21 ST CENTURY LITERATURE
11-DIAMOND ( PRELIM)
LESSON 1: EXPLORING PHILIPPINE
LITERARY FORMS, GENRES AND
ELEMENTS
-Philippine literature is as rich and
diverse as the 7500 plus islands that
make up our archipelago. This is not
surprising considering that we have
183 living languages (ethnologue.com)
across 17 regions comprising 82
provinces.
LITERATURE
-The term literature is derived from
the Latin word "literra" which means
"a letter of the alphabet". According
to the website Britannica, literature is
traditionally defined as body of
written works associated to
imaginative and creative works of
poetry and prose and can be
classified according to variety of
systems such as language, national
origin, historical period, genre and
subject matter.
LITERARY TEXT
-The products of written literature
are called literary text. A text can be
considered literary if it has the
elements of psychological
characterization and chronology.
-Also, literature uses literary devices
such as metaphor and symbolism.
Reading for entertainment and
learning is the most common reason
why people read literature.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERARY
TEXT
1. It narrates a story;
2. It expresses feelings, thoughts, and
ideas which can either be based from
the imagination or real life
experiences of the author or other
people; and
3. It delivers significant information
and crosses boundaries of time,
places, cultures and languages.
TWO MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE
1. This literary type is usually written
in lines and is characterized by
having the element of rhythm, sound,
imagery, and form. Its main purpose
is to express feelings, thoughts, and
ideas. It can be divided into three
types: narrative, dramatic, and lyrical
poetry.
A. NARRATIVE POETRY
- This poetry tells a story and has the
elements of a narrative such as
characters, setting, conflict, etc.
Examples: Epic, Ballad, Metrical and
Tales.
B. DRAMATIC POETRY
-This is an emotionally appealing
drama written in verse that tells a
story and is intended to be recited or
sung in front of the audience by a
character speaking in poetry.
Examples: Dramatic Monologue and
Soliloquy.
C. LYRIC POETRY
- It is the most common type of
poetry that focuses on expressing
feelings rather than telling a story.
Examples: Haiku, Ode,Elegy, Sonnet
and Song.
2. PROSE
-In contrast to poetry, this literary
piece applies a natural flow of
speech and grammatical structures
which are mainly consisting of
complete sentences arranged
logically and sequentially in a
paragraph form.
A. FICTION
-This serves as a product of the
writer's wild imagination and creative
thinking where the characters react
to the conflict and various issues
central to the main idea of a literary
work. Its three types are: short story,
novel, and novella. -The main genres
are crime, fantasy, romance, science,
historical fiction and horror.
B. NON-FICTION
-These are stories inspired by real
events where the writers aim to
present, interpret, or describe
experiences based on facts. The
judgments, opinions, and
commentaries of the writers may be
presented in the form of essays,
journals, diaries, feature articles,
editorials, and the like.
- Examples, Biography/
Autobiography, Narrative Essay,
Memoir, Diaries and Journal
LITERARY ELEMENTS
-Literary elements refer “to particular
identifiable characteristics of a whole
text. They are not “used,” per se, by
authors; they represent the elements
of storytelling which are common to
all literary and narrative forms.
THE COMMON ELEMENTS OF A
STORY ARE :
-Setting, character, conflict, theme,
point of view, and plot. Plot also has
its own elements such as exposition,
rising action, climax, falling action,
and resolution or denouement.
Rhythms and sounds are somehow
similar. In fact, rhythm falls under the
broad category of sound. While
sound deals with the common use of
rhymes and other literary devices
such as repetition (repeating of
words, phrases, or lines), alliteration
(repeating same consonant sounds),
assonance (repeating same vowel
sounds), and onomatopoeia (the use
of the actual sound to represent
someone or something), rhythm is
more concerned with the flow of the
beat such as whether it is fast or
slow.
-In general, both sounds and rhythms
are the key ingredients that give
poetry a musical effect (Encyclopedia
Britannica).
LESSON 2: LITERARY PERIODS OF
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
TRADITIONS
-The term "Traditions" refers to the
specific traits of literary works that
define a generation or period in
history.
-A literary tradition “is a collection of
works that have an underlying
interconnectedness and coherence
that makes them more than simply a
group of works sharing geography or
group.
(PERIODS)
1. PRE- COLONIAL ERA (EARLY TIMES564)
-All literary works produced before
the Spanish colonization such as
chants, proverbs, songs, and folk
narratives are considered under precolonial period which are mostly of
oral traditions. This is not because
early Filipinos did not have system of
writing yet but due to the
unavailability of printing materials.
✔️BAYBAYIN - THE FIRST FILIPINO
ALPHABET
1.PRE-COLONIAL POETRY
a. PROVERBS
-These are the truths and wise
sayings expressed in a language that
is popularly known.
Example: Bago mo sabihin at gawin,
makapitong iisipin. (Before you say
and do, think about it seven times.)
b.TANAGA
- A poem in quatrain containing
seven syllables each line with a
monorine.
Example: KAIBIGAN Emelito Perez
Baes Palay siyang matino, Nang
humanity yumuko; Ngunit muling
tumayo, Nagbunga ng ginto.
C. FOLK SONG This is a form of lyrical
expression created by people
according to their region.
Example: SITSIRITSIT Sitsiritsit,
alibangbang Salaginto at
salagubang Ang babae sa
lansangan Kung gumiri’y parang
tandang
D. RIDDLES
- (BUGTONG) This is a game in a form
of mystifying question and mind
puzzle intended to be solved.
Examples: Isang balong malalim,
punong-puno ng patalim. (A deep
well that is full of chisels.)
2. PROSE NARRATIVES
A. EPIC
-a long narrative poem about quests
and exciting adventures of a hero
with unusual strength and power.
