THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MODULE 4
TAPP
UNITY
•
TROPICAL DESIGN
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
•
•
Is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks,
and structures to achieve environmental,
social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes.
Is a multidisciplinary field, incorporating
aspects of botany, horticulture, the fine
arts, architecture, industrial design, soil
sciences, environmental psychology,
geography, ecology, and civil engineering.
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED
•
BALANCE
•
•
•
IDELFONSO P. SANTOS, JR.
•
•
Father of Philippine Landscape
Architecture
Distinguished himself by pioneering
practice of landscape architecture – an
allied field of architecture – in the
Philippines.
SITE DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Excavation And Grading
Slope
Steps
Lawn & Seeding Area
Parking
Site Drainage
Site Furnishing
Landscape And Painting
BASIC PRINCIPLES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Unity
Balance
Transition
Focalization
Proportion
Rhythm
Repetition
Simplicity
Can be obtained by the arrangement of
objects with varying textures, forms or
sizes in logical sequential order.
FOCALIZATION
•
Father of Modern Landscape Architecture
It is the largest and most important public
park in Manhattan, New York City. It
occupies an area of 840 acres (340
hectares). It was also one of the first
American parks to be developed using
Landscape Architecture
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux
Refers to equilibrium of visual attraction.
TRANSITION
CENTRAL PARK NEW YORK
•
The effective use of components in a
design to express a main idea through
consistent style.
The leading visual observation toward a
feature by placement of this feature at the
vanishing point between radial or
approaching lines.
PROPORTION
•
The size of parts of the design in relation
to each other and to the design as a
whole.
RHYTHM
•
Is patterned repetition of a design principle
at regular or irregular intervals. Rhythm of
form, color, or texture intensifies the plant.
SIMPLICITY
•
•
It goes hand-in-hand with repetition and
can be achieved by eliminating
unnecessary details.
The adage: less is more.
REPETITION
•
Is the placement of the same or similar
form, texture, or color over and over again.
SOFTSCAPE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Comprises the animate (living) horticultural
elements of landscape design. More
simply put, it refers to plants:
Trees
Shrubs
Flowering plants
Lawn
Ferns
Ground covers
DECIDUOUS TREE
•
•
Also known as hardwood and broadleaf
Drop their leaves for part of the year. They
are found in temperate and tropical
climates all over the world.
1
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MODULE 4
•
•
•
Broad flat leaves that catch a lot of light
and require a great amount of water.
Grow slowly and branches are generally
larger and irregular than conifers.
E.g., Molave, Ilang-Ilang
o
Low maintenance
CONIFERS
•
•
•
A cone-bearer. Trees that are reproduced
by forming a cone rather than a flower as a
container for their seeds.
Provide important habitat and shelter for
many animal species.
Softwood
PALMS
•
•
•
There are about 20 palms and more than
80 species of rattans endemic to the
Philippines, some of them growing in the
forest at high and low altitude.
A coconut palm may attain a height of 20
to 30m while dwarf varieties are much
shorter in stature.
An Anahaw, the Philippines’ national leaf
should, of course, be on the list of trees
you add to you garden. Growing 20 meters
wall. It can perfectly blend in with the
background, as it towers over all other
elements of the landscape.
SHRUBS
•
•
•
•
•
Arboricultural term, low woody plant,
usually with multiple shoots or stems from
a base.
A planting of shrubs is called a shrubbery.
Also known as: bush
Grows up to a height of 50cm to less than
4 meters.
Types of shrubs available for landscaping:
o Deciduous bushes
o Broadleaf evergreens
o Needled evergreens
o Evergreens: having foliage that
persists and remains green
throughout the year.
USING TREES IN LANDSCAPE
•
•
The Philippines boasts about 3,600
identified native trees of these, 67% are
endemic, and found only in our
archipelago.
Advantages:
o They possess the natural ability to
recover from damage caused by
pests and diseases and even
turbulent weather.
o Many people are familiar with their
local uses.
o Cost effective.
RANGE OF TREE SIZES
•
•
•
Dwarf trees: 3m to 5m tall
Medium size: 6m to 10m tall
Tall trees: more than 110m tall
HARDSCAPE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The term hardscape is used by
practitioners of landscape architecture and
garden design to describe the construction
materials which are used to improve a
landscape by design. Consists of the
inanimate elements of landscaping,
especially any masonry work or woodwork.
Stone walls or retaining walls.
Decks
Gazebo, Pavilions
Trellis, Arbors, Pergola
Bollards, Sculptures
Paved walkways or pathways
GARDEN
•
•
•
Is a planned space, usually outdoors, set
aside for the display, cultivation, or
enjoyment of plants and other forms of
nature.
Gardens may exhibit structural
enhancements including follies, pergolas,
trellises and water features such as
fountains, ponds or waterfalls.
Formal and informal garden
WESTERN GARDENS
•
•
Are almost universally based on plants,
with garden often signifying a shortened
form of botanical garden.
Botanical: is a garden dedicated to the
collection, cultivation, preservation and
display of wide range of plants labelled
with their botanical names.
2
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MODULE 4
PALACE OF VERSALLES GARDEN
•
•
•
Andre Le Notre also laid out the radiating
city plan of Versailles, which included the
largest avenue yet seen in Europe, the
Avenue de Paris. The Versailles design
influenced Pierre Charles L’Enfant’s
master plan for Washington DC.
Andre Le Notre: his work represents the
height of the French formal garden style,
or Jardin a la francaise.
