For the detailed contents of any section, consult the title page of
that section. See also the alphabetical index in the back of the
handbook.
Section
Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols
Jam£s 0. Maloney
1
Physical and Chemical Data
Peter E. Liley, George H. Thomson, D. G. Friend,
Thomas E. Daubert, Evan Buck
2
Mathematics
Bruce A. Finlayson, Jam£s F Davis, Arthur W Westerberg,
Yoshiyuki Yamashita
3
Thermodynamics
4
Hendrick C. Van Ness, Michael M. Abbott
Heat and Mass Transfer
Jam£s G. Knudsen, Hoyt C. Hottel, Adel F Sarofim,
Phillip c. Wankat, Kent S. Knaebel
5
Fluid and Particle Dynamics
6
Reaction Kinetics
Jam£s N. Tilton
Stanley M. Walas
7
Process Control
Thomas F Edgar; Cecil L. Smith, F Greg Shinskey,
George W Gassman, Paul J. Schajbuch, Thomas J. McAvoy, Dale E. Seborg
8
Process Economics
9
F A. Holland, J. K Wilkinson
Transport and Storage of Fluids
Meherwan 1'. Royce
10
Heat- Transfer Equipment
Richard L. Shilling, Kenneth J. Bell,
Patrick M. Bemhagen, Thomas M. Flynn, Victor M. Goldschmidt,
Predrag S. Hrnjak, F C. Standiford, Klaus D. Timmerhaus
11
Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying
Glenn W Baldwin
12
Distillation
Charles G. Moyers,
J. D. Seader;Jeffrey J. Siirola, Scott D. Bamicki
13
vii
viii
CONTENTS
Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design
W R. Penny, B. B. Crocker
james R. Fair; D. E. Steinmeyer;
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment
Roger W Cusack
Adsorption and Ion Exchange
14
Lanny A. Robbins,
M. Douglas LeVan, Giorgio Carta, Carmen M. Yon
Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment
Mel Pell, james B. Dunson
15
16
17
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment
Donald A. Dahlstrom, Richard C. Bennett,
Robert G, Emmet, Peter Harriott, Tim Laros, Wallace Leung, Shelby A. Miller;
Brooker Morey, james Y. Oldshue, George Priday, Charles E. Silverblatt,
I. Stephen Slottee, Iulian c. Smith
18
Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment
Kalanadh V S. Sastry, Harrison Cooper;
Richard Hogg, T L. p Iespen, Frank Knoll, Bhupendra Parekh, Raj K Rajamani,
Thomas Sorenson, Ionel Wechsler; Chad McCleary, David B. Todd
19
Size Reduction and Size Enlargement
Bryan I. Ennis, james D. Litster
Richard L. Snow, Terry Allen,
Handling of Bulk Solids and Packaging of Solids and Liquids
Grantges I. Raymus
Alternative Separation Processes joseph D. Henry, Ir:, Michael E. Prudich,
William Eykamp, T Alan Hatton, Keith p johnston, Richard M. Lemert,
Robert Lemlich, Charles G. Moyers, john Newman, Herbert A. Pohl,
Kent Pollock, Michael p Thien
Chemical Reactors
Stanley M. Walas
Biochemical Engineering
Henry R. Bungay, Arthur E. Humphrey, George T Tsao
20
21
22
23
24
Waste Management
Louis Theodore, Anthony I. Buonicore, John D. McKenna,
Irwin I. Kugelman, john s. Ieris, joseph I. Santoleri, Thomas R McGowan
25
Process Safety
Stanley M. Englund, Frank T Bodurtha, Laurence G. Britton,
Daniel A. Crowl, Stanley Grossel, W G. High, Trevor A. Kletz, Robert W Ormsby,
john E. Owens, Carl A. Schiappa, Richard Siwek, Robert E. White,
David Winegardner; john L. Woodward
26
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization
Walter R Podolski,
Shelby A. Miller; David K Schnialzer; Anth9ny G. Fonseca, Vincent Conrad,
Douglas E. Lowenhaupt, john Bacha, Lawrence K Rath, Hsue-peng Loh,
EdgarB. Klunder; Howard G. McIlvried, III, Gary I. Stiegel,
Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Peter I. Loftus, Charles E. Benson,
john M. Wheeldon, Michael Krumpelt
27
Materials of Construction
28
Oliver W Siebert, john G. Stoecker
Process Machinery Drives
Heinz p Bloch, R. H. Daugherty, Fred K Geitner;
Meherwan p Boyce, judson S. Swearingen, Eric jennet, Michael M. Calistrat
Analysis of Plant Performance
Index follows Section 30.
Colin S. Howat
29
30
Preface to the
Seventh Edition
Perry’s has been an important source for chemical engineering information since 1934. The significant contributions of the editors who have guided preparation of the previous editions is acknowledged. These include John H. Perry (first to third editions), Robert H. Perry (fourth to sixth
editions), Cecil H. Chilton (fourth and fifth editions), and Sidney D. Kirkpatrick (fourth edition).
Ray Genereaux (DuPont) contributed to each of the first six editions, and Shelby Miller (Argonne
National Lab) worked on the second through the seventh. The current editors directed both the
sixth and seventh editions. Advances in the technology of chemical engineering have continued as
we have moved toward the twenty-first century, and this edition will carry us into that century.
The Handbook has been reorganized. The first group of sections focuses on chemical and physical property data and the fundamentals of chemical engineering. The second and largest group of
sections deals with processes, generally divided as heat transfer operations, distillation, kinetics,
liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and so on. The last group treats auxiliary information such as materials of
construction, process machinery drives, waste management, and process safety. All sections have
been revised and updated, and several sections are entirely new or have been extensively revised.
Examples of these sections are mathematics, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, process control, transport and storage of fluids, alternative separation processes, heat-transfer equipment, chemical reactions, liquid-solid operations and equipment, process safety, and analysis of plant performance.
Significant new information has also been included in the physical and chemical data sections.
Several section editors and contributors worked on this seventh edition, and these persons and
their affiliations are listed as a part of the front material. Approximately one-half of the section editors are fellows of the AIChE. In addition, the following chemical engineering students at the University of Kansas assisted in the preparation of the index: Jason Canter, Pau Ying Chong, Mei Ling
Chuah, Li Phoon Hor, Siew Pouy Ng, Francis J. Orzulak, Scott C. Renze, Page B. Surbaugh, and
Stephen F. Weller. Shari L. Gladman and Sarah Smith provided extensive secretarial assistance.
Much of Bob Perry’s work carries over into this edition and his influence is both recognized and
remembered.
DON W. GREEN
JAMES O. MALONEY
University of Kansas
April, 1997
xix
PERRY’S
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERS’
HANDBOOK
SEVENTH
EDITION
McGraw-Hill
New York
San Francisco
Washington, D.C.
Auckland
Bogotá
Caracas
Lisbon
London
Madrid
Mexico City
Milan
Montreal
New Delhi
San Juan
Singapore
Sydney
Tokyo
Toronto
Prepared by a staff of specialists
under the editorial direction of
Late Editor
Robert H. Perry
Editor
Don W. Green
Deane E. Ackers Professor of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering,
University of Kansas
Associate Editor
James O. Maloney
Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering,
University of Kansas
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook. — 7th ed. / prepared by a staff
of specialists under the editorial direction of late editor Robert H.
Perry : editor, Don W. Green : associate editor, James O’Hara
Maloney.
p.
cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-049841-5 (alk. paper)
1. Chemical engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Perry,
Robert H., date. II. Green, Don W. III. Maloney, James O.
TP151.P45 1997
660—dc21
96-51648
CIP
Copyright © 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Copyright renewed 1962, 1969 by Robert H. Perry.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data
base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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DOW/DOW 9 0 2 1 0 9 8 7
ISBN 0-07-049841-5
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Copyright © 1997. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the
country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition is not available in North America.
When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-115448-5.
The sponsoring editors for this book were Zoe Foundotos and Robert
Esposito, the editing supervisor was Marc Campbell, and the production
supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton. It was set in Caledonia by North Market
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Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the
accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and
neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors,
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is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors
are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering
or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
Michael M. Ahbott, Ph.D., Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 4, Thermodynamics)
Terry Allen, Ph.D., Senior Research Associate (retired), Du~ont Central Research and Development \Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement)
John D. Dacha, Ph.D., Consulting Scientist, Chevron Products Company; Member, ASTM
(American Society for TestiI1cgand Materials), Committee D02 on Petroleufll Products and Lubri"cants; American Chemical Society; International Association for Stability and Handling of Liquid
Fuels, Steering Committee (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Glenn w. Baldwin, M.S., P.E., Staff Engineer, Union Carbide Corporatio~; Membe!, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)
Scott D. Barnicki,
Ph.D., Senior Resear~h Chemical Engineer, Eastman Chemical Company
(Section 13, Distillation)
Kenneth J. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., Regents Professor Emeritus, School of Chemical Engineering,
Oklahoma State University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 11,
Heat- Transfer Equipment)
Richard C. Bennett, B.S., Ch.E., Registered Professional Engineer, Illinois; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE); President of Crystallization Technology, Inc.; FoJmer Presideptof Swenson Process Equipme~t, Inc. (Section 13, Liquid-Solid Operations and
Equipment)
Charles E. Benson, M.Eng., M.E., Director, Combustion Technology, Arthur D. Little, lIic.;
Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Comb~tion Institute (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Patrick M. Bernhagen, P.E., B.S.M.E., Senior Mechanical Engineer, Foster wheeler USA Corporation, American Society of Mechanical EngineeFs ( Section 11, Heat -Transfer Equipment) c
ix
x
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Heinz P. Bloch, P.E., B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Consulting Engineer, Process Machinery Consulting; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vibration Institute; Registered Professional Engineer (New Jersey, Texas) (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)
Frank T. Bodurtha, Sc.D., E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc. (retired), Wilmington,
Delaware (retired); Consultant, Frank T. Bodurtha, Inc. (Section 26, Process Safety)
Meherwan P. Boyce, P.E., Ph.D., President, Boyce Engineering International; ASME Fellow;
Registered Professional Engineer (Texas, Oklahoma) (Section 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids;
Section 29, Process Mochinery Drives),
Laurence G. Britton,
Process Safety)
Ph.D.,
Research Scientist, Union Carbide Corporation
(Section 26,
Evan Buck, M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Thermophysical Property Skill Center, Central Technology,
Union Carbide Corporation (Section 2, Physical and Chemical Data)
Henry R. Bungay, P.E., Ph.D., Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American
Chemical Society, American Society for Microbiology, American Society for Engineering Education, Society for General Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering)
Anthony I. Buonicore,
M.Ch.E.,
P.E., Diplomate AAEE, CEO, Environmental Data
Resources, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management
Association (Section 25, Waste Management)
Michael M. Calistrat, B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Owner, Michael Calistrat and Associates; Member,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)
,
Giorgio Carta, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, U niversity of Virginia;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International
Adsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)
Vincent Conrad, Ph.D., Group Leader, Technical Services Development Laboratory,CONSOL,
Inc.; Member, Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh, Society for Analytical Chemistry of Pittsburgh,
Society for Applied Spectroscopy (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Harrison Cooper, ph.D., Harrison R. Cooper Systems, Inc., Salt take City, Utah (Section 19,
Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
B. B. Crocker, S.M., P.E., Consulting Chemical Engineer; Fellow, American Institute of chemical Engineers; Member, Air Pollution Control Association (Section 14, Gas Absorption and GasLiquid System Design)
Daniel A. Crowl, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
American Chemical Society (Section 26, Process Safety)
Roger W. Cusack, Vice President, Glitsch Process Systems, Inc.; Member, American Insi:itute of
Chemical Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment)
Donald A. Dahlstrom, Ph.D., Research Professor, Chemical and Fuels Engineering Department and Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of Utah; Member, National Academy of Engineering, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Chemical
Society (ACS), Society of Mining, Metallurgic Exploration (SME) of the American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical and Petrol~um Engine()r~ (AIME), AmericaI) Society of Engineering Education (Section 18, Liquid-Solid °?erations and Equipment)
Thomas E. Daubert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University (Section 2, Physic~ and Chemical Data)
R. H. Daugherty, Ph.D., Consulting Engineer, Research Center~ Reliance Electric Company;
Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xi
James F. DaVis, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University (Section 3,
Mathematics)
James B. Dunson, B.S., Principal Consultant, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.; Member Americanlnstitute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer \Delaware) (Section 17,
Gas-Solid Operation and Equipment)
Thomas F. Edgar, Ph.p., Professor of Chemical Engineering, y niversity o£Texas, Austin, Texas
(Section8, Process Control)
Robert C. Emmet, Jr., B,.5., Ch.E., Senior Process Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment
Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), Society of Mining, Metallurgical and Exploration Engineers (SME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Stanley M. Englund, M.S., Ch.E., Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Process
Consultant, The Dow Chemical Company (retired) (Section 26, Process Safety)
BryanJ. Ennis, Ph.D., President, E&G Associates, and Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Member and Chair of Powder Technology Programming Group of
the Particle Technology Forum, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 20, Size
Reduction and Size Enlargement)
William Eyka~p, Ph.D., Adjunc~ Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tufts University; Formerly President, Koch Membrane Systems; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
American Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, North American Membrane Society, European Society of Membrane Science and Technology (Section 22,
Altemative Separation Processes)
James R. Fair, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas; National
Academy of Engineering; Fello'Y, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American
Chemical Society, American S,ociety for Engineering Education, N atio~al Society of Professional
Engineers
(Section
14, Gas Ab~orption
and
.,
Gas-Liquid
System
Design)
,
Bruce A. Finlayson, Ph.D., Rehnberg Professor and Chair, Department of Chemical Engineering,
University ofWashington; Member, National Academy of Engineering (Section 3, Mathematics)
Thomas M. FI~n, Ph.D" P.E., Cryogenic Engineer, President CRYOCO, Louisville, CoJorado;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 11, Heat-Trans£er Equipment)
Anthony G.,Fonseca, Ph,P., Director, Coal Utiltzation, CONSOL, Inc,; Member, American
Chemical Society, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Extraction ( Section 27, Energy Resources,
Conversion, and Utilization)
D. G. Friend,
National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado (Section 2,
Physical and Chemical Data)
George W. Gassman, B.S.M.E., Senior Research Specialist, Final Control Systems, Fisher Controls International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (Section 8, Process Control)
Fred K. Geitner,
P.Eng., B.S.M.E.,
M.S.M.E.,
Consulting Engineer; Registered Professional
Engineer (Ontario, Canada) (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)
Victor M. Goldschmidt,
Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana (Section 11, Heat-Trallsfer Equipment)
Stanley Grossel, President, Process Safety & Design, Inc.; Fellow, American Institute of chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society; Member, The Combustion Institute; Member,Explosion Protection Systems Committee of NFPA (Section 26, Process Safety)
Peter Harriott, Ph.D., Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineering, American Chemical Society (ACS) (Section 18;
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
xii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
T. Alan Hatton, Ph.D., Ralph Landau Professor and Director of the DavidH. Koch School of
Chemical Engineering Practice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Founding Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering; Member. American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Association of Colloid and Interface scientists, American Association for the Advancement of Science, N eutt:on Scattering Society of America (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
Joseph D. Henry, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Senior Fellow, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University; Member, American InStitute of Chemical Engineers, American
Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
W. G. High, C.Eng., B.Sc., F.I.Mech.E.,
tion 26, Process Safety)
Burgoyne Consultants Ltd., W. Yorks, England (Sec-
Richard Hogg, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
F. A. Holland, D.Sc., Ph.D., Consultant in Heat Energy Recycling; Research Professor, University of Salford, England; Fellow; Institution of Chemical Engineers, London (Section 9, Process
Economics)
Hoyt C. Hottel,
S.M., Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Member, National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute
(Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
Colin S.Howat, Ph.D., P.E., John E. & Winfred E. Sharp Professor, Department of Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers;
Member, American Society of Engineering Education (Section 30, Analysis ofPlant Performance)
Predrag S. Hrnjak, Ph.D., V.Res., Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana champaign and Principal Investigator-U.
of I. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center, Assistant
Professor, University of Belgrade; Member, International Institute of Refrigeration, American
Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
Arthur
E. Humphrey,
Ph.D., Retired, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State
University; Member, U.S. National Academy of Engineering, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Society for Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering)
Eric Jenett, M.S.Ch.E.,
Manager, Process Engineering, Brown & Root, Inc.; Associate Member,
AIChE, Project Management Institute; Registered Professional Engineer (Texas) (Section 29,
Process Machinery Drives)
John S. Jeris, Sc.D., P.E., Professor of Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College; Environmental Consultant; Member, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Section Director (Section 25, Waste Management)
T. L. P. Jespen, M.S., MiD. Proc;, Metallurgical Engineer, Basic, Inc;; Gabbs, Nevada (Section
19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Keith P. Johnston, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas (Austin);
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, U niversity of
Texas Separations Research Program (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
Trevor A. Kletz, D.Sc., Senior Visiting Research Fellow, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Loughborough University, U.K.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Royal Academy of Engineers (U .K.), Institution of Chemical Enginee!s (U .K.), and Royal Society of chemistry (U.K.) (Section 26, Process Safety)
Edgar B. Klunder, Ph.D., Project Manager, Energy Technol<?gy Center (Pittsburgh),
Department of Energy (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
U,~.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xiii
Kent S. Knaebel, Ph.D., President, Adsorption Research, Inc.; Member, American Il;lstitute of
Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society. Professional
Engineer (Ohio) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
Frank Knoll, M.S., Min. Proc., President, Carpco, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida (Section 19, SolidSolid Operations and Equipment)
James G.Knudsen, Ph.D.,Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State university; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society; Registered
Professional Engineer (Oregon) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
Michael Krumpelt,
Ph.D., Manager, Fuel Cell TechnolQgy, Argonne National Laboratory;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Electrochemical Society (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Irwin J. Kugelman, Sc.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University; Member, American
Society of Civil Engineering, Water Environmental Federation (Section 25, Waste Management)
rim Laros, M.S. Mineral Processing, Senior Process Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment
Co,; Member, Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME) (Section 18,
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Richard M. Lemert, Ph.D., P.E., Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of
Toledo; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Society
qf Mining Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
Robert Lemlich, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering Emeritus, University of
Cincinnati; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical
Society, American Society for Engineering Education, American Chemical Society (Sectiqn 22,
Alternative Separation Processes)
Wallace Leung, Sc.D., Director, Process Technology, Bird Machine Company; Member, American Filtration and Separation Society (Director) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and
Equipment)
M. Douglas LeVan, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Intemational Adsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)
Peter E. Liley, Ph.D., D.I.C., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University (Section 2,
Physical and Chemical Data)
James D. Litster, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of Queensland; Member, Institute of Chemical Engiiieers-Australia
(Section 20, Size Reduction
and Size Enlargement)
Peter J. Lofuis, D. Phil., Arthur D. Little, Inc.; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Hsue-peng Loh, Ph.D., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center (Morgantown), U .S. Department of Energy; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society of Information Sciences (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Douglas E. Lowenhaupt,
M.S., Group Leader, Coke Laboratory, CONSOL, Inc.; Member,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Iron and Steel Making Society, International Committee for Coal Petrology (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
James 0. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E., Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of
Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American Association for
the Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 1, Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols)
Thomas J. McAvoy, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland (Section 8, Process Control)
Chad McCleary, EIMCO Process Equipment Company, Process Consultant (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Thomas F. McGowan, P.E., Senior Consultant, RMT/Four Nines; Member, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste Management
Association (Section 25, Waste Management)
Howard G. Mcllvried, III, Ph.D., Senior Engineer, Burns and Roe Services Corporation, Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh), Member, American Chemical Society, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
John D. McKenna, Ph.D., President and Chairman, ETS International, Inc., Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste
Management)
Shelhy A. Miller, Ph.D., P.E., Resident Retired Senior Engineer; Argonne National Laboratory;
American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow), American Chemical Society,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Fellow), American Institutes of Chemists (Fellow), Filtration Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society of Chemical Industry (Section 18; Liqmd.;
Solid Operations and Equipment; Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Booker Morey, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, SRI International; Member; Society of Mining,
Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME), The Filtration Society, Air and Waste Management
Association; Registered Professional Engineer (California and Massachusetts) (Section 18, LiquidSolid Operations and Equipment)
Charles G. Moyers, Ph.D., P.E., Principal Engineer, Union Carbide Corporation; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and
Solids Drying; Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
John Newman, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley;
Principle Investigator; Inorganic Materials Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
(Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
James Y. Oldshue, Ph.D., President, Oldshue Technologies International, Inc.; Member,
National Academy of Engineering; Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering atBeijing Institute
of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Member; American Chemical Society (ACE), American
Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE), Traveler Century Club, Executive Committee on the
Transfer of Appropriate Technology for the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Robert W. Ormsby, M.S., Ch.E. P.E., Manager of Safety, Chemical Group, Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc.; Air Products Corp.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section
26, Process Safety)
John E. Owens, B.E.E., Electrostatic Consultant, Condux, Inc.; Member, Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Electrostatics Society of America (Section 26, Process Safety)
Bhupendra Parekb, Ph.D., Associate Director, Center for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Mel Pen, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.; Fellow, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section 17, Gas-Solid
Operations and Equipment)
W. R. Penney, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System
Design)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xv
WalterF. Podolski, Ph.D., Chemical Engineer, Electrochemical Technology Program, Argonne
National Laboratory; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Herbert A. Pohl, Ph.D. (deceased), Professor of Physics, Oklahoma State University (Section
22, Alternative Separation Processes)
Kent Pollock, Ph.D., Member of Technical Staff, Group 91, Space Surveillance Techniques,
MIT Lincoln Laboratory (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
George Priday,B.S., Ch.E., EIMCO Process Equipment Company; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineering {AIChE), Instrument Society of America (ISA) (Section 18, LiquidSolid Operations and Equipment)
Michael E. Prudich, Ph.D" Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, Ohio U~iversity;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Society of Mining Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Skparation
Processes)
Raj K. Rajamani, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Lawrence K. Rath, B.S., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center (Morgantown), U .S. Department of Energy; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Grantges J. Raymus, M.E., M.S., President, Raymus Associates, Incorporated, Packaging consultants; Adjunct Professor and Program Coordinator, Center for Packaging Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; formerly Manager
of Packaging Engineering, Union Carbide Corporation; Registered Professional Engineer, california; Member, Institute of Packaging Professionals, ASME (Section 21, Handling of Bulk Solids
and Packagi?g of Solids and Liquids)
Lanny A. Robbins, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Dow Chemical Company; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment)
Joseph J. Santoleri, P.E.,Senior Consultant, RMT/Four Nines; Member, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste Management
Association (Section 25, Waste Management)
Adel F. Sarofim, Sc.D., Lammot DuPont Professor of Chemical Engineering and Assistant
Director, Fuels Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute (Section 5,
Heat and Mass Transfer)
Kalanadh v. S. Sastry, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Paul J. Schafbuch, Ph.D" Senior Research Specialist, ~inal Control Systems, Fisher Controls
International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (Section 8, Process Control)
Carl A. Schiappa, B.S., Ch.E., Process Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering,
The Dow Chemical Company; Member, AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process Safety)
David K. Schmalzer, Ph.D., P.E., Fossil Energy Program Manager, Argonne National Laboratory; Member, American Chemical Society, Americanlnstitute
of Chemical Engineers (Section
27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
J. D. Seader, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,
Utah; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society;
Member. American SocietY for Enl!ineerin!! Education (Section 13. Distillation)
xvi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Dale E. Seborg, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California (Section 8, Process Control)
Richard L. Shilling,
Fintube Company-a
P.E., B.S.M., B.E.M.E., Manager of Engineering Development, Brown
Koch Engineering Company; Member, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
F. Greg Shinskey, B.S.Ch.E.,
Consultant (retired from Foxboro Co.), North Sandwich, New
Hampshire (Section 8, Process Control)
Oliver w. Siebert, P.E., B.S.M.E., Washington University, Graduate Metallurgical Engineering,
Sever Institute of Technology; Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; President, Siebert Materials Engineering, Inc., St, Louis, Missouri;
Senior Engineering Fellow (retired), Monsanto Co.; Mechanical Designer, Sverdrup Corp.; Metallurgist, Carondelet Foundry; United Nations Consultant to the People's Republic of China; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Life Fellow, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers; Past Elected Director and Fellow, N ational Association of Corrosion Engineers, Int'I;
American Society for Metals, Int'I; American Welding Society; Pi Tau Sigma, Sigma Xi, and Tau
Beta Pi (Section 28, Materials of Construction)
Jeffrey J. Siirola, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Eastman Chemical Company; Member, National
Academy of Engineering; Fellow, American Institute ofChemical Engineers, American Chemical
Society, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 13, Distillation)
Charles E. Silverblatt, M.S., Ch.E., Peregrine International Associates, Inc.; Consultant to
WesTech Engineering, Inc., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engines
(AIME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Richard
Siwek, M.S., Explosion Protection Manager, Corporate Unit Safety and Environment,
Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (Section 26, Process Safety)
J. Stephen
Slottee, M.S., Ch.E., Manager, Technology and Development, EIMCO
Equipment
Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
Process
(Section 18,
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Cecil L. Smith,
Ph.D.,
Principal, Cecil L. Smith Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Section 8,
Process Control)
Julian C. Smith, B. Chem., Ch.E., Professor Emeritus Chemical Engineering, Cornell University; Member, American Chemical Society (ACS), American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(AIChE) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Richard H. Snow, Ph.D., Engineering Advisor, lIT Research Institute; Member, American
Chemical Society, Sigma Xi; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 20, Size
Reduction and Size Enlargement)
Thomas Sorenson,
M.B.A.,
MiD. Eng., President, Galigher Ash (Canada) Ltd. (Section 19,
Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Ph.D., Fuels Group Manager, Burns and Roe Services Corporation,
Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh) (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and
Utilization )
F. C. Standiford,
M.S., P.E., Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American
Chemical Society (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
D. E. SteiDmeyer, M.A., M.S., P.E., Distinguished Fellow, Monsanto Company; Fellow; American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society (Section 14, Gas
Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design)
Gary J. Stiegel, M.S., P.E., Program Coordinator, Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh), U .S. Department of Energy (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xvii
John G. Stoecker II, B.S.M.E., University of Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy; principal Consultant, Stoecker & Associates, St. Louis, Missouri; Principal Materials Engineering
Specialist (retired), Monsanto Co.; High-Temperature Design/Application Engineer, Abex
Corporation; Member, NACE International, ASM International (Section 27, Energy Resources,
Conversion, and Utilization)
Judson S. Swearingen,
Ph.D., Retired President, Rotoflow Corporation (Section 29, Process
Machinery Drives)
Louis Theodore, Sc.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College; Member, Air
and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management)
Michael P. Thien, Sc.D., Senior Research Fellow, Merck & Co., Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Society for Pharmaceutical
Engineers (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)
George H. Thomson,
and Chemical Data)
AIChE Design Institute for Physical Property Data (Section 2, Physical
James N. Tilton, Ph.D., P.E., Senior Consultant, Process Engineering, E. I. duPont de Nemours
& Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer
(Delaware) (Section 6, Fluid and Particle Dynamics)
Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Ph.D., P.E., Professor and President's Teaching Scholar, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member,
American Astronautical Society, N ational Academy of Engineering, Austrian Academy of Science,
International Institute of Refrigeration, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, American Society of Environmental Engineers, Engineering Society for
Advancing Mobility on Land, Sea, Air, and Space, Sigma Xi, The Research Society (Section 11,
Heat-Transfer Equipment)
David B. Todd, Ph.D., President, Todd Engineering; Member, American Association for the
Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Chemical Society (ACS), American Institute of
Chemical Engineering (AIChE), American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), and Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI); Registered Professional Engineer, Michigan (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
George T. Tsao, Ph.D., Director, Laboratory for Renewable Resource Engineering, Purdue
University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,
American Society for Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering)
Hendrick c. Van Ness, D.Eng., Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member,
American Chemical Society (Section 4, Thermodynamics)
Stanley M. Walas, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 7,
Reaction Kinetics; Section 23, Chemical Reactors)
Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
Ionel Wechsler, M.S., MiD. and Met., Vice President, Sala Magnetics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Arthur W. Westerberg, Ph.D., Swearingen University Professor of Chemical Engineering,
Carnegie Mellon University; Member, National Academy of Engineering (Section 3, Mathematics)
John M. Wheeldon, Ph.D., Electric Power Research Institute (Section 27, Energy Resources,
Conversion. and Utilization)
xviii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Robert E. White, Ph.D., Principal Engineer; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division,
Southwest Research Institute (Section 26, Process Safety)
J. K. Wilkinson, M.Sc., Consultant Chemical Engineer; Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engineers, London (Section 9, Process Economics)
David Winegarder, Ph.D., Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering, The Dow
Chemical Company; Member AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process Safety)
John L. Woodward,
Ph.D., Principal, DNV Technica, Inc. (Section 26, Process Safety)
Yoshiyuki Yamashita, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University,
Sendai, Japan (Section 3, Mathematics)
Cannen M. Yon, M.S., DevelopmentAssociate, UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)
Section 1
Conversion Factors and
Mathematical Symbols*
James O. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E., Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for
Engineering Education
Fig. 1-1
Table 1-1
Table 1-2a
Table 1-2b
Table 1-3
Table 1-4
Table 1-5
Table 1-6
Table 1-7
Table 1-8
Table 1-9
CONVERSION FACTORS
Graphic Relationships of SI Units with Names . . . . . . . . .
SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units. . . . . . .
Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names. . . . . . . . . .
Additional Common Derived Units of SI . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly
Used Units to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical
Multiples of SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions . . . . . . . . .
Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . .
Values of the Gas-Law Constant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-2
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-4
1-13
1-15
1-18
1-18
1-18
Table 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights
and Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 1-11 Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 1-12 Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees
Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot . . .
Table 1-13 Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 1-14 Fundamental Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-19
1-19
1-20
1-21
1-22
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY
UNITS TO SI UNITS
Table 1-15
Table 1-16
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
Mathematical Signs, Symbols, and Abbreviations . . . . . . .
Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-24
1-24
* Much of the material was taken from Sec. 1. of the fifth edition. The contribution of Cecil H. Chilton in developing that material is acknowledged.
1-1
FIG. 1-1
1-2
Graphic relationships of SI units with names (U.S. National Bureau of Standards, LC 1078, December 1976.)
TABLE 1-1
SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units
Quantity or “dimension”
Base quantity or “dimension”
length
mass
time
electric current
thermodynamic temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity
Supplementary quantity or “dimension”
plane angle
solid angle
SI unit
SI unit symbol
(“abbreviation”);
Use roman
(upright) type
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
mole*
candela
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd
radian
steradian
rad
sr
* When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles.
TABLE 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Formula
frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)
force
pressure, stress
energy, work, quantity of heat
power, radiant flux
quantity of electricity, electric charge
electric potential, potential difference,
electromotive force
capacitance
electric resistance
conductance
magnetic flux
magnetic-flux density
inductance
luminous flux
illuminance
activity (of radionuclides)
absorbed dose
hertz
newton
pascal
joule
watt
coulomb
volt
Hz
N
Pa
J
W
C
V
l/s
(kg⋅m)/s2
N/m2
N⋅m
J/s
A⋅s
W/A
farad
ohm
siemens
weber
tesla
henry
lumen
lux
becquerel
gray
F
Ω
S
Wb
T
H
lm
lx
Bq
Gy
C/V
V/A
A/V
V⋅s
Wb/m2
Wb/A
cd⋅sr
lm/m2
l/s
J/kg
TABLE 1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI
Quantity
Unit
acceleration
angular acceleration
angular velocity
area
concentration (of amount of
substance)
current density
density, mass
electric-charge density
electric-field strength
electric-flux density
energy density
entropy
heat capacity
heat-flux density,
irradiance
luminance
magnetic-field strength
molar energy
molar entropy
molar-heat capacity
moment of force
permeability
permittivity
radiance
meter per second squared
radian per second squared
radian per second
square meter
mole per cubic meter
m/s2
rad/s2
rad/s
m2
mol/m3
ampere per square meter
kilogram per cubic meter
coulomb per cubic meter
volt per meter
coulomb per square meter
joule per cubic meter
joule per kelvin
joule per kelvin
watt per square meter
A/m2
kg/m3
C/m3
V/m
C/m2
J/m3
J/K
J/K
W/m2
candela per square meter
ampere per meter
joule per mole
joule per mole-kelvin
joule per mole-kelvin
newton-meter
henry per meter
farad per meter
watt per square-metersteradian
watt per steradian
joule per kilogram-kelvin
joule per kilogram
joule per kilogram-kelvin
cubic meter per kilogram
newton per meter
watt per meter-kelvin
meter per second
pascal-second
square meter per second
cubic meter
1 per meter
cd/m2
A/m
J/mol
J/(mol⋅K)
J/(mol⋅K)
N⋅m
H/m
F/m
W/(m2⋅sr)
radiant intensity
specific-heat capacity
specific energy
specific entropy
specific volume
surface tension
thermal conductivity
velocity
viscosity, dynamic
viscosity, kinematic
volume
wave number
TABLE 1-3
Symbol
W/sr
J/(kg⋅K)
J/kg
J/(kg⋅K)
m3/kg
N/m
W/(m⋅K)
m/s
Pa⋅s
m2/s
m3
1/m
SI Prefixes
Multiplication factor
Prefix
Symbol
000 = 1018
000 = 1015
000 = 1012
000 = 109
000 = 106
000 = 103
100 = 102
10 = 101
0.1 = 10−1
0.01 = 10−2
0.001 = 10−3
0.000 001 = 10−6
0.000 000 001 = 10−9
0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto*
deka*
deci*
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
µ
n
p
f
a
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
1
000
000
000
000
1
000
000
000
000
000
1
*Generally to be avoided.
1-3
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Space,† time
Length
naut mi
mi
chain
link
fathom
yd
ft
1.852*
E + 00
1.609 344* E + 00
2.011 68* E + 01
2.011 68* E − 01
1.828 8* E + 00
9.144*
E − 01
3.048*
E − 01
3.048*
E + 01
2.54*
E + 01
2.54
E + 00
2.54*
E + 01
in
in
mil
km
km
m
m
m
m
m
cm
mm
cm
µm
Length/length
ft/mi
m/km
1.893 939 E − 01
Length/volume
ft/U.S. gal
ft/ft3
ft/bbl
m/m3
m/m3
m/m3
8.051 964 E + 01
1.076 391 E + 01
1.917 134 E + 00
Area
mi2
section
acre
ha
yd2
ft2
in2
km2
ha
ha
m2
m2
m2
mm2
cm2
2.589 988 E + 00
2.589 988 E + 02
4.046 856 E − 01
1.000 000* E + 04
8.361 274 E − 01
9.290 304* E − 02
6.451 6* E + 02
6.451 6* E + 00
Area/volume
ft2/in3
ft2/ft3
m2/cm3
m2/m3
5.699 291 E − 03
3.280 840 E + 00
Volume
cubem
acre⋅ft
km3
m3
ha⋅m
m3
m3
m3
dm3
m3
dm3
m3
dm3
dm3
dm3
dm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
4.168 182
1.233 482
1.233 482
7.645 549
1.589 873
2.831 685
2.831 685
4.546 092
4.546 092
3.785 412
3.785 412
1.136 523
9.463 529
4.731 765
2.841 307
2.957 353
1.638 706
yd3
bbl (42 U.S. gal)
ft3
U.K. gal
U.S. gal
U.K. qt
U.S. qt
U.S. pt
U.K. fl oz
U.S. fl oz
in3
L
L
L
L
L
L
E + 00
E + 03
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
E + 01
E − 03
E + 00
E − 03
E + 00
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E + 01
Volume/length (linear
displacement)
bbl/in
bbl/ft
ft3/ft
U.S. gal/ft
m3m
m3/m
m3/m
m3/m
L/m
6.259 342 E + 00
5.216 119 E − 01
9.290 304* E − 02
1.241 933 E − 02
1.241 933 E + 01
Plane angle
rad
deg (°)
min (′)
sec (″)
rad
rad
rad
rad
1
1.745 329 E − 02
2.908 882 E − 04
4.848 137 E − 06
Solid angle
sr
sr
1
Time
year
week
h
a
d
s
min
s
h
ns
1
7.0*
3.6*
6.0*
6.0*
1.666 667
1
E + 00
E + 03
E + 01
E + 01
E − 02
1.016 047
9.071 847
5.080 234
4.535 924
4.535 924
3.110 348
2.834 952
6.479 891
E + 00
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E + 01
min
mµs
Mass, amount of substance
Mass
1-4
U.K. ton
U.S. ton
U.K. cwt
U.S. cwt
lbm
oz (troy)
oz (av)
gr
Mg
Mg
kg
kg
kg
g
g
mg
t
t
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
Amount of substance
lbm⋅mol
std m3(0°C, 1 atm)
std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
4.535 924 E − 01
4.461 58 E − 02
1.195 30 E − 03
kmol
kmol
kmol
Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity
Calorific value, enthalpy
(mass basis)
Btu/lbm
cal/g
cal/lbm
MJ/kg
kJ/kg
kWh/kg
kJ/kg
J/kg
Caloric value, enthalpy
(mole basis)
kcal/(g⋅mol)
Btu/(lb⋅mol)
kJ/kmol
kJ/kmol
Calorific value (volume
basis—solids and liquids)
Btu/U.S. gal
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
MJ/m3
kJ/m3
kJ/dm3
Btu/U.K. gal
Btu/ft3
cal/mL
(ft⋅lbf)/U.S. gal
J/g
J/g
2.326 000
2.326 000
6.461 112
4.184*
9.224 141
E − 03
E + 00
E − 04
E + 00
E + 00
4.184*
E + 03
2.326 000 E + 00
kJ/dm3
kJ/dm3
2.787 163
2.787 163
7.742 119
2.320 800
2.320 800
6.446 667
3.725 895
3.725 895
1.034 971
4.184*
3.581 692
E − 01
E + 02
E − 02
E − 01
E + 02
E − 02
E − 02
E + 01
E − 02
E + 00
E − 01
Calorific value (volume
basis—gases)
cal/mL
kcal/m3
Btu/ft3
kJ/m3
kJ/m3
kJ/m3
kWh/m3
J/dm3
J/dm3
J/dm3
4.184*
4.184*
3.725 895
1.034 971
E + 03
E + 00
E + 01
E − 02
Specific entropy
Btu/(lbm⋅°R)
cal/(g⋅K)
kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
4.186 8*
4.184*
4.184*
E + 00
E + 00
E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mass
basis)
kWh/(kg⋅°C)
Btu/(lbm⋅°F)
kcal/(kg⋅°C)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
kJ/(kg⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
J/(g⋅K)
3.6*
4.186 8*
4.184*
E + 03
E + 00
E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mole
basis)
Btu/(lb⋅mol⋅°F)
cal/(g⋅mol⋅°C)
kJ/(kmol⋅K)
kJ/(kmol⋅K)
4.186 8*
4.184*
E + 00
E + 00
Temperature (absolute)
°R
K
K
K
5/9
1
Temperature (traditional)
°F
°C
5/9(°F − 32)
Temperature (difference)
°F
K, °C
5/9
Pressure
atm (760 mmHg at 0°C or 14,696 psi)
µmHg (0°C)
µ bar
mmHg = torr (0°C)
cmH2O (4°C)
lbf/ft2 (psf)
mHg (0°C)
bar
dyn/cm2
MPa
kPa
bar
MPa
kPa
MPa
kPa
bar
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
Pa
Pa
Pa
1.013 250* E − 01
1.013 250* E + 02
1.013 250* E + 00
1.0*
E − 01
1.0*
E + 02
6.894 757 E − 03
6.894 757 E + 00
6.894 757 E − 02
3.376 85 E + 00
2.488 4
E − 01
1.333 224 E − 01
9.806 38 E − 02
4.788 026 E − 02
1.333 224 E − 01
1.0*
E + 05
1.0*
E − 01
Vacuum, draft
inHg (60°F)
inH2O (39.2°F)
inH2O (60°F)
mmHg (0°C) = torr
cmH2O (4°C)
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
3.376 85
2.490 82
2.488 4
1.333 224
9.806 38
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
Liquid head
ft
in
m
mm
cm
3.048*
2.54*
2.54*
E − 01
E + 01
E + 00
Pressure drop/length
psi/ft
kPa/m
2.262 059 E + 01
Temperature, pressure, vacuum
bar
mmHg (0°C) = torr
1-5
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage
kg/m3
g/m3
kg/m3
g/cm3
kg/m3
kg/m3
g/cm3
kg/m3
kg/m3
1.601 846
1.601 846
1.198 264
1.198 264
9.977 633
1.601 846
1.601 846
1.0*
1.601 846
E + 01
E + 04
E + 02
E − 01
E + 01
E + 01
E − 02
E + 03
E + 01
ft /lbm
U.K. gal/lbm
U.S. gal/lbm
m3/kg
m3/g
dm3/kg
dm3/kg
dm3/kg
6.242 796
6.242 796
6.242 796
1.002 242
8.345 404
E − 02
E − 05
E + 01
E + 01
E + 00
Specific volume (mole basis)
L/(g⋅mol)
ft3/(lb⋅mol)
m3/kmol
m3/kmol
1
6.242 796 E − 02
Specific volume
bbl/U.S. ton
bbl/U.K. ton
m3/t
m3/t
1.752 535 E − 01
1.564 763 E − 01
Yield
bbl/U.S. ton
bbl/U.K. ton
U.S. gal/U.S. ton
U.S. gal/U.K. ton
dm3/t
dm3/t
dm3/t
dm3/t
Concentration (mass/mass)
wt %
wt ppm
kg/kg
g/kg
mg/kg
lbm/bbl
g/U.S. gal
g/U.K. gal
lbm/1000 U.S. gal
lbm/1000 U.K. gal
gr/U.S. gal
gr/ft3
lbm/1000 bbl
mg/U.S. gal
gr/100 ft3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
mg/m3
g/m3
g/m3
mg/m3
ft3/ft3
bbl/(acre⋅ft)
vol%
U.K. gal/ft3
U.S. gal/ft3
mL/U.S. gal
mL/U.K. gal
vol ppm
U.K. gal/1000 bbl
U.S. gal/1000 bbl
U.K. pt/1000 bbl
m3/m3
m3/m3
m3/m3
dm3/m3
dm3/m3
dm3/m3
dm3/m3
cm3/m3
dm3/m3
cm3/m3
cm3/m3
cm3/m3
Concentration (mole/volume)
(lb⋅mol)/U.S. gal
(lb⋅mol)/U.K. gal
(lb⋅mol)/ft3
std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)/bbl
kmol/m3
kmol/m3
kmol/m3
kmol/m3
Concentration (volume/mole)
U.S. gal/1000 std ft3 (60°F/60°F)
bbl/million std ft3 (60°F/60°F)
dm3/kmol
dm3/kmol
Throughput (mass basis)
U.K. ton/year
U.S. ton/year
U.K. ton/day
Density
lbm/ft3
lbm/U.S. gal
lbm/U.K. gal
lbm/ft3
g/cm3
lbm/ft3
Specific volume
ft3/lbm
3
Concentration (mass/volume)
Concentration (volume/volume)
cm3/g
cm3/g
L/t
L/t
L/t
L/t
g/dm3
g/L
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
mg/dm3
L/m3
L/m3
L/m3
L/m3
L/m3
L/kmol
L/kmol
1.752 535
1.564 763
4.172 702
3.725 627
E + 02
E + 02
E + 00
E + 00
1.0*
1.0*
1
E − 02
E + 01
2.853 010
2.641 720
2.199 692
1.198 264
9.977 633
1.711 806
2.288 351
2.853 010
2.641 720
2.288 351
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E + 02
E + 01
E + 01
E + 03
E + 00
E − 01
E + 01
1
1.288 931
1.0*
1.605 437
1.336 806
2.641 720
2.199 692
1
1.0*
2.859 403
2.380 952
3.574 253
E − 04
E − 02
E + 02
E + 02
E − 01
E − 01
E − 03
E + 01
E + 01
E + 00
1.198 264
9.977 644
1.601 846
7.518 21
E + 02
E + 01
E + 01
E − 03
3.166 91
1.330 10
E + 00
E − 01
1.016 047
9.071 847
1.016 047
4.233 529
9.071 847
3.779 936
1.016 047
9.071 847
4.535 924
E + 00
E − 01
E + 00
E − 02
E − 01
E − 02
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
Facility throughput, capacity
U.S. ton/day
U.K. ton/h
U.S. ton/h
lbm/h
1-6
t/a
t/a
t/d
t/h
t/d
t/h
t/h
t/h
kg/h
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
Throughput (volume basis)
bbl/day
3
ft /day
bbl/h
ft3/h
U.K. gal/h
U.S. gal/h
U.K. gal/min
U.S. gal/min
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
E + 01
E − 01
E − 03
E − 01
E − 02
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 01
E − 02
E − 01
E − 02
t/a
m3/d
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
m3/h
L/s
m3/h
L/s
m3/h
L/s
m3/h
L/s
5.803 036
1.589 873
1.179 869
1.589 873
2.831 685
4.546 092
1.262 803
3.785 412
1.051 503
2.727 655
7.576 819
2.271 247
6.309 020
kmol/h
kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01
1.259 979 E − 04
Throughput (mole basis)
(lbm⋅mol)/h
Flow rate (mass basis)
U.K. ton/min
U.S. ton/min
U.K. ton/h
U.S. ton/h
U.K. ton/day
U.S. ton/day
million lbm/year
U.K. ton/year
U.S. ton/year
lbm/s
lbm/min
lbm/h
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
1.693 412
1.511 974
2.822 353
2.519 958
1.175 980
1.049 982
5.249 912
3.221 864
2.876 664
4.535 924
7.559 873
1.259 979
E + 01
E + 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
E − 02
E + 00
E − 05
E − 05
E − 01
E − 03
E − 04
Flow rate (volume basis)
bbl/day
U.K. gal/h
U.S. gal/h
U.K. gal/min
U.S. gal/min
ft3/min
ft3/s
m3/d
L/s
m3/d
L/s
m3/s
L/s
m3/s
L/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
dm3/s
1.589 873
1.840 131
2.831 685
3.277 413
4.416 314
4.416 314
7.865 791
7.865 791
1.262 803
1.051 503
7.576 820
6.309 020
4.719 474
2.831 685
E − 01
E − 03
E − 02
E − 04
E − 05
E − 02
E − 06
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 02
E − 02
E − 01
E + 01
Flow rate (mole basis)
(lb⋅mol)/s
(lb⋅mol)/h
million scf/D
kmol/s
kmol/s
kmol/s
4.535 924 E − 01
1.259 979 E − 04
1.383 45 E − 02
Flow rate/length (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft)
lbm/(h⋅ft)
kg/(s⋅m)
kg/(s⋅m)
1.488 164 E + 00
4.133 789 E − 04
Flow rate/length (volume basis)
U.K. gal/(min⋅ft)
U.S. gal/(min⋅ft)
U.K. gal/(h⋅in)
U.S. gal/(h⋅in)
U.K. gal/(h⋅ft)
U.S. gal/(h⋅ft)
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
m2/s
Flow rate/area (mass basis)
lbm/(s⋅ft2)
lbm/(h⋅ft2)
kg/(s⋅m2)
kg/(s⋅m2)
Flow rate/area (volume basis)
ft3/(s⋅ft2)
ft3/(min⋅ft2)
U.K. gal/(h⋅in2)
U.S. gal/(h⋅in2)
U.K. gal/(min⋅ft2)
U.S. gal/(min⋅ft2)
U.K. gal/(h⋅ft2)
U.S. gal/(h⋅ft2)
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
Flow rate
3
ft /day
bbl/h
ft3/h
L/s
L/s
L/s
L/s
L/s
L/s
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
m3/(s⋅m)
2.485 833
2.069 888
4.971 667
4.139 776
4.143 055
3.449 814
E − 04
E − 04
E − 05
E − 05
E − 06
E − 06
4.882 428 E + 00
1.356 230 E − 03
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
m3/(s⋅m2)
3.048*
5.08*
1.957 349
1.629 833
8.155 621
6.790 972
1.359 270
1.131 829
E − 01
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 04
E − 04
E − 05
E − 05
1-7
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Energy, work, power
Energy, work
therm
E + 02
E + 05
E + 01
E + 01
E + 00
E + 03
E − 01
E + 00
E + 03
E − 01
E + 00
E + 03
E + 00
E − 04
E + 00
E − 04
E + 00
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 03
E − 05
E − 07
kcal
cal
ft⋅lbf
lbf⋅ft
J
(lbf⋅ft2)/s2
erg
MJ
kJ
kWh
MJ
MJ
kJ
kWh
MJ
kJ
kWh
MJ
kJ
kJ
kWh
kJ
kWh
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
J
1.055 056
1.055 056
2.930 711
1.431 744
2.684 520
2.684 520
7.456 999
2.647 780
2.647 780
7.354 999
3.6*
3.6*
1.899 101
5.275 280
1.055 056
2.930 711
4.184*
4.184*
1.355 818
1.355 818
1.0*
4.214 011
1.0*
Impact energy
kgf⋅m
lbf⋅ft
J
J
9.806 650* E + 00
1.355 818 E + 00
Surface energy
erg/cm2
mJ/m2
1.0*
Specific-impact energy
(kgf⋅m)/cm2
(lbf⋅ft)/in2
J/cm2
J/cm2
9.806 650* E − 02
2.101 522 E − 03
Power
million Btu/h
ton of refrigeration
Btu/s
kW
hydraulic horsepower—hhp
hp (electric)
hp [(550 ft⋅lbf)/s]
ch or CV
Btu/min
(ft⋅lbf)/s
kcal/h
Btu/h
(ft⋅lbf)/min
MW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
W
W
W
2.930 711
3.516 853
1.055 056
1
7.460 43
7.46*
7.456 999
7.354 999
1.758 427
1.355 818
1.162 222
2.930 711
2.259 697
Power/area
Btu/(s⋅ft2)
cal/(h⋅cm2)
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2
kW/m2
kW/m2
1.135 653 E + 01
1.162 222 E − 02
3.154 591 E − 03
Heat-release rate, mixing power
hp/ft3
cal/(h⋅cm3)
Btu/(s⋅ft3)
Btu/(h⋅ft3)
kW/m3
kW/m3
kW/m3
kW/m3
2.633 414
1.162 222
3.725 895
1.034 971
U.S. tonf⋅mi
hp⋅h
ch⋅h or CV⋅h
kWh
Chu
Btu
E + 00
E − 01
E + 00
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 01
E − 02
E − 03
E + 00
E − 01
E − 02
E + 01
E + 00
E + 01
E − 02
3.930 148 E − 01
Cooling duty (machinery)
Btu/(bhp⋅h)
W/kW
Specific fuel consumption (mass
basis)
lbm/(hp⋅h)
mg/J
kg/kWh
kg/MJ
1.689 659 E − 01
6.082 774 E − 01
Specific fuel consumption (volume
basis)
m3/kWh
U.S. gal/(hp⋅h)
U.K. pt/(hp⋅h)
dm3/MJ
dm3/MJ
dm3/MJ
mm3/J
mm3/J
mm3/J
2.777 778 E + 02
1.410 089 E + 00
2.116 806 E − 01
Fuel consumption
U.K. gal/mi
U.S. gal/mi
mi/U.S. gal
mi/U.K. gal
dm3/100 km
dm3/100 km
km/dm3
km/dm3
L/100 km
L/100 km
km/L
km/L
2.824 807
2.352 146
4.251 437
3.540 064
1-8
E + 02
E + 02
E − 01
E − 01
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
in/s
in/min
km/h
km/h
m/s
cm/s
m/s
mm/s
mm/s
m/d
mm/s
mm/s
1.852*
E + 00
1.609 344* E + 00
3.048*
E − 01
3.048*
E + 01
5.08*
E − 03
8.466 667 E − 02
3.527 778 E − 03
3.048*
E − 01
2.54*
E + 01
4.233 333 E − 01
Corrosion rate
in/year (ipy)
mil/year
mm/a
mm/a
2.54*
2.54*
Rotational frequency
r/min
r/s
rad/s
1.666 667 E − 02
1.047 198 E − 01
Acceleration (linear)
ft/s2
m/s2
cm/s2
3.048*
3.048*
Acceleration (rotational)
rpm/s
rad/s2
1.047 198 E − 01
Momentum
(lbm⋅ft)/s
(kg⋅m)/s