B. MYTH
-This is a story of gods and
goddesses told using a
traditional language
explaining mysteries, beliefs
and cultural practices.
C. FABLES
-Stories intended to teach human
values with animals as major
characters attributing human
qualities.
D. LEGENDS
-Stories explaining origins handed
down from the past and passed
through different generations.
E. FOLK TALE
-An imaginative story told by ancient
group of people.
2. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA(1565-1898)
1. It has two distinct
classifications:religious and secular.
2. It introduced Spanish as the
medium of communication.
A. CHARACTERISTICS
LITERARY FORMS
1. RELIGIOUS LITERATURE
Pasyon – long narrative poem about
the passion and death of Christ.
Senakulo – dramatization of the
pasyon.
2. SECULAR (NON-RELIGIOUS)
LITERATURE
a.Awit - colorful tales of chivalry
made for singing and chanting. Ex.
Ibong Adarna
b. Korido – metrical tale. Ex. Florante
at Laura
c. Prose Narratives – written to
prescribe proper decorum.
-The natives were called Indios
during this time.
-In 1953, Doctrina Christiana was the
first book published in the
Philippines. It was a collection of
prayers written in Spanish translated
in Tagalog.
FAMOUS WRITERS
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
•His most famous writing is entitled
“Fray Botod”. •Editor of La
Solidaridad.
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
•Founded a nationalistic newspaper
called “Diariong Tagalog” •“Master of
Tagalog Language”
FRANCISCO BALTAZAR “BALAGTAS”
-Genius writer of Tagalog poetry.
-Known for his poem “Florante at
Laura
JOSE RIZAL
-Noli Me Tangere
-He described it as a ‘work of the
heart’
-A story of love and aspirations of a
Filipino.
-EL FILIBUSTERISMO
- He described it as ‘The work of the
mind’
- In his second novel, he did not just
expose the dirty secrets of Spanish
government and abusive side of the
friars but also predicted a revolution
between Filipinos and Spaniards.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
“Father of Katipunan” Pag-ibig Sa
Tinubuang Lupa
3. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
(1899-1945)
-The literary production during the
American Period was inspired by the
developments in education and
culture. Knowledge and information
became accessible to all Filipinos
because of the free public education.
THOMASITES
• American soldiers who came to the
Philippines to become teachers.
• This period remarked the vibrant
well-spring of some nationalistic
plays with theme such as freedom
and intelligence.(ENGLISH ALPHABET)
PLAYS
Aurelio Tolentino – Kahapon, Bukas
Ngayon
Juan Matapang – Hindi ako Patay
Juan Abad – Tanikalang Ginto
Severino Reyes – Walang Sugat
FILIPINO WRITERS REFLECTING
FILIPINO CULTURES AND BELIEFS IN
THEIR WORKS
• Manuel Arguilla – How my Brother
Leon brought Home a Wife
• Jose Garcia Villa – Footnote to
Youth
• Faustino Aguilar – Pinaglahuan
• Lope K. Santos – Banaag at Sikat
* Ildefonso Santos, Alejandro
Abadilla, Jose Corazon De Jesus,
Brigido Batungbakal, Genoveva
Edroza Matute and Claro M. Recto
4. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1946 –
PRESENT)
-During the first years after the
Liberation, few literary magazines
appeared Malaya, IlangIlang, SinagTala, Liwayway and Bulaklak.
American Independence inspired
Filipino writers to follow the footsteps
of some of the prominent writers of
English Literature such as William
Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Ernest
Hemingway and William Faulkner.
• Genoveva D. Edroza – Matute,
Macario Pineda, Elpidio P. Kapulong,
Hilario Coronel and Pablo N. Bautista
wrote literary articles that had been
included in short story anthologies.
• Alejandro G. Abadilla collected and
edited “Mga Piling katha” while
Genoveva D. Edroza-Matute wrote
“Ako’y Isang Tinig” – collection of
stories and essays.
“Carlos Palanca, Sr. Memorial for
Literature” – the prestigious award
giving body for Literature -Ildefonso
Santos, Teodoro Agoncillo, Alejandro Abadilla, Jose Corazon De
Jesus and Brigido Batungbakal for
his anthology “25 Pinakamahusay na
maikling kwento”.
• During the latter years, poetry had
been dominated by the other literary
forms of prose.
• Alejandro G. Abadilla - was known to
be one of the best poets and of his
century wrote other genres of
literature for he believed that there
was no assurance of being an agent
of poetry.
• “Parnasong Tagalog” (1955)– written
by Abadilla became the first major
anthology of poetry
. • “Ako ang Daigdig at Iba pang
Tula”- collection of verse
• Haiku – a pattern of poetry which
follows 5-7-5 syllables per verse with
themes talking about natures,
caught the interest of some Filipino
poets.
AMADO V.
HERNANDEZ – the greatest Post-War
Filipino poet. • “Dipang Langit” (1961) •
“Bayang Malaya” (1969) • He won the
Republic Cultural Award (1970) and
National Artist Award (1973).
In 1987, our alphabet that had gone
many changes was developed from
the 26 letters of English Alphabet to
the Modern Filipino Alphabet.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
11- DIAMOND ( PRELIM)
LESSON 1 Definition, Process and
Elements of Communication
Definition and Nature of
Communication
COMMUNICATION
- is the transmission of ideas and
emotions between or among persons
with the use of verbal and nonverbal
cues.
“Communication is a process of
sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to
another within and across “
McCornack,2014
“is a process by which information is
exchanged between individuals
through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behavior.“
can be expressed in terms of ….
Written Words
Spoken words
Symbols
Actions
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
-Communication is a process.
-Communication occurs between two
or more people (the speaker and the
receiver).
