Module 9: Topic 1
Visibility
1. Driving at Night:a.Dirt on the lens of headlights can reduce light by up to 90 percent.b.How can you check to see if the lights
are working properly? Answer: Use the reflection when parked behind a car or in front of a garage doorc.How far do high
beams let us see?Answer: More than 250 feetd.What is the sight distance rule?Answer: We have to be able to stop in the
distance we can seee.When driving at night, drivers need to leave more space than they would in the daytime.2. Visibility:a.The
distance a driver can see ahead is limited and headlights do not illuminate off-road areas.b.Visibility is also compromised by
the glare from other vehicles.3. Headli
–60 mphb.Low
-safe at speed of 40 –45 mph4. Night
Driving Skills:a.Adjust speed to distance illuminated by headlightsb.Keep your eyes moving searching ahead and at edges of
the roadwayc.Flash lights once quickly if oncoming vehicle is using high beams5. Night Driving Risks:a.Reduces ability to see
risksb.Requires eyes to adjust quickly to glarec.Places limitations on gathering and processing information in timed.The
distance you can see ahead is shorter -especially at higher speedse.Headlights provide little illumination of off-road
areasf.Ability to judge distances is compromisedg.The glare from oncoming and following vehicles impairs visionh.Must drive
“blind” while recovering from the glare6. Driving Tips for Poor Visibility:a.Reduce speed to accommodate shortened sight
distanceb.Use emergency flashers when traveling below speed limitc.Maintain appropriate lane position d.If stopping distance
longer than sight distance, slow down and don’t drive “blindly” into the darkness.
7. Safety Tips for Driving at Night:a.Before passing, the driver passing can flash his/her headlights to warn the other
driver.b.When two vehicles are side by side, the passing driver may switchto high beams and the driver being passed should
switch to low beams.c.Be alert for pedestrians walking on unlighted roadways . d.If you must walk on a dark roadway due to
vehicle breakdown or another reason, carry a white handkerchief or wear light-coloredclothing or reflective clothing to increase
your chances of being seen.e.In snow,wear dark clothing to create a contrast
a. In snow, wear
clothing to create a contrast.
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Module 9: Topic 2
Severe Weather Conditions
1. 1. Drifting Fog:a.Reduce speedb.Turn on low beam headlights c.Turn on windshieldwipersd.Turn on
defroster or air conditioner2. Heavy Fog:a.Reduce speedb.Turn on emergency flashers and fog
lightsc.NEVER stop in a travel laned.Look for an exit from the highwaye.If impossible to leave the
highway, stop beyond the end of guardrail as far to the right of the road as possible, and turn off lights
and wait for fog to lift.3. Visibility Limited by Rain and Snow:a.Keep headlights cleanb.Turn on the
defroster to remove ice and condensation c.Clear the windshield and rear windowsd.Reduce
Speede.Turn headlights to low beamf.Turn on windshield wipersg.Be alert for vehicles stopped in
roadwayh.Be prepared for effects of gusting windsi.Make adjustments gently and smoothly4. Sources of
Glarea.Other vehicle headlightsb.Paper on the dashboardc.Snow covered landscaped.The sun at dawn
or dusk5. Reducing Glarea.Look to the right edge of roadwayb.Do not place paper on dashboardc.Wear
sunglasses during the dayd.Adjust sun visors and mirrorse.Clean window
2. 6. Describe how the conditions listed below affect a driver’sability to see and what adjustment a driver
should make to better cope with these conditions:1.Sun glare:2.Driving at night:3.Fog:4.Rain:5.Snow:7.
Driving in Snow:a.In severe snow conditions look for an exit on highwayb.Check weather report c.If
impossible to leave highway, stop beyond outboard end of guard rail d.Use cell phone to check
conditionse.Snow may require use of windshield washer fluid8. Strong Winds:a.Keep a firm grip on the
steering wheelb.Reduce speedc.Adjust lane positiond.Do not over steere.Stay offthe brakef.Prepare to
counter steerg.Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and smoothlyh.Check for
debris in roadway and oncoming traffic9. Low water crossings:a.Flash flooding conditions are
unpredictableb.Not specific to a time of yearc.Affects braking, steering and engine systems10. Flash
Flood Dangers:a.Nearly 50% of flash flood fatalities are vehicle related b.Search for flood prone areas:
Low areas c.Most vehicles will float d.Very little water on the road surface can
cause loss of controle.Two feet of water will “carry” most carsf.Because visibility is limited at night, driving
during flooding conditions is very dangerousg.Heed all flash flood watches and warningsh.Monitor road
conditions through the news media11. Hot and Cold Temperatures:a.Vehicles are designed to operate in
a wide range of temperatures, from very hot to extremely cold.b.Extreme conditions cause stress on
vehicle parts sensitive to temperature changec.Make sure to check tires, fluids, and belts
3. 6. Describe how the conditions listed below affect a driver’sability to see and what adjustment a driver
should make to better cope with these conditions:1.Sun glare:2.Driving at night:3.Fog:4.Rain:5.Snow:7.