1.382 550 E − 01
Force
U.K. tonf
U.S. tonf
kgf (kp)
lbf
dyn
kN
kN
N
N
mN
9.964 016 E + 00
8.896 443 E + 00
9.806 650* E + 00
4.448 222 E + 00
1.0
E − 02
Bending moment, torque
U.S. tonf⋅ft
kgf⋅m
lbf⋅ft
lbf⋅in
kN⋅m
N⋅m
N⋅m
N⋅m
2.711 636 E + 00
9.806 650* E + 00
1.355 818 E + 00
1.129 848 E − 01
Bending moment/length
(lbf⋅ft)/in
(lbf⋅in)/in
(N⋅m)/m
(N⋅m)/m
5.337 866 E + 01
4.448 222 E + 00
Moment of inertia
lbm⋅ft2
Velocity (linear), speed
knot
mi/h
ft/s
ft/min
ft/h
ft/day
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
kPa
Pa
E − 01
E + 01
4.214 011 E − 02
kg⋅m2
2
E + 01
E − 02
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
1.378 951 E + 01
9.806 650* E + 00
9.576 052 E − 02
6.894 757 E − 03
4.788 026 E − 02
1.0*
E − 01
Stress
U.S. tonf/in
kgf/mm2
U.S. tonf/ft2
lbf/in2 (psi)
lbf/ft2 (psf)
dyn/cm2
Mass/length
lbm/ft
kg/m
1.488 164 E + 00
Mass/area structural loading,
bearing capacity (mass
basis)
U.S. ton/ft2
lbm/ft2
Mg/m2
kg/m2
9.764 855 E + 00
4.882 428 E + 00
Diffusivity
ft2/s
m2/s
ft2/h
m2/s
mm2/s
m2/s
9.290 304* E − 02
1.0*
E + 06
2.580 64* E − 05
Thermal resistance
(°C⋅m2⋅h)/kcal
(°F⋅ft2⋅h)/Btu
(K⋅m2)/kW
(K⋅m2)/kW
8.604 208 E + 02
1.761 102 E + 02
Heat flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
kW/m2
3.154 591 E − 03
Thermal conductivity
(cal⋅cm)/(s⋅cm ⋅°C)
(Btu⋅ft)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
W/(m⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
(kJ⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
W/(m⋅K)
4.184*
1.730 735
6.230 646
1.162 222
1.442 279
1.162 222
E + 02
E + 00
E + 00
E + 00
E − 01
E − 01
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kJ/(h⋅m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
kW/(m2⋅K)
4.184*
2.044 175
1.162 222
5.678 263
2.044 175
5.678 263
1.162 222
E + 01
E + 01
E − 02
E − 03
E + 01
E − 03
E − 03
Miscellaneous transport properties
2
(kcal⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅°C)
(Btu⋅in)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
(cal⋅cm)/(h⋅cm2⋅°C)
Heat-transfer coefficient
cal/(s⋅cm2⋅°C)
Btu/(s⋅ft2⋅°F)
cal/(h⋅cm2⋅°C)
Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°R)
kcal/(h⋅m2⋅°C)
1-9
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
kW/(m3⋅K)
kW/(m3⋅K)
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Volumetric heat-transfer
coefficient
Btu/(s⋅ft3⋅°F)
Btu/(h⋅ft3⋅°F)
6.706 611 E + 01
1.862 947 E − 02
Surface tension
dyn/cm
mN/m
Viscosity (dynamic)
(lbf⋅s)/in2
(lbf⋅s)/ft2
(kgf⋅s)/m2
lbm/(ft⋅s)
(dyn⋅s)/cm2
cP
lbm/(ft⋅h)
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Pa⋅s
Viscosity (kinematic)
ft2/s
in2/s
m2/h
ft2/h
cSt
m2/s
mm2/s
mm2/s
m2/s
mm2/s
9.290 304* E − 02
6.451 6* E + 02
2.777 778 E + 02
2.580 64* E − 05
1
Permeability
darcy
millidarcy
µm2
µm2
9.869 233 E − 01
9.869 233 E − 04
Thermal flux
Btu/(h⋅ft2)
Btu/(s⋅ft2)
cal/(s⋅cm2)
W/m2
W/m2
W/m2
3.152
1.135
4.184
E + 00
E + 04
E + 04
Mass-transfer coefficient
(lb⋅mol)/[h⋅ft2(lb⋅mol/ft3)]
(g⋅mol)/[s⋅m2(g⋅mol/L)]
m/s
m/s
8.467
1.0
E − 05
E + 01
Admittance
S
S
1
Capacitance
µF
µF
1
Charge density
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Conductance
S⍀
S
S
1
1
1
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
(N⋅s)/m2
6.894 757 E + 03
4.788 026 E + 01
9.806 650* E + 00
1.488 164 E + 00
1.0*
E − 01
1.0*
E − 03
4.133 789 E − 04
Electricity, magnetism
(mho)
Conductivity
S/m
⍀
/m
⍀
m /m
S/m
S/m
mS/m
1
1
1
Current density
A/mm2
A/mm2
1
2
Displacement
C/cm
C/cm2
1
Electric charge
C
C
1
Electric current
A
A
1
Electric-dipole moment
C⋅m
C⋅m
1
Electric-field strength
V/m
V/m
1
Electric flux
C
C
1
Electric polarization
C/cm2
C/cm2
1
Electric potential
V
mV
V
mV
1
1
Electromagnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Electromotive force
V
V
1
Flux of displacement
C
C
1
Frequency
cycles/s
Hz
1
Impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Linear-current density
A/mm
A/mm
1
Magnetic-dipole moment
Wb⋅m
Wb⋅m
1
Magnetic-field strength
A/mm
Oe
gamma
A/mm
A/m
A/m
1
7.957 747 E + 01
7.957 747 E − 04
Magnetic flux
mWb
mWb
1
1-10
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
Magnetic-flux density
mT
G
gamma
SI unit
mT
T
nT
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
1
1.0*
1
Magnetic induction
mT
mT
1
Magnetic moment
A⋅m2
A⋅m2
1
Magnetic polarization
mT
mT
1
Magnetic potential
difference
A
A
1
Magnetic-vector potential
Wb/mm
Wb/mm
1
Magnetization
A/mm
A/mm
1
Modulus of admittance
S
S
1
Modulus of impedance
Ω
Ω
1
Mutual inductance
H
H
1
Permeability
µH/m
µH/m
1
E − 04
Permeance
H
H
1
Permittivity
µF/m
µF/m
1
Potential difference
V
V
1
Quantity of electricity
C
C
1
Reactance
Ω
Ω
1
Reluctance
H−1
H−1
1
Resistance
Ω
Ω
1
Resistivity
Ω⋅cm
Ω⋅m
Ω⋅cm
Ω⋅m
1
1
Self-inductance
mH
mH
1
Surface density of change
mC/m2
mC/m2
1
Susceptance
S
S
1
Volume density of charge
C/mm3
C/mm3
1
Absorbed dose
rad
Gy
1.0*
Acoustical energy
J
J
1
Acoustical intensity
W/cm2
W/m2
1.0*
Acoustical power
W
W
1
Sound pressure
N/m2
N/m2
1.0*
Illuminance
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Illumination
fc
lx
1.076 391 E + 01
Irradiance
W/m2
W/m2
1
Light exposure
fc⋅s
lx⋅s
1.076 391 E + 01
Luminance
cd/m2
cd/m2
1
Luminous efficacy
lm/W
lm/W
1
Luminous exitance
lm/m2
lm/m2
1
Luminous flux
lm
lm
1
Luminous intensity
cd
cd
1
Radiance
W/m2⋅sr
W/m2⋅sr
1
Acoustics, light, radiation
Radiant energy
J
J
1
Radiant flux
W
W
1
Radiant intensity
W/sr
W/sr
1
Radiant power
W
W
1
E − 02
E + 04
1-11
TABLE 1-4
Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Concluded )
Customary or commonly
used unit
Quantity
SI unit
Alternate
SI unit
Conversion factor; multiply
customary unit by factor to
obtain SI unit
Wavelength
Å
nm
1.0*
E − 01
Capture unit
10−3 cm−1
m−1
E + 01
m−1
m−1
1.0*
1
1
Ci
Bq
3.7*
E + 10
Radioactivity
10−3 cm−1
* An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact.
† Conversion factors for length, area, and volume are based on the international foot. The international foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S. Survey
foot (land-measurement use).
NOTE: The following unit symbols are used in the table:
Unit symbol
Name
Unit symbol
Name
A
a
Bq
C
cd
Ci
d
°C
°
dyn
F
fc
G
g
gr
Gy
H
h
ha
Hz
J
K
L, ᐉ, l
ampere
annum (year)
becquerel
coulomb
candela
curie
day
degree Celsius
degree
dyne
farad
footcandle
gauss
gram
grain
gray
henry
hour
hectare
hertz
joule
kelvin
liter
lm
lx
m
min
′
N
naut mi
Oe
Ω
Pa
rad
r
S
s
″
sr
St
T
t
V
W
Wb
lumen
lux
meter
minute
minute
newton
U.S. nautical mile
oersted
ohm
pascal
radian
revolution
siemens
second
second
steradian
stokes
tesla
tonne
volt
watt
weber
NOTE:
1-12
Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System of Units and SPE’s Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, 1977.
TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m.
To convert from
abampere
abcoulomb
abfarad
abhenry
abmho
abohm
abvolt
acre
ampere (international of
1948)
angstrom
are
astronomical unit
atmosphere
bar
barn
barrel (petroleum 42 gal)
barye
British thermal unit (ISO/
TC 12)
British thermal unit
(International Steam Table)
British thermal unit (mean)
British thermal unit
(thermochemical)
British thermal unit (39°F)
British thermal unit (60°F)
bushel (U.S.)
cable
caliber
calorie (International Steam
Table)
calorie (mean)
calorie (thermochemical)
calorie (15°C)
calorie (20°C)
calorie (kilogram,
International Steam Table)
calorie (kilogram, mean)
calorie (kilogram,
thermochemical)
carat (metric)
Celsius (temperature)
centimeter of mercury (0°C)
centimeter of water (4°C)
chain (engineer’s)
chain (surveyor’s or
Gunter’s)
circular mil
cord
coulomb (international of
1948)
cubit
cup
curie
day (mean solar)
day (sidereal)
degree (angle)
denier (international)
dram (avoirdupois)
dram (troy or apothecary)
dram (U.S. fluid)
dyne
electron volt
erg
Fahrenheit (temperature)
Multiply by
To convert from
To
Multiply by
ampere
coulomb
farad
henry
mho
ohm
volt
meter2
ampere
To
+01 1.00
+01 1.00
+09 1.00
−09 1.00
+09 1.00
−09 1.00
−08 1.00
+03 4.046 856
−01 9.998 35
meter
meter2
meter
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
meter2
meter3
newton/meter2
joule
−10 1.00
+02 1.00
+11 1.495 978
+05 1.013 25
+05 1.00
−28 1.00
−01 1.589 873
−01 1.00
+03 1.055 06
joule
+03 1.055 04
joule
joule
+03 1.055 87
+03 1.054 350
joule
joule
meter3
meter
meter
joule
+03 1.059 67
+03 1.054 68
−02 3.523 907
+02 2.194 56
−04 2.54
+00 4.1868
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
+00 4.190 02
+00 4.184
+00 4.185 80
+00 4.181 90
+03 4.186 8
joule
joule
+03 4.190 02
+03 4.184
kilogram
kelvin
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
meter
meter
−04 2.00
tK = tc + 273.15
+03 1.333 22
+01 9.806 38
+01 3.048
+01 2.011 68
meter3
meter
meter
newton/meter2
lumen/meter2
candela/meter2
meter
meter/second2
meter3
meter3
meter3
tesla
tesla
ampere turn
meter3
meter3
degree (angular)
radian
kilogram
kilogram
meter
meter2
henry
meter3
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
kilogram
kilogram
meter
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
joule
1/meter
joule
−05 2.957 352
−01 3.048
−01 3.048 006
+03 2.988 98
+01 1.076 391
+00 3.426 259
+02 2.011 68
−02 1.00
−03 4.546 087
−03 4.404 883
−03 3.785 411
−09 1.00
−04 1.00
−01 7.957 747
−04 1.420 652
−04 1.182 941
−01 9.00
−02 1.570 796
−05 6.479 891
−03 1.00
−01 1.016
+04 1.00
+00 1.000 495
−01 2.384 809
+02 7.456 998
+03 9.809 50
+02 7.46
+02 7.354 99
+02 7.457
+02 7.460 43
+03 3.60
+03 3.590 170
+01 5.080 234
+01 4.535 923
−02 2.54
+03 3.386 389
+03 3.376 85
+02 2.490 82
+02 2.4884
+00 1.000 165
+02 1.00
+03 4.186 74
meter2
meter3
coulomb
−10 5.067 074
+00 3.624 556
−01 9.998 35
meter
meter3
disintegration/second
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
radian
kilogram/meter
kilogram
kilogram
meter3
newton
joule
joule
kelvin
fluid ounce (U.S.)
foot
foot (U.S. survey)
foot of water (39.2°F)
footcandle
footlambert
furlong
gal (galileo)
gallon (U.K. liquid)
gallon (U.S. dry)
gallon (U.S. liquid)
gamma
gauss
gilbert
gill (U.K.)
gill (U.S.)
grad
grad
grain
gram
hand
hectare
henry (international of 1948)
hogshead (U.S.)
horsepower (550 ft lbf/s)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (electric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (U.K.)
horsepower (water)
hour (mean solar)
hour (sidereal)
hundredweight (long)
hundredweight (short)
inch
inch of mercury (32°F)
inch of mercury (60°F)
inch of water (39.2°F)
inch of water (60°F)
joule (international of 1948)
kayser
kilocalorie (International
Steam Table)
kilocalorie (mean)
kilocalorie (thermochemical)
kilogram mass
kilogram-force (kgf)
kilopond-force
kip
knot (international)
lambert
lambert
langley
lbf (pound-force,
avoirdupois)
lbm (pound-mass,
avoirdupois)
league (British nautical)
league (international
nautical)
league (statute)
light-year
link (engineer’s)
link (surveyor’s or Gunter’s)
liter
lux
maxwell
meter
micrometer
mil
mile (U.S. statute)
mile (U.K. nautical)
mile (international nautical)
mile (U.S. nautical)
millibar
millimeter of mercury (0°C)
joule
joule
kilogram
newton
newton
newton
meter/second
candela/meter2
candela/meter2
joule/meter2
newton
+03 4.190 02
+03 4.184
+00 1.00
+00 9.806 65
+00 9.806 65
+03 4.448 221
−01 5.144 444
+04 1/π
+03 3.183 098
+04 4.184
+00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
meter
meter
+03 5.559 552
+03 5.556
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter3
lumen/meter2
weber
wavelengths Kr 86
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
+03 4.828 032
+15 9.460 55
−01 3.048
−01 2.011 68
−03 1.00
+00 1.00
−08 1.00
+06 1.650 763
−06 1.00
−05 2.54
+03 1.609 344
+03 1.853 184
+03 1.852
+03 1.852
+02 1.00
+02 1.333 224
Fahrenheit (temperature)
Celsius
farad (international of 1948)
faraday (based on carbon
12)
faraday (chemical)
faraday (physical)
fathom
fermi (femtometer)
farad
coulomb
−01 4.572
−04 2.365 882
+10 3.70
+04 8.64
+04 8.616 409
−02 1.745 329
−07 1.111 111
−03 1.771 845
−03 3.887 934
−06 3.696 691
−05 1.00
−19 1.602 10
−07 1.00
tK = (5/9)(tF +
459.67)
tc = (5/9)(tF −
32)
−01 9.995 05
+04 9.648 70
coulomb
coulomb
meter
meter
+04 9.649 57
+04 9.652 19
+00 1.828 8
−15 1.00
1-13
TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units (Concluded )
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2
To convert from
minute (angle)
minute (mean solar)
minute (sidereal)
month (mean calendar)
nautical mile (international)
nautical mile (U.S.)
nautical mile (U.K.)
oersted
ohm (international of 1948)
ounce-force (avoirdupois)
ounce-mass (avoirdupois)
ounce-mass (troy or apothecary)
ounce (U.S. fluid)
pace
parsec
pascal
peck (U.S.)
pennyweight
perch
phot
pica (printer’s)
pint (U.S. dry)
pint (U.S. liquid)
point (printer’s)
poise
pole
pound-force (lbf
avoirdupois)
pound-mass (lbm
avoirdupois)
pound-mass (troy or
apothecary)
poundal
quart (U.S. dry)
quart (U.S. liquid)
rad (radiation dose
absorbed)
Rankine (temperature)
rayleigh (rate of photon
emission)
rhe
rod
roentgen
rutherford
second (angle)
1-14
To
Multiply by
radian
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
meter
meter
meter
ampere/meter
ohm
newton
kilogram
kilogram
meter3
meter
meter
newton/meter2
meter3
kilogram
meter
lumen/meter2
meter
meter3
meter3
meter
(newton-second)/meter2
meter
newton
−04 2.908 882
+01 6.00
+01 5.983 617
+06 2.628
+03 1.852
+03 1.852
+03 1.853 184
+01 7.957 747
+00 1.000 495
−01 2.780 138
−02 2.834 952
−02 3.110 347
−05 2.957 352
−01 7.62
+16 3.083 74
+00 1.00
−03 8.809 767
−03 1.555 173
+00 5.0292
+04 1.00
−03 4.217 517
−04 5.506 104
−04 4.731 764
−04 3.514 598
−01 1.00
+00 5.0292
+00 4.448 221
kilogram
−01 4.535 923
kilogram
−01 3.732 417
newton
meter3
meter3
joule/kilogram
−01 1.382 549
−03 1.101 220
−04 9.463 529
−02 1.00
kelvin
1/second-meter2
tK = (5/9)tR
+10 1.00
meter2/(newtonsecond)
meter
coulomb/kilogram
disintegration/second
radian
+01 1.00
+00 5.0292
−04 2.579 76
+06 1.00
−06 4.848 136
To
Multiply by
second (ephemeris)
second (mean solar)
To convert from
second
second (ephemeris)
second (sidereal)
section
scruple (apothecary)
shake
skein
slug
span
statampere
statcoulomb
statfarad
stathenry
statmho
statohm
statute mile (U.S.)
statvolt
stere
stilb
stoke
tablespoon
teaspoon
ton (assay)
ton (long)
ton (metric)
ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT)
ton (register)
ton (short, 2000 lb)
tonne
torr (0°C)
township
unit pole
volt (international of 1948)
watt (international of 1948)
yard
year (calendar)
year (sidereal)
year (tropical)
year 1900, tropical, Jan., day
0, hour 12
year 1900, tropical, Jan., day
0, hour 12
second (mean solar)
meter2
kilogram
second
meter
kilogram
meter
ampere
coulomb
farad
henry
mho
ohm
meter
volt
meter3
candela/meter2
meter2/second
meter3
meter3
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
joule
meter3
kilogram
kilogram
newton/meter2
meter2
weber
volt
watt
meter
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
second (mean solar)
second (ephemeris)
+00 1.000 000
Consult
American
Ephemeris
and Nautical
Almanac
−01 9.972 695
+06 2.589 988
−03 1.295 978
−08 1.00
+02 1.097 28
+01 1.459 390
−01 2.286
−10 3.335 640
−10 3.335 640
−12 1.112 650
+11 8.987 554
−12 1.112 650
+11 8.987 554
+03 1.609 344
+02 2.997 925
+00 1.00
+04 1.00
−04 1.00
−05 1.478 676
−06 4.928 921
−02 2.916 666
+03 1.016 046
+03 1.00
+09 4.20
+00 2.831 684
+02 9.071 847
+03 1.00
+02 1.333 22
+07 9.323 957
−07 1.256 637
+00 1.000 330
+00 1.000 165
−01 9.144
+07 3.1536
+07 3.155 815
+07 3.155 692
+07 3.155 692
second
+07 3.155 692
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions
To convert from
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acre-feet
Ampere-hours (absolute)
Angstrom units
Angstrom units
Angstrom units
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Bags (cement)
Barrels (cement)
Barrels (oil)
Barrels (oil)
Barrels (U.S. liquid)
Barrels (U.S. liquid)
Barrels per day
Bars
Bars
Bars
Board feet
Boiler horsepower
Boiler horsepower
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u.
B.t.u. per cubic foot
B.t.u. per hour
B.t.u. per minute
B.t.u. per pound
B.t.u. per pound per degree
Fahrenheit
B.t.u. per pound per degree
Fahrenheit
B.t.u. per second
B.t.u. per square foot per hour
B.t.u. per square foot per minute
B.t.u. per square foot per second
for a temperature gradient of
1°F. per inch
To
Multiply by
To convert from
To
Multiply by
Square feet
Square meters
Square miles
Cubic meters
Coulombs (absolute)
Inches
Meters
Microns
Millimeters of mercury at 32°F
Dynes per square centimeter
Newtons per square meter
Feet of water at 39.1°F
Grams per square centimeter
Inches of mercury at 32°F
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Pounds (cement)
Pounds (cement)
Cubic meters
Gallons
Cubic meters
Gallons
Gallons per minute
Atmospheres
Newtons per square meter
Pounds per square inch
Cubic feet
B.t.u. per hour
Kilowatts
Calories (gram)
Centigrade heat units (c.h.u. or p.c.u.)
Foot-pounds
Horsepower-hours
Joules
Liter-atmospheres
Pounds carbon to CO2
Pounds water evaporated from and
at 212°F
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Kilowatt-hours
Joules per cubic meter
Watts
Horsepower
Joules per kilogram
Calories per gram per degree
centigrade
Joules per kilogram per degree
Kelvin
Watts
Joules per square meter per second
Kilowatts per square foot
Calories, gram (15°C.), per square centimeter per second for a temperature gradient of 1°C. per centimeter
43,560
4074
0.001563
1233
3600
3.937 × 10−9
1 × 10−10
1 × 10−4
760
1.0133 × 106
101,325
33.90
1033.3
29.921
2116.3
14.696
94
376
0.15899
42
0.11924
31.5
0.02917
0.9869
1 × 105
14.504
1
⁄12
33,480
9.803
252
0.55556
777.9
3.929 × 10−4
1055.1
10.41
6.88 × 10−5
B.t.u. (60°F.) per degree Fahrenheit
Bushels (U.S. dry)
Bushels (U.S. dry)
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram
Calories, gram, per gram per degree C.