-Communication can be expressed
through written or spoken words,
actions (nonverbal), or both spoken
words and nonverbal actions at the
same time.
The elements in the process of
Communication
SENDER
- The one who initiates the
message that needs to be
transmitted.
-The source of information
MESSAGE
-The information,ideas, or thoughts
conveyed by the speaker in words or
in action.
-The content the sender wants to
convey to the receiver.
ENCODING
-The process of expressing the idea
into appropriate medium.
-Converting the message into words,
actions, or other forms that the
speaker understands.
CHANNEL
-The medium or passage through
which encoded message is passed to
the receiver.
DECODING
-Interpreting the encoded message
of the speaker by the receiver.
-Translating the encoded message
into language that can be
understand by the receiver.
FEEDBACK
-The response of the receiver to the
message sent to him/her by the
sender.
-It may either be positive or negative
feedback.
CONTEXT
-The environment where
communication takes place.
NOSE/BARRIER
-The factors that affect the flow of
communication.
-The hindrance to communication.
Barriers to Communication
8. ( ENCODING ) The process of
expressing the idea into appropriate
medium.
9. ( DECODING ) Translating the
encoded message into language that
can be understand by the receiver.
10. ( FEEDBACK ) The response of the
receiver to the message sent to
him/her by the sender.
3 CATEGORIES
1. LINEAR MODEL
•It is a one way communication
•Sender send the message
•Receiver receives only
•No feedback
The ARISTOTELIAN model
Aristotle`s Model of Communication
LESSON 2 MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. ( COMMUNICATION )A process of
sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to
another within and across channels,
contexts media, and cultures.
2. ( MESSAGE ) The content the
sender wants to convey to the
receiver.
3. ( CHANNEL ) The medium or
passage through which encoded
message is passed to the receiver.
4. ( RECEIVER ) The recipient of the
message.
5. ( FEEDBACK ) The response of the
receiver to the message sent to
him/her by the sender.
6. ( CONTEXT ) The environment
where communication takes place.
7. ( NOISE ) The factors that affect
the flow of communication.
-First developed among the Greeks Simple and Basic
-First and earliest model of
Communication.
-Focused on public speaking rather
than interpersonal communication.
SPEAKER ➡️MESSAGE➡️AUDIENCE
The role of the audience is to be
passive. This makes the Aristotle
model of communication a one waymodel, from speaker to receiver.
- Speaker plays an important role in
public speaking.
-Speaker communicates in such a way
that the listeners get influenced and
respond accordingly.
-The Golden Rule for Public Speaking,
lectures and seminars.
The SHANNON-WEAVER`S model
- Known as the mother of all
communication model.
-Originally designed for telephone
conversation
-Claude Shannon and Warren
Weaver introduced the concept of
noise.
-based on the experience of using
the telephone back in 1940`s wherein
the message is hindered by noise.
Contains six important features:
SPEAKER➡ENCODING➡CHANNEL↪
DECODING ➡RECEIVER➡NOISE
The BERLO` model
•Proposed by David Berlo (1960)
•Focuses on ENCODING and
DECODING.
•Takes into account the emotional
aspect of the message.
S
M
source
message
C
channel
R
receiver
SOURCE ➡ The sender of the
message from where the message
originates is referred to as the
encoder.
MESSAGE ➡It could be the
language, gestures, expressions,
music, and so on. The code should be
correct in the communication. Only
when the code is clear, the message
will be clear.
CHANNEL ➡Refers to the five sense
organs: hearing, seeing, touching,
smelling, and tasting. These five
senses help human beings to
communicate with one another.
RECEIVER ➡When the RECEIVER
message reaches the receiver, he
tries to understand what the sender
is trying to convey. This is also called
decoding.
2. INTERACTIVE MODEL
•It is two-way communication
process.
•There is a feedback.
•Interactive but not simultaneous.
The SCHRAMM'S model
•Proposed by Wilbur Schram
•People interact in constant cyclical
fashion.
•Captures the notions of process
and interaction.
•The Father of Mass Communication.
Communication takes place if and
only if there is an overlap between
field of experience. It also explores
the idea of SEMANTIC BARRIERS.
The Eugene White`s model
•Says that communication is circular
and continuous, without a beginning
or end.
•Introduced the concept of feedback
which is a process also known as to
close the loop.
-Implies a step-by-step sequence of
events that take place in
communication.
3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
•Sender and receiver are both
communicators- they are equal
•Communication is simultaneous
•The most complex models of
communication, which best reflect
the communication process.
The Helical model
- Developed by Frank Dance in 1967
-Represented by spiraling figure =
helix.
-Also known as “Dance Model”
-Presents the concept of time where
continuousness of communication
process is very important. In helical
model, communication is a dynamic
process.
LESSON 3 Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication
VERBAL ➡Refers to an interaction in
which words are used to relay a
message. It can include both spoken
and written communication
•It consists of speaking,
listening, reading and writing
•It is classified into two basic groups:
intrapersonal and
interpersonal
NON-VERBAL ➡Refers to an
interaction where behavior is used
or without using words to convey
and represent meanings.
•It includes all unwritten and
unspoken words, both
intentional and unintentional.
•It takes place through gestures,
facial expressions, eye contact,
physical proximity, and
Touching.
ASPECTS TO CONSIDER IN VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Appropriateness
The language that you use should be
appropriate to the environment or
occasion (i.e., whether formal or
informal).
Brevity
Speakers who often use simple yet
precise and powerful words are
found to be more credible. Try to
achieve brevity by being more direct
with your words. Avoid fillers and
insubstantial expressions which do
not add to the message, such as “uh,”
“you know,” “I guess,” and others.
Clarity
The meanings of words, feelings, or
ideas may be interpreted differently
by a listener; hence, it is essential for
you to clearly state your message
and express your ideas and feelings.
