Ex. No:
STRAIN MEASUREMENT
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To study the characteristics between strain applied to the cantilever strain sensor and the signal
conditioned sensor output voltage
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ITB-17-CE Trainer kit
Multi meter (mV)
Cantilever beam strain sensor setup.
Weights (100 grams X 10 no’s).
Power chord.
FORMULA USED
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑥 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
6 𝑃𝐿
𝑋 100
𝐵𝑌𝑡 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
t = thickness of the beam = 0.25cm
B= breadth of the beam = 2.8cm
L = length of the beam = 21.58 cm
Y = Young’s Modulus = 2 x 106 kg/cm2
PROCEDURE

The cantilever beam is installed and interfaced with ITB-17-CE kit.

The multimeter is connected across T5 and GND for the signal conditioned sensor
voltage measurement and the module is switched ON

Initially, the beam is unloaded and the display is nullified by using zero adjustment POT

The maximum load of 1 kg is applied to the beam and the display is adjusted to 370µ
strain by using gain adjustment POT

The load is applied to the beam and the signal conditioned sensor output voltage is
measured across T5 and GND

The load is gradually increases and the corresponding signal conditioned senor voltage
and the actual strain is noted down.

The values of theoretical strain, actual strain and signal conditioned sensoe outout
voltage are tabulated

Graph are plotted between (a) theoretical strain and signal conditioned sensor output
voltage (b) theoretical strain and actual strain
TABULATION
S.NO
Applied
Load (gm)
Theoretical
Strain
Signal
Conditioned
sensor
output
voltage
Actual
strain
% error
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics between the strain applied to the cantilever strain sensor and the signal conditioned
sensor output voltage is plotted.
Ex. No:
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Date:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To calibrate the LVDT position sensor and plot the graph between micrometer displacement and
error (%).
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
ITB -12CE unit
LVDT setup
Multi meter
Power Chord
FORMULA USED
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % =
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑋 100
𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
PROCEDURE













Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D type cable with ITB -12CE unit
Switch ON the unit
Set the micrometer position at 10mm and calibrate the display at 0 mm using ‘Zero’
potentiometer.
Set the micrometer position at 20mm and calibrate the display at ‘10’ mm using ‘span’
potentiometer
Repeat the zero and span calibration, until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10mm
displacement in micrometer and core displacement is 10.00mm for 20 mm displacement in
micrometer.
After completion of calibration, place the core of the LVDT to 10mm by adjusting the
micrometer.
Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10 mm to 20mm and note down the
forward core displacement from zero mm to 10 mm on the display.
Similarly decrease the micrometer displacement from 10 mm to zero and note down the
reverse core displacement of zero to -10 mm on the display
Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, Micrometer displacement and secondary
output voltage (mV).
Plot the graph between the micro meter displacement (mm) along x-axis and Error (%) along
Y-axis
The bulb is moved towards the sensor in the steps of 5cm distance and the corresponding
voltages are noted down
The procedure is repeated for 10V and 12V adjustments and the readings are tabulated
A graph is plotted between distance and voltage
TABULATION
S.No
Micrometer
Displacement (mm)
RESULT:
Thus the LVDT position sensor is calibrated
Core Displacement
(mm)
Error (%)
Ex. No:
THERMOCOUPLE
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To study the characteristics of thermocouple
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ITB-05CE
Thermocouple
Water bath
Thermometer
Digital thermometer
Power chord
FORMULA USED
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝
𝑋 100
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝
PROCEDURE

The terminals of the thermocouple are connected across T1 and T2

3/4th of water is poured inside the jug and the thermocouple and the thermometer are
placed inside the jug

The initial water temperature is noted from thermometer and the set potentiometer is
adjusted till the display reads initial temperature

The water is boiled and the thermometer reading is noted

The final set potentiometer is adjusted till the display reads the boiling temperature

Again the sensor is immersed in cold water and the display reading is adjusted

The process is repeated till the display shows exact boiling water and cold water
temperature

The thermocouple and the thermometer are inserted into the hot water bath and the
thermometer and the thermocouple readings are noted for every 10 degree fall in
temperature.

