of deposing Saddam Hussein was shattered. Gautam Buddha was raised to the position of God during the reign of kanishka. EBD_7237 GK-65 HISTORY