In 1661 Louis XIV entrusted Andre Le
Notre with the creation and renovation of
the gardens of Versailles, which he
considered just as important as the palace.
PARKS
•
Planned outdoor space, usually of large
size, often for public use.
URBAN PARKS
•
•
Is a park in cities and other incorporated
places to offer recreation and green space
to residents of, and visitors to, the
municipality.
Common features of municipal parks,
include playgrounds, gardens, hiking
running and fitness trails or paths, bridle
paths, sports fields and courts, public
restrooms, boat ramps, and/or picnic
facilities, depending on the budget and
natural features available.
SOFTSCAPE AND HARDSCAPE
GROUND COVER
•
•
It is usually referring to any one of a group
of low-lying plants with a creeping,
spreading habit that are used to cover
sections of ground while requiring minimal
maintenance.
Bedding plant/Carpet Bedding: it is a
style of gardening with mainly, but not
exclusively foliage plants to create intricate
designs giving a tapestry or carpet effect.
LAWN
EASTERN GARDEN
•
Mostly accompanied with philosophical
ideas, avoids artificial ornamentation, and
highlights the natural landscape.
JAPANESE GARDEN
•
•
They create an idealized miniature
landscape, which is meant to express the
harmony that should exist between man
and nature.
A typical chinse garden is enclosed by
walls and include one or more ponds, rock
works, trees and flowers, and an
assortment of halls and pavilions within the
garden connected by winding path and zig
zag galleries.
A ground (as around a house or in a
garden or park) that is covered with grass
and is kept mowed.
TAPIS VERT
•
A type of garden whose major design
aesthetic is a simple, minimalist natural
setting designed to inspire reflection and
meditation.
CHINESE GARDEN
•
•
The French for green carpet or green
cloth, was a common feature of the 17th
century French garden. It is used to
strengthen a visual axis or focus attention
on an object.
PARTERRE
•
An ornamental arrangement of flower beds
of different shapes and sizes. A formal
garden constructed on a level substrate,
consisting of plant beds, typically in
symmetrical patterns, which are separated
and connected by paths.
TURF PAVERS/GRASS PAVERS
•
•
75mm thick
Carry loads of vehicles
3
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MODULE 4
•
French term for a boardwalk planted with
trees. A walk bordered by trees or clipped
hedges in a garden, park, or street.
PLEACHED WALKWAY / PLEACHED ALLEY
EDGING /BORDER
•
SHRUBS
A row of closely planted trees trained to
form a continuous narrow wall or hedge.
ESPALIER
•
•
It is a small to medium sized perennial
woody plant.
Perennial: A plant that lives more than two
years.
•
HEDGES
Is the art of training and pruning a tree to
grow flat against a wall or a fence, its ide
branches stretching out open arm and
fixed in place.
TOPIARY
•
ALLEE
A fence or boundary formed by closely
growing bushed or shrubs.
•
Clipped or trimmed into ornamental and
fantastic shapes, or the work of art or such
clipping.
HARDSCAPE
•
•
The man-made features used in landscape
architecture.
Is all the non-living elements in
landscaping.
4
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MODULE 4
TRELLIS
•
A frame support open lattice work used as
a screen or a support for growing vines or
plants.
•
An open unroofed porch or platform
extending from a house or building.
PATIO
ARBOR
•
DECKS
A shelter of shrubs and branches of
latticework intertwined with climbing vines
and flowers.
TERRACE
PERGOLA
•
A structure of parallel colonnades
supporting an open roof of beams and
crossing rafters or trelliswork, over which
climbing plants are trained to grow.
WALKWAY / PATHWAY
•
Roofed deck facing garden
LANAI
•
Extending from dining area
BALCONY
•
Upper floor
5
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MODULE 4
GAZEBO
•
A freestanding roofed structure usually
opens on the sides affording shade and
rest in a garden park.
PLANTER
OUTDOOR ART / SCULPTURE
PAVILION
•
A small, often ornamental building in a
garden, light temporary or semipermanent structure used in garden and
pleasure grounds.
RETAINING WALL
BOLLARDS
FOUNTAIN
TREE COLLAR
6
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING MODULE 4
IRRIGATION SPRINKLER
•
Endemic to the Philippines
KAMAGONG
•
•
•
One of the country’s hardest wood
Deep roots make it an effective windbreak
Indigenous to the Philippines
•
•
Has a deep and extensive root system
Buttresses give extra support against
typhoons. Protects soil from heavy
saturation.
Endemic to the Philippines
PILI
•
•
•
•
Fixed
Rotary/rotating
Pop-up
Gear driven
•
BITAOG
•
FRENCH DRAIN
•
Has an extensive rooting system
commonly found on coastal areas serves
as defense against strong winds along with
mangroves.
Indigenous to the Philippines
NARRA
•
•
Can withstand strong winds, stem and
branch braking and uprooting because of
its extensive rooting system and strong
wood properties.
Indigenous to the Philippines
ENDEMIC vs. INDIGENOUS
EARTH BALLING
•
•
•
Endemic: exclusively found in a particular
place.
Indigenous: found in a particular location
and surrounding areas native to the
specified locale.
Transferring trees
ARAM BAGH
•
Enclosed garden in Indian architecture
TOP 5 MOST TYPHOON RESIIENT TREE IN AN
URBAN SETTING
KATMON
•
•
Has deep roots that can withstand strong
winds
Tolerant of occasional waterlogging
7