The readings are tabulated and a graph is plotted between temperature and % error
TABULATION
S.No
Actual
Temp
Displayed
Temp
% error
MODEL CALCULATION
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of thermocouple was studied and graph was plotted.
Ex. No:
LOADING EFFECT ON POTENTIOMETER
Date:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To study the performance characteristics of a translational & rotational potentiometer under the
ideal and loaded conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. ITB -12B unit
2. Patch cords
FORMULA USED
Translational Potentiometer
Output Voltage under ideal condition:
𝑒0 =
𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑡
𝑒𝑖
Output Voltage under loaded condition:
𝑒0 = 𝑒𝑖
𝑘
𝑅𝑝
𝑅𝑚
𝑘 1−𝑘
+1
Rotational Potentiometer
Output Voltage under ideal condition:
𝑒0 =
𝜃𝑖
𝜃𝑡
𝑒𝑖
Output Voltage under loaded condition:
𝑒0 = 𝑒𝑖
𝑘
𝑘 1−𝑘
𝑅𝑝
𝑅𝑚
+1
where 𝑒0 & 𝑒𝑖 = Input and Output voltage in volts
𝑥𝑡 = total length of translation at potentiometer in cm
𝑥𝑖 = displacement of wiper from its zero position in cm
𝜃𝑡 = total travel of the wiper in degree
𝜃𝑖 = Input angular displacement in degree
𝑅𝑝 = 980 Ω
;
𝑅𝑚 = 10.770 kΩ
; k = 𝑥𝑖 / 𝑥𝑡
PROCEDURE
Connections are made and the power supply is switched ON
The wiper is kept in zero position & the voltage is noted
The wiper movements are varied step by step and the corresponding reading is note down
The readings are tabulated under ideal condition
The load is introduced by means of connecting resistance of the path indicating meter
The wiper movements are varied step by step and the corresponding reading are tabulated
The theoretical value is calculated under ideal & loaded condition and compare with practical
value
 A graph is drawn between (a) different values of displacement and output voltage
(b)different values of degree and output voltage







TABULATION
Linear mode
S.No
Distance
in cm
S.No
Distance
in
degree
Output in volts
(Theoretical)
Ideal
Loaded
Output in volts
(Practical)
Ideal
Loaded
Output in volts
(Theoretical)
Output in volts
(Practical)
Rotational mode
Ideal
Loaded
Ideal
Loaded
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of linear & rotational potentiometers under ideal and
loaded conditions were studied.
Ex. No:
HALL EFFECT VOLTAGE SENSOR
Date:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To study the performance characteristics of the hall effect voltage sensor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
VHET -01 module.
CRO (Cathode ray oscilloscope).
Digital multi meter.
Autotransformer.
PROCEDURE

Connections are made and the main unit is switched ON

Using the multi meter across T2 and Ground terminal, output voltage is measured (or) the
display shows the output voltage

The input voltage is varied using Auto transformer. (0-230 V) and the corresponding voltage is
measured

A graph is plot between input voltage (AC) and the output voltage (DC)
TABULATION
S.No
Input Voltage
(0 – 230 V AC)
Output
Voltage in DC
RESULT:
Thus the performance and characteristics of Hall Effect voltage sensor was studied and graph was
plotted.
Ex. No:
LDR/ PHOTODIODE / PHOTOTRANSISTOR
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To study the response of distance versus voltage in LDR/Photodiode/Phototransistor
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
ITB-27unit
ITB-27 setup
Multi meter
Power chord
PROCEDURE

Interfacing of the sensor and the light source is done

The pointer is positions at 0 cm on the scale where the bulb is at maximum distance away from
the sensors and the light intensity is at low level

The main unit is switched ON

8 V is set across T1 and T2 terminals by adjusting the 0-12V DC potentiometer

The output is measured across T5 & T6 for LDR, T7 & T8 in Photodiode and T9 & T10 for
Phototransistor

The bulb is moved towards the sensor in the steps of 5cm distance and the corresponding
voltages are noted down

The procedure is repeated for 10V and 12V adjustments and the readings are tabulated

A graph is plotted between distance and voltage
TABULATION
S.No
Distance
(cm)
8V
LDR
10V
12V
Sensor Output Voltage (V)
Photodiode
8V
10V
12V
Phototransistor
8V
10V
12V
RESULT:
Thus the response of distance versus voltage in LDR/Photodiode/Phototransistor were studied
PROGRAMMING LOGIC CONTROLLER
AIM:
To design and simulate the logic functions in PLC
SOFTWARE USED
PLC fiddle
PLC FIDDLE SOFTWARE PICTURE
Procedure:




The necessary components required for the given circuits is identified in PLC fiddle software
The suitable components are selected from the instruction tab like contacts , coils timers and
counters etc.
The ladder diagram for the required logic function is drawn
The output is verified
Gates and symbols:
Result
Thus the given logic functions are simulated and verified
PROGRAMMING FOR COUNTERS AND TIMERS
AIM:
To design and simulate the operation of timers and counters
SOFTWARE USED
PLC fiddle website
PLC FIDDLE SOFTWARE PICTURE
Procedure:




The necessary components required for the given circuits is identified in PLC fiddle software
The suitable components are selected from the instruction tab
The necessary ladder diagram is drawn
The output is verified
Off delay Timers in PLC fiddle software
Up counter in PLC fiddle software
Result
Thus the operation of counters and timers are simulated and verified
Ex. No:
AUTOMATIC OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING
CYLINDER USING TIMERS (PLC)
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To control the operation of single acting cylinder with timers using PLC kit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Single Acting Cylinder
Solenoid Valves
Compressor
FRL Unit
PLC kit
PROCEDURE









The necessary circuit diagram is drawn
Power supply is given to the Electro-pneumatic kit
The components of the electro-pneumatic board are connected as per the circuit diagram
Ladder logic for the given operation is drawn in VersaPRO software
PLC module is powered ON
The PC is connected to the PLC module
Necessary connections are made in the PLC kit
The program is loaded in the PLC
The program is executed and output is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given sequence of operation is performed using PLC
Ex. No:
OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS
USING COUNTERS (PLC)
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To control the operation of double acting cylinder with counters using PLC kit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Single Acting Cylinder
Solenoid Valves
Compressor
FRL Unit
PLC kit
PROCEDURE









The necessary circuit diagram is drawn
Power supply is given to the Electro-pneumatic kit
The components of the electro-pneumatic board are connected as per the circuit diagram
Ladder logic for the given operation is drawn in VersaPRO software
PLC module is powered ON
The PC is connected to the PLC module
Necessary connections are made in the PLC kit
The program is loaded in the PLC
The program is executed and output is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given sequence of operation is performed using PLC
Ex. No:
IMPLEMENTATION OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS TO
CONTROL THE OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING
CYLINDER (PLC)
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To implement the given logic functions in the control of single acting cylinder
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Single Acting Cylinder
Solenoid Valves
Compressor
FRL Unit
PLC kit
PROCEDURE









The necessary circuit diagram is drawn
Power supply is given to the Electro-pneumatic kit
The components of the electro-pneumatic board are connected as per the circuit diagram
Ladder logic for the given operation is drawn in VersaPRO software
PLC module is powered ON
The PC is connected to the PLC module
Necessary connections are made in the PLC kit
The program is loaded in the PLC
The program is executed and output is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given sequence of operation is performed using PLC
Ex. No:
EXECUTION OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
PROGRAMS
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To execute the simple microprocessor programs
PROGRAM 1 : Addition of 2 – 8 bit numbers
Memory
Address
Opcodes
Mnemonics
PROGRAM 2 : Subtraction of 2 – 8 bit numbers
Memory
Address
Opcodes
PROGRAM 3 : Multiplication of 2 – 8 bit numbers
Memory
Address
Opcode Mnemonics
Mnemonics
PROGRAM 4 : Division of 2 – 8 bit numbers
Memory
Address
Opcode Mnemonics
PROGRAM 5 : Conversion of HEX to Binary
Memory
Address
Opcode Mnemonics
PROGRAM 6 : Biggest Number in an array
Memory
Address
Opcode Mnemonics
RESULT:
Thus the microprocessor programs are executed and verified.
Ex. No:
STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING
MICROPROCESSOR
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
a) To run a stepper motor at different speeds in two direction
b) To run a stepper motor for required angle
PROGRAM 1 : Rotation at different speed
Memory
Address
Opcodes
Mnemonics
PROGRAM 2 : Rotation for required angle
Memory
Address
Opcodes
Mnemonics
Steps Calculation
RESULT:
Thus the stepper motor is controlled using microprocessor 8085.
Ex. No:
TRAFFIC LIGHT INTERFACE
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To interface the traffic light controller with the microprocessor 8085
PROGRAM
Memory
Address
Opcodes
Mnemonics
RESULT:
Thus the traffic light controller is interfaced using microprocessor 8085.
Ex.No:
Date:
ARDUINO INTERFACING
Aim:
To interface LED and push button with Arduino microcontroller
Circuit Diagram:
Program:
int Buttonstate = 0;
void setup ()
{
pinMode(2, INPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop ()
Buttonstate = digitalRead(2);
if (Buttonstate == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
}
}
Result:
Thus LED and push button are interfaced with Arduino microcontroller
Ex. No:
CONTROL OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
ELECTROPNEUMATIC KIT
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To control the single acting cylinder using solenoid valves
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
Single Acting Cylinder
Solenoid Valve
Compressor
FRL Unit
PROCEDURE