Calories, kilogram
Calories, kilogram per second
Candle power (spherical)
Carats (metric)
Centigrade heat units
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Centimeters per second
Centimeters of water at 4°C.
Centistokes
Circular mils
Circular mils
Circular mils
Cords
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Cubic feet of water (60°F.)
Cubic feet per minute
Cubic feet per minute
Cubic feet per second
Cubic feet per second
Cubic inches
Cubic yards
Curies
Curies
Degrees
Drams (apothecaries’ or troy)
Calories per degree centigrade
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
B.t.u.
Foot-pounds
Joules
Liter-atmospheres
Horsepower-hours
Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatts
Lumens
Grams
B.t.u.
Angstrom units
Feet
Inches
Meters
Microns
Atmospheres
Feet of water at 39.1°F.
Newtons per square meter
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Feet per minute
Newtons per square meter
Square meters per second
Square centimeters
Square inches
Square mils
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Gallons
Ounces (U.S. fluid)
Quarts (U.S. fluid)
Bushels (U.S.)
Cubic centimeters
Cubic meters
Cubic yards
Gallons
Liters
Foot-pounds
Liter-atmospheres
Pounds
Cubic centimeters per second
Gallons per second
Gallons per minute
Million gallons per day
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Disintegrations per minute
Coulombs per minute
Radians
Grams
453.6
1.2444
0.03524
3.968 × 10−3
3.087
4.1868
4.130 × 10−2
1.5591 × 10−6
4186.8
0.0011626
4.185
12.556
0.2
1.8
1 × 108
0.03281
0.3937
0.01
10,000
0.013158
0.4460
1333.2
27.845
0.19337
1.9685
98.064
1 × 10−6
5.067 × 10−6
7.854 × 10−7
0.7854
128
3.532 × 10−5
2.6417 × 10−4
0.03381
0.0010567
0.8036
28,317
0.028317
0.03704
7.481
28.316
2116.3
28.316
62.37
472.0
0.1247
448.8
0.64632
1.6387 × 10−5
0.76456
2.2 × 1012
1.1 × 1012
0.017453
3.888
0.001036
0.3676
2.930 × 10−4
37,260
0.29307
0.02357
2326
1
4186.8
1054.4
3.1546
0.1758
1.2405
1-15
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded )
To convert from
Drams (avoirdupois)
Dynes
Ergs
Faradays
Fathoms
Feet
Feet per minute
Feet per minute
Feet per (second)2
Feet of water at 39.2°F.
Foot-poundals
Foot-poundals
Foot-poundals
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds
Foot-pounds force
Foot-pounds per second
Foot-pounds per second
Furlongs
Gallons (U.S. liquid)
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons per minute
Gallons per minute
Grains
Grains
Grains per cubic foot
Grains per gallon
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams per cubic centimeter
1-16
To
Grams
Newtons
Joules
Coulombs (abs.)
Feet
Meters
Centimeters per second
Miles per hour
Meters per (second)2
Newtons per square meter
B.t.u.
Joules
Liter-atmospheres
B.t.u.
Calories, gram
Foot-poundals
Horsepower-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Liter-atmospheres
Joules
Horsepower
Kilowatts
Miles
Barrels (U.S. liquid)
Cubic meters
Cubic feet
Gallons (Imperial)
Liters
Ounces (U.S. fluid)
Cubic feet per hour
Cubic feet per second
Grams
Pounds
Grams per cubic meter
Parts per million
Drams (avoirdupois)
Drams (troy)
Grains
Kilograms
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds per cubic foot
Multiply by
1.7719
1 × 10−5
1 × 10−7
96,500
6
0.3048
0.5080
0.011364
0.3048
2989
3.995 × 10−5
0.04214
4.159 × 10−4
0.0012856
0.3239
32.174
5.051 × 10−7
3.766 × 10−7
0.013381
1.3558
0.0018182
0.0013558
0.125
0.03175
0.003785
0.13368
0.8327
3.785
128
8.021
0.002228
0.06480
1⁄ 7000
2.2884
17.118
0.5644
0.2572
15.432
0.001
0.0022046
0.002679
62.43
To convert from
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (metric)
Horsepower (metric)
Hours (mean solar)
Inches
Inches of mercury at 60°F
Inches of water at 60°F
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Joules (absolute)
Kilocalories
Kilograms
Kilograms force
Kilograms per square centimeter
Kilometers
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatts
Knots (international)
Knots (nautical miles per hour)
Lamberts
Liter-atmospheres
Liter-atmospheres
Liters
Liters
Liters
Lumens
Micromicrons
Microns
Microns
Miles (nautical)
Miles (nautical)
Miles
Miles
Miles per hour
Miles per hour
Milliliters
Millimeters
To
Pounds water evaporated per hour
at 212°F
Foot-pounds per second
Kilogram-meters per second
Seconds
Meters
Newtons per square meter
Newtons per square meter
B.t.u. (mean)
Calories, gram (mean)
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Foot-pounds
Kilowatt-hours
Liter-atmospheres
Joules
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Newtons
Pounds per square inch
Miles
B.t.u.
Foot-pounds
Horsepower
Meters per second
Miles per hour
Candles per square inch
Cubic foot-atmospheres
Foot-pounds
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
Gallons
Watts
Microns
Angstrom units
Meters
Feet
Miles (U.S. statute)
Feet
Meters
Feet per second
Meters per second
Cubic centimeters
Meters
Multiply by
2.64
542.47
75.0
3600
0.0254
3376.9
248.84
9.480 × 10−4
0.2389
0.3485
0.7376
2.7778 × 10−7
0.009869
4186.8
2.2046
9.807
14.223
0.6214
3414
2.6552 × 106
1.3410
0.5144
1.1516
2.054
0.03532
74.74
0.03532
0.001
0.26418
0.001496
1 × 10−6
1 × 104
1 × 10−6
6080
1.1516
5280
1609.3
1.4667
0.4470
1
0.001
TABLE 1-6
Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded )
To convert from
Grams per cubic centimeter
Grams per liter
Grams per liter
Grams per square centimeter
Grams per square centimeter
Hectares
Hectares
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Horsepower (British)
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds (avoirdupois)
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Pounds per square inch
Pounds per square inch
Pounds force
Pounds force per square foot
Pounds water evaporated from
and at 212°F.
Pound-centigrade units (p.c.u.)
Quarts (U.S. liquid)
Radians
Revolutions per minute
Seconds (angle)
Slugs
Slugs
Slugs
Square centimeters
To
Pounds per gallon
Grains per gallon
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Acres
Square meters
B.t.u. per minute
B.t.u. per hour
Foot-pounds per minute
Foot-pounds per second
Watts
Horsepower (metric)
Pounds carbon to CO2
per hour
Grains
Kilograms
Pounds (troy)
Grams per cubic centimeter
Kilograms per cubic meter
Atmospheres
Kilograms per square meter
Atmospheres
Kilograms per square centimeter
Newtons per square meter
Newtons
Newtons per square meter
Horsepower-hours
B.t.u.
Cubic meters
Degrees
Radians per second
Radians
Gee pounds
Kilograms
Pounds
Square feet
Multiply by
8.345
58.42
0.0624
2.0482
0.014223
2.471
10,000
42.42
2545
33,000
550
745.7
1.0139
0.175
7000
0.45359
1.2153
0.016018
16.018
4.725 × 10−4
4.882
0.06805
0.07031
6894.8
4.4482
47.88
0.379
1.8
9.464 × 10−4
57.30
0.10472
4.848 × 10−6
1
14.594
32.17
0.0010764
To convert from
To
Millimeters of mercury at 0°C.
Millimicrons
Mils
Mils
Minims (U.S.)
Minutes (angle)
Minutes (mean solar)
Newtons
Ounces (avoirdupois)
Ounces (avoirdupois)
Ounces (U.S. fluid)
Ounces (troy)
Pints (U.S. liquid)
Poundals
Newtons per square meter
Microns
Inches
Meters
Cubic centimeters
Radians
Seconds
Kilograms
Kilograms
Ounces (troy)
Cubic meters
Ounces (apothecaries’)
Cubic meters
Newtons
Square feet
Square feet per hour
Square inches
Square inches
Square yards
Stokes
Tons (long)
Tons (long)
Tons (metric)
Tons (metric)
Tons (metric)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons (refrigeration)
Tons (British shipping)
Tons (U.S. shipping)
Torr (mm. mercury, 0°C.)
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watt-hours
Yards
Square meters
Square meters per second
Square centimeters
Square meters
Square meters
Square meters per second
Kilograms
Pounds
Kilograms
Pounds
Tons (short)
Kilograms
Pounds
B.t.u. per hour
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Newtons per square meter
B.t.u. per hour
Joules per second
Kilogram-meters per second
Joules
Meters
Multiply by
133.32
0.001
0.001
2.54 × 10−5
0.06161
2.909 × 10−4
60
0.10197
0.02835
0.9115
2.957 × 10−5
1.000
4.732 × 10−4
0.13826
0.0929
2.581 × 10−5
6.452
6.452 × 10−4
0.8361
1 × 10−4
1016
2240
1000
2204.6
1.1023
907.18
2000
12,000
42.00
40.00
133.32
3.413
1
0.10197
3600
0.9144
1-17
TABLE 1-7
Mass (M)
Length (L)
Common Units and Conversion Factors*
1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams
= 0.45359 kilograms
= 7000 grains
1 slug
= 32.174 pounds mass
1 ton (short) = 2000 pounds mass
1 ton (long) = 2240 pounds mass
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kilograms
= 2204.62 pounds mass
1 pound mole = 453.59 gram moles
= 30.480 centimeters
= 0.3048 meters
1 inch
= 2.54 centimeters
= 0.0254 meters
1 mile (U.S.) = 1.60935 kilometers
1 yard
= 0.9144 meters
1 foot
Area (L2)
Volume (L3)
1 square foot = 929.0304 square centimeters
= 0.09290304 square meters
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters
1 square yard = 0.836127 square meters
1 cubic foot
1 gallon
Time (θ)
1 hour
= 28,316.85 cubic centimeters
= 0.02831685 cubic meters
= 28.31685 liters
= 7.481 gallons (U.S.)
= 3.7853 liters
= 231 cubic inches
= 60 minutes
= 3600 seconds
Temperature (T)
1 centigrade or Celsius degree
= 1.8 Fahrenheit degree
Temperature, Kelvin
= T°C + 273.15
Temperature, Rankine
= T°F + 459.7
Temperature, Fahrenheit
= 9/5 T°C + 32
Temperature, centigrade or Celsius = 5/9 (T°F − 32)
Temperature, Rankine
= 1.8 T K
Force (F)
1 pound force = 444,822.2 dynes
= 4.448222 Newtons
= 32.174 poundals
Pressure (F/L2)
Normal atmospheric pressure
1 atm = 760 millimeters of mercury at 0°C
(density 13.5951 g/cm3)
= 29.921 inches of mercury at 32°F
= 14.696 pounds force/square inch
= 33.899 feet of water at 39.1°F
= 1.01325 × 106 dynes/square centimeter
= 1.01325 × 105 Newtons/square meter
Density (M/L3)
1 pound mass/cubic foot = 0.01601846 grams/cubic centimeter
= 16.01846 kilogram/cubic meter
Energy (H or FL)
1 British thermal unit = 251.98 calories
= 1054.4 joules
= 777.97 foot-pounds force
= 10.409 liter-atmospheres
= 0.2930 watt-hour
2
Diffusivity (L /θ)
1 square foot/hour = 0.258 cm2/s
= 2.58 × 10−5 m2/s
Viscosity (M/Lθ)
1 pound mass/foot hour = 0.00413 g/cm s
0.000413 kg/m s
1 centipoise
= 0.01 poise
= 0.01 g/cm s
= 0.001 kg/m s
= 0.000672 lbm/ft s
= 0.0000209 lbfs/ft2
Thermal conductivity [H/θL2(T/L)]
2
1 Btu/hr ft (°F/ft) = 0.00413 cal/s cm2 (°C/cm)
= 1.728 J/s m2 (°C/m)
Heat transfer coefficient
1 Btu/hr ft2 °F = 5.678 J/s m2 °C
Heat capacity (H/MT)
1 Btu/lbm °F = 1 cal/g °C
= 4184 J/kg °C
Gas constant
1.987 Btu/lbm mole °R = 1.987 cal/mol K
= 82.057 atm cm3/mol K
= 0.7302 atm ft3/lb mole °F
= 10.73 (lbf /in.2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
= 1545 (lbf /ft2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
= 8.314 (N/m2) (m3)/mol K
Gravitational acceleration
g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2
NOTE: U.S. customary units; or British units, on left and SI units on right.
*Adapted from Faust et al., Principles of Unit Operations, John Wiley and Sons, 1980.
TABLE 1-8
Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas
Viscosity scale
Saybolt Universal
Saybolt Furol
Redwood No. 1
Redwood Admiralty
Engler
Range of
t, sec
32 < t < 100
t > 100
25 < t < 40
t > 40
34 < t < 100
t > 100
Kinematic viscosity,
stokes
0.00226t − 1.95/t
0.00220t − 1.35/t
0.0224t − 1.84/t
0.0216t − 0.60/t
0.00260t − 1.79/t
0.00247t − 0.50/t
0.027t − 20/t
0.00147t − 3.74/t
TABLE 1-9
Temp.
scale
Values of the Gas-Law Constant
Press.
units
Vol.
units
Kelvin
atm.
atm.
mm. Hg
bar
kg/cm2
atm
mm Hg
cm3
liters
liters
liters
liters
ft3
ft3
atm
in Hg
mm Hg
lb/in2abs
lb/ft2abs
ft3
ft3
ft3
ft3
ft3
Rankine
1-18
Wt.
units
Energy
units
R
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
g-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
lb-moles
calories
joules (abs)
joules (int)
atm cm3
atm liters
mm Hg-liters
bar-liters
kg/(cm2)(liters)
atm-ft3
mm Hg-ft3
chu or pcu
Btu
hp-hr
kw-hr
atm-ft3
in Hg-ft3
mm Hg-ft3
(lb)(ft3)/in2
ft-lb
1.9872
8.3144
8.3130
82.057
0.08205
62.361
0.08314
0.08478
1.314
998.9
1.9872
1.9872
0.0007805
0.0005819
0.7302
21.85
555.0
10.73
1545.0
TABLE 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights
and Measures
Linear Measure
12 inches (in) or (″) = 1 foot (ft) or (′)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd)
16.5 feet
= 1 rod (rd)
5.5 yards
冧
冧
5280 feet
= 1 mile (mi)
320 rods
1 mil = 0.001 inch
Nautical:
TABLE 1-11
Temperature Conversion Formulas
°F = (°C × 5/9) + 32
°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
°R = °F + 459.69
°K = °C + 273.15
°K = °R × 5/9
Temperature difference, ⌬T
°F = °C × 9/5
NOTE: An extensive table of temperature conversions may be found in the
sixth edition of the Handbook (Table 1-12).
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
60 nautical miles = 1° of latitude
Square Measure
144 sq. inches (sq. in) or (in2) or (ⵧ″) = 1 sq. foot (ft2) or (ⵧ′)
9 sq. feet (ft2) (ⵧ′) = 1 sq. yard (yd2)
30.25 sq. yards = 1 sq. rod, pole, or perch
10 sq. chains
160 sq. rods =
= 1 acre
43,560 sq. ft
640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 1 section
1 circular inch (area of
circle of 1 inch diameter) = 0.7854 sq. inch
1 sq. inch = 1.2732 circular inch
1 circular mil = area of circle of 0.001
inch diameter
1,000,000 circular mils = 1 circular inch
冦
冧
Circular Measure
60 seconds (″) (sec) = 1 minute (min) or (′)
60 minutes (′) = 1 degree (°)
90 degrees (°) = 1 quadrant
360 degrees (°) = 1 circumference
= 1 radian (rad.)
57.29578 degrees
= 57° 17′ 44.81″
冦
Volume Measure
Solid:
1728 cubic in (cu. in) (in3) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft)(ft3)
27 cu. ft = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd)
Dry Measure:
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
1 United States
Winchester bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches
Liquid:
4 gills = 1 pint (pt)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal)
7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot
Apothecaries’ Liquid:
60 minims (min. or ) = 1 fluid dram or drachm
8 drams ( ) = 1 fluid ounce
16 ounces (oz. ) = 1 pint
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams = 437.5 grains = 1 ounce (oz)
16 ounces = 7000 grains = 1 pound (lb)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt)
2000 pounds = 1 short ton: 2240 pounds = 1 long ton
Troy Weight
24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz)
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
Apothecaries’ Weight
20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple ( )
3 scruples = 1 dram ( )
8 drams = 1 ounce ( )
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
1-19
TABLE 1-12
Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot*
145
140
sp gr 60°/60°F − 1
141.5
°Bé = 145 − ᎏ (heavier than H2O); °Bé = ᎏ − 130 (lighter than H2O); °Tw = ᎏᎏ °API = ᎏ − 131.5
sp gr
sp gr
0.005
sp gr
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
104.33
102.38
100.47
98.58
96.73
4.9929
5.0346
5.0763
5.1180
5.1597
37.350
37.662
37.973
38.285
38.597
0.700
.705
.710
.715
.720
70.00
68.58
67.18
65.80
64.44
94.00
92.22
90.47
88.75
87.05
94.90
93.10
91.33
89.59
87.88
5.2014
5.2431
5.2848
5.3265
5.3682
39.910
39.222
39.534
39.845
40.157
.725
.730
.735
.740
.745
.650
.655
.660
.665
.670
85.38
83.74
82.12
80.53
78.96
86.19
84.53
82.89
81.28
79.69
5.4098
5.4515
5.4932
5.5349
5.5766
40.468
40.780
41.092
41.404
41.716
.675
.680
.685
.690
.695
77.41
75.88
74.38
72.90
71.44
78.13
76.59
75.07
73.57
72.10
5.6183
5.6600
5.7017
5.7434
5.7851
42.028
42.340
42.652
42.963
43.275
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
°API
0.600
.605
.610
.615
.620
103.33
101.40
99.51
97.64
95.81
.625
.630
.635
.640
.645
°API
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
°API
70.64
69.21
67.80
66.40
65.03
5.8268
5.8685
5.9101
5.9518
5.9935
43.587
43.899
44.211
44.523
44.834
0.800
.805
.810
.815
.820
45.00
43.91
42.84
41.78
40.73
45.38
44.28
43.19
42.12
41.06
63.10
61.78
60.48
59.19
57.92
63.67
62.34
61.02
59.72
58.43
6.0352
6.0769
6.1186
6.1603
6.2020
45.146
45.458
45.770
46.082
46.394
.825
.830
.835
.840
.845
39.70
38.67
37.66
36.67
35.68
.750
.755
.760
.765
.770
56.67
55.43
54.21
53.01
51.82
57.17
55.92
54.68
53.47
52.27
6.2437
6.2854
6.3271
6.3688
6.4104
46.706
47.018
47.330
47.642
47.953
.850
.855
.860
.865
.870
.775
.780
.785
.790
.795
50.65
49.49
48.34
47.22
46.10
51.08
49.91
48.75
47.61
46.49
6.4521
6.4938
6.5355
6.5772
6.6189
47.265
48.577
48.889
49.201
49.513
.875
.880
.885
.890
.895
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
°API
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
6.6606
6.7023
6.7440
6.7857
6.8274
49.825
50.137
50.448
50.760
51.072
0.900
.905
.910
.915
.920
25.56
24.70
23.85
23.01
22.17
25.72
24.85
23.99
23.14
22.30
7.4944
7.5361
7.5777
7.6194
7.6612
56.062
56.374
56.685
56.997
57.310
40.02
38.98
37.96
36.95
35.96
6.8691
6.9108
6.9525
6.9941
7.0358
51.384
51.696
52.008
52.320
52.632
.925
.930
.935
.940
.945
21.35
20.54
19.73
18.94
18.15
21.47
20.65
19.84
19.03
18.24
7.7029
7.7446
7.7863
7.8280
7.8697
57.622
57.934
58.246
58.557
58.869
34.71
33.74
32.79
31.85
30.92
34.97
34.00
33.03
32.08
31.14
7.0775
7.1192
7.1609
7.2026
7.2443
52.943
53.255
53.567
53.879
54.191
.950
.955
.960
.965
.970
17.37
16.60
15.83
15.08
14.33
17.45
16.67
15.90
15.13
14.38
7.9114
7.9531
7.9947
8.0364
8.0780
59.181
59.493
59.805
60.117
60.428
30.00
29.09
28.19
27.30
26.42
30.21
29.30
28.39
27.49
26.60
7.2860
7.3277
7.3694
7.4111
7.4528
54.503
54.815
55.127
55.438
55.750
.975
.980
.985
.990
.995
1.000
13.59
12.86
12.13
11.41
10.70
10.00
13.63
12.89
12.15
11.43
10.71
10.00
8.1197
8.1615
8.2032
8.2449
8.2866
8.3283
60.740
61.052
61.364
61.676
61.988
62.300
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F.