Driving in Snow:a.In severe snow conditions look for an exit on highwayb.Check weather report c.If
impossible to leave highway, stop beyond outboard end of guard rail d.Use cell phone to check
conditionse.Snow may require use of windshield washer fluid8. Strong Winds:a.Keep a firm grip on the
steering wheelb.Reduce speedc.Adjust lane positiond.Do not over steere.Stay offthe brakef.Prepare to
counter steerg.Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and smoothlyh.Check for
debris in roadway and oncoming traffic9. Low water crossings:a.Flash flooding conditions are
unpredictableb.Not specific to a time of yearc.Affects braking, steering and engine systems10. Flash
Flood Dangers:a.Nearly 50% of flash flood fatalities are vehicle related b.Search for flood prone areas:
cause loss of controle.Two feet of water will “carry” most carsf.Because visibility is limited at night, driving
during flooding conditions is very dangerousg.Heed all flash flood watches and warningsh.Monitor road
conditions through the news media11. Hot and Cold Temperatures:a.Vehicles are designed to operate in
a wide range of temperatures, from very hot to extremely cold.b.Extreme conditions cause stress on
vehicle parts sensitive to temperature changec.Make sure to check tires, fluids, and belts
4. 512. Cold Weather Driving Tips:a.Check your batteryb.Check your cooling systemc.Check your
windshield wipersd.Check your tire treade.Check your gasf.Check your windshield washer
reservoirg.Check radiator coolant, hoses, and connectionsh.Clean snow off of your entire car13. Hot
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weather checksa.Underinflated tires are subject to excessive flexion causing pressure buildup, especially
when driving for extended distances at higher speeds.b.The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses,
connections, and drive belts need special attention due to the extra load placed on these cooling
systems.
pa
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
grip on the steering wheel.
speed.
Adjust lane position.
Stay off the brake.
Prepare to counter steer.
Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and smoothly.
Check for debris in roadway and oncoming traffic.
2. Low water crossings:
a. Flash flooding conditions are unpredictable.
b. Not specific.to a time of year.
c. Affects braking, steering and engine systems.
3. Flash Flood Dangers:
a. Nearly
% of flash flood fatalities are vehicle related.
b. Search for flood prone areas:
• Highway dips
• Bridges
• Low areas
c. Most vehieles will float.
d. Very little water on the road surface can cause loss of control.
e.
feet of water will "carry'' most cars.
f. Because visibility is limited at night, driving during flooding conditions is very dangerous.
g. Heed all flash flood watches and warnings, and monitor road conditions through the news media.
4. Hot and Cold Temperatures:
a. Vehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of temperatures, from very hot to extremely cold.
b.. Extreme conditions cause stress on vehicle parts sensitive to temperature change.
c. Make sure to check tires, fluids, and belts.
5. Cold Weather Driving Tips:
a. Check your
_
b.Check your cooling system.
c. Check your windshield wipers.
d. Check your tire tread.
e. Check your gas.
f. Check your windshield washer reservoir.
g. Check radiator coolant, hoses, and connections.
h. Clean snow off of your entire car.
6. Hot weather checks
a.
tires are subject to excessive flexion causing pressure buildup, especially when
driving for extended distan_ces at higher speeds.
b. The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses, connections, and drive belts need special attention due
to the extra load placed on these cooling systems.
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Module 9: Topic 3
Occupant Protection
,,_ .Occupant Protection:
.
a. Occupant protection refers to safety features designed to protect occupants of motor vehicles in the
event of a crash. These systems can be 'active' or 'passive.'
b. Wearing a safety belt is your best defense for preventing severe life-altering injuries:
• Slows occupant's rate of deceleration in a frontal crash and keeps occupants securely in place.
2. Airbags:
a. The driver side airbag is located in the center of the steering wheel and the passenger
side airbag is located inside the dashboard.
· b. Side airbags that inflate during side collisions are usually located within the seat.
c. Curtain airbags are installed above the side windows, in the headliner, on both sides.
d. Knee airbags are located in front of the legs of the driver and front seat passenger.
• They are concealed within the steering column or the lower part of the dashboard
and deploy during frontal impacts.
e: Driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a frontal impact.
• Drivers should sit at least
inches from the air bag because it inflates to six or seven inches
in size at speeds up to
mph.
•
If you can, tilt the steering wheel to point the air bag at your
, not your face.
f. Always wear a safety belt and secure children in the rear seat.
g. To reduce forearm and hand injuries, ptace hands on the
half of the steering wheel, with
knuckles on the outside and thumbs along the inside of the rim of the wheel.
h. Side impact air bags are designed to protect the
and
in side impact collisions.
•
Care should be taken not to sit too close to the door or to lean towards the air bag.
How do you adjust your seat and steering wheel hand position to protect you from the airbag?
4. Occupant protection systems can be 'active' or 'passive.' Active devices provide protection only if the user
performs some pecific act, such as fastening a seat belt or adjusting the head restraints to prevent whiplash.
Passive devices, such as airbags, require no action on the part of the occupant. Can you list some more
passive and active occupant protection systems in your vehicle?
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Module 9: Topic 4
Highway Safety Design
1. Roadway Safety Design:
a.
sign support posts.
b.
C.
with ends angled away from roadway and buried.
attenuators - such as vinyl liquid or sand filled drums.
d. Protected left and right turn bays.
e. Collector/distributor lanes on high speed, high density highways.
f. Variable message signs alerting drivers to weather conditions, construction, and traffic problems.
g. Wide clear shoulders and wide lanes.
h.
strips installed at the road edge.
i. Median barriers between traffic flowing in opposite direction.
j. Traffic calming devices, such has
humps.
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Module 9: Topic 5
Vehicle Design and Technology
1. How do you think vehicle design and technology make a vehicle safer?
2. New Advances in vehicle design and technology that make a vehicle safer:
a. All-wheel drive.
b. Antilock braking systems.
c. Electronic stability control.
d. Telematics (i.e., OnStar).
e. Tire pressure monitoring.
f. Active head restraints.
g. Adaptive cruise control.
h. Adaptive headlights.
i. Advanced airbags.
j. Advanced seat belt pre tensioner.
k. Fatigue warning.
I. Forward collision warning systems.
m. Lane departure warning systems.
n. Side view assist.
o. Park assist and back over prevention.
3. In Module 3 we learned about anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
a. What is the primary task of ABS?
b. What are the ABS rules?
c. What may you notice when using ABS brakes?
4. Electronic Stability System (ESP):
a. What is the electronic stability program designed to do?
b. During an over-steering or skidding condition (rear-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to
which wheel?
c. During an under-steering or sliding condition (front-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the brake to
which wheel?
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5. Functions of Tires:
a. Tires are air-filled cushions designed to reduce the effect of road hazards and irregularities on the
vehicle and are designed to flex and give as they meet the road surface.
b; Absorb shocks caused by road hazards.
c. Provide Traction - enables drivers to accelerate, brake and steer.
d. Tires ratings are indicated on the sidewall of the tire.·
6.. Traction:
a. Measured by the ability to stop a car in straight-ahead motion on a wet surface - tires graded A
have the best traction performance, B grading is an above average rating and C indicates the tire
meets government standards.
b. Temp.erature -tire's ability to withstand heat. Tires graded Aare the most heat-resistant and less
likely to suffer a blowout under the same conditions as tires with grades of B or C.
c. Tread wear rating - the higher the tread wear rating, the greater the mileage - a tire with a tread
wear rating of 150 is expected to last 50 percent longer than one graded at 100.
7. After watching the tire safety video, list 3 things you learned about tires.
8. Why do you need properly inflated tires?
9. Draw an underinflated and overinflated tire.
10. Draw the "penny test" for a tire that does not have enough tread.
11. What is wheel alignment? How will you know if your wheels are out of alignment?
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Module 9: Topic 6
Dangerous Road Conditions
1. Dangerous Road Conditions:
a. Ice, snow, or frost/sleet.
b. Wet particularly the first 15 minutes of rain after a long dry period when oil and rubb.er particles have
collected on the road surface and mix with water.
c. Heavy rain or standing water..
d. Mud near farm entrances, construction sites, and truck crossings.
e. Wet leaves.
f. Broken or uneven road surface.
g. Sand or gravel - frequently found on curves in rural areas.
2. Slippery Conditions:
a. Ice on the road.
b. Dangerous curves and turns.
c. Roads with slippery when wet warning signs.
d. Most dangerous when the temperature is near freezing.
e. Just after a rain has fallen on a hot day.
f. Heavily traveled intersections when raining.
3. Controlling Consequences:
a.
off road rather than skid off the road.
b. Hit something
rather than something hard.
c. Hit something going your way rather than something stationary.
d. Hit stationary objects with a glancing blow.
e. Hit a stationary object rather than an approaching object.
f. Steer to void oncoming traffic and head on collision.
?reventing Loss of Traction:
a.
speed.
b.
space.
c. Make gradual changes to speed.
d. Avoid abrupt changes in direction.
e. Find the best path.
5. Causes of Traction Loss:
a. Road surface conditions.
b. The condition of the vehicle.
c. Actions of the driver.
6. Signs of Hydroplaning:
a. Standing water.
b. Raindrops that bubble when they hit the road.
c. Slushing sound.
d. Sensation that the steering wheel is loose or disconnected from the vehicle.
e. A vehicle ahead that is not leaving a track.
7. Preventing Hydroplaning:
a.
down when there is water standing on the surface of the pavement.
b. Tires should be properly
and have adequate tread,
c.
following distance, particularly when behind a large truck.
d. Drive in the tracks left by any vehicle ahead.
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8. If Hydroplaning Occurs:
a. Ease off the
gradually.
b.
speed until your tires regain traction.
c. Do not
until traction has been restored.
d. Steer no more than necessary, continue to
and steer where you want to go.
9.. What do you know about skids?
a. When do most skids occur?
b. What are the steps to recover from a skid?
c. What is the best way to handle skids?
10. Causes of Skids:
a. Slippery surfaces.
b.
too hard.
c.
too hard.
d. Steering too much or too quickly.
e. Entering a curve with too much speed.
11. Preventing skids:
a. Apply the brakes in a
and progressive manner.
b. Make smooth, precise steering wheel movements.
c. Slowing down well in advance of curves.
d. Maintaining speeds appropriate for conditions.
12. Types of skids:
a. There are two main types of skidding:
•
-steering (fishtailing).
•
-steering (plowing).
13. Front wheel loss of traction:
a. Called "Understeer'' and is when the vehicle moves straight ahead in spite of steering input.
• Look and steer toward intended path.
• Smoothly ease up on accelerator.
• Smoothly apply brakes to regain traction.
• Do not steer more than necessary.
14. When Brakes Are Applied Too Hard or Too Quickly:
a. Vehicle weight shifts to the front causing:
• A noticeable drop of the hood.
• A noticeable rise of the rear.
• Forward movement of driver, passengers and items in vehicle.
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15. Correcting Front Traction Loss:
Direct vision to targeted path of travel (look where you want to go).
Activate
(if vehicle equipped).
Ease off conventional brake system.
Reestablish rolling traction (wheels rolling/hot sliding).
Ease off steering inputs.
Abrupt steering can create traction loss.
Steer toward intended path of travel.
Jab/Stab brake to move weight forward if no ABS.
ABS performs this function automatically.
16. Rear-Wheel Loss of Traction:
This is called an "over steer" when vehicle moves sideways without any additional steering input.
• Look and
toward intended path.
• Ease off the accelerator and avoid using the brakes.
• CQntinue to steer and counter-steer until the vehicle is traveling straight.
• Use a light and progressive acceleration if the vehicle does not recover.
17. Acceleration and Traction Loss:
When acceleration is applied too hard or too quickly weight moves to the rear of the car causing:
• A noticeable rise of the hood.
• A noticeable drop of the rear - rearward movement of driver and passengers.
18. Causes of Traction Loss:
a. Brakes
adjusted - Brakes pulling in one direction or the other can cause a skid - as can
wheels that are out of alignment when brakes are applied.
b. Unevenly worn tire
• The size of the front and rear tires do not match.
• The tread depth or the front and rear tire type is not the same.
----
Driver Actions that Cause Loss of Traction:
a. Sudden steering movements on a slippery surface.
b. Abrupt and sudden changes in vehicle speed.
c. Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill, curve or slippery surface.
d. Suddenly engaging the clutch on a slippery surface.
20. Traction Loss -Shifts in Vehicle Weight:
a. Sudden shifts of vehicle weight (left, rfght, forward or backward) will cause loss of traction.
b. Simultaneous steering, braking and/or acceleration create sudden shifts In vehicle balance.
21. When Steering is Applied Too Hard or Quickly Weight Moves to the Opposite Side of the Car:
Vehicle weight shift causes:
• A noticeable ·
and tilt of the hood.
• A noticeable rise and tilt of the rear.
• Driver, passenger, Items in car move towards the car's corner.
22. Managing Rear Traction Loss:
a. Look at desired/targeted path of travel.
b. Activate traction control system.
c. Ease off brake or accelerator.
d. Reestablish rolling traction to rear wheels.
e. Steer toward targeted path of travel.
f. Apply light progressive acceleration (2 mph is goal) to shift weight to the rear.
- Traction control system will adjust the speed/braking automatically when activated).
\
.j
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Module 9: Topic 7
Emergency Recovery & Controlling Consequences
1. What do you think causes run off the road crashes?
2. Run-Off the Road Crashes: Recognize, React, And Recover.
a. What are some reasonswhy run-off the road crashes occur?-
b. What increases the risk of being in a run-off the road crash?
c. What is the #1 tip from America's best drivers when it comes to run-off the road crashes?
d. What steps should you take if you run-off the road?
3. Causes-of Run Off the Road Crashes:
a.
--- or distractions.
b. Drowsiness.
c. Steers onto the should r to avoid a collision and tries to return to the·roadway.
d. Vehicle may collide with a vehicle in the next lane, or drive off the far side of the road.
4. Off road recovery:
a. To return to the pavement safely:
• Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.
• Slow down, ease off the accelerator and allow the vehicle to slow
-avoid braking.
•
the edge of the pavement, after speed is reduced and there is a gap in traffic.
• Steer back to the road with
inputs, do not over steer.
• Return to the pavement
wheels at a time, as soon as the front tire is back on the
roadway, counter-steer quic ly left or right as necessary to stay in the correct lane.
b. Blocked Roadside: If an object beside the road such as a tree, bridge abutment or pedestrian forces
the driver to return to the road quickly, he/she has little time to slow down. To do this the driver should:
• Steer left or right so the off-road wheels are about 12 inches away from the edge of the pavement.
• Remove his/her foot from the accelerator and stay off the brakes. Turn the steering wheel quickly
about one-eighth turn toward the roadway.
• Immediately, as the outer wheel makes contact with the edg of the pavement, counter-steer about
a quarter turn and make steering corrections to straighten the vehicle.
5. Reminders:
a. Do not panic and steer abruptly.
b. Ease off accelerator.
c. DO
BRAKE.
d. Get both wheels off the pavement.
e. Steer the vehicle parallel to the roadway.
f. If clear, ease back on to the roadway one wheel at a time.
g.
steering inputs to less than 1/8 of a turn of the wheel.
h. Use even less input when edge of road is high.
i. Target the center of the adjacent lane to avoid a "Slingshot'' maneuver into oncoming traffic.
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6. Evasive Maneuvers:
a. With ABS brakes, how can you stop quickly?
b. What is the safest maneuver if there is enough room?
c. What are the steps for making quick turns?
d. If there is a car beside you in the left lane and you need to avoid a car ahead, what should you do?
7. When do you use Evasive Steering?
a. When there is
to the side.
b. When stopping distance is questionable.
c. When there are cars close behind.
8. Procedures for Evasive Steering:
a. Turn the wheel
degrees.
b. Counter-steer immediately.
c. Turn the wheel back to the original straight-ahead position.
Q_
Evasive Braking:
a. If the vehicle has ABS:
•
press brake pedal until the vehicle stops.
• May feel pedal pulse back against foot.
b. If the vehicle does not have ABS:
• Apply firm, steady pressure just short of lockup.
• Ease up on brakes If wheels lock, then apply the brakes again.
10. Evasive Acceleration:
a. Used less frequently.
b. Can be used to avoid crashes at inter ections and in merging situations.
c. May move point of impact to rear of vehicle if you can't get out of the way.
11. Controlling Consequences:
a. Avoid
collisions.
b. Drive off the road rather than skid off the road.
c. Hit something
_
d. Hit something going in the
direction.
e. Hit stationary object with glancing blow.
f. Hit stationary object rather than approaching object.
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Module 9: Topic 8
Reporting Crashes
1. What are the four things that need to be done in"the event of a crash?
a. What should you do to protect the scene?
b. What should you do to take care of anyone who is injured?
c. What information should you get from the other driver if involved in. a crash?
2. What should you do?
a.
immediately.
b. Aid the injured.
c. Prevent further damage.
d. Send for
_
e. Exchange
_
f. Record witnesses' names and addresses.
g. -Notify
agent.
Draw a crash scene. Explain how the collision happened, and how it should have been handled.
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