The necessary circuit diagram is drawn
Power supply is given to the Electro-pneumatic kit
The components of the electro-pneumatic board are connected as per the circuit diagram
The valves are operated and the circuit is verified
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder is controlled using solenoid valves
Ex. No:
CONTROL OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
ELECTROPNEUMATIC KIT
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To control the double acting cylinder using solenoid valves
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
Double Acting Cylinder
Solenoid Valve
Compressor
FRL Unit
PROCEDURE




The necessary circuit diagram is drawn
Power supply is given to the Electro-pneumatic kit
The components of the electro-pneumatic board are connected as per the circuit diagram
The valves are operated and the circuit is verified
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder is controlled using solenoid valves
Image Processing - 1
AIM:
To find out the distance between the centroid of the two given objects using MATLAB software
SOFTWARE USED
MAT LAB
PROGRAM
c_img=name_of_the_image;
g_img=rgb2gray (c_img);
b_img=im2bw (g_img);
com_img=imcomplement (b_img);
img_reg=region props (com_img);
img_centroid=cat(1,img_reg.Centroid);
disp(img_centroid);
Using the coordinates of the centriod obtained, the distance is calculated using distance formula.
Result
Thus the distance between the centroid of the two given objects is found.
Image Processing - 2
AIM:
To determine the colour of the given object using MATLAB software
SOFTWARE USED
MAT LAB
PROGRAM
img_crop_rgb = name_of_the_image;
img_crop_hsi=rgb2hsv (img_crop_rgb);
a1=img_crop_hsi (: 1);
hue=round (mean (mean (a1))*100);
if hue<50
disp ('GREEN');
else if hue<80 && hue>50
disp ('BLUE');
else
disp ('RED')
Result
By using MATLAB the colour of the given object is found.
Ex. No:
SIMULATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
AND/OR LOGIC
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To design and simulate the operation of single acting cylinder using AND / OR logic
SOFTWARE USED
AUTOMATION STUDIO
PROCEDURE




The necessary components required for the given circuit is identified
The suitable components are selected from the library
The circuit diagram is drawn by establishing the connections between various components
The sequence of operation is simulated and the sequence is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given circuit is drawn, simulated and verified.
Ex. No:
AUTOMATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To design and simulate the automation of single acting cylinder
SOFTWARE USED
AUTOMATION STUDIO
PROCEDURE




The necessary components required for the given circuit is identified
The suitable components are selected from the library
The circuit diagram is drawn by establishing the connections between various components
The sequence of operation is simulated and the sequence is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given circuit is drawn, simulated and verified.
Ex. No:
SEQUENCING OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
LIMIT VALVES
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To design and simulate the automatic operation of double acting cylinder using limit valves
SOFTWARE USED
AUTOMATION STUDIO
PROCEDURE




The necessary components required for the given circuit is identified
The suitable components are selected from the library
The circuit diagram is drawn by establishing the connections between various components
The sequence of operation is simulated and the sequence is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given sequence is drawn, simulated and verified.
Ex. No:
SEQUENCING OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
SOLENOIDS
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To design and simulate the automatic operation of double acting cylinder using solenoids
SOFTWARE USED
AUTOMATION STUDIO
PROCEDURE




The necessary components required for the given circuit is identified
The suitable components are selected from the library
The circuit diagram is drawn by establishing the connections between various components
The sequence of operation is simulated and the sequence is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given sequence is drawn, simulated and verified.
Ex. No:
OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To design and simulate the operation of single acting hydraulic cylinder
SOFTWARE USED
AUTOMATION STUDIO
PROCEDURE




The necessary components required for the given circuit is identified
The suitable components are selected from the library
The circuit diagram is drawn by establishing the connections between various components
The sequence of operation is simulated and the sequence is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given circuit is drawn, simulated and verified.
Ex. No:
OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
SOLENOID VALVES
Date:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AIM
To design and simulate the operation of single acting cylinder using solenoid valves
SOFTWARE USED
AUTOMATION STUDIO
PROCEDURE




The necessary components required for the given circuit is identified
The suitable components are selected from the library
The circuit diagram is drawn by establishing the connections between various components
The sequence of operation is simulated and the sequence is verified
RESULT:
Thus the given circuit is drawn, simulated and verified.