Republic of the Philippines
Philippine State College of Aeronautics
INSTITUTE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
4
MIDTERM
LEARNING MODULE
MIDTERM PERIOD
(Flexible Learning Modalities)
Prepared by: Ma. Vema C. Prosperoso/21
pR
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 2 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Table of Contents
Learning Outcomes
Keywords
Introduction
Basic Communication Principles
Purposes of Communication
Why do people communicate?
Kinds of Speech According to Purpose
Kinds of Speech According to Delivery
Rhetorical Situation
The five Rhetorical Situations
The Speech/ Oral Presentation
Literature as Communication
Understanding Literature
Summary
Activities
References
Honesty Clause
Pages
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13-14
14
15
16-17
18
18
Time
Allotment
20 minutes
30 minutes
30 minutes
20 minutes
30 minutes
30 minutes
30 minutes
1 hour
1hour
30 minutes
1 hour
4.40 hours
10.80 Hours
TOTAL
L
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 3 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
❖Learning Outcomes
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
CLO10. Discuss the
communication for various
purposes:
CLO11. Identify various
communication
fundamentals that
comprise successful
communication;
CLO12. Identify important
Purposes of
communication
MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES
MLO 4. Discuss the communication
fundamentals
MLO 4. Discuss briefly the purposes of
communication
MLO 4. Identify the Rhetorical Situations
MLO 4. Identify the different kinds of speech
according to purpose and according to
delivery
CLO13. Exhibit
L
understanding on the
components of rhetorical
situations
CLO14. Deliver effective
speeches relevant to your
field of specialization
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
TOPIC LEARNING
OUTCOMES
TLO11. Elucidate the basic
communication principles.
TLO12. Explain why do people
communicate?
TLO13. Discuss the Best Practices in
Communication
for
Various
Purposes
TLO14.
Explain
the
Different
Rhetorical Situations
TLO15.Explain the different kinds of
speech according to purpose and
kinds of speech according to
delivery.
TLO16. Speech/ Oral Presentation
TLO17. Literature as Communication
Page - 4 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
KEYWORDS:
Principles, Informative, affective, imaginative,
speech, impromptu speech, extemporaneous
speech, rhetorical situation
INTRODUCTION
The fundamentals of successful communication like knowing your purpose,
knowing your audience, organizing your ideas, and following basic
communication principles. Furthermore, communication is also emphasized
as it serves its purpose to inform, evoke, entertain, argue, and persuade.
Lastly, the factors comprising rhetorical situation like author, audience,
purpose, topic, and occasion are also discussed.
“ Communication is a systematic process of
dissemination of information which will serve its
purpose for inquiry, information, reservation, and
entertainment.”
Martinez, 2002
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 5 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
According to Oliver Schinkte, communication is a critical part of our daily lives, and
it is something that we often overlook and fail to practice. There are times that we also
disregard the importance of speaking, listening, and other forms of communication.
Although communication is an innate skill that is subconsciously learned and
used, this skill needs to be enhance in order to attain a strong foundation of your
communication ability.
What are basic communication principles?
In the aspect of communication, there are basic skills that help from the foundations
of our more advanced communication skills. If these basic skills are missing, it is
unlikely that more advanced communication can develop.
As a student, you can thrive whether in writing or speaking, if you understand
several foundations of successful communication. The following are considered as
communication fundamentals: know your purpose, know your audience, organize your
ideas, and follow basic communication principles.
1. Know your Purpose
Why are you speaking? You need to have a specific purpose in mind. A
purpose is an exact statement of what you want your audience to understand, to
do, or to believe. You may want to entertain, inform, or persuade your audience.
2. Know your Audience
To whom will you speak? As a communicator it is important that you need to
analyze, cater, and respect the needs of your audience.
3. Organize your Ideas
How will you put your idea together? Create an outline to diagram how your
communication will be organized. Your outline should help you ensure that you
don’t omit any vital information.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 6 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
4. Follow Basic Communication Principles
How will you be an effective communicator? Master the principles of clarity
in presenting your ideas, use familiar words in communicating your thoughts, and
be an active participant in the entire communication process.
PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION
“ To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in
the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to
our communication with other.”
Tony Robbins
Various information and meaning are conveyed when communicate with each
other. People may use language, which is a system of symbols in communicating.
These symbols can either be written or spoken.
Communication is considered as one of the basic activities of human beings, which
may be used for varied purposes. Communication can be informative, affective,
imaginative, persuasive, and ritualistic.
Informative communication pertains to the presentation of messages that are
objective, truthful, and unbiased. Affective communication takes place when people
express their positive and negative feelings about people circumstances, or events.
People who engage in imaginative communication are those who express their
appreciation on fictional messages from books, films and conversation. Persuasive
communication on the other hand takes place when people attempt to influence the
beliefs or actions of others, while ritualistic communication is done when people are
able to meet social expectations.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 7 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Why do people communicate?