Ethics
Words should be carefully chosen in
consideration of the gender, roles,
ethnicity,preferences, and status of
the person or people you are talking
to.
Vividness
Words that vividly or creatively
describe things or feelings usually
add color and spice to
communication. Hence, you are
encouraged to find ways to charm
your audience through the use of
vivid words.
Pronunciation
The ability to combine vowels,
constants, syllables, and accents to
emphasize a specific word.
Articulation
The process of forming meaningful
oral symbols through manipulation
of articulators- the tongue, soft and
hard palates, teeth, gums, lips and
jaws .
Dialects
The differences in language.
3 Categories of Nonverbal
Communication
Sign language (Language of Gesture)
This includes all codes in which
numbers, words, and punctuation
signs have been replace by gestures
ACTION LANGUAGE
Includes all movements that are not
used exclusively as signals
(e.g. walking and drinking. For
example, when you scratch your
head when you feel confused or
when you cover your face when you
feel embarrassed.
OBJECT LANGUAGE
Involves all intentional and nonintentional display of
material things. Case in point when
people tend to buy and wear
branded apparel to express
affluence.
OTHER FORMS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Body Movement (Kinesics)
Refers to the study of hand, arm,
body, and face movements as a
form of communication; the most
well-known type of nonverbal
Communication.
Language of Touch (Haptics)
One of the most powerful of the
types of nonverbal communication
as it expressed what cannot be said.
Touch can comfort, encourage,
dissuade, or aggravate.
Language of time (Chronemics)
Refers to study of how time affects
communication. Someone authority
may show that his/her time is more
important than that of the visitors by
making them wait.
Paralanguage (Vocalics)
Refers to the vocalized but not
verbal aspects of nonverbal
communication. It is the “how” of
saying something other than what is
said. The meaning of words spoken
depends on how they are said.
Language of Flowers
Flowers are also used to say what we
cannot express in words. These
meanings based on the dictates of
culture and gender.
Using flowers can create conflict if
one does not know the
culture or place.
Language of Colors
Colors have certain meanings based
on the dictates of culture and
gender. People choose colors based
on the meaning of each.
Posture and Body Orientation
How one stands or sits tells the
people around how one sees oneself
as a speaker, how he/she sees the
listener and his attitude towards the
message.
The Importance of Mastery in
-Nonverbal Communication
It enhances and emphasizes the
message of your speech, thus making
it more meaningful, truthful, and
relevant.
-It can communicate feelings,
attitudes, and
perceptions without you saying a
word.
-It can sustain the attention of
listeners and
keep them engaged in the speech.
-It gives the audience a preview to
the type of speaker you are.
-It makes you appear more dynamic
and animated in your delivery.
-It serves as a channel to release
tension and
nervousness.
-It helps make your speech more
dramatic.
-It can build a connection with
listeners.
-It makes you a credible speaker.
-It helps you vary your speaking style
and avoid a monotonous delivery.
pagsasama-sama ng mga tao para
magkaunawaan o makapag-usap
ang isang grupo ng mga
tao.”Binanggit ng Pambansang
Alagad ng sining sa Literatura na si
Beinvenido Lumbrera (2007) na
parang hininga ang wika. Gumagamit
tayo ng wika upang kamtin ang.
Alfonso O. Santiago (2003) “ Wika ang
sumasalamin sa mga mithiin
,pangarap, damdamin,kaisipan o
saloobin, pilosopiya at mga
kaugalian ng tao sa.
KOMUNIKASYON AT PANANALIKSIK
11- DIAMOND ( PRELIM ) Aralin 1
Konsepto ng Wika
Ang wika ay isang sistema ng mga sagisag
na binubuo ng mga tunog o kaya ay mga
pasulat na letra na iniuugnay natin sa mga
kahulugang nais nating ipabatid sa ibang
tao.
Kahulugan ng Wika mula sa mga
eksperto:
ayon kay “ HENRY GLEASON ” Ang
wika ay masistemang balangkas na
sinasalitang tunog na pinipili at
isinasaayos sa paraang arbitraryo
upang magamit ng mga taong
kabilang sa isang kultura.
Sa aklat ni BERNALES et al. (2002)
ang wika ay proseso ng
pagpapadala at pagtanggap ng
mensahe sa pamamagitan ng
simbolikong cues na.
MANGAHIS et al.(2005) ang wika ay
ginagamit sa
pakikipagtalastasan,midyum na
ginagamit sa maayos na
paghahanda at pagtanggap ng
mensahe.
Diksyonaryo ang wika ay Sistema ng
komunikasyon ng mga tao sa
pamamagitan ng mga pasulat o
pasalitang simbolo.
Ayon sa edukador na sina Pamela C.
Constantino at Galileo S. Zafra (2000
“ Ang wika ay isang kalipunan ng
mga salita at ang pamamaraan ng
-MULA SA MGA TINURAN NG
NABANGGIT NA MGA DALUBHASA
TUNGKOL SA WIKA,
MAKATOTOHANAN NA SADYANG
MAHALAGA ANG WIKA AT KAKABIT NA
ITO NG PAKIKIPAG-UGNAYAN NG TAO
SA KANYANG KAPWA TAO AT BAWAT
BANSA SA DAIGDIG.
Lingua Franca : tulay para
nagkakaunawaan ang iba't-ibang
grupo ng taong may kanya-kanyang
wikang ginagamit.
MGA KAHALAGAHAN NG WIKA
ISNTRUMENTO NG KOMUNIKASYON :
MAHIHIRAPANG MAGTAGUMPAY ANG
KOMUNIKASYON KUNG WALANG
WIKANG GINAGAMIT.
-NAGPAPANATILI, NAGPAPAYABONG
AT NAGPAPALAGANAP NG KULTURA
NG BAWAT GRUPO NG TAO:
NAIPAPAKILALA ANG ISANG KULTURA
DAHIL SA WIKA. YUMAYAMAN
NAMAN ANG WIKA DAHIL SA
KULTURA.
-MALAYA AT MAY SOBERANYA :HINDI
TUNAY NA MALAYA ANG ISANG
BANSA KUNG HINDI NAG-AANGKIN
NG SARILING WIKANG LILINANG SA
PAMBANSANG PAGGALANG AT
PAGKILALA SA SARILI.
KALIKASAN/ KATANGIAN NG WIKA
1. May masistemang balangkas: Ang
wika ay binubuo ng tunog o ponema
nakakalikha ng isang salita kapag ito
ay pinagsama-sama .
2. Arbitraryo. Pinagkakasunduan ang
anumang wikang gagamitin ng mga
grupo ng tao para sa kanilang pang
araw-araw na pamumuhay.
3. Dinamiko: Sumasabay sa panahon
ang pagbabago ng wika.
Wikang Pambansa
Filipino ang Pambansang wika ng
Pilipinas at may konstitusyonal na
batayan ang pagiging pambansang
wika ng Filipino. Sa unangbahagi ng
Artikulo XIV,Sek.6, Konstitusyon ng
1987,nakasaad na , “Ang wikang
pambansa ng Pilipinas ay Filipino.
Samantalang nililinang,ito ay dapat
payabungin at payamanin pa salig
sa umiiral na wika sa Pilipinas at sa
iba pang mga wika.”
KONSEPTO NG WIKANG PAMBANSA
Ang Pilipinas katulad ng karamihan
sa mga bansa ngayon sa mundo ay
binubuo ng sambayanang may iba’tibang wikang katutubo. Itinuturing
ang wika na isang mabisang bigkis
sa pagkakaisa at pagkakaunawaan.
Ang layunin ng pagkakaroon ng
isang wikang pambansa ay ang
mabilis na pagkakaunawaan at ang
pagsibol ng damdamin ng
pagkakaisa ng mga mamamayan na
may iba't-ibang wikang katutubo.
Katulong ito ng isang pambansang
watawat, pambansang awit, at iba
pang pambansang sagisag sa
pagtatag ng isang pambansang
pamahalaan.
Wikang Panturo:
Bukod sa pagiging pambansang wika
ng Pilipinas, iniaatas din ng
Konstitusyon ng 1987 ang paggamit
ng Filipino bilang wikang panturo.Sa
ikalawang bahagi ng Artikulo
XIV,Sek.6 nakasaad na, “ Alinsunod sa
tadhana ng batas at sang-ayonsa
nararapat na maaaring ipasiya ng
Kongreso,dapat magsagawa ng mga
hakbangin ang Pamahalaan upang
ibunsod at puspusang itaguyod ang
paggamit ng Filipino bilangmidyum
na opisyal na komunikasyon at
bilang wika ng pagtuturo sa
sistemang pang- edukasyon.
Wikang opisyal:
-Tinatawag na opisyal na wika ang
isang wika na binibigyan
ngnatatanging pagkilala sa
Konstitusyon bilang wikang
gagamitin sa mga opisyal na
transaksyon ng pamahalaan. May
dalawang opisyal na wika ang
Pilipinas ang Filipino at Ingles
-Ayon sa Artikulo IV, Sek.7, ang
wikang opisyal ng Pilipinas ay Filipino
at Ingles, at hanggat walang
itinatadhana ang batas Bilang
Opisyal na wika, may tiyak na
magkahiwalay na gamit ang Filipino
at Ingles.
Gagamitin ang Filipino bilang opisyal
na wika sa pag-akda ng mga batas at
mga dokumento ng pamahalaan . Ito
rinang wikang gagamitin sa mga
talakay at diskurso sa loob ng bansa,
halimbawa, sa mga talumpati ng
pangulo,
mga
deliberasyon
sa
kongreso at senado,pagtuturo sa
mga paaralan mga paglilitis sa
korte,at iba pa. Mahalaga ang
paggamit
ng
Filipino
samga
talumpati
ng
pangulo
upang
maunawaan ng mamamayan ang
mahalagang
usapin
ng
bansa.Gumaganap din bilang lingua
franca o tulay ng konmunikasyon sa
bansa.
Ang bilingguwalismo ay tumutukoy sa
dalawang wika. Isang pananaw sa
pagiging bilingguwal ng isang tao
kung
nakakapagsalita
siya
ng
dalawang wika ng may pantay pantay
na kahusayan. Bilang patakarang
pang
edukasyon
sa
Pilipinas,nangangahulugan ito ng
paggamit ng Ingles at Filipino bilang
panturo sa ibat-ibang magkahiwalay
na asignatura. Ingles sa Matematika
at Siyensya, Filipino sa Agham
Panlipunan at iba pang kaugnay na
larangan.
Ang Multilinggwalismo- may
kasanayan na makapagsalita na
mahigit sa dalawang wika.
Kasalukuyan multilinggwalismo ang
pinaiiral na patakarang pangwika sa
edukasyon.Ang pagpapatupad ng
mother tongue-based multilingual
education ay nangangahulugan ng
paggamit ng unang wika ng mga
estudyante sa isang partikular na
lugar.
Konsepto ng Wika
REGISTER NG WIKA
Sa isang akademikong pagbasa ,
madalas tayong nakakatagpo ng
mga salitang biglang naiiba ang
kahulugan o hindi akma ang
pagkagamit dahil sa kahulugang
taglay nito. Dapat nating tandaan na
maraming salita ang nagkakaiba-iba
ang kahulugan ayon sa larangang
pinaggagamitan. Natutukoy lamang
ang kahulugan nito kung malalaman
ang larangang pinaggamitan nito.
BA’T-IBANG BARAYTI NG WIKA
Batay sa isinagawang pag-aaral ng
mga lingguwistika, ang barayti ng
wika ay ang pagkakaroon ng
natatanging katangian na nauugnay
sa partikular na uri ng katangiang
sosyo- sitwasyonal. Ito rin ang
pagkakaiba-iba sa uri ng wika na
ginagamit ng mga tao sa bansa.
Maaring ang pagkakaiba ay nasa
bigkas, tono, uri at anyo ng salita.
Uri ng Barayti ng Wika
1. Diyalekto – Nakikita ito kaugnay ng
pinanggalingang lugar ng
tagapagsalita sa isa tatlong
dimensyon: lugar, panahon, at
katayuang sosyal.
2. Idyolek : isang barayti kaugnay
ngpersonal nakakanyahan ng
tagapagsalita o wikang ginagamit ng
partikular na indibidwal. Tanda ng
idyolek ang madalas na paggamit ng
partikular na bokabularyo.
3. Estilo – barayti nakaugnay ng
relasyon ng nagsasalita sa kausap.
Ang estilo ay maaaring pormal,
kolokyal,o personal.Mabibilang dito
ang antas at libel ng wika.
4. Mode – barayting kaugnay sa
gagamiting midyum sa
pagpapahayag kung ito ay pasalita
o pasulat.
5. Pidgin at Creole – Ang pidgin ay
isang barayti ng wika na napaunlad
sa kadahilanang praktikal, tulad ng
mga pangangalakal , sa mga
pangkat ng taong hindi alam ang
wika ng iba pa. Kaya sinabing wala
itong katutubong ispiker , mula sa
ibang wika ang pinanggalingan ng
maraming salita sa pidgin.
ANTAS NG WIKA
Ang Pagkakaroon ng antas ng wika
Heterogenous – ito ang sitwasyong
ay isa pang mahalagang katangian
pangwika ng Pilipinas, sa
nito. Katulad ng tao, ang wika ay
kadahilanang maraming wika ang
nahahati rin sa iba`t ibang kategorya
umiiral dito at may mga diyalekto o
ayon sa kaantasan nito.
barayti ang mga wikang ito.
Pormal -- angmga salitang standard
dahil kinikilala, tinatanggap at
ginagamit ng higit na nakararami
lalo na ng mga nakapag-aral ng
wika.
a. Pambansa-- angmga salitang
Homogenous – ang sitwasyong
karaniwang ginagamit sa mga aklat
diyalekto kahit isang wika lamang
pangwika/ pambalarila sa lahat ng
ang ginagamit sa isang bansa dahil
mga paaralan.
likas lamang sa mga tagapagsalita
b. Pampanitikan o Panretorika-- ito
ng isang wika na magkaroon ng
naman ang mga salitang gamitin ng
pagbabago sa bigkas ng mga salita,
mga manunulat sa kanilang mga
at sa pagbubuo ng mga salita at
akdang pampanitikan.
mga pangungusap.
Impormal-- ang mga salitang
Nagkakaintindihan parin ang mga
karaniwan, palasak,
taong gumagamit ng ibat- ibang
pang-araw-araw na madalas nating
diyalekto ang isang wika.
gamitin sa pakikipag-usap at
Gamit ng Wika sa Lipunan
-Ayon sa Wikipedia, language is a
pakikipagtalastasan sa mga kilala at
kaibigan.
a. Lalawigan -- ang mga
bokabularyong dayalektal
b. Kolokyal – mga pang-araw-araw na
salita na ginagamit sa mga
pagkakataong impormal.
c. Balbal-- ang tinatawag sa Ingles na
slang
Ilan pang kaalaman hingil sa Wika :
Ayon sa mga linggwista, may mahigit
5,000 wika na sinasalita sa buong
mundo. Ang Pilipinas ay isa sa mga
bansang biniyayaan ng maraming
wika : di kukulangin sa 180 ang
wikang sinasalita sa Pilipinas.
Sitwasyong Pangwika:
pangwika sa isang bansa kung iisa
ang wikang sinasalita ng mga
mamamayan dito. Gayunman, hindi
maiiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng mga
system of communication that
enables humans to cooperate. Ang
depinisyong ito ay nagbibigay-diin
sa panlipunang tungkulin ng wika at
sa katotohanang ginagamit ng tao
ang wika upang imanipuleyt ang
mga bagay sa kanilang kapaligiran.
Sa language, Culture, and Society ni
Salzmann.(1993) , tinukoy niya ang
mga ikinahihigit o ikinalalamang ng
wika ng tao kaysa sa hayop.
Mga Tungkulin ng Wika
Instrumental
1.Tungkulin ng wikang ginagamit sa
pagtugon sa mga pangangailangan
ng tagapagsalita. Nagagamit ang
tungkuling ito sa pakikiusap o pag-
uutos. Ang paggawa ng liham
pangangalakal (business letter) ay
isang mahusay na halimbawa ng
pamamaraan upang matugunan ang
ating ibat-ibang pangangailangan.
Heuristik
Tungkulin ng wika na ginagamit sa
paghahanap o paghingi ng
impormasyon
Impormatib : Tawag sa kasagutan ng
Heuristik. Samakatuwid, ang
pagtatanong ay heuristik at ang
kasagutan ay impormatib.
Regulatori
tungkulin ng wikang ginagamit sa
pagkontrol o paggabay sa kilos o
asal ng ibang tao. Sa madaling sabi,
Ito ang pagsasabi kung ano ang
dapat o hindi dapat gawin.
Pinakamahusay na halimbawa
nito ang pagbibigay ng direksyon,
Paalala o babala. Ang mga panuto
sa pagsusulit at nakapaskil na do’s
and don’t’s kung saan-saan ay nasa
ilalim ng tungkuling ito.
transmission over short range radio
signals.
• Third generation (3G), generation
(4G), global system for mobile
communications (GSM), and general
packet radio service (GPRS).
• DATA SERVICE Data networking
Services for mobile phones.
•Dial-up services - data networking
services using modems and
telephone lines.
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
11-DIAMOND (STEM)
secure access to a private network.
Emerging Technologies:
Information and
1. Artificial intelligence (AI). The
Communications
branch of computer science focused
Technology
with making computers work and act
DIGITAL NATIVE
like humans.
A person born or brought up during
2. Robotics. The field of computer
the age of digital technology and
science and engineering concerned
therefore familiar with computers
with creating devices that can move
and the Internet from an early age.
and react to sensory input. It is a
Technophobe
form of artificial intelligence.
a person who fears, dislikes, or
3. Biometrics. In ICT, biometrics is the
avoids new technology.
technology used to measure and
Information and Communications
Technology
analyze human body characteristics
such as DNA, fingerprints, eye
Information and communications
retinas and irises, voice patterns,
technology (ICT) refers to all
facial patterns, and hand
technology that is used to handle
measurements, mainly for
telecommunication and access
authentication purposes.
information. It also includes
4. Quantum cryptography. The
broadcast media, management
science of encoding and decoding
systems, and network-based control.
information or messages which
• Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) a type of
depends on physics, not
wireless local area network
mathematics. is used for information
technology.
privacy and security..
• Bluetooth - uses packet-based
5. Computer-assisted translation
(CAT). The use of computers to assist
3. Online learning platform.
in the translation of one or more
It is an incorporated set of
natural ( languages into another or
interactive online services that
others, and vice versa..
provides the teachers, learners,
6. 3D imaging and holography -
parents, and others involved in the
Holography is a photographic
education sector with a wide range
technique that uses light to project
of tools and resources to support
objects in a way that appears three.
and enhance the delivery and
Dimensional.
management of education through
the internet.
7. Virtual reality. The term used to
4. Online video platforms.
describe a three-dimensional,
It is a service providing end-to-end
computer-generated environment
tools used to create, customize,
that can be explored and interacted
publish, and manage videos online.
with by a person.
Philippines is dub as the
ONLINE SYSTEMS: FUNCTIONS AND
PLATFORMS
ICT Hub of Asia
because of the huge growth of ICT
The concept "online" is described as
related jobs, one of which is Business
a state of being connected to the
Process Outsourcing (BPO) or call
cyberspace through a medium of
centers.
internet or simply to a computer
According to Time Magazine’s
network even without internet.
“The Selfiest Cities around the World”
A platform is defined as a group of
ØRank 1 - Makati and Pasig City
technologies that are used as a base
ØRank 9 - Cebu City
upon which other applications,
In 2018 survey, Philippines is
processes, or technologies are
ØTop 2 in spending time in the
developed.
Internet
1, SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM
It is a web-based technology that
allows the development, deployment,
and management of social media
solutions and services. It provides
solutions for creating social media
ØTop 1 in spending time in Social
Media
ICT in the Context of Global
Communication
EDUCATION
websites.
-Tiktok as a source of learning
2.E-commerce platform.
content
It is a collection of software
-Zoom-based teaching
technologies allowing merchants to
-Social Media
create a storefront online.
BUSINESS
-Establishments and businesses are
now gearing towards the use of ICT
to promote their services.
-CCTV, online selling, online
reservation, delivery.
HEALTH SERVICE
-Used in the development of
vaccines
Anticipate and predict the spread of
the virus
-Keep the public updated with live
information.
INTERNET
-It is the interconnection of
computers and other networks.
-It is the hardware aspect because it
relates to computer networks,
connections and infrastructure.
It is the system that enables people
to access information over the
internet.
WORLD WIDE WEB
-It refers to the software aspect as it
relates to the Protocols or HTTP
(HyperText Transfer Protocol), web
services, applications and platforms.
WEB 1.0( THE WEB)
It is the first stage of the World Wide
Web evolution.
üIt is static meaning flat or
stationary page since it cannot be
manipulated by the user.
WEB 2.0 ( THE SOCIAL WEB)
-It contains dynamic web pages.
üIt allows users to interact with the
page, the user may be able to
comment or create a user account.
üIt includes social networking sites,
blogs, wikis, video sharing sites and
web applications.
Features of Web 2.0
1.Folksonomy
2.Rich User Experience
3.User Participation
4.Long Tail
5.Software as a Service
6.Mass Participation
FOLKSONOMY
-It allows users to categorize and
classify or arrange information using
freely chosen keywords.
- Popular social networking sites
such as Twitter, Instagram,
Facebook, etc. use tags that start
with the pound sign (#) referred as
hashtag.
RICH USER EXPERIENCE
-Content is dynamic and is
responsive to user’s input.
-- An example would be a website
that shows local content.
USER PARTICIPATION
-The owner of the website is not the
only one who is able to put content.
- Others are able to place a content
of their own by means of comment,
reviews, and evaluation.
LONG TAIL
-Services that are offered on
demand rather than on a one-time
purchase.
- For example subscribing to a data
plan that charges you for the
amount of time you spent in the
internet or a data plan that charges
you for the amount of bandwidth you
used
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE
-Users will be subscribe to a software
only when needed rather than
purchasing them.
- It allows you to rent a software for a
minimal fee.
MASS PARTICIPATION
-It is a diverse information sharing
through universal web access.
- Since most users can use the
Internet, Web 2.0’s content is based
on people from various cultures.
create word documents that was
previously can only be created using
desktop computer.
SOCIAL MEDIA
-It is a website, application, or online
channel that enables web users to
create, co-create, modify, and
exchange user-generated content.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
1.Social Networks - Facebook,
Google+
2.Bookmarking Sites - StumbleUpon,
Pinterest
3.Social News - reddit, dig
4.Media Sharing - Flickr, YouTube,
Web 3.0 (The Semantic Web)
-The ability of Web technologies to
understand and interpret human
generated content.
-The aim of Web 3.0 is to have
machines understand the user’s
preferences to be able to deliver web
content specifically targeting the
user.
-The Internet is able to predict the
best possible answers to your
question by learning from your
previous choices.
Characteristics of Web 3.0
1.Real-time
2.Ubiquitous
3.Machine learning
Trends in ICT
1.Convergence
2.Social Media
3.Mobile Technologies
4.Assistive Media
CONVERGENCE
-The combination of two or more
different entities of technologies to
create a new single device.
-Example: Using of smartphone to
and Instagram
5.Microblogging - Twitter, Plurk
6.Blogs and Forums - Blogger,
WordPress, Tumblr
MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
-It refers to a combination of
hardware, operating systems,
networking, and software, including
content, learning platforms, and
applications.
DIFFERENTS TYPES OF MOBILE OS
1.iOS - used in Apple devices such as
the iPhone and iPad
2.Android - an open-source
operating system developed by
Google. Being open source means
several mobile phone companies
use this OS for free
3.Blackberry OS - used in Blackberry
devices
4.Windows Phone OS - a closed
source and proprietary operating
system developed by Microsoft
5.Symbian - the original smartphone
OS used by Nokia devices
6.WebOS - originally used for
smartphones; now used for smart
TVs
7.Windows Mobile - developed by
Microsoft for smartphones and
pocket PCs
ASSISTIVE MEDIA
-It is a nonprofit service designed to
help people who have visual and
reading impairments.
-For example a database of audio
recordings is used to read to the
user.
NETIQUETTE
-Netiquette is a made-up word from
the words NET and ETIQUETTE
-It describe the rules of conduct for
respectful and appropriate
communication on internet
10 CORE RULES OF NETIQUETTE
(Shea, V. (1994). Core Rules of Netiquette. )
01 Remember the Human
02 Adhere to the same standards of
behavior online that you follow in real
life.
03 Know where you are in cyberspace
04 Respect other people’s time and
bandwidth
05 Make yourself look good online
06 Share expert knowledge
07 Help keep flame wars under control
08 Respect other people’s privacy
09 Don’t abuse your power
10 Be forgiving of other people’s mistake
Online Safety and Security
Shared Not Shared
- first name
- last name
- middle name
- Current and Previous School
- cell phone number
- name of mother and father
- name of siblings
- address
- home phone number
- your birthday
INTERNET
•Defined as the information
superhighway.
•This means that anyone has access to
this highway, can place information and
can grab that information.
TIPS TO STAY SAFE IN ONLINE
01 Be mindful of what you share online
and what site you share it to.
02Do not just accept terms and
condition; read it.
03 Check out the privacy policy page of a
website to learn how the website handles
the information you share
04 Know the security features of the
social networking site you use. By
keeping your profile private, search
engines will not be able to scan your
profile.
05 Do not share your password with
anyone.
06 Avoid logging in to public
networks/Wi-Fi. Browsing in “incognito
mode”, a feature of the browser, will not
protect you from hackers.
07 Do not talk to strangers whether
online or face-to-face.
08 Never post anything about a future
vacation. It is similar to posting, “Rob
my house at this time.”
09 Add friends you know in real life.
10 Avoid visiting untrusted websites.
11 Install and update an antivirus
software on your computer. Use only
one antivirus software to avoid conflicts.
12 If you have a Wi-Fi at home, make it
private network by adding a password.
13 Avoid downloading anything from
untrusted websites. You are most
vulnerable in peer-to-peer downloads as
the download is most likely not
monitored by the site owner.
14 Buy the software; do not use pirated
ones.
15 Do not reply or click links from
suspicious emails.
INTERNET THREATS
MALWARE – stands for malicious
software
SPAM
•Unwanted email mostly from bots or
advertisers. It can be use to send
malware.
SPAM TRIGGER WORDS
•Amazing •Cancel at any time
•Check or money order
•Click here •Congratulations
•Dear friend •For only ($)
•Free or toll-free •Great offer
•Guarantee •Increase sales
•Order now •Promise you •Risk-free
•Special promotion •This is not spam
•Winner
TYPES OF MALWARE
●A malicious program designed to
replicate itself and transfer from one
computer to another through the internet
or data storage.
-stealing passwords or data
vlogging keystrokes
-corrupting files
-spamming your email contacts
-taking over your machine
( WORM )LOVE BUG WORM
●A malicious program that transfer from
one computer to another by any type of
means.
TROJAN
●A malicious program that is disguised
as a useful program but once
downloaded or installed, leaves the PC
unprotected and allows hackers to get
your information.
SPYWARE
A program that runs in the background
without you knowing it. It has the ability
to monitor what you are currently doing
and typing through keylogging
ADWARE
●A program designed to send you
advertisements, mostly as pop-ups.
PHISHING
•Its goal is to acquire sensitive personal
information like passwords and credit
card details.
Pharming – a more complicated way of
phishing where it exploits the DNS
(Domain Name Service) system
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
Copyright
– a part of the law, wherein you have the
rights to your work and anyone who
uses it without your consent is
punishable by law.
Fair Use
- means that an intellectual property may
be used without a consent as long as it
is used in commentaries, criticisms,
search engines, parodies, news, reports,
research, library archiving, teaching and
education.