wt. in
air
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
°Bé
°Tw
Lb per
gal at
60°F
wt in
air
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
0.72
1.44
2.14
2.84
3.54
1
2
3
4
5
8.3700
8.4117
8.4534
8.4950
8.5367
62.612
62.924
63.236
63.547
63.859
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
29.46
29.92
30.38
30.83
31.27
51
52
53
54
55
10.4546
10.4963
10.5380
10.5797
10.6214
78.206
78.518
78.830
79.141
79.453
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
48.65
48.97
49.29
49.61
49.92
101
102
103
104
105
12.5392
12.5809
12.6226
12.6643
12.7060
93.800
94.112
94.424
94.735
95.047
1.755
1.760
1.765
1.770
1.775
62.38
62.61
62.85
63.08
63.31
151
152
153
154
155
14.6238
14.6655
14.7072
14.7489
14.7906
109.394
109.705
110.017
110.329
110.641
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
4.22
4.90
5.58
6.24
6.91
6
7
8
9
10
8.5784
8.6201
8.6618
8.7035
8.7452
64.171
64.483
64.795
65.107
65.419
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
31.72
32.16
32.60
33.03
33.46
56
57
58
59
60
10.6630
10.7047
10.7464
10.7881
10.8298
79.765
80.077
80.389
80.701
81.013
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545
1.550
50.23
50.54
50.84
51.15
51.45
106
107
108
109
110
12.7477
12.7894
12.8310
12.8727
12.9144
95.359
95.671
95.983
96.295
96.606
1.780
1.785
1.790
1.795
1.800
63.54
63.77
63.99
64.22
64.44
156
157
158
159
160
14.8323
14.8740
14.9157
14.9574
14.9990
110.953
111.265
111.577
111.889
112.200
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
7.56
8.21
8.85
9.49
10.12
11
12
13
14
15
8.7869
8.8286
8.8703
8.9120
8.9537
65.731
66.042
66.354
66.666
66.978
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
33.89
34.31
34.73
35.15
35.57
61
62
63
64
65
10.8715
10.9132
10.9549
10.9966
11.0383
81.325
81.636
81.948
82.260
82.572
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570
1.575
51.75
52.05
52.35
52.64
52.94
111
112
113
114
115
12.9561
12.9978
13.0395
13.0812
13.1229
96.918
97.230
97.542
97.854
98.166
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820
1.825
64.67
64.89
65.11
65.33
65.55
161
162
163
164
165
15.0407
15.0824
15.1241
15.1658
15.2075
112.512
112.824
113.136
113.448
113.760
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
10.74
11.36
11.97
12.58
13.18
16
17
18
19
20
8.9954
9.0371
9.0787
9.1204
9.1621
67.290
67.602
67.914
68.226
68.537
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
35.98
36.39
36.79
37.19
37.59
66
67
68
69
70
11.0800
11.1217
11.1634
11.2051
11.2467
82.884
83.196
83.508
83.820
84.131
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595
1.600
53.23
53.52
53.81
54.09
54.38
116
117
118
119
120
13.1646
13.2063
13.2480
13.2897
13.3313
98.478
98.790
99.102
99.414
99.725
1.830
1.835
1.840
1.845
1.850
65.77
65.98
66.20
66.41
66.62
166
167
168
169
170
15.2492
15.2909
15.3326
15.3743
15.4160
114.072
114.384
114.696
115.007
115.318
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
13.78
14.37
14.96
15.54
16.11
21
22
23
24
25
9.2038
9.2455
9.2872
9.3289
9.3706
68.849
69.161
69.473
69.785
70.097
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
37.99
38.38
38.77
39.16
39.55
71
72
73
74
75
11.2884
11.3301
11.3718
11.4135
11.4552
84.443
84.755
85.067
85.379
85.691
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620
1.625
54.66
54.94
55.22
55.49
55.77
121
122
123
124
125
13.3730
13.4147
13.4564
13.4981
13.5398
100.037
100.349
100.661
100.973
101.285
1.855
1.860
1.865
1.870
1.875
66.83
67.04
67.25
67.46
67.67
171
172
173
174
175
15.4577
15.4993
15.5410
15.5827
15.6244
115.630
115.943
116.255
116.567
116.879
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
16.68
17.25
17.81
18.36
18.91
26
27
28
29
30
9.4123
9.4540
9.4957
9.5374
9.5790
70.409
70.721
71.032
71.344
71.656
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
39.93
40.31
40.68
41.06
41.43
76
77
78
79
80
11.4969
11.5386
11.5803
11.6220
11.6637
86.003
86.315
86.626
86.938
87.250
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645
1.650
56.04
56.32
56.59
56.85
57.12
126
127
128
129
130
13.5815
13.6232
13.6649
13.7066
13.7483
101.597
101.909
102.220
102.532
102.844
1.880
1.885
1.890
1.895
1.900
67.87
68.08
68.28
68.48
68.68
176
177
178
179
180
15.6661
15.7078
15.7495
15.7912
15.8329
117.191
117.503
117.814
118.126
118.438
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
19.46
20.00
20.54
21.07
21.60
31
32
33
34
35
9.6207
9.6624
9.7041
9.7458
9.7875
71.968
72.280
72.592
72.904
73.216
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
41.80
42.16
42.53
42.89
43.25
81
82
83
84
85
11.7054
11.7471
11.7888
11.8304
11.8721
87.562
87.874
88.186
88.498
88.810
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670
1.675
57.39
57.65
57.91
58.17
58.43
131
132
133
134
135
13.7900
13.8317
13.8734
13.9150
13.9567
103.156
103.468
103.780
104.092
104.404
1.905
1.910
1.915
1.920
1.925
68.88
69.08
69.28
69.48
69.68
181
182
183
184
185
15.8746
15.9163
15.9580
15.9996
16.0413
118.740
119.062
119.374
119.686
119.998
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
22.12
22.64
23.15
23.66
24.17
36
37
38
39
40
9.8292
9.8709
9.9126
9.9543
9.9960
73.528
73.840
74.151
74.463
74.775
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
43.60
43.95
44.31
44.65
45.00
86
87
88
89
90
11.9138
11.9555
11.9972
12.0389
12.0806
89.121
89.433
89.745
90.057
90.369
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695
1.700
58.69
58.95
59.20
59.45
59.71
136
137
138
139
140
13.9984
14.0401
14.0818
14.1235
14.1652
104.715
105.027
105.339
105.651
105.963
1.930
1.935
1.940
1.945
1.950
69.87
70.06
70.26
70.45
70.64
186
187
188
189
190
16.0830
16.1247
16.1664
16.2081
16.2498
120.309
120.621
120.933
121.245
121.557
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
24.67
25.17
25.66
26.15
26.63
41
42
43
44
45
10.0377
10.0793
10.1210
10.1627
10.2044
75.087
75.399
75.711
76.022
76.334
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
45.34
45.68
46.02
46.36
46.69
91
92
93
94
95
12.1223
12.1640
12.2057
12.2473
12.2890
90.681
90.993
91.305
91.616
91.928
1.705
1.710
1.715
1.720
1.725
59.96
60.20
60.45
60.70
60.94
141
142
143
144
145
14.2069
14.2486
14.2903
14.3320
14.3737
106.275
106.587
106.899
107.210
107.522
1.955
1.960
1.965
1.970
1.975
70.83
71.02
71.21
71.40
71.58
191
192
193
194
195
16.2915
16.3332
16.3749
16.4166
16.4583
121.869
122.181
122.493
122.804
123.116
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
27.11
27.59
28.06
28.53
29.00
46
47
48
49
50
10.2461
10.2878
10.3295
10.3712
10.4129
76.646
76.958
77.270
77.582
77.894
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
47.03
47.36
47.68
48.01
48.33
96
97
98
99
100
12.3307
12.3724
12.4141
12.4558
12.4975
92.240
92.552
92.864
93.176
93.488
1.730
1.735
1.740
1.745
1.750
61.18
61.34
61.67
61.91
62.14
146
147
148
149
150
14.4153
14.4570
14.4987
14.5404
14.5821
107.834
108.146
108.458
108.770
109.082
1.980
1.985
1.990
1.995
2.000
71.77
71.95
72.14
72.32
72.50
196
197
198
199
200
16.5000
16.5417
16.5833
16.6250
16.6667
123.428
123.740
124.052
124.364
124.676
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
°Bé
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F
wt in
air
Sp
gr
60°/
60°
Lb per
ft3 at
60°F.
wt. in
air
*Prepared by Lewis V. Judson, Ph.D., Chief of Length Section of National Bureau of Standards with the advice and assistance of E. L. Peffer, B.S., A.M., late Chief of Capacity and Density
Section, National Bureau of Standards.
1-20
TABLE 1-13
Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges*
Values in approximate decimals of an inch
As a number of gauges are in use for various shapes and metals, it is advisable to state the thickness in thousandths when specifying gauge number.
Gauge
number
American
(AWG) or
Brown &
Sharpe
(B & S) (for
nonferrous
wire
and sheet)†
U.S. Steel
Wire (Stl
WG) or
Washburn
& Moen or
Roebling or
Am. Steel
& Wire Co.
[A. (steel)
WG] (for
steel wire)
Birmingham
(BWG)
(for steel
wire)
or Stubs
Iron
Wire
(for iron
or brass
wire)‡
U.S.
Standard
(for sheet
and plate
metal,
wrought
iron)
0000000
000000
00000
0000
000
00
0
—
—
—
0.460
.410
.365
.325
0.4900
.4615
.4305
.3938
.3625
.3310
.3065
—
—
—
0.454
.425
.380
.340
1
2
3
4
5
.289
.258
.229
.204
.182
.2830
.2625
.2437
.2253
.2070
6
7
8
9
10
.162
.144
.128
.114
.102
11
12
13
14
15
U.S. Steel
Wire (Stl
WG) or
Washburn
& Moen or
Roebling or
Am. Steel
& Wire Co.
[A. (steel)
WG] (for
steel wire)
Birmingham
(BWG)
(for steel
wire)
or Stubs
Iron
Wire
(for iron
or brass
wire)‡
U.S.
Standard
(for sheet
and plate
metal,
wrought
iron)
Standard
Birmingham
(BG) (for
sheet and
hoop metal)
Imperial
Standard
and
Wire
Gauge
(SWG)
(British
legal
standard)
Gauge
number
Gauge
number
American
(AWG) or
Brown &
Sharpe
(B & S) (for
nonferrous
wire
and sheet)†
Standard
Birmingham
(BG) (for
sheet and
hoop metal)
Imperial
Standard
and
Wire
Gauge
(SWG)
(British
legal
standard)
Gauge
number
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.6666
.6250
.5883
.5416
.5000
.4452
.3964
0.500
.464
.432
.400
.372
.348
.324
0000000
000000
00000
0000
000
00
0
26
27
28
29
30
0.0159
.0142
.0126
.0113
.0100
0.0181
.0173
.0162
.0150
.0140
0.018
.016
.014
.013
.012
0.0188
.0172
.0156
.0141
.0125
0.0196
.0175
.0156
.0139
.0123
0.018
.0164
.0148
.0136
.0124
26
27
28
29
30
.300
.284
.259
.238
.220
—
—
0.239
.224
.209
.3532
.3147
.2804
.2500
.2225
.300
.276
.252
.232
.212
1
2
3
4
5
31
32
33
34
35
.0089
.0080
.0071
.0063
.0056
.0132
.0128
.0118
.0104
.0095
.010
.009
.008
.007
.005
.0109
.0102
.0094
.0086
.0078
.0110
.0098
.0087
.0077
.0069
.0116
.0108
.0100
.0092
.0084
31
32
33
34
35
.1920
.1770
.1620
.1483
.1350
.203
.180
.165
.148
.134
.194
.179
.164
.150
.135
.1981
.1764
.1570
.1398
.1250
.192
.176
.160
.144
.128
6
7
8
9
10
36
37
38
39
40
.0050
.0045
.0040
.0035
.0031
.0090
.0085
.0080
.0075
.0070
.004
—
—
—
—
.0070
.0066
.0062
—
—
.0061
.0054
.0048
.0043
.0039
.0076
.0068
.0060
.0052
.0048
36
37
38
39
40
.091
.081
.072
.064
.057
.1205
.1055
.0915
.0800
.0720
.120
.109
.095
.083
.072
.120
.105
.090
.075
.067
.1113
.0991
.0882
.0785
.0699
.116
.104
.092
.080
.072
11
12
13
14
15
41
42
43
44
45
—
—
—
—
—
.0066
.0062
.0060
.0058
.0055
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
.0034
.0031
.0027
.0024
.0022
.0044
.0040
.0036
.0032
.0028
41
42
43
44
45
16
17
18
19
20
.051
.045
.040
.036
.032
.0625
.0540
.0475
.0410
.0348
.065
.058
.049
.042
.035
.060
.054
.0478
.0418
.0359
.0625
.0556
.0495
.0440
.0392
.064
.056
.048
.040
.036
16
17
18
19
20
46
47
48
49
50
—
—
—
—
—
.0052
.0050
.0048
.0046
.0044
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
.0019
.0017
.0015
.0014
.0012
.0024
.0020
.0016
.0012
.0010
46
47
48
49
50
21
22
23
24
25
.0285
.0253
.0226
.0201
.0179
.0317
.0286
.0258
.0230
.0204
.032
.028
.025
.022
.020
.0329
.0299
.0269
.0239
.0209
.0349
.0313
.0278
.0248
.0220
.032
.028
.024
.022
.020
21
22
23
24
25
Metric wire gauge is 10 times the diameter in millimeters.
*Courtesy of Dr. Lewis V. Judson with I. H. Fullmer, National Bureau of Standards.
† Sometimes used for iron wire.
‡ Sometimes used for copper plate and for steel plate 12 gauge and heavier and for steel tubes.
1-21
TABLE 1-14
Fundamental Physical Constants
1 sec = 1.00273791 sidereal seconds
g0 = 9.80665 m/sec2
1 liter = 0.001 cu. m
1 atm = 101,325 newtons/sq m
1 mm Hg (pressure) = (1⁄ 760) atm
= 133.3224 newtons/sq m
1 int ohm = 1.000495 ⫾ 0.000015 abs ohm
1 int amp = 0.999835 ⫾ 0.000025 abs amp
1 int coul = 0.999835 ⫾ 0.000025 abs coul
1 int volt = 1.000330 ⫾ 0.000029 abs volt
1 int watt = 1.000165 ⫾ 0.000052 abs watt
1 int joule = 1.000165 ⫾ 0.000052 abs joule
T0°C = 273.150 ⫾ 0.010°K
(PV)0°CP=0 = (RT)0°C = 2271.16 ⫾ 0.04 abs joule/mole
= 22,414.6 ⫾ 0.4 cu. cm atm/mole
= 22.4146 ⫾ 0.0004 liter atm/mole
R = 8.31439 ⫾ 0.00034 abs joule/deg mole
= 1.98719 ⫾ 0.00013 cal/deg mole
= 82.0567 ⫾ 0.0034 cu. cm atm/deg mole
= 0.0820567 ⫾ 0.0000034 liter atm/deg mole
ln 10 = 2.302585
R ln 10 = 19.14460 ⫾ 0.00078 abs joule/deg mole
= 4.57567 ⫾ 0.00030 cal/deg mole
N = (6.02283 ⫾ 0.0022) × 1023/mole
h = (6.6242 ⫾ 0.0044) × 10−34 joule sec
c = (2.99776 ⫾ 0.00008) × 108 m/sec
(h2/8π2k) = (4.0258 ⫾ 0.0037) × 10−39 g sq cm deg
(h/8π2c) = (2.7986 ⫾ 0.0018) × 10−39 g cm
Z = Nhc = 11.9600 ⫾ 0.0036 abs joule cm/mole
= 2.85851 ⫾ 0.0009 cal cm/mole
(Z/R) = (hc/k) = c2 = 1.43847 ⫾ 0.00045 cm deg
Ᏺ = 96,501.2 ⫾ 10.0 int coul/g-equiv or int joule/int volt g-equiv
= 96,485.3 ⫾ 10.0 abs coul/g-equiv or abs joule/abs volt g-equiv
= 23,068.1 ⫾ 2.4 cal/int volt g-equiv
= 23,060.5 ⫾ 2.4 cal/abs volt g-equiv
e = (1.60199 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−19 abs coul
= (1.60199 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−20 abs emu
= (4.80239 ⫾ 0.00180) × 10−10 abs esu
1 int electron-volt/molecule = 96,501.2 ⫾ 10 int joule/mole
= 23,068.1 ⫾ 2.4 cal/mole
1 abs electron-volt/molecule = 96,485.3 ⫾ 10. abs joule/mole
= 23,060.5 ⫾ 2.4 cal/mole
1 int electron-volt = (1.60252 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−12 erg
1 abs electron-volt = (1.60199 ⫾ 0.00060) × 10−12 erg
hc = (1.23916 ⫾ 0.00032) × 10−4 int electron-volt cm
= (1.23957 ⫾ 0.00032) × 10−4 abs electron-volt cm
k = (8.61442 ⫾ 0.00100) × 10−5 int electron-volt/deg
= (8.61727 ⫾ 0.00100) × 10−5 abs electron-volt/deg
= (R/N) = (1.38048 ⫾ 0.00050) × 10−23 joule/deg
1 IT cal = (1⁄ 860) = 0.00116279 int watt-hr
= 4.18605 int joule
= 4.18674 abs joule
= 1.000654 cal
1 cal = 4.1840 abs joule
= 4.1833 int joule
= 41.2929 ⫾ 0.0020 cu. cm atm
= 0.0412929 ⫾ 0.0000020 liter atm
1 IT cal/g = 1.8 Btu/lb
1 Btu = 251.996 IT cal
= 0.293018 int watt-hr
= 1054.866 int joule
= 1055.040 abs joule
= 252.161 cal
1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb (wt)/sec
= 745.578 int watt
= 745.70 abs watt
1 in = (1/0.3937) = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 0.304800610 m
1 lb = 453.5924277 g
1 gal = 231 cu. in
= 0.133680555 cu. ft
= 3.785412 × 10−3 cu. m
= 3.785412 liter
1-22
sec = mean solar second
Definition: g0 = standard gravity
Definition: atm = standard atmosphere
mm Hg (pressure) = standard millimeter mercury
int = international; abs = absolute
amp = ampere
coul = coulomb
Absolute temperature of the ice point, 0°C
PV product for ideal gas at 0°C
R = gas constant per mole
ln = natural logarithm (base e)
N = Avogadro number
h = Planck constant
c = velocity of light
Constant in rotational partition function of gases
Constant relating wave number and moment of inertia
Z = constant relating wave number and energy per mole
c2 = second radiation constant
Ᏺ = Faraday constant
e = electronic charge
Constant relating wave number and energy per molecule
k = Boltzmann constant
Definition of IT cal: IT = International steam tables
cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition: cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition of Btu: Btu = IT British Thermal Unit
cal = thermochemical calorie
Definition of horsepower (mechanical): lb (wt) = weight of 1 lb
at standard gravity
Definition of in: in = U.S. inch
ft = U.S. foot (1 ft = 12 in)
Definition; lb = avoirdupois pound
Definition; gal = U.S. gallon
CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS TO SI UNITS
American engineers are probably more familiar with the magnitude of physical
entities in U.S. customary units than in SI units. Consequently, errors made in
the conversion from one set of units to the other may go undetected. The following six examples will show how to convert the elements in six dimensionless
groups. Proper conversions will result in the same numerical value for the
dimensionless number. The dimensionless numbers used as examples are the
Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Schmidt, and Archimedes numbers.
Table 1-7 provides a number of useful conversion factors. To make a conversion of an element in U.S. customary units to SI units, one multiplies the value
of the U.S. customary unit, found on the left side in the table, by the equivalent
value on the right side. For example, to convert 10 British thermal units to
joules, one multiplies 10 by 1054.4 to obtain 10544 joules.
In each example, the initial values of the factors are expressed in U.S. customary units, and the dimensionless value is calculated. Then the factors are
converted to SI units, and the dimensionless value is recalculated. The two
dimensionless values will be approximately the same. (Small variations occur
due to the number of significant figures carried in the solution.)
Example 1. Calculation of a Reynolds Number
DVρ
NRe = ᎏ
µ
U.S. customary units
D = 3 in. = 3⁄12 ft
V = 6 ft/s
ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3
µ = 0.015 cp = (0.015)(0.000672) lbm/ft⋅s
(3/12)(6)(0.08)
NRe = ᎏᎏ = 11,904
(0.015)(0.000672)
SI units
D = (3)(0.0254) m
V = (6)(0.3048) m/s
ρ = (0.08)(16.018) kg/m3
µ = (0.015)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
(Difference due to rounding)
Example 4. Calculation of a Grashof Number
NGr = L3ρ2gβ(∆T)/µ2
U.S. Customary units
L = 3 ft
ρ = 0.0725 lbm/ft3
g = 32.174 ft/s2
β = 0.00168/°R
∆T = 99 °R
µ = 0.019 centipoise = 0.019 × 0.000672 lbm/ft⋅s
= 1.277 × 10−5 lbm/ft⋅s
(33) (0.0725)2(32.174) (0.00168) (99)
= 4.66 × 109
NGr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏ
(1.277 × 10−5)2
SI units
L = (3)(0.3048) = 0.9144 m
ρ = (0.0725)(16.018) = 1.1613 kg/m3
g = 9.807 m/s2
β = (0.00168)/(1.8) = 0.000933/°K
∆T = (99)(1.8) = 178.2 °K
µ = (0.019)(0.001) = 1.9 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s
(0.9144)3(1.1613)2(9.807)(0.000933)(178.2)
= 4.66 × 109
NGr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ
(1.9 × 10−5)2
Example 5. Calculation of a Schmidt Number
µ
NSc = ᎏ
ρD
(3 × 0.0254) (6 × 0.3048) (0.08 × 16.018)
NRe = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ = 11,904
(0.015) (0.001)
Example 2. Calculation of a Prandtl Number
Cp µ
NPr = ᎏ
k
U.S. customary units
γp = 0.47 Btu/lbm °F
µ = 15 centipoise = (15) (0.000672) (3600) lbm/ft⋅hr
k = 0.065 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft)
(0.47) (15 × 0.000672 × 3600)
NPr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏ = 262.4
0.065
SI units
γ = (0.47)(4184) J/kg °C
µ = (15)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
k = (0.065)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m)
(0.47) (4184) (15) (0.001)
NPr = ᎏᎏᎏ = 262.6
(0.065) (1.728)
(Difference due to rounding)
Example 3. Calculation of a Nusselt Number
hD
NNu = ᎏ
k
U.S. customary units
h = 200 Btu/hr⋅ft2⋅°F
D = 1.5 in. = 1.5/12 ft
k = 0.07 Btu/hr⋅ft2 (°F/ft)
(200)(1.5/12)
NNu = ᎏᎏ = 357.1
0.07
SI units
h = (200)(5.678) J/(s⋅m2⋅°C)
D = (1.5)(0.0254) m
k = (0.07)(1.728) J/s⋅m2 (°C/m)
(200) (5.678) (1.5) (0.0254)
NNu = ᎏᎏᎏ = 357.7
(0.07) (1.728)
U.S. customary units
µ = 0.02 centipoise = (0.02)(2.42) lbm/ft⋅hr
ρ = 0.08 lbm/ft3
D = 1.0 ft2/hr (diffusivity)
(0.02) (2.42)
NSc = ᎏᎏ = 0.605
(0.08)(1.0)
SI units
µ = (0.02)(0.001) kg/m⋅s
ρ = (0.08)(16.02) kg/m2
D = (1.0)(2.58 × 10−5) m2/s
(0.02) (0.001)
= 0.605
NSc = ᎏᎏᎏᎏ
(0.08)(16.02)(1.0) (2.58 × 10−5)
Example 6. Calculation of an Archimedes Number
d 3ρf(ρp − ρf)g
NAr = ᎏᎏ
µ2
U.S. customary units
d = 2 mm = 2/[(1000)(0.3048)] = 0.00656 ft
ρf = 0.0175 lbm/ft3
ρp = 168.5 lbm/ft3
g = 32.174 ft/s2
µ = 0.04 centipoise = 0.04 × 0.000672 = 2.688−5 lbm/ft⋅s
(0.00656)3 (0.0175) (168.5 − 0.017) (32.174)
= 37,064
NAr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ
(2.688 × 10−5)2
SI units
d = 2/1000 m
ρp = 168.5 × 16.02 = 2699.37 kg/m3
ρf = 0.0175 × 16.02 = 0.2804 g/m3
g = 9.807 m/s2
µ = 0.04 × 0.001 = 4 × 10−5 kg/m⋅s
(2/1000)3 (0.2804) (2699.37 − 0.28) (9.807)
= 37,118
NAr = ᎏᎏᎏᎏᎏ
(4 × 10−5)2
(Difference due to rounding)
1-23
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
TABLE 1-15
Mathematical Signs, Symbols, and Abbreviations
⫾ (⫿)
:
⬋
<
⬏
>
⬐
⬵
∼
⬑
≠
⬟
∝
∞
∴
兹苶苶
3
苶苶
兹
n
兹苶苶
⬔
⊥
储
|x|
log or log10
loge or ln
e
a°
a′ a
a″ a
sin
cos
tan
ctn or cot
sec
csc
vers
covers
exsec
sin−1
sinh
cosh
tanh
sinh−1
f(x) or φ(x)
∆x
冱
dx
dy/dx or y′
d2y/dx2 or y″
dny/dxn
∂y/∂x
∂ny/∂xn
∂ny
ᎏ
∂x∂y
冮
冕
plus or minus (minus or plus)
divided by, ratio sign
proportional sign
less than
not less than
greater than
not greater than
approximately equals, congruent
similar to
equivalent to
not equal to
approaches, is approximately equal to
varies as
infinity
therefore
square root
cube root
nth root
angle
perpendicular to
parallel to
numerical value of x
common logarithm or Briggsian logarithm
natural logarithm or hyperbolic logarithm or Naperian
logarithm
base (2.178) of natural system of logarithms
an angle a degrees
prime, an angle a minutes
double prime, an angle a seconds, a second
sine
cosine
tangent
cotangent
secant
cosecant
versed sine
coversed sine
exsecant
anti sine or angle whose sine is
hyperbolic sine
hyperbolic cosine
hyperbolic tangent
anti hyperbolic sine or angle whose hyperbolic sine is
function of x
increment of x
summation of
differential of x
derivative of y with respect to x
second derivative of y with respect to x
nth derivative of y with respect to x
partial derivative of y with respect to x
nth partial derivative of y with respect to x
nth partial derivative with respect to x and y
integral of
b
integral between the limits a and b
a
ẏ
ÿ
∆ or ∇2
δ
冖
1-24
first derivative of y with respect to time
second derivative of y with respect to time
the “Laplacian”
∂2
∂2
∂2
ᎏ2 + ᎏ2 + ᎏ2
∂x
∂y
∂z
sign of a variation
sign for integration around a closed path
冢
冣
TABLE 1-16
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Greek Alphabet
= Α, α = A, a
= Β, β = B, b
= Γ, γ = G, g
= ∆, δ = D, d
= Ε, ε = E, e
= Ζ, ζ = Z, z
= Η, η = E, e
= Θ, θ = Th, th
= Ι, ␫ = I, i
= Κ, κ = K, k
= Λ, λ = L, l
= Μ, µ = M, m
Nu
Xi
Omicron
Pi
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
= Ν, ν = N, n
= Ξ, ξ = X, x
= Ο, ο = O, o
= Π, π = P, p
= Ρ, ρ = R, r
= Σ, σ = S, s
= Τ, τ = T, t
= ⌼, υ = U, u
= Φ, φ = Ph, ph
= Χ, χ = Ch, ch
= Ψ, ψ = Ps, ps
= Ω, ω = O, o
Section 2
Physical and Chemical Data*
Peter E. Liley, Ph.D., D.I.C., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
(physical and chemical data)
George H. Thomson, AIChE Design Institute for Physical Property Data. (Tables 2-6,
2-30, 2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, 2-221)
D.G. Friend, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO. (Tables 2-333,
2-334, Figs. 2-25, 2-26)
Thomas E. Daubert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University. (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
Evan Buck, M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Thermophysical Property Skill Center, Central Technology, Union Carbide Corporation. (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties)
GENERAL REFERENCES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Tables
2-1
2-2
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-3
Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from −15 to 0°C . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-4
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from −16 to 0°C . . . . . . . . .
2-5
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from 0 to 100°C . . . . . . . . .
2-6
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids. . . . . . . . .
2-6a Alphabetical Index to Substances in Tables 2-6, 2-30,
2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, and 2-221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-7
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm . . . .
2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm. . . . . .
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables and Figures
2-9
Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . .
2-10 Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl . . .
2-11
2-7
2-28
2-12
2-13
2-48
2-48
2-48
2-48
2-49
2-50
2-55
2-57
2-61
2-76
2-76
2-76
2-14
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-21
2-22
2-23
Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Partial Pressure of
H2O Vapor (Fig. 2-1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressures of H3PO4 Aqueous: Weight of H2O in
Saturated Air (Fig. 2-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous Solutions
of Sulfur Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid
Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric
Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous
Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions . . . .
Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous
Solutions of HNO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous Solutions
of HBr at 20 to 55°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions of HI
at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric
Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH3COOH . .
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HN3 . .
Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions
(Fig. 2-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . .
Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . . .
2-77
2-77
2-77
2-78
2-80
2-82
2-83
2-84
2-85
2-85
2-85
2-85
2-85
2-85
2-86
2-87
* The contributions of J.K. Fink, Argonne National Laboratory; U. Grigull, Tech. Universität, Munich, Germany; and H. Sato, Keio University, Japan, are acknowledged.
2-1
2-2
2-24
2-25
2-26
2-27
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH3 . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of
Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over Aqueous
Solutions of Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of
Sodium Hydroxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES
Chart for Gases at High Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Content of Air (Fig. 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-28
Density (kg/m3) of Water from 0 to 100°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-29
Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-30
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS
Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-31 Aluminum Sulfate [A12(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-32 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-33 Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-34 Ammonium Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-35 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-36 Ammonium Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-37 Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-38 Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-39 Arsenic Acid (H3A3O4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-40 Barium Chloride (BaCl2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-41 Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-42 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-43 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-44 Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-45 Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-46 Chromic Acid (CrO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-47 Chromium Chloride (CrCl3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-48 Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-49 Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-50 Cuprous Chloride (Cu2Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-51 Ferric Chloride (FeCl3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-52 Ferric Sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-53 Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-54 Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-55 Hydrogen Bromide (HBr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-56 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-57 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-58 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-59 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-60 Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-61 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-62 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-63 Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-64 Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-65 Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-66 Nitric Acid (HNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-67 Perchloric Acid (HClO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-68 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-69 Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-70 Potassium Bromide (KBr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-71 Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-72 Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-73 Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-74 Potassium Chloride (KCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-75 Potassium Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-76 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-77 Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-78 Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-79 Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-80 Potassium Sulfite (K2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-81 Sodium Acetate (NaC2H3O2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-82 Sodium Arsenate (Na3AsO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-83 Sodium Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-84 Sodium Bromide (NaBr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-85 Sodium Formate (HCOONa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-86 Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-87 Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-88
2-89
2-89
2-89
2-90
2-90
2-91
2-91
2-93
2-94
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-99
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-100
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-101
2-102
2-103
2-103
2-103
2-103
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-104
2-105
2-105
2-88
2-89
2-90
2-91
2-92
2-93
2-94
2-95
2-96
2-97
2-98
2-99
2-100
2-101
2-102
2-103
2-104
2-105
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Chromate (Na2CrO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Silicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Sulfide (Na2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na2S2O3⋅5H2O). . . . . . . .
Stannic Chloride (SnCl4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
Units and Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-106 Formic Acid (HCOOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-107 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-108 Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-109 Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-110 Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-111 Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20°C . . . . . . .
2-112 Specific Gravity (60°/60°F [(15.56°/15.56°C)]) of
Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-113 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-114 Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-115 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-116 Hydrazine (N2H4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-117 Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic
Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
Tables
2-118 Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of
Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-119 Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a Function of
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOLUBILITIES
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-120 Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at
Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-121 Acetylene (C2H2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-122 Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-123 Ammonia (NH3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-124 Ammonia (NH3)—Low Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-125 Carbon Dioxide (CO2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-126 Carbon Monoxide (CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-127 Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-128 Chlorine (Cl2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-129 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-130 Ethane (C2H6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-131 Ethylene (C2H4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-132 Helium (He) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-133 Hydrogen (H2)—Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-134 Hydrogen (H2)—Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-135 Hydrogen Chloride (HCl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-136 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-137 Methane (CH4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-138 Nitrogen (N2)—Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-139 Nitrogen (N2)—Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-140 Oxygen (O2)—Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-141 Oxygen (O2)—Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-142 Ozone (O3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-143 Propylene (C3H6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-144 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THERMAL EXPANSION
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal Expansion of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-145 Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-105
2-105
2-105
2-105
2-105
2-105
2-106
2-106
2-106
2-106
2-106
2-106
2-106
2-107
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-109
2-110
2-111
2-111
2-112
2-113
2-114
2-115
2-115
2-116
2-116
2-117
2-119
2-120
2-120
2-121
2-125
2-125
2-125
2-125
2-125
2-125
2-125
2-126
2-126
2-126
2-126
2-126
2-126
2-127
2-127
2-127
2-127
2-127
2-127
2-127
2-127
2-128
2-128
2-128
2-128
2-128
2-128
2-129
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
2-146
2-147
2-148
Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances. . . . . . . . . . .
Cubical Expansion of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cubical Expansion of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-149 Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-150 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced
Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-151 Joule-Thomson Data for Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-152 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Air . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-153 Joule-Thomson Data for Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-154 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Argon. . . . . . . . . . .
2-155 Joule-Thomson Data for Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-156 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Carbon Dioxide . .
2-157 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Deuterium . . . . . .
2-158 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Ethane. . . . . . . . . .
2-159 Joule-Thomson Data for Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-160 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Normal Hydrogen. .
2-161 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Methane . . . . . . . .
2-162 Joule-Thomson Data for Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-163 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Propane. . . . . . . . .
CRITICAL CONSTANTS
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table
2-164 Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMPRESSIBILITIES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-165 Compressibility Factors for Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-166 Compressibility Factors for Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-167 Compressibility Factors for Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-168 Compressibility Factors for Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . .
2-169 Compressibility Factors for Ethanol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-170 Compressibility Factors for Ethylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-171 Compressibility Factors for Normal Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . .
2-172 Compressibility Factors for KLEA 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-173 Compressibility Factors for KLEA 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-174 Compressibility Factors for KLEA 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-175 Compressibility Factors for Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-176 Compressibility Factors for Methane (R50) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-177 Compressibility Factors for Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-178 Compressibility Factors for Neon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-179 Compressibility Factors for Nitrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-180 Compressibility Factors for Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-181 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-182 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-183 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-184 Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 134a . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-185 Compressibility Factors for Water Substance (fps units) . . .
2-186 Compressibility Factors of Water Substance (SI units) . . . . .
2-187 Compressibility Factors for Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-188 Compressibilities of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-189 Compressibilities of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LATENT HEATS
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-190 Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and
Inorganic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-191 Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-192 Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-193 Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-194 Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
2-195 Specific Heat [kJ/(kg·K)] of Selected Elements. . . . . . . . . . .
2-196 Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids . . . . . . . .
2-197 Specific Heats of Organic Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-198 Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in
the Ideal Gas State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-130
2-131
2-131
2-132
2-132
2-133
2-133
2-133
2-133
2-134
2-134
2-134
2-134
2-134
2-135
2-135
2-135
2-135
2-135
2-136
2-136
2-140
2-140
2-140
2-140
2-141
2-141
2-141
2-142
2-142
2-142
2-143
2-143
2-143
2-144
2-144
2-144
2-145
2-145
2-145
2-146
2-146
2-146
2-147
2-148
2-149
2-149
2-150
2-150
2-151
2-153
2-154
2-156
2-161
2-161
2-161
2-169
2-170
2-175
2-178
2-199 Cp /Cv: Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1-atm Pressure . .
2-200 Specific Heat Ratio, Cp /Cv, for Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3
2-183
2-183
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-201 Acetic Acid (at 38°C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-202 Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-203 Aniline (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-204 Copper Sulfate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-205 Ethyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-206 Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-207 Hydrochloric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-208 Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-209 Nitric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-210 Phosphoric Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-211 Potassium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-212 Potassium Hydroxide (at 19°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-213 Normal Propyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-214 Sodium Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-215 Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-216 Sodium Hydroxide (at 20°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-217 Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-218 Zinc Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-184
2-185
2-185
2-185
2-185
2-185
2-185
2-185
2-185
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
Tables
2-219 Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids . . . . . . .
2-219a Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-186
2-186
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table
2-220 Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HEATS OF COMBUSTION
Table
2-221 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies,
and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and
Organic Compounds at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-222 Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT − h298 (kJ/kgmol), of
Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-223 Ideal Gas Entropies, s°, kJ/kgmol⋅K, of Combustion
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-184
2-184
2-186
2-187
2-195
2-199
2-200
HEATS OF SOLUTION
Tables
2-224 Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water . . . . . . 2-201
2-225 Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite
Dilution and Approximately Room Temperature). . . . . . . . 2-204
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Explanation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-226 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Acetone . . . . . . . . .
2-227 Saturated Acetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-228 Saturated Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-229 Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Air . . . . . . . . . . .
2-230 Enthalpy and Psi Functions for Ideal-Gas Air . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Air (Fig. 2-5) . . . . . . . . .
2-231 Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-232 Saturated Ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Ammonia (Fig. 2-6) . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ammonia
(Fig. 2-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-233 Saturated Argon (R740) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-234 Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Argon . . . . . . . .
2-235 Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the Argon-NitrogenOxygen System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-236 Thermodynamic Properties of the International Standard
Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-237 Saturated Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-238 Saturated Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-239 Saturated Normal Butane (R600). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-240 Superheated Normal Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-205
2-205
2-205
2-206
2-206
2-207
2-208
2-212
2-213
2-214
2-214
2-215
2-216
2-217
2-217
2-218
2-221
2-221
2-222
2-222
2-223
2-4
2-241
2-242
2-243
2-244
2-245
2-246
2-247
2-248
2-249
2-250
2-251
2-252
2-253
2-254
2-255
2-256
2-257
2-258
2-259
2-260
2-261
2-262
2-263
2-264
2-265
2-266
2-267
2-268
2-269
2-270
2-271
2-272
2-273
2-274
2-275
2-276
2-277
2-278
2-279
2-280
2-281
2-282
2-283
2-284
2-285
2-286
2-287
2-288
2-289
2-290
2-291
2-292
2-293
2-294
2-295
2-296
2-297
2-298
2-299
2-300
2-301
2-302
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Saturated Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Superheated Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Carbon Monoxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon Monoxide
(Fig. 2-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon
Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Chlorine (Fig. 2-9) . . .
Saturated Chloroform (R20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Decane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Normal Deuterium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Deuterium Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deuterium Oxide Gas at 1-kg/cm3 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Diphenyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Ethane (R170) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Superheated Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ethyl
Alcohol (Fig. 2-10). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Ethylene (Ethene—R1150) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fluorine Gas at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flutec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Halon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Helium3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Helium4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Superheated Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helium4 Gas at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated n-Heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Hydrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated n-Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed n-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated para-Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrogen Sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Hydrogen
Chloride at 1 atm (Fig. 2-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Isobutane (R600a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Mercury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Mercury (Fig. 2-12) . .
Superheated Methane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Methanol . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Methanol . . . . .
Saturated Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed Neon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Nitrogen (R728) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Nitrogen (Fig. 2-13) . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Nitrogen (R728) at
Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mollier Diagram for Nitrous Oxide (Fig. 2-14) . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Octane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Oxygen (R732) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature-Entropy Chart for Oxygen (Fig. 2-15) . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Oxygen-Nitrogen
Mixture at 1 atm (Fig. 2-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pentane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mollier Diagram for Potassium (Fig. 2-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Propane (R290). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Propylene (Propene, R1270) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed Propylene (Propene, R1270). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 11
(Fig. 2-18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 12
(Fig. 2-19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-224
2-225
2-225
2-303
2-304
2-305
2-226
2-227
2-227
2-228
2-229
2-230
2-231
2-231
2-232
2-232
2-232
2-233
2-233
2-234
2-235
2-235
2-236
2-237
2-239
2-239
2-239
2-239
2-239
2-240
2-241
2-241
2-242
2-242
2-243
2-243
2-244
2-246
2-246
2-246
2-247
2-248
2-248
2-249
2-249
2-249
2-250
2-251
2-252
2-253
2-254
2-255
2-256
2-256
2-257
2-257
2-258
2-259
2-259
2-259
2-260
2-261
2-261
2-262
2-263
2-264
2-264
2-264
2-265
2-266
2-267
2-268
2-269
2-269
2-270
2-270
2-306
2-307
2-308
2-309
2-310
2-311
2-312
2-313
2-314
2-315
2-316
2-317
2-318
2-319
2-320
2-321
2-322
2-323
2-324
2-325
2-326
2-327
2-328
2-329
2-330
2-331
2-332
2-333
2-334
2-335
2-336
2-337
2-338
2-339
2-340
2-341
2-342
2-343
2-344
2-345
2-346
2-347
2-348
2-349
2-350
2-351
2-352
2-353
2-354
2-355
2-356
2-271
Saturated Refrigerant 13B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 22
(Fig. 2-20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Compressed R22 . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Difluoromethane
(R32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specific Heat at Constant Pressure, Thermal Conductivity,
Viscosity, and Prandtl of R32 Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated SUVA MP 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUVA MP 39 at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 32
(Fig. 2-21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA 60 . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA 61 . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 60 (Fig. 2-22). .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 61 (Fig. 2-23). .
Saturated SUVA HP 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUVA HP 62 at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA 66 . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 66
(Fig. 2-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated SUVA MP 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUVA MP 66 at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated SUVA HP 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUVA HP 80 at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated SUVA HP 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUVA HP 81 at Atmospheric Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 113. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 115. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 123 . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 124. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123
(Fig. 2-25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 125 . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerant 134a . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 125
(Fig. 2-26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Gaseous
Refrigerant 134a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refrigerant 141b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
(Fig. 2-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refrigerant 142b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant R143a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant R152a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 245. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refrigerant C 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 502. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 503. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Refrigerant 504. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 507 . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater . . . . . . . .
Saturated Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mollier Diagram for Sodium (Fig. 2-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sodium
Hydroxide at 1 atm (Fig. 2-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Sulfur Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Sulfur
Hexafluoride (SF6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sulfuric Acid
at 1 atm (Fig. 2-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy–Log-Pressure Diagram for Sulfur Hexafluoride
(Fig. 2-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated SUVA AC 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Solid/Vapor Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saturated Water Substance–Temperature (fps units) . . . . . .
Saturated Water Substance–Temperature (SI units) . . . . . . .
Saturated Liquid Water–Miscellaneous Properties . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Steam . . . . . . . .
Density, Specific Heats at Constant Pressure and at
Constant Volume and Velocity of Sound for Compressed
Water, 1–1000 bar, 0–150°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specific Heat and Other Thermophysical Properties of
Water Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-272
2-272
2-273
2-273
2-274
2-274
2-275
2-276
2-276
2-276
2-277
2-278
2-278
2-279
2-280
2-281
2-281
2-281
2-282
2-283
2-283
2-283
2-284
2-284
2-284
2-285
2-286
2-286
2-287
2-287
2-288
2-289
2-289
2-290
2-291
2-292
2-293
2-294
2-294
2-295
2-295
2-296
2-296
2-297
2-297
2-298
2-298
2-298
2-299
2-299
2-300
2-301
2-302
2-302
2-303
2-303
2-303
2-304
2-304
2-304
2-305
2-306
2-308
2-309
2-311
2-313
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
2-357 Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance along
the Melting Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-358 Saturated Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-359 Compressed Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-360 Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants . . .
2-361 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants at
Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-362 Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants. . .
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2-363 Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-364 Viscosities of Gases: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-32. . . .
Nomograph for Determining (a) Absolute Viscosity of
a Gas as a Function of Temperature Near Ambient
Pressure and (b) Relative Viscosity of a Gas Compared
with Air (Fig. 2-32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-365 Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-33 . .
Nomograph for Viscosities of Liquids at 1 atm (Fig. 2-33) . .
2-366 Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nomograph for Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids
(Fig. 2-34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-367 Thermal Conductivity Nomograph Coordinates . . . . . . . . . .
2-368 Prandtl Number of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-369 Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-370 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-371 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) . . . . . . . . .
2-372 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-373 Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-374 Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature Table for Metals . . . . .
2-375 Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-376 Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-377 Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for Refrigeration
and Building Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-378 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High
Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-379 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Moderate
Temperatures (Nusselt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-380 Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Low
Temperatures (Gröber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-381 Thermal Diffusivity (m2/s) of Selected Elements . . . . . . . . .
2-382 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid
Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PREDICTION AND CORRELATION
OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pure Component Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 1 Estimate the Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure
of 2-Butanol Using the Ambrose Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 2 Estimate the Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure
of 2-Butanol, Which Has an Experimental Normal Boiling Point
of 372.7 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 3 Estimate the Critical Volume of 2-Butanol . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Compressibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normal Freezing Temperature (Melting Point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normal Boiling Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4 Estimate the Normal Boiling Point of 2-Butanol. . . . . . .
Acentric Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous Characterizing Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correlation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prediction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 5 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of 1-Butene at 98°C. . . . . .
Example 6 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Tetralin at 150°C . . . . . .
Example 7 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Thiophene at 500 K. . . .
Example 8 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Acetaldehyde at 0°C . . .
Ideal Gas Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-315
2-315
2-316
2-317
2-317
2-318
2-318
2-318
2-318
2-319
2-320
2-321
2-322
2-323
2-324
2-324
2-324
2-325
2-325
2-326
2-328
2-330
2-333
2-334
2-335
2-335
2-335
2-335
2-336
2-336
2-336
2-337
2-337
2-337
2-338
2-339
2-340
2-340
2-340
2-342
2-342
2-344
2-344
2-344
2-344
2-344
2-345
2-345
2-345
2-345
2-345
2-346
2-346
2-346
2-347
2-347
2-347
Heat Capacity, C po . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 9 Using Eq. 2-48 to Estimate the Ideal Gas Heat
Capacity of Acetone (C3H6O) at 600 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 10 H°f 298 of 2-Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gibbs Energy of Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 11 G°f 298 of Phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entropy of Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Vaporization and Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 12 Estimate Hv of Propionaldehyde at 350 K . . . . . . . . . .
Example 13 Estimate Hv of Ethyl Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 14 Estimate Hv of Ethyl Acetate at 450 K. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enthalpy of Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid and Liquid Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 15 Estimate Solid Heat Capacity of Dinenzothiophene. . .
Liquid Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 16 Estimate Liquid Heat Capacity of 2-Butanol. . . . . . . . .
Example 17 Estimate Liquid Heat Capacity of 1,4 Pentadiene . . . .
Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correlation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Density Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 18 Estimate the Molar Volume of Isobutane at 155°C
and 1.0 MPa Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 19 Estimate the Molar Volume of Isobutane at 155°C
and 8.6 MPa Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Density Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 20 Estimate the Density of Saturated Liquid Propane
at 0°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 21 Estimate the Liquid Density of n-Nonane at 104.5°C
and 6.893 MPa Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid Density Prediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correlation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 22 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Propane at 101.3 kPa
and 80°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 23 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of a Mixture of
Propane and Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 24 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Isopropyl Alcohol
at 251°C and Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 25 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide at
350 K and a Total Pressure of 20 MPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 26 Estimate the Liquid Viscosity of cis-1,4dimethylcyclohexane at 0°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vapor and Liquid Thermal Conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 27 Estimate Thermal Conductivity for n-Hexane. . . . . . . .
Example 28 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide
at 370 K and Low Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 29 Estimate the Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide
at 370 K and 10 MPa Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 30 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of a Mixture. . . . . . . . .
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 31 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Octane at
373.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 32 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Octane at
473.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 33 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Butanol . . . . . . . .
Example 34 Estimate the Thermal Conductivity of
n-Propionaldehyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 35 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-Butanol . . . . . . . .
Example 36 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of a Mixture. . . . . . . . .
Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gas Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 37 Estimate the Diffusivity of Benzene Vapor Diffusing
into Air at 30°C and 96.5 kPa Total Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 38 Estimate the Diffusivity of Hydrogen (1) in Nitrogen
(2) at 60°C and 17.23 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 39 Estimate the Infinite Dilution Diffusivity of Propane
(1) in Chlorobenzene (2) at 25°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Tension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 40 Estimate Surface Tension for Mercaptan. . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 41 Estimate Surface Tension for Isobutytic Acid . . . . . . . .
Example 42 Estimate Surface Tension of a Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 43 Estimate Surface Tension of a Water-Methanol
Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flammability Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-5
2-347
2-348
2-348
2-348
2-348
2-348
2-348
2-349
2-349
2-350
2-350
2-350
2-350
2-351
2-351
2-351
2-351
2-351
2-354
2-355
2-355
2-355
2-355
2-357
2-358
2-359
2-360
2-361
2-361
2-362
2-362
2-363
2-363
2-363
2-364
2-365
2-366
2-367
2-367
2-367
2-367
2-368
2-368
2-368
2-368
2-369
2-369
2-369
2-369
2-370
2-370
2-370
2-370
2-371
2-371
2-371
2-372
2-372
2-372
2-372
2-373
2-374
GENERAL REFERENCES
Considerations of reader interest, space availability, the system or systems of
units employed, copyright considerations, etc., have all influenced the revision
of material in previous editions for the present edition. Reference is made at
numerous places to various specialized works and also, when appropriate, to
more general works. A listing of general works may be useful to readers in need
of further information.
ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, IP and SI editions, ASHRAE, Atlanta,
various dates; Beaton, C.F. and G.F. Hewitt, Physical Property Data for the
Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989 (394 pp.); Benedek, P. and F.
Olti, Computer-Aided Chemical Thermodynamics of Gases and Liquids, Wiley,
New York, 1985 (731 pp.); Daubert, T.E. and R.P. Danner, Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals, 4 vols., Hemisphere, New York, 1989
(2030 pp.); suppl. 1, 1991 (456 pp.); suppl. 2, 1992 (736 pp.); Gmehling, J.,
Azeotropic Data, 2 vols., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1994 (1900 pp.); Kaye,
S.M., Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, U.S. Army R&D command, Dover, NJ, 1980; King, M.B., Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures, Pergamon,
Oxford, 1969; Lyman, W.J., W.F. Reehl et al., Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1982 (929 pp.); Ohse, R.W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell
Sci. Pubs., Oxford, England, 1985 (1020 pp.); Reid, R.C., J.M. Prausnitz et al.,
The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987 (742 pp.);
Sterbacek, Z., B. Biskup et al., Calculation of Properties Using Corresponding
States Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979.
Compilations of critical data include Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Critical
Properties,” N.P.L. Teddington, Middx. rept. Chem 107, 1980 (62 pp.); Brule,
M.R., L.L Lee et. al., Chem. Eng., 86, 25 (Nov. 19, 1979) 155–164; Kudchaker,
2-6
A.P., G.H. Alani et al., Chem. Revs., 68 (1968) 659–735; Matthews, J.F., Chem.
Revs., 72 (1972) 71–100; Reid, R.C., J.M. Prausnitz et al., The Properties of
Gases and Liquids, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987 (741 pp.); Ohse,
R.W. and H. von Tippelskirch, High Temp.—High Press., 9 (1977) 367–385;
Young, D.A., “Phase Diagrams of the Elements,” UCRL Rept. 51902, 1975 (64
pp.); republished in expanded form by the University of California Press, 1991.
Rothman, D. et al., Max Planck Inst. f. Stromungsforschung, Ber 6, 1978
(77 pp.).
PUBLICATIONS ON THERMOCHEMISTRY
Pedley, J.B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, 1,
Thermodyn. Res. Ctr., Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (976 pp., 3000 cpds.); Frenkel,
M., G.J. Kabo et al., Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State,
2 vols., Thermodyn. Res. Ctr., Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (1825 pp., 2000 cpds.);
Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 2 vols., 2d ed., VCH Weinheim, Germany 1993 (1834 pp., 2400 substances); and Gurvich, L.V., I.V. Veyts
et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 3 vols., 4th ed.,
Hemisphere, New York, 1989, 1990, and 1993 (2520 pp.). See also Lide, D.R.
and G.W.A. Milne, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 7 vols., 3d ed.,
Chemical Rubber, Miami, 1993 (7000 pp.); Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner et al.,
Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation,
extant 1995, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA, 1995; Database 11, N.I.S.T. Gaithersburg, MD. U.S. Bureau of Mines publications include Bulletins 584, 1960 (232
pp.); 592, 1961 (149 pp.); 595, 1961 (68 pp.); 654, 1970 (26 pp.) Chase, M.W.,
C.A. Davies et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3d ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data 14 suppl 1., 1986 (1896 pp.).
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds*
Abbreviations Used in the Table
a., acid
A., specific gravity with reference to air = 1
abs., absolute
ac., acetic acid
act., acetone
al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol
alk, alkali (i.e., aq. NaOH or
KOH)
am., amyl (C5H11)
amor., amorphous
anh., anhydrous
aq., aqueous or water
aq. reg., aqua regia
atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of
mercury pressure
bk., black
brn., brown
bz., benzene
c., cold
cb., cubic
cc, cubic centimeter
chl., chloroform
col., colorless or white
conc., concentrated
cr., crystals or crystalline
d., decomposes
D., specific gravity with reference to hydrogen = 1
d. 50, decomposes at 50°C; 50
d., melts at 50°C with
decomposition
delq., deliquescent
dil., dilute
dk., dark
eff., effloresces or efflorescent
et., ethyl ether
expl., explodes
gel., gelatinous
gly., glycerol (glycerin)
gn., green
h., hot
hex., hexagonal
hyg., hygroscopic
i., insoluble
ign., ignites
lq., liquid
lt., light
m. al., methyl alcohol
mn., monoclinic
nd., needles
NH3, liquid ammonia
NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide
solution
oct., octahedral
or., orange
pd., powder
Formula weights are based upon the International Atomic Weights of 1941 and are computed to the
nearest hundredth.
Refractive index, where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biaxial crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for
the sodium D-line (λ = 589.3 mµ).
Specific gravity values are given at room temperatures (15° to 20°C) unless otherwise indicated by
the small figures which follow the value: thus, “5.6 18°
4 ” indicates a specific gravity of 5.6 for the substance
at 18°C referred to water at 4°C. In this table the values for the specific gravity of gases are given with
reference to air (A) = 1, or hydrogen (D) = 1.
Melting point is recorded in a certain case as “82 d.” and in some other case as “d. 82,” the distinction being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82°C,
while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82°C. Where a value such as “−2H2O, 82” is given it indicates loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperature of 82°C.
Boiling point is given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated;
thus, “8215 mm.” indicates the boiling point is 82°C when the pressure is 15 mm.
Name
Aluminum
acetate, normal
acetate, basic
bromide
bromide
carbide
chloride
chloride
fluoride (fluellite)
fluoride
hydroxide
nitrate
nitride
oxide
oxide (corundum)
phosphate
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Al
Al(C2H3O2)3
Al(OH)(C2H3O2)2
AlBr3
AlBr3·6H2O
Al4C3
AlCl3
26.97
204.10
162.07
266.72
374.82
143.91
133.34
silv., cb.
wh. pd.
wh., amor.
trig.
col., delq. cr.
yel., hex., 2.70
wh., delq., hex.
AlCl3·6H2O
AlF3·H2O
Al2F6·7H2O
Al(OH)3
Al(NO3)3·9H2O
Al2N2
Al2O3
Al2O3
AlPO4
241.44
101.99
294.05
77.99
375.14
81.96
101.94
101.94
121.95
col., delq., trig., 1.560
col., rhb., 1.490
wh., cr. pd.
wh., mn.
rhb., delq.
yel., hex.
col., hex., 1.67–8
wh., trig., 1.768
col., hex.
pl., plates
pr., prisms or prismatic
pyr., pyridine
rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic)
s., soluble
satd., saturated
sl., slightly
soln., solution
subl., sublimes
sulf., sulfides
tart. a., tartaric acid
tet., tetragonal
tr., transition
tri., triclinic
trig., trigonal
v., very
vac., in vacuo
vl., violet
volt., volatile or volatilizes
wh., white
yel., yellow
∞, soluble in all proportions
<, less than
>, greater than
42, about or near 42
−3H2O, 100, loses 3 moles of
water per formula weight at
100°C
Solubility is given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by
weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility
is often expressed in some manner as “510° cc” which indicates that at 10°C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in
100 g. of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, etc., represent
dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solubility.
REFERENCES: The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources:
Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Longmans, New York, 1922.
Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1924. Friend, Textbook
of Inorganic Chemistry, Griffin, London, 1914. Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic
Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals, Wiley, New York, 1931. International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1926. Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques, McGraw-Hill, New
York. Annual Tables of Physical Constants and Numerical Data, National Research Council, Princeton,
N.J., 1943. Comey and Hahn, A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Macmillan, New York, 1921. Seidell,
Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds, Van Nostrand, New York, 1940.
Specific
gravity
2.7020°
3.01 25°
4
2.95
2.44 25°
4
2.17
2.42
3.05
3.99
4.00
2.59
25°
4
Melting
point, °C
660
d. 200
d.
97.5
d. 100
d. >2200
1945.2atm.
d.
−4H2O, 120
−2H2O, 300
73
21504atm.
1999 to 2032
1999 to 2032
Boiling
point, °C
2056
268
752mm
182.7
;
subl. 178
−6H2O, 250
d. 134
d. >1400
2210
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
i.
s.
i.
s.
s.
d. to CH4
69.8715°
400
sl. s.
i.
0.00010418°
v. s.
d. slowly
i.
i.
i.
Hot water
i.
d.
Other reagents
s. HCl, H2SO4, alk.
s. d.
s.a.; i. NH4 salts
s.al., act., CS2
s. al., CS2
s. a.; i. act.
s. et., chl., CCl4; i. bz.
v. s.
50 al.; s. et.
s.
sl. s.
i.
v. s. d.
i.
i.
i.
s. a., alk.; i. a.
s. al., CS2
s. alk. d.
v. sl. s. a., alk.
v. sl. s. a., alk.
s. a., alk.; i. ac.
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange, “Handbook of Chemistry.”
2-7
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Aluminum (Cont.)
potassium silicate (muscovite)
potassium silicate (orthoclase)
Aluminum potassium tartrate
sodium fluoride (cryolite)
sodium silicate
sulfate
Alum, ammonium (tschermigite)
ammonium chrome
ammonium iron
potassium (kalinite)
potassium chrome
sodium
Ammonia†
Ammonium acetate
auricyanide
bicarbonate
bromide
carbonate
carbonate, carbamate
Formula
3Al2O3·K2O·6SiO2·
2H2O
Al2O3·K2O·6SiO2
AlK(C4H4O6)2
AlF3·3NaF
Al2O3·Na2O·6SiO2
Al2(SO4)3
Al2(SO4)3·(NH4)2SO4·
24H2O
Cr2(SO4)3·(NH4)2SO4·
24H2O
Fe2(SO4)3·(NH4)2SO4·
24H2O
Al2(SO4)3·K2SO4·
24H2O
Cr2(SO4)3·K2SO4·
24H2O
Al2(SO4)3·Na2SO4·
24H2O
NH3
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Boiling
point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
mn., 1.590
2.9
d.
i.
556.49
362.21
209.96
524.29
342.12
906.64
col., mn., 1.524
col.
wh., mn., 1.3389
col., tri., 1.529
wh. cr.
col., oct., 1.4594
2.56
1450 (1150)
2.90
2.61
2.71
1.64 20°
4
1000
1100
d. 770
93.5
i.
s.
sl. s.
i.
31.30°
3.90°
956.72
gn. or vl., oct., 1.4842
1.72
964.40
vl., oct., 1.485
1.71
40
col., mn., 1.4564
1.76 26°
4
92
998.84
red or gn., cb., 1.4814
1.83
89
916.56
col., oct., 1.4388
17.03
col. gas, 1.325 (lq.)
77.08
337.33
79.06
97.96
114.11
157.11
wh., hyg. cr.
pl.
mn. or rhb., 1.5358
col., cb., 1.7108
col. pl.
wh. cr.
272.22
wh.
53.50
444.05
373.14
367.52
152.09
44.06
252.10
392.21
37.04
57.05
63.06
hydrosulfide
hydroxide
molybdate
molybdate, heptanitrate (α), stable −16° to 32°
nitrate (β), stable 32° to 84°
NH4HS
NH4OH
(NH4)2MoO4
(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O‡
NH4NO3
NH4NO3
51.11
35.05
196.03
1235.95
80.05
80.05
col., rhb.
in soln. only
mn.
col., mn.
col., tet., 1.611
col., rhb. or mn.
nitrite
osmochloride
oxalate
oxalate, acid
perchlorate
persulfate
phosphate, monobasic
NH4NO2
(NH4)2OsCl6
(NH4)2C2O4·H2O
NH4HC2O4·H2O
NH4ClO4
(NH4)2S2O8
NH4H2PO4
64.05
439.02
142.12
125.08
117.50
228.20
115.04
wh. nd.
cb.
col., rhb.
col., trimetric
col., rhb., 1.4833
wh., mn., 1.5016
col., tet., 1.5246
wh., cb., 1.639, 1.6426
yel., cb.
tet.
pink., cb.
yel., mn.
col., cb.
or., mn.
mn.
wh., hex.
wh., rhb., 1.390
col., mn., delq.
−20H2O, 120;
−24H2O, 200
100 d.
948.76
chloride (salammoniac)
chloroplatinate
chloroplatinite
chlorostannate
chromate
cyanide
dichromate
ferrocyanide
fluoride
fluoride, acid
formate
2-8
Melting
point, °C
796.40
NH4C2H3O2
NH4CN·Au(CN)3·H2O
NH4HCO3
NH4Br
(NH4)2CO3·H2O
NH4HCO3·
NH2CO2NH4‡
(NH4)2CO3·
2NH4HCO3·H2O
NH4Cl
(NH4)2PtCl6
(NH4)2PtCl4
(NH4)2SnCl6
(NH4)2CrO4
NH4CN
(NH4)2Cr2O7
(NH4)4Fe(CN)6·6H2O
NH4F
NH4F·HF
HCO2NH4
carbonate, sesqui-
Specific
gravity
20°
4
1.675
−79°
0.817
0.5971 (A)
1.073
1.573
2.327 15°
4
1.53
3.065
2.4
1.91712°
0.79100° (A)
2.15
25°
124
−18H2O, 64.5
i. al.
50
106.4
0°
i. al.
45°
121.7
−77.7
−33.4
89.9
114
d. 200
d. 35–60
subl. 542
d. 58
subl.
d.
1484°
s.
11.90°
6810°
10015°
2515°
v. s.
2730°
145.6100°
2015°
5049°
d. 350
d.
d.
subl. 520
d. 180
36
d. 185
d.
12°
2.21 12
1.266
114–116
2.27
d.
1.66 25°
4
1.725 25°
4
169.6
1.69
2.93 20°
4
1.501
1.556
1.95
1.98
1.803 19°
4
expl.
d.
d. 180; subl.
in vac.
subl. 120
d. 210
d. 210
0°
0°
29.4
0.715°
s.
33.315°
40.530°
s.
47.230°
s.
v. s.
v. s.
1020°
i. al.
7.4
96°
14.820° al.; s. et.
s. al.; sl. s. act.
i. al.
i. al.
s. al., et., act.
i. al., CS2, NH3
6765°
77.3100°
1.25100°
v. s.
s. NH3; sl. s. al., m. al.
0.005 al.
d.
v. s.
v. s.
d.
sl. s. act., NH3; i. al.
s. al.
s. al.; i. act.
i. al.
s. al.; i. NH3
53180°
s. al.
d.
i. al., NH3
i. al.
v. s.
s.
d.
4425°
118.30°
365.835°
241.830°
58080°
s.
d.
3.820° al., 17.120° m. al.;
v. s. NH3
s. al.
11.850°
sl. s. al.; i. NH3
46.9100°
d.
173.2100°
220° al.; s. act.; i. et.
0°
d.
d.
d. 120
i. al.
∞93°
20
61
i. HCl
d. a.
s. al.
25°
5.70°
Other reagents
s.
i.
89100°
∞ 100°
21.2
d.
17°
Hot water
2.5
s.
10.90°
58.20°
22.70°
s. al.
i. ac.
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, metaAmmonium phosphomolybdate
silicofluoride
sulfamate
sulfate (mascagnite)
sulfate, acid
sulfide
sulfide, pentasulfite
sulfite, acid
tartrate
thiocyanate
vanadate, metaAntimony
chloride, tri- (butter of
antimony)*
oxide, tri- (valentinite)
oxide, tri- (senarmontite)
sulfide, tri- (stibnite)
(NH4)2HPO4
(NH4)4P4O12
(NH4)3PO4·12MoO3·
3H2O (?)
(NH4)2SiF6
NH4·SO3NH2
(NH4)2SO4
NH4HSO4
(NH4)2S
(NH4)2S5
(NH4)2SO3·H2O
NH4HSO3
(NH4)2C4H4O6
NH4CNS
NH4VO3
Sb
132.07
388.08
1930.55
178.14
114.12
132.14
115.11
68.14
196.38
134.16
99.11
184.15
76.12
116.99
121.76
col., mn., 1.53
col., mn.
yel.
13115°
s.
0.0315°
1.619
2.21
d.
cb., 1.3696
col. pl.
col., rhb., 1.5230
col., rhb., 1.480
yel.-wh.
or.-red pr.
col., mn.
rhb.
col., mn.
col., mn., 1.685
col. cr.
tin wh., trig.
2.01
i.
17.5°
s. alk.; i. al., HNO3
1380
18.5
1340°
70.60°
100
v. s.
s.
10012°
s.
450°
1200°
0.4418°
i.
87
17020°
3.0570°
i.
73.4
220.2
601.60°
∞72°
1570
v. sl. s.
1.769 20°
4
1.78
132
235 d.
146.9
d.
1.41
2.03 12°
4
1.60
1.305
2.326
6.68425°
d.
d.
d.
149.6
d.
630.5
SbCl3
228.13
col., rhb., delq.
3.14 20°
4
Sb2O3
Sb2O3
Sb2S3
291.52
291.52
339.70
rhb., 2.35
cb., 2.087
bk., rhb., 4.046
5.67
5.2
4.64
656
652
550
subl.
d. 160
i. act.
490
d. 170
0.00017
55.5
35750°
103.3100°
s. al.; i. act.
i. al., act., CS2
v. sl. s. al.; i. act.
12025° NH3
i. al., act.
60°
sl. s.
18°
d.
sl. s. al.
s. al., act., NH3, SO2
i. al., NH4Cl
s. aq. reg., h. conc.
H2SO4
s. al., HCl, HBr,
H2C4H4O6
s. HCl, KOH, H2C4H4O6
s. HCl; alk., NH4HS,
K2S; i. ac.
s. HCl, alk., NH4HS
sulfide, pentatelluride, triAntimonyl potassium tartrate
(tartar emetic)
sulfate, normal
sulfate, basic
Argon
Sb2S5
Sb2Te3
403.82
626.35
golden
gray
4.1200°
−2S, 135
629
i.
i.
(SbO)KC4H4O6·a H2O
(SbO)2SO4
(SbO)2SO4·Sb2(OH)4
A
333.94
371.58
683.13
39.94
wh., rhb.
wh. pd.
wh. pd.
col. gas
2.60
4.89
−a H2O, 100
−189.2
−185.7
35.7100°
d.
d.
2.2350° cc
s. gly.; i. al.
Arsenic (crystalline) (α)
Arsenic (black) (β)
As4
As4
299.64
299.64
met., hex.
bk., amor.
1.65−288°;
1.402−185.7°;
1.38 (A)
5.72714°
4.720°
5.268.7°
d.
i.
5.60° cc
81436atm.
subl. 615
i.
i.
i.
i.
Arsenic (yellow)(γ)
acid, orthoacid, metaacid, pyropentoxide
sulfide, di- (realgar)
As4
H3AsO4·a H2O
HAsO3
H4As2O7
As2O5
As2S2
299.64
150.94
123.92
265.85
229.82
213.94
yel., cb.
col., hyg.
wh., hyg.
col.
wh., amor.
red, mn., 2.68
2.020°
2.0–2.5
s. HNO3
s. HNO3, aq. reg.,
aq. Cl2, h. alk.
d. 358
35.5
d.
d. 206
−H2O, 160
50
H3AsO4
H3AsO4
76.7100°
d.
s. alk.
d.
565
16.7
d. to form
d. to form
59.50°
i.
sulfide, pentaArsenious chloride (butter of
arsenic)
hydride (arsine)
oxide (arsenolite)
oxide (claudetite)
oxide
As2S5
310.12
yel.
d. 500
0.0001360°
i.
s. HNO3, alk.
AsCl3
AsH3
As2O3
As2O3
As2O3
181.28
77.93
197.82
197.82
197.82
oily lq.
col. gas
col., cb., fibrous, 1.755
col., mn., 1.92
amor. or vitreous
130
−55; d. 230
d.
20 cc
sl. s.
sl. s.
1.210°
d.
sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
2.9340°
Auric chloride
AuCl3·2H2O
339.60
or. cr.
v. s.
v. s.
cyanide
Aurous chloride
cyanide
Cf. also under Gold
Barium
acetate
acetate
bromide
Au(CN)3·6H2O
AuCl
AuCN
383.35
232.66
223.22
yel. cr.
yel. cr.
7.4
v. s.
d.
i.
v. s.
d.
i.
s. HCl, HBr, PCl3
sl. s. alk.
i. al., et.
i. al., et.
s. HCl, alk., Na2CO3;
i. al., et.
s. HCl, al., et.; sl. s.
NH3
s. al.
s. HCl, HBr; d. al.
s. KCN; i. al., et.
Ba
Ba(C2H3O2)2
Ba(C2H3O2)2·H2O
BaBr2
137.36
255.45
273.46
297.19
silv. met.
col.
wh., tri. pr., 1.517
col.
3.5
2.468
2.19
4.781 24°
4
d.
58.80°
7530°(anh.)
980°
d.
75.0100°
7940°(anh.)
149100°
4.086
(α)3.50619°;
(β)3.25419°
lq. 2.163
2.695 (A)
3.865 25°
4
3.85
3.738
(α)tr. 267;
(β)307
−18
−113.5
subl.
subl.
315
d.
d. 50
AuCl3, 170
d.
d. 290
850
1140
−H2O, 41
847
d.
5.1515° gly.
2425° cc al.
s. alk., al.
s. K2S, NaHCO3
s. a.; d. al.
i. al.
v. s. m. al.; v. sl. s. act.
*Usually the solution.
†See special tables.
‡Usual commercial form.
2-9
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Barium (Cont.)
bromide
carbonate (witherite)
carbonate (α)
carbonate (β)
Barium chlorate
chlorate
chloride
chloride
chloride
hydroxide
hydroxide
nitrate (nitrobarite)
oxalate
oxide
peroxide
peroxide
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, pyrosilicofluoride
sulfate (barite, barytes)
sulfide, monosulfide, trisulfide, tetraBeryllium (glucinum)
Bismuth
carbonate, subchloride, dichloride, trinitrate
nitrate, suboxide, trioxide, trioxide, trioxychloride
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
−2H2O, 100
tr. 811 to α
tr. 982 to β
174090atm
414
d. 120
tr. 925
962
−2H2O, 100
BaBr2·2H2O
BaCO3
BaCO3
BaCO3
Ba(ClO3)2
Ba(ClO3)2·H2O*
BaCl2
BaCl2
BaCl2·2H2O†
Ba(OH)2
Ba(OH)2·8H2O
Ba(NO3)2
BaC2O4
BaO
333.22
197.37
197.37
197.37
304.27
322.29
208.27
208.27
244.31
171.38
315.50
261.38
225.38
153.36
col., mn., 1.7266
wh., rhb., 1.676
wh., hex.
wh.
col.
col., mn., 1.577
col., mn., 1.7361
col., cb.
col., mn., 1.646
col., mn.
col., mn., 1.5017
col., cb., 1.572
wh. cr.
col., cb., 1.98
BaO2*
BaO2·8H2O
BaH4(PO4)2
BaHPO4
Ba3(PO4)2
Ba2P2O7
BaSiF6
BaSO4
169.36
313.49
331.35
233.35
602.04
448.68
279.42
233.42
gray or wh. pd.
pearly sc.
tri.
wh., rhb. nd., 1.635
wh., cb.
wh., rhb.
pr.
col., rhb., 1.636
BaS
BaS3
BaS4·2H2O
Be(Gl)
Bi
169.42
233.54
301.63
9.02
209.00
Bi2O3·CO2·H2O
BiCl2(?)
BiCl3*
Bi(NO3)3·5H2O
BiONO3·H2O
Bi2O3
Bi2O3
Bi2O3
BiOCl
528.03
279.91
315.37
485.10
305.02
466.00
466.00
466.00
260.46
col., cb., 2.155
yel.-gn.
red, rhb.
gray, met., hex.
silv. wh. or reddish,
hex.
wh. pd.
bk. nd.
wh. cr.
col., tri.
hex. pl.
yel., rhb.
yel., tet.
yel., cb.
wh., amor.
6.86
4.86
4.75
2.82
4.92815°
8.9
8.55
8.20
7.7215°
d.
163
230
d. 30
d. 260
820
860
tr. 704
185 d.
3.69
4.29
3.179
3.856 24°
4
3.097 24°
4
4.495
16°
2.188
3.24428°
2.658
5.72
4.958
4°
2.9
4.16515°
4.116°
3.920°
4.27915°
4.49915°
Boiling
point, °C
d.
d. 1450
1560
1560
2.988
1.816
9.8020°
Hot water
v. s.
0.0065100°
s. al.
s. a.; i. al.
0.002218°
20.350°
s.
310°
0.0065100°
84.880°
s.
59100°
s. a.; i. al.
76.8100°
101.480°
sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
77.9
592
−8H2O, 550
d.
1923
2000
d.
d.
d.
tr. to mn. 1149
v. sl. s.
0.168
d.
0.015
i.
0.01
0.02617°
0.0001150°
2767
1450
d.
s.
4115°
i.
i.
d.
s.
v. s.
sl. s. d.
i.
i.
d.
d.
d.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
2.660°
40.2100°
−O, 800
−8H2O, 100
1580 d.
d. 400
d. 200
1284
271
d. 300
447
−5H2O, 80
1900
Other reagents
v. s.
0.002218°
39.30°
1.670°
5.615°
5.00°
0.00168°
1.50°
4.2515°
20°
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
34.2100°
0.002424°
90.880°
0.09100°
0.00028530°
sl. s. al., act.
sl. s. HCl, HNO3; i. al.
v. sl. s. al.; i. et.
sl. s. a.; i. al.
s. a., NH4Cl; i. al.
s. HCl, HNO3, abs. al.;
i. NH3, act.
s. dil. a.; i. act.
s. dil. a.; i. al., et., act.
s. a.
s. a., NH4 salts
s. a.
s. a., NH4 salts
sl. s. HCl, NH4Cl; i. al.
s. conc. H2SO4; 0.006,
3% HCl
d. HCl; i. al.
i. al., CS2
s. dil. a., alk.
s. aq. reg., conc. H2SO4,
HNO3
s. a.
s. al.
4219° act.; s. a.; i. al.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.
s. a.; i. act., NH3,
H2C4H4O6
22.220° gly., 0.2425° et.;
s. al.
s. HNO3; i. al.
Boric acid
H3BO3
61.84
wh., tri.
1.43515°
Boron
B
10.82
2300
2550
i.
i.
B4C
B2O3
B2O3·3H2O
HBrO3
Br2
55.29
69.64
123.69
128.92
159.83
gray or bk., amor. or
mn.
bk. cr.
col. glass, 1.459
tri., 1.456
col.; in soln. only
rhb., or red lq.
2.32
carbide
oxide
oxide (sassolite)
Bromic acid
Bromine
2.54
1.85
1.49
2450
577
d.
d. 100
−7.2
>3500
>1500
i.
1.10°
sl. s.
v. s.
4.220°
i.
15.7100°
s.
d.
3.1330°
i. a.
s. a., al., gly.
hydrate
Cadmium
acetate
acetate
carbonate
Br2·10H2O
Cd
Cd(C2H3O2)2
Cd(C2H3O2)2·2H2O*
CdCO3
339.99
112.41
230.50
266.53
172.42
red, oct.
silv. met., hex.
col.
col., mn.
wh., trig.
8.6520°
2.341
2.01
4.2584°
i.
wh., cb.
4.047 25°
4
s. a., NH4NO3
s. m. al.
s. al.
s. a., KCN, NH4 salts;
i. NH3
1.5215° al.; i. et., act.
chloride
CdCl2
183.32
3.11920°;
5.87 (A)
d. 6.8
320.9
256
−H2O, 130
d. <500
568
58.78
767
d.
960
s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
i.
0°
90
i.
147100°
s. al., et., alk., CS2
chloride
cyanide
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrate
oxide
oxide
oxide, subCadmium sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfide (greenockite)
Calcium
acetate
aluminate
aluminum silicate (anorthite)
arsenate
bromide
carbonate (aragonite)
carbonate (calcite)
chloride (hydrophilite)
chloride
chloride
citrate
cyanamide
ferrocyanide
fluoride (fluorite)
formate
hydride
hydroxide
hypochlorite
hypophosphate
lactate
magnesium carbonate
(dolomite)
magnesium silicate (diopside)
nitrate (nitrocalcite)
nitrate
nitride
nitrite
oxalate
oxalate
oxide
CdCl2.2a H2O
Cd(CN)2
Cd(OH)2
Cd(NO3)2
Cd(NO3)2.4H2O*
CdO
CdO
Cd2O
CdSO4
CdSO4.H2O
3CdSO4.8H2O*
CdSO4.H2O
CdSO4.7H2O
CdS
Ca
Ca(C2H2O2)2.H2O
Ca(AlO2)2
CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2
Ca3(AsO4)2
CaBr2
CaCO3
CaCO3
CaCl2*
CaCl2.H2O
CaCl2.6H2O
Ca3(C6H5O7)2.4H2O
CaCN2
Ca2Fe(CN)6.12H2O
CaF2
Ca(HCO2)2
CaH2
Ca(OH)2
Ca(ClO)2.4H2O
Ca2P2O6.2H2O
Ca(C3H5O3)2.5H2O
228.36
164.45
146.43
236.43
308.49
128.41
128.41
240.82
208.47
226.49
769.54
280.53
334.58
144.47
40.08
176.18
158.02
278.14
398.06
199.91
100.09
100.09
110.99
129.01
219.09
570.50
80.11
508.31
78.08
130.12
42.10
74.10
215.06
274.15
308.30
col., mn., 1.6513
3.327
wh., trig.
col.
col. nd.
brn., cb.
brn., amor, 2.49
gn., amor.
rhb.
mn.
col., mn., 1.565
col.
mn.
yel.-or., hex., 2.506
silv. met., cb.
wh. nd.
col., rhb. or mn.
tri., 1.5832
wh. pd.
delq. nd.
col., rhb., 1.6809
col., hex., 1.550
wh., delq., cb, 1.52
col., delq.
col., trig., 1.417
col. nd.
col., rhombohedral
yel., tri., 1.5818
wh., cb., 1.4339
col., rhb.
wh. cr. or pd.
col., hex., 1.574
wh., feathery cr.
granular
col., eff.
4.79 15°
4
CaO.MgO.2CO2
CaO.MgO.2SiO2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2.4H2O*
Ca3N2
Ca(NO2)2.H2O
CaC2O4
CaC2O4.H2O
CaO
184.42
216.52
164.10
236.16
148.26
150.11
128.10
146.12
56.08
trig., 1.68174
wh., mn.
col., cb.
col., mn., 1.498
brn. cr.
delq., hex.
col., cb.
col.
col., cb., 1.837
peroxide
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyro- (brushite)
phosphide
silicate (α) (pseudowollastonite)
CaO2.8H2O
CaH4(PO4)2.H2O
CaHPO4.2H2O
Ca3(PO4)2
Ca(PO3)2
Ca2P2O7
Ca2P2O7.5H2O
Ca3P2
CaSiO3
216.21
252.09
172.10
310.20
198.04
254.12
344.20
182.20
116.14
silicate (β) (wollastonite)
sulfate (anhydrite)
CaSiO3
CaSO4
116.14
136.14
pearly, tet.
wh., tri.
wh., mn. pl.
wh., amor.
wh., tet., 1.588
col., biaxial, 1.60
wh., mn.
red cr.
col., pseudo hex.,
1.6150 or mn.(?)
col., mn., 1.610
col., rhb., 1.576, or
mn, 1.50
2.455 17°
4
8.15
6.95
8.192 18°
4
4.691 24°
4
3.78620°
3.09
3.05
2.48 20°
4
4.58
20°
1.55
tr. 34
d. >200
d. 300
350
59.4
132
d. 900–1000
d.
1000
tr. 108
tr. 41.5
3.6720°
2.765
tr. 4
1750100atm
810
d.
1600
1551
3.353 25°
4
2.93
25°
2.711 4
2.152 15°
4
760
d. 825
1339103atm.
772
>1600
1.6817°
29.92
−2H2O, 130
−6H2O, 200
−4H2O, 185
1.7
3.18020°
2.015
1.7
2.2
2.872
3.3
2.36
1.82
2.6317°
2.2334°
2.24°
2.2
3.32
2.220 16°
4
2.306 16°
4
3.14
2.82
3.09
2.25
2.5115°
2.905
2.915
2.96
subl. in N2, 980
1200 30
1810
1330
d.
d. 675
−H2O, 580
d.
−2H2O, 200
−3H2O, 100
−8H2O, 100
−H2O, 100
d.
1670
975
1230
2850
expl. 275
d. 200
>1600
1540
tr. 1190 to α
1450(mn.)
180100°
76.50°
s.
114.20°
s.
350−5°
0.000001
d.
520°
d.
60.8100°
s.
127.660°
s.
0.01325°
1250°
0.001220°†
0.001425°
59.50°
s.
v. s.
0.08518°
s. d.
s.
0.001618°
16.10°
d.
0.1850°
delq.; d.
i.
10.5
32659.5°
i.
i.
Colloidal
d.
45.580°
i.
312105°
0.002100°
0.002100°
347260°
s.
v. s.
0.09626°
d.
15090°
0.001726°
18.4100
0.077100°
d.
∞
2.0515° m. al.
s. a.; NH4OH, KCN
s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk.
v. s. a.
s. al., NH3; i. HNO3
s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk.
s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk.
d. a., alk.
i.act., NH3
i. al.
i. al.
i. al.
s. a.; v. s. NH4OH
s, a.; sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
s. HCl
s. dil. a.
s. al., act.; sl. s. NH3
s. a., NH4Cl
s. a., NH4Cl
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
0.006518° al.
i. al.
sl. s. a.
i. al., et.
d. a.; i. bz.
s. NH4Cl
d. a.
s. HCl, H4P2O6
∞h. al.; i. et.
18°
d. 730–760
1391
561
42.7
900
d.
−H2O, 200
2570
16820°
0.024718°
0.0002625°
109.70°
2150°
i.
i.
tr. 1193 to rhb.
0.032
i.
1020°
2660°
d.
770°
0.0006713°
i.
Forms
Ca(OH)2
sl. s.
0.0224.5°
0.0025
i.
i.
sl. s.
d.
0.009517°
0.29820°
i.
376151°
v. s.
d.
41790°
0.001495°
i.
d.
d.
0.075100°
d.
i.
0.1619100°
1415° al.; s. amyl al., NH3
s. dil. a.; i. abs. al.
s. 90% al.
s. a.; i. ac.
s. a.; i. ac
s. a.; i. al.
s. a. d.; i. al., et.
s. a.; i. al., ac.
i. a.
s. a.
s. a.; i. NH4Cl
s. dil. a.; i. al., et.
s. HCl
s. a., Na2S2O3, NH4 salts
*Usual commercial form.
†The solubility of CaCO3 in H2O is greatly increased by increasing the amount of CO2 in the H2O.
2-11
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name
Calcium (Cont.)
sulfate (gypsum)
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
CaSO4·2H2O
172.17
col., mn., 1.5226
Ca(SH)2·6H2O
CaS
CaSO3·2H2O
CaC4H4O6·4H2O
Ca(CNS)2·3H2O
CaS2O3·6H2O
CaWO4
214.31
72.14
156.17
260.22
210.28
260.30
288.00
col. pr.
col., cb.
wh., cr., 1.595
col., rhb.
wh., delq. cr.
col., tri., 1.56
wh., tet., 1.9200
C
C
C
CO2
12.01
12.01
12.01
44.01
bk., amor.
col., cb., 2.4195
bk., hex.
col. gas
disulfide
CS2
76.13
col. lq.
monoxide
CO
28.01
col., poisonous,
odorless gas
oxychloride (phosgene)
oxysulfide
COCl2
COS
98.92
60.07
poisonous gas
gas
sulfhydrate
sulfide (oldhamite)
sulfite
tartrate
thiocyanate
thiosulfate
tungstate (scheelite)
Carbon, cf. table of organic
compounds
Carbon, amorphous
Carbon, diamond
Carbon, graphite
dioxide
suboxide
thionyl chloride
Ceric hydroxide
hydroxynitrate
oxide
sulfate
Cerium
C3O2
CSCl2
2CeO2·3H2O
Ce(OH)(NO3)3·3H2O
CeO2
Ce(SO4)2·4H2O
Ce
68.03
114.98
398.31
397.21
172.13
404.31
140.13
Cerous sulfate
sulfate
Cesium
Chloric acid
Chlorine
Ce2(SO4)3
Ce2(SO4)3·8H2O
Ce
HClO3·7H2O
Cl2
568.44
712.57
132.91
210.58
70.91
hydrate
Chloroplatinic acid
Chlorostannic acid
Chlorosulfonic acid
Chromic acetate
chloride
chloride
fluoride
hydroxide
Cl2·8H2O
H2PtCl6·6H2O
H2SnCl6·6H2O
HO·SO2·Cl
Cr2(C2H3O2)6·2H2O
CrCl3
CrCl3·6H2O*
CrF3
Cr(OH)3
215.04
518.08
441.55
116.52
494.32
158.38
266.48
109.01
103.03
Cr(OH)3·2H2O
Cr(NO3)3·9H2O*
Cr(NO3)3·7a H2O
Cr2O3
Cr2(SO4)3
Cr2(SO4)3·5H2O
Cr2(SO4)3·15H2O
Cr2(SO4)3·18H2O
139.07
400.18
373.15
152.02
392.20
482.28
662.44
716.49
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrate
oxide
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
gas
yel.-red lq.
yel., gelatinous
red, mn.
wh. or pa. yel., cb.
yel., rhb.
steel gray, cb. or
hex.
wh., mn. or rhb.
tri.
silv. met., hex.
lq.
rhb., or gn.-yel. gas
rhb.
red-brn., delq.
delq.
col. lq.
gn.
pink, trig.
vl. or gn., hex. pl.
gn., rhb.
gn. or blue,
gelatinous
gn.
purple pr.
purple, mn.
dark gn., hex.
rose pd.
gn.
vl.
vl., cb., 1.564
Specific
gravity
2.32
2.815°
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
−1a H2O, 128
−2H2O, 163
d. 15
−2H2O, 100
d.
d. 650
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
Hot water
0.2230°
0.25750°
v. s.
d.
0.004318°
0.0370°
s.
71.29°
0.2
v. s.
d.
0.002790°
0.2285°
v. s.
d.
Other reagents
s. a., gly., Na2S2O3,
NH4 salts
s. al.
s. a.
s. H2SO3
sl. s. al.
v. s. al.
i. al.
s. NH4Cl; i. a.
1.87316°
6.06
d.
1.8–2.1
3.5120°
2.2620°
lq. 1.101−87°;
1.53 (A);
solid 1.56−79°
22°
lq. 1.261 20
;
2.63 (A)
lq. 0.814−195°
4 ;
0.968
(A)
1.392 19°
4
lq. 1.24−87°;
2.10 (A)
lq. 1.1140°
1.50915°
>3500
>3500
>3500
−56.65.2atm.
4200
4200
4200
subl. −78.5
i.
i.
i.
179.70° cc
i.
i.
i.
90.120° cc
i. a., alk.
i. a., alk.
i. a., alk.
s. a., alk.
−108.6
46.3
0.20°
0.01450°
s. al.; et.
−207
−192
0.00440°;
3.50° cc
0.001850°
2.3220° cc
s. al., Cu2Cl2
−104
−138.2
8.2756mm
−50.2760mm
v. s. sl. d.
1330° cc
d.
40.330° cc
s. ac., CCl4, bs.; d.a.
v. s. alk., al.
−107
7761mm
73.5
d.
s. et.
s. a.; sl. s. alk. carb.; i. alk
7.3
3.91
6.920° cb.;
6.7 hex.
3.91
2.88617°
1.9020°
1.28214.2°
lq. 1.56−33.6°;
2.490° (A)
1.23
2.431
1.97128°
1.78725°
2.75715°
1.835 25°
4
3.8
5.21
3.012
1.86717°
1.722°
1950
645
1400
d.
i.
s. d.
i.
i.
0°
−8H2O, 630
28.5
<−20
−101.6
d. 9.6
60
19.2
−80
670
d. 40
−34.6
151.5765mm
1200–1500 d.
subl. 83
>1000
d.
−2H2O, 100
36.5
100
1900
d. 100
d.
100
−10H2O, 100
−12H2O, 100
18.98
250°
d.
v. s.
1.460°;
31010° cc
s.
v. s.
s.
d.
s.
i.§
v. s. d.
i.
i.
i.
s.
s.
i.
i.†
s.
s.
12020°
Slowly
oxidized
0.4100°
7.640°
s. H2SO4, HCl
s. dil. H2SO4
s. dil. a.; i. al.
s. a., al., NH3
0.57 ;
17730° cc
30°
v. s.
sl. s.
i.
s.
s.
i.
d. 67°
d.
s. alk.
s. alk.
s. al., et.
d. al.; i. CS2
4.7615° m. al.
i. a., act., CS2
s. al.; i. et.
sl. s. a.; i. al., NH3
s. a., alk.; sl. s. NH3
s. a., alk.
s. a., alk., al., act.
sl. s. a.
i. a.
s. al., H2SO4
sl. s. al.
s. al.
sulfide
Chromium
Cr2S3
Cr
200.02
52.01
brn.-bk. pd.
gray, met., cb.
3.7719°
7.1
−S, 1350
1615
trioxide (chromic acid)
Chromous chloride
hydroxide
oxide
sulfate
sulfide (daubrelite)
Chromyl chloride
Cobalt
carbonyl
sulfide, diCobaltic chloride
chloride, dichro
chloride, luteo
chloride, praseo
Cobaltic chloride, purpureo
chloride, roseo
hydroxide
oxide
sulfate
sulfide
Cobalto-cobaltic oxide
Cobaltous acetate
chloride
chloride
nitrate
CrO3
CrCl2
Cr(OH)2
CrO
CrSO4·7H2O
CrS
CrO2Cl2
Co
Co(CO)4
CoS2
CoCl3
Co(NH3)3Cl3·H2O
Co(NH3)6Cl3
Co(NH3)4Cl3·H2O
Co(NH3)5Cl3
Co(NH3)5Cl3·H2O
Co(OH)3
Co2O3
Co2(SO4)3
Co2S3
Co3O4
Co(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
CoCl2
CoCl2·6H2O*
Co(NO3)2·6H2O
100.01
122.92
86.03
68.01
274.18
84.07
154.92
58.94
170.98
123.06
165.31
234.42
267.50
251.46
250.47
268.49
109.96
165.88
406.06
214.06
240.82
249.09
129.85
237.95
291.05
red, rhb.
wh., delq.
yel.-brn.
bk. pd.
blue
bk. pd.
dark red lq.
silv. met., cb.
or. cr.
bk., cb.
red cr.
2.70
2.75
197 d.
or., mn.
gn., rhb.
rhb.
brick red
bk.
bk.
blue cr.
bk. cr.
bk., cb.
red-vl., mn., 1.542
blue cr.
red, mn.
red, mn., 1.4
1.7016
1.847
25°
1.819 25
CoO
CoSO4
CoSO4·H2O
74.94
155.00
173.02
brn., cb.
red pd.
red pd., mn.(?),
1.639
red, mn., 1.483
brn. nd.
yel.-red met., cb.
oxide
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate (biebeorite)
sulfide (syeporite)
Copper
Cupric acetate
acetate
aceto-arsenite (Paris green)
d.
3.97
1.92
8.920°
1.7318°
4.269
2.94
1550
−96.5
1480
51
subl.
5.18
d. 100
−1a H2O, 100
d. 900
4.8
6.07
1.705318.7°
3.356
25°
1.924 25
25°
1.883 25
−4H2O, 140
subl.
86
<100
5.68
3.71025°
3.13
d. 1800
d. 880
d.
25°
1.948 25
5.4518°
20°
8.92
1.930 20°
4
1.882
96.8
>1100
1083
−7H2O, 420
115
240 d.
1.98
d.
i.
164.90°
v. s.
d.
i.
12.350
i.
d.
i.
i.
i.
s.
s.
4.260°
v. s.
0.2320°
16.120°
i.
i.
d.
i.
i.
s.
457°
116.50°
84.030°(anh.)
206.7100°
v. s.
i.
25.60°
s.
i.
i.
d.
s. h. HNO3
s. HCl, dil. H2SO4;
i. HNO3
s. H2SO4, al., et.
sl. s. al.; i. et.
s. conc. a.
i. dil. HNO3
sl. s. al.
v. s. a.
s. et.
s. a.
s. al., et., CS2
s. HNO3, aq. reg.
s.
12.7446.5°
1.03146.5°
24.8716°
i.
i.
i.
s.
10596°
17780°
334.990°
(anh.)
i.
83100°
s.
s. a.; al.
i. al., NH4OH
s. a.; i. al.
i. al.
sl. s. HCl
s. a.; i. al.
s. a.
s. H2SO4
d. a.
s. H2SO4; i. HCl, HNO3
s. a., al.
31 al.; 8.6 act.
v. s. et., act.
10012.5° al.; s. act.;
sl. s. NH3
s. a., NH4OH; i. al.
1.0418° m. al.; i. NH8
s.
20
7 al.; s. et.; gly.
s. a., NH4OH
d. 110
33.80°
99.380°
s. a.
1.81
3.88
d. 150
d. 220
18.0521.5°
i.
d.
d.
i.
70.70°
d.
107.9100°
i. al.
s. NH4OH, h. aq.
NaHCO3
s. KCN; 0.03 aq. CO
5315° al.; 6815° m. al.
110.40°
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
12.5
i.
16.7
38140°
243.70°
192.4100°
ammonium sulfate
carbonate, basic (azurite)
CuSO4·4NH3·H2O
2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2
245.77
344.75
blue, tet., 1.670,
1.744
blue, rhb.
blue, mn., 1.758
carbonate, basic (malachite)
chloride (eriochalcite)
CuCO3·Cu(OH)2
CuCl2
221.17
134.48
dark gn., mn., 1.875
brn.-yel. pd.
3.9
3.054
d.
498
chloride
chromate, basic
cyanide
dichromate
ferricyanide
ferrocyanide
formate
hydroxide
lactate
nitrate
nitrate
CuCl2·2H2O
CuCrO4·2CuO·2H2O
Cu(CN)2
CuCr2O7·2H2O
Cu3[Fe(CN)6]2
Cu2Fe(CN)6·7H2O
Cu(HCO2)2
Cu(OH)2
Cu(C3H5O3)2·2H2O
Cu(NO3)2·3H2O*
Cu(NO3)2·6H2O
170.52
374.75
115.61
315.62
614.63
465.21
153.61
97.59
277.74
241.63
295.68
gn., rhb., 1.684
yel.-brn.
yel.-gn.
bk., tri.
yel.-gn.
red-brn.
blue, mn.
blue, gelatinous
dark blue, mn.
blue, delq.
blue, rhb.
2.3922.4°
−2H2O, 110
−2H2O, 260
d.
−2H2O, 100
277.51
1049
−6H2O, 110
d.
i.
i.
3380°
0.0003818°
i.
s.
7.2
i.
ammonium chloride
dark gn., mn.
gn.
117.6
2900
d. 52
20°
CoSO4·7H2O*
CoS
Cu
Cu(C2H3O2)2
Cu(C2H3O2)2·H2O
(CuOAs2O3)3·
Cu(C2H3O2)2*
CuCl2·2NH4Cl·2H2O
281.11
91.00
63.57
181.66
199.67
1013.83
2200
2.28618°
1.831
3.368
−H2O
2.0473.9°
2.074
114.5
−3H2O, 26.4
2300
Forms Cu2Cl2
993
d.
−HNO3, 170
i.
d.
i.
d.
d.
45100°
66680°
∞
2.58° al.
s. a., aq. reg.
s. HNO3, h. H2SO4
s. al.; et., NH4Cl
s. HNO3, NH4OH
s. KCN, C5H5N
s. a.; NH4OH
s. NH4OH; i. HCl
s. NH4OH; i. a., NH8
0.25 al.
s. a., NH4OH, KCN, al.
sl. s. al.
10012.5° al.
s. al.
*Usual commercial form.
†Also a soluble modification.
2-13
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Cupric acetate (Cont.)
oxide (paramelaconite)
oxide (tenorite)
oxychloride
phosphide
sulfate (hydrocyanite)
sulfate (blue vitriol or
chalcanthite)
sulfide (covellite)
Formula
Specific
gravity
249.71
95.63
tartate
Cuprous ammonium iodide
carbonate
chloride (nantokite)
cyanide
CuC4H4O6·3H2O
CuI·NH4I·H2O
Cu2CO3
Cu2Cl2
Cu2(CN)2
265.69
353.47
187.15
198.05
179.16
ferricyanide
ferrocyanide
fluoride
hydroxide
oxide (cuprite)
Cuprous phosphide
sulfide (chalcocite)
sulfide
Cyanogen
Cu3Fe(CN)6
Cu4Fe(CN)6
Cu2F2
CuOH
Cu2O
Cu6P2
Cu2S
Cu2S
C2N2
402.67
466.24
165.14
80.58
143.14
443.38
159.20
159.20
52.02
brn.-red
brn.-red
red cr.
yel.
red, cb., 2.705
gray-bk.
bk., rhb.
bk., cb.
poisonous gas
Cyanogen compounds, cf. table
of organic compounds
Ferric acetate, basic
ammonium sulfate, cf. Alum
chloride (molysite)
chloride
ferrocyanide (Prussian blue)
Fe(OH)(C2H3O2)2
190.95
brn., amor.
FeCl3
FeCl3·6H2O*
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
162.22
270.32
859.27
bk.-brn., hex. delq.
red-yel., delq.
dark blue
2.80411°
282
37
d.
Fe(OH)3
Fe(C3H5O3)3
Fe(NO3)3·6H2O
Fe2O3
106.87
323.06
349.97
159.70
red-brn.
brn., amor., delq.
rhb., delq.
red or bk., trig.,
3.042
rhb., 1.814
yel., trig.
yel., delq.
gn.
bk., cb., 2.42
3.4 to 3.9
−1a H2O, 500
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O
FeCl2·2FeCl3·18H2O
Fe′′′
4 Fe′′
3 [Fe(CN)6]6
Fe3O4
399.88
562.02
775.49
1662.70
231.55
303.61
392.15
chloride (lawrencite)
Fe3O4·4H2O
FeSO4·(NH4)2SO4·
6H2O
FeCl2
chloroplatinate
ferricyanide (Turnbull’s blue)
ferrocyanide
formate
hydroxide
nitrate
oxide
FePtCl6·6H2O
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
Fe2Fe(CN)6
Fe(HCO2)2·2H2O
Fe(OH)2
Fe(NO3)2·6H2O
FeO
571.92
591.47
323.66
181.92
89.87
287.96
71.85
2-14
126.76
bk.
blue-gn., mn.,
1.4915
gn.-yel., hex.,
1.567
yel., hex.
dark blue
blue-wh., amor.
6.40
6.45
Melting
point, °C
CuSO4·5H2O*
CuS
sulfate
sulfate (coquimbite)
Ferroso-ferric chloride
ferricyanide (Prussian green)
oxide (magnetite;
magnetic iron oxide)
oxide, hydrated
Ferrous ammonium sulfate
79.57
79.57
365.69
252.67
159.63
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
bk., cb.
bk., tri., 2.63
blue-gn.
bk.
gn.-wh., rhb.,
1.733
blue, tri., 1.5368
blue, hex. or mn.,
1.45
1 gn. pd.
rhb. pl.
yel.
wh., cb., 1.973
wh., mn.
hydroxide
lactate
nitrate
oxide (hematite)
CuO
CuO
CuCl2·2CuO·4H2O
Cu3P2
CuSO4
Formula
weight
6.35
3.60615°
2.286 15.6°
4
4.6
d. 1026
d. 1026
−3H2O, 140
d.
d. >600
−4H2O, 110
tr. 103
4.4
3.53
2.9
d.
422
474.5
3.4
6.0
6.4 to 6.8
5.6
5.80
lq. 0.866−17.2°;
1.806 (A)
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
i.
i.
i.
i.
14.30°
Hot water
i.
i.
75.4100°
Other reagents
s. a.; KCN, NH4Cl
s. a., KCN, NH4Cl
s. a.
s. HNO3; i. HCl
i. al.
Forms CuO,
650
−5H2O, 250
d. 220
24.3
0.00003318°
205100°
1.18° al.
s. HNO3, KCN
0.1485°
1366
d.
0.0215°
d.
i.
1.5225°
i.
s. a., KOH
s. NH4I
s. a., NH4OH
s. HCl, NH4OH, al.
s. KCN, HCl, NH4OH;
sl. s. NH3
s. NH4OH; i. HCl
s. NH4OH; i. NH4Cl
s. HF, HCl, HNO3; i. al.
s. a., NH4OH
s. HCl, NH4Cl, NH4OH
s. HNO3; i. HCl
s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act.
s. HNO3, NH4OH; i. act.
230020° cc al.; 50018° cc et.
d.
908
−a H2O, 360
1235
−O, 1800
1100
1130
−34.4
−20.5
subl. 1100
0°
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.000518°
0.000518°
45020° cc
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
s. a.; al.
v. s. al.; et. +HCl
s. al., act., gly.
s. HCl, conc. H2SO4;
i. al., et.
s. a.; i. al., et.
i. et.
s. al., act.
s. HCl
74.40°
2460°
i.
535.8100°
∞
d.
i.
v. s.
1500°
i.
i.
v. s.
∞
d.
d.
s.
5.2
d. 50
d. 180
1538 d.
sl. s.
440
s.
i.
i.
i.
s. d. h. HCl
i. al.
1.864
d.
d.
i.
180°
i.
10075°
s. a.
i. al.
64.410°
105.7100°
100 al.; s. act.; i. et.
v. s.
i.
i.
sl. s.
0.00067
2000°
i.
v. s.
20°
1.684
5.12
35
1560 d.
3.09718°
2.1
d. 480
2.7
2.714
d.
3.4
5.7
315
280
d.
delq.
d.
lt. gn.
cr.
bk.
Boiling
point, °C
60.5
1420
i. H2SO4, NH3
s. abs. al.
i. dil. a., al.
30025°
i.
s. a., NH4Cl
s. a.; i. alk.
phosphate (vivianite)
Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O
501.64
silicate
sulfate (siderotilate)
sulfate (copperas)
sulfide
cf. also under iron
Fluoboric acid
Fluorine
FeSiO3
FeSO4·5H2O
FeSO4·7H2O*
FeS
131.91
241.99
278.02
87.91
HBF4
F2
87.83
38.00
Fluosilicic acid