Communication is a part of everyone’s life; people from every walks of life
communicate. They do express their feelings, opinions, aspirations, dreams, fears,
apprehensions or regrets in life. Humans are creative beings, and they know how to
communicate in various and creative ways through verbal, non-verbal, linguistic, or nonlinguistic cues.
Specifically, people communicate in order to inform, evoke, entertain, argue, and
persuade. These purposes are discussed briefly below:
1. To inform
To inform is to impart knowledge, to clarify information, and to secure
understanding.
2. To Evoke
To evoke means to rely on passion and controversy to make a point.
Evocative communication centers on controversial topics that typically use
emotion to make a point. Evocative communicators must show a lot of
enthusiasm and concern for the topic and must use personal experience to
draw the audience. Using government research, statistics and data can all
help make their topics more believable and more engaging.
3. To Entertain
To entertain is to transmit a feeling of pleasure and goodwill to the audience.
The communicator is considered gracious, genial, good natured, relaxed, and
demonstrates to his/her listeners the pleasant job of speaking to them.
4. To Argue
To argue is to persuade, to assent to the plausibility of the communicator’s
side of debatable question. The speaker’s purpose is to appeal to the intellect
of his or her listeners so that they will be convinced.
5. To Persuade
To persuade is to move the listeners to action. The communicator should
demolish the listener’s objection, and prove the acceptability of his or her
argument or position.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 8 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Kinds of Speech According to Purpose
1. Informative Speech
According to Osborn and Osborn (1988) an informative speech gives rather
than asks or takes. The demands on the audience are low, as the listener’s are
ask to attend, to comprehend, to understand, to assimilate, but not to change
their beliefs, and behaviours.
2. Persuasive Speech
Gronbeck (1994) explains that persuasive speaking is the process of
Producing oral messages that increase personal commitment, modify,
beliefs, attitudes, or values.
3. Argumentative Speech
This is a speech that aims to persuade the audience to assent to the
plausibility of the speaker’s side of a debatable question.
Kinds of Speech according to Delivery
1. Read Speech
Reading from a manuscript is a manner of speaking where a written
speech is read and delivered word for word.
2. Memorized Speech
This is a written speech which is mastered and delivered entirely from
memory. This kind of speech requires the speaker a considerable memory skill
in order not to forget his or her presentation.
3. Impromptu Speech
This is a speech where the topics or ideas are prepared beforehand;
however, the speaker will compose his or her views and language only at the
moment of delivery.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 9 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
RHETORICAL SITUATION
“Take advantage of every opportunity to practice your communication
skills, so that when important occasions arise, you will have the gift, the
style, the sharpness, the clarity, and the emotions to effect other
people.” JIM ROHN
According to Sprout, Driscoll and Brizee (2012) there is no one singular rhetorical
situation that applies to all instances of communication. Rather, all human efforts to
communicate occur within innumerable, individual, rhetorical situations that are
particular to those specific moments of communication.
Likewise, Johnson-Sheehan and Paine, in their textbook Writing Today, state that
an awareness of rhetorical situations can help in both composition and analysis. Once
you know how to identify and analyze the elements of rhetorical situations, you will be
able to produce writing that meets your audience’s needs fits that specific setting you
write in, and conveys your intended message and purpose.
What are the five Rhetorical Situations?
As social beings, we communicate on a daily basis. In a broader sense,
communication is not only about using explicit language like speaking and writing words
but also about using implicit messages like tone or eye contact. For an individual to
become a successful communicator, he or she needs to learn how to explicitly
communicate in various situations. Miller and Webb (1995) identified additional
components to consider in communication called the rhetorical situation which includes:
author, audience, purpose, topic, and occasion.
1. Author
a. Consider your needs as an author:
• work habits
• style
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 10 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
•
environment
b. Knowing your style and being able to edit and adjust to a particular situation
is essential to effective communication.
2. Audience
a. The level of formality and intimacy are determined by the recipients of
communication, your audience.
b. Different Audiences:
• friends/classmates(personal, informal, jargon, slang)
• professionals (professional tone, formal language)
3. Purpose
a. Identify the purpose why you communicate, is it to:
•
•
•
•
Inform
Persuade
Convince
Entertain
4. Topic
a. This is a specific area of a particular subject that you choose to
communicate
b. This should be clearly revealed to your audience.
5. Occasion
a. This is the circumstances prompting a communication
b. There should be formality, purpose, and tone in an occasion.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 11 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
The Speech/ Oral Presentation
View any of the oral presentations or TED talks on ted.com. How effective
was the speaker in making the oral presentation?
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 12 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Literature as Communication
Literary Genres
Walsh Publishing Co. 2009
Reflection......
