Environment Pollution Paragraph Environmental pollution has become a serious problem nowadays. With the advancement of civilization and industrial sectors, pollution has increased to a great extent. People are cutting trees for making brick, melting pitch, etc. for road construction. As a result, the air is being polluted. Again various motor vehicles, powerhouses, industries, etc. emit smoke and pollute the air. Water and soil are also polluted, Farmers use chemical fertilizers and insecticides in their fields. They are ultimately getting mixed with water from various sources. Besides, water vehicles and insanitary hanging latrines on rivers are also polluting water seriously. Abandoned garbage and human waste here and there cause odor pollution. Thus we see that all vital elements of our environment are losing their freshness and increasingly polluting our environment. The effect of environmental pollution is very serious. It causes different diseases destroying the ecological balance. Now people are very concerned about the ever-increasing environmental pollution as a threat to our existence. Environmental pollution and our survival are among the biggest challenges of future as pollution and contamination of natural resources are adversely affecting global livelihood. Global warming, greenhouse gas emission due to industrialization and urbanization, and residual chemicals being applied in industries and agricultural sector are taking 100 million lives per annum. Critical increase in health risks due to carcinogenic compounds by 20% is another effect of living in polluted habitats. Statistics suggest that till 2050, if no sustainable measures are taken, the world rain forests will diminish resulting into loss of biodiversity. So, to live a happy and healthy life, environmental pollution must be checked. And for this, effective steps should be taken immediately. Natural Disaster in Bangladesh Bangladesh is a land of natural calamities. Flood, cyclone, drought, famine destroy life and property every year. People live here fighting against the frequent natural calamities. In recent years our country has experienced a great number of natural calamities. Among these cyclones is the most devastating. It usually occurs in summer and generally originates from the Bay-of-Bengal. Cyclone Fani, one of the strongest storms battered the Indian subcontinent in decades and smashed Bangladesh recently. The damage caused by Cyclone Fani, which hit Bangladesh in May, had been estimated to be around Tk. 536.61 crores. Flood lasting a long time is a curse to the people of our country as it causes a huge loss of life and property. It brings catastrophic suffering to the people of the country. The crop fields, houses, roads, and streets go underwater. Crops and vegetables are damaged and millions of people become homeless. They face the scarcity of food, drinkable water, shelter and suffer much. Epidemic and famine break out to add to the misery and suffering of the flood-affected people. Various types of diseases like cholera, diarrhea, and typhoid break out. Riverbank erosion, one of the major natural disasters in Bangladesh, causes untold miseries every year to thousands of people living along the banks of the rivers. Bangladesh is projected to lose around 2,270 hectares of land this year due to riverbank erosion. The erosion swallowed houses, schools, dams, roads, business establishments, and mosques. Riverbank erosion causes thousands of people shelterless. Victims have to live under the open sky as all of their belongings go into the womb of the deadly river. Saline water intrusion is one of the biggest problems in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Saline water intrusion is mostly seasonal in Bangladesh; in winter months the saline front begins to penetrate inland, and the affected areas rise sharply from 10 percent in the monsoon to over 40 percent in the dry season. Coastal districts such as Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Barguna, Pataskala, Barisal are the victims of salinity intrusion. Agricultural production, fisheries, livestock, and mangrove forests are affected by higher salinity in the dry season. It is observed that the dry flow trend has declined as a result of which sea flow (saline water) is traveling far inside the country resulting in contamination both in surface and groundwater. Since people have no control over nature. But what is more important is it is possible to reduce the great loss to a substantial extent by taking precautionary measures. Using modern technology’s help the weather forecast, a prior warning can be given to the people who are likely to be affected by the cyclone the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Bangladesh are the worst sufferers of natural disasters. A National Disaster Management Policy will be formulated to define the national perspective on disaster risk reduction and emergency management and to describe the strategic framework, and national principles of disaster management in Bangladesh. It will be strategic and will describe the broad national objectives, and strategies in disaster management. Moreover, a quick relief, medical treatment, and essential medicines should be made available to the affected people just after terrible natural adversity. Along with the government, the people of the upper-class society should go among the affected community and help them as far as possible. Globalisation While advances in technology and the internationalization of the economy have led to declining costs in transport and communication, liberalization of trade and financial regimes have increased the flow of goods and capital across national borders. Termed `globalization', such changes have had tremendous impact on societies and governments. To maximize advantage, firms converge in basic structure and strategy and move production in search of cheap labour. Such firms exploit exit options by pressurizing governments to change the regulatory framework to lower labour costs and taxes and deregulate internal markets (Hall and Soskice, 2001). Such a scenario has been promoted by globalization theorists `who painted a picture of a world set free for business to serve consumers' (Hirst and Thompson, 1995, p. 421). Hollingsworth and Boyer (1997) challenge globalists' view on the basis that its assumptions of certain conditions presuppose `a complete globalization of factor markets; . . . the integration of product markets that can deliver anywhere a single price for the same good once exchange rates and transportation costs are taken into account and finally the high mobility and transferability of modern technologies. Such an interpretation assumes that social systems of production would then converge toward the one best way and deliver equivalent productivity levels and standards of living' (p. 462). While complete globalization is an unrealistic goal, Hirst and Thompson (1997) seek to distinguish it from the worldwide international economy which involves growing interaction between national economies and nation-states as principal entities, a process assisted by the 96 R. C. Mascarenhas, A Comparative Political Economy of Industrial Capitalism © R. C. Mascarenhas 2002 Globalization and Its Effects on Capitalism 97 relative separation of the domestic and international frameworks of policy-making and management of economic affairs. Further progress towards globalization requires changes in the international economy such as floating exchange rates which have in the past led to the abandoning of exchange controls and the deregulation and liberalization of financial markets. Observing the increasing interaction between national economies, it must be said that insofar as such interaction relies on political and economic institutions to either promote or restrain them, then the problem is one of governance: that is, the ability to develop public policies which need to be coordinated from international to regional levels. In developing proper systems or mechanisms to cope with internationalization of the economy, a frequent reference point is the role of the nation-state. While states may face problems in managing the economy in the face of `globalization', so far as they remain political communities with power to influence economic actors, states have important functions to perform (Hirst and Thompson, 1997). To understand the difference in response between countries to increasing globalization, it is helpful to adopt the distinction between liberal market economies (LMEs) and coordinated market economies (CMEs) (Hall and Soskice, 2001). The pressures toward liberalization and deregulation to respond to international competition is likely to be greater in liberal market economies than in coordinated market economies. The evidence now available from studies of comparative capitalism helps to make subtle distinctions between different countries. In market liberal economies, apart from limited institutional capacity to cope with increasing globalization, there is an underlying tendency for governments to encourage liberalization and deregulation. It is less likely in coordinated market economies where institutional capacity balances states with markets in this trend towards globalization. In the next section of the chapter, I undertake an analysis of globalization as a product of multiple factors, particularly political or ideological, and also as an outcome of developments in communication and transportation technology. Following that, I examine how such globalization in the context of technological developments has encouraged financial capitalism, a type of capitalism which exposes the domestic economy of weaker or smaller countries to external pressures. The fourth section discusses the implications to state capacity in terms of their autonomy and sovereignty. The fifth section looks into recent neoliberal policies as being responsible for this transformation in the role of the state. The last section offers a brief conclusion. Cover Letter To: Ms. X, Sunflower Primary School 29/10/20 Dear Ms. X, Having completed my first two years as an elementary teacher in Chittagong on moving to Detroit, the role at Lonsdale Elementary would be an ideal next step in my teaching career. After graduating with a Bachelors in Elementary Education at PTI, I subsequently received my certification to teach preschool through fifth grade curricula. I taught a mixed-ability third-grade classroom of thirty students and managed to lift average scores by 22% on the Milestones exams. Over the year, internal testing averages improved by an average of one and a half grades. The measure of a teacher is helping their kids to progress and I pride myself in assisting every individual child to improve their academic ability and boost their confidence as a learner and as an individual. I have an interest in childhood behavioural psychology and led a group of teachers in developing new strategies for dealing with challenging children. I have adapted my teaching style to incorporate SMART boards and Google classroom and find that technology gives me the time to spend with any pupils with special needs or gifted students, who need to be stretched. I have two years of personalised lesson plans for a thirdgrade classroom that I would love to share with you. Awakening interest in young students is critical for them to embrace the fact-based learning required at that age. I also led a project of virtual teacherparent interactions over video-conferencing that allowed me to speak to the parents on a twice-monthly basis as a group as with individuals as required. This parent-school partnership is so important with young learners and I have twenty-five letters of recommendation from past parents. I would love the chance of an interview to find out more about your school. Sincerely, Y Summary Electric trolley cars or trams Electric trolleys or trams used to be the main mode of public transportation in the United States. However, General Motors created a special department, and they successfully lobbyed laws and regulations. To make trams more difficult, they later set up several companies to buy and disassemble tram systems. Some people suspect that these parties are trying to increase car sales. . The main reason for the decline of the tram system is competition in car perception. Essay on Farming Modern farming includes use of modern methods of farming. It entails the use of chemical and other toxic inputs, which prevents plantation from pest and diseases. More often these farm inputs have an advantage to the farmer but a threat to the environment. The farms input that degrade the quality of water includes; nutrients, sedimentation, irrigation. Nutrients Manures, sludge, and chemical fertilizers contain nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. Crops residue components enhance agricultural production. These farms inputs are applied just before the rain begins. On the onset of the rain, these minerals are carried downstream into aquatic ecosystems. This degrades the quality of water creating a foul taste in drinking water. It endangers the aquatic life by removing oxygen out of their habitant. Drinking water concentrated by nitrates causes methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) a killer disease of infants (Antony, 2010). Sedimentation Loose soils are easily transported downstream. Soil particles are often attached to other pollutants such as fertilizers, heavy metals, and pesticides. When water runoff caries the soil particles downstream it also transits these pollutants compromising the quality of water. In an area like this hit by earthquake, vegetation is likely destroyed thus leaving bare land that is subjected to erosion. Suspension of silt sediments on water threatens aquatic life since it prevents sunlight from reaching aquatic life. Irrigation Unregulated water used for irrigation is hazardous for the quality of aquatic life. When much water is used for irrigation, it erodes soil fragments. The land becomes weak and prone to destruction in case of an earthquake. This causes a reduction of fertile land for farming. To determine the extend of pollution by agricultural activities, the following measurement techniques are used. To measure the amount of nutrients absorbed by the water in the river clean jars are used to extract water from the river. The water sample is taken for a laboratory test to measure the quantity of each mineral in milligrams per 1000 milliliters water.