A group of aliens has just arrived on the Planet
Earth. They want to learn about human history and
culture. You and your team of scientists are tasked
to communicate with this group of aliens. Your first
job is to teach them about the value of literature to
human society. How will you do this? What will you
tell them about literature? With a partner or in
groups, brainstorm on what to do given the situation
above. Then present your discussion to the class.
Understanding Literature
A society is believed to be more advanced if it has a long history of
written literature. Through written literature, many things about the history
and culture of society are revealed. The American novelist F. Scott
Fitzgerald once wrote about the beauty of literature: “You discover that
your longings are universal longings, that you’re not lonely and isolated
from anyone. You belong.” Literature connects people to each other
through ideas and concepts that are known to them. Because of this,
literature is said to have a universal appeal.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 13 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
One form of literature that is familiar to many is the short story. A
writer crafts a short story to convey an idea about the human experience.
The crafting of story involves the use of a set of fictional elements that
come together to create an imagined world. These elements are identified
and described as follows:
• The setting of the story is the time and place in which the story
unfolds.
• The story unfolds through a series or sequence of events, which
make up the story’s plot.
• The plot includes a conflict. This usually involves a ‘problem’ that
needs to be resolved. The plot moves towards the resolution of
this problem.
• There are characters , or ‘actors,’ in the story. Depending on the
nature of the story, the characters may come in the form of people
or animals.
• Stories make use of images, which are objects in the story that
appeal to the reader’s senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing, and
touch). When these images recur, they may be interpreted as
symbols with meanings that go beyond the literal level.
• The theme is the main idea or message that the author intends to
convey. All the elements unify to support the story’s theme
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 14 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Summary
Rhetorical situation
In the classical tradition, the art of public speaking is called rhetoric; the
circumstances in which you give your speech or presentation are the rhetorical
situation.
By understanding the rhetorical situation, you can gauge the best ways to
reach your listeners and get your points across. In so doing, you’ll make the
transition from your viewpoint to that of your audience members.
Remember that without an audience to listen and respond to you, its really
not much of a speech. The audience gives you the space and time as a speaker
to fulfill your role and, hopefully, their expectations. Just as a group makes a
leader, an audience makes a speaker. By looking to your audience, you shift your
attention from internal focus (you) to an external (them/others) emphasis. This
“other-orientation’ is key to your success
Literature is used as a vehicle for communicating ideas. Fictional
elements come together to deliver an author’s message about the human
experience. The fictional elements include the setting, plot, conflict, character,
images, symbol, and theme.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 15 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Activity No. 1: Vocabulary Enrichments
Directions: Before reading the text, look up the meaning of the following
words and phrases that are used in the article found in activity no.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lingua Franca
Linguistic nationalism
Cultural chauvinism
Conversant
Siloed cubicles
6. Creme de la creme
7. Mano-a-mano
8. Bourgeois stories
9. Batting an eyelash
10. Angle of vision
Activity No. 2
Directions: Read the article “ A Mansion of Many
Languages” by Danton Remoto (2017)
*Adapted from the original essay found in
http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/01/21/1664651/mansion-languages
.
Activity No 3: Critiquing oral presentations or TED talks.
Direction: View the oral presentations or TED talks on
www.ted.com/talks/nora_flanag_how_schools_should_respond_to
covid_19.
How effective was the speaker in making the oral presentation?
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 16 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Activity No. 4: Read the statements below and answer thoroughly.
1. why is it important to consider a rhetorical situation? Discuss
your opinion.
2. Think of an example(real or hypothetical) of a speech, a sale
presentation, a news broadcast or television program, describe the
rhetorical situation present in your example.
Activity No. 5: Before you read the story, SWEET SUMMER
By: Cyan Abad Jugo (2004) look up the meaning of the
following words and phrases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
macaroons
to ogle
to hover
fudge
to zoom in
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
6. Doberman
7. to titter
8. Pudgy
9. To hunch up
10. pavement
Page - 17 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
TABLE OF REFERENCES
References:
No.
Ariola, M.M. Purposive Communication, 2018, by Unlimited Books
Library Services & Publishing Inc.
Madrunio, M.R. & Martin, I.P. Purposive Communication: Using
English in Multilingual Contexts, 2018, by C & E Publishing Inc
Magan, R.G. Nano MC B. & Turano C.T. Purposive Communication
in the 21st Century, 2018, by Mindshapers Co., Inc.
1
Remoto, D. (2017, January 21). A mansion of languages.
The Philippine Star. Retreived from
www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/01/21/1664561/ mansionlanguages.
4
2
3
HONESTY CLAUSE
“As members of the academe students are expected to display the highest
degree of honesty, fairness, truth, academic integrity, and professionalism in
their class work, requirements and activities and in dealing with fellow students
and teacher in Philippine State College of Aeronautics.”
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Page - 18 - of 18
MODULE 4 Midterm Period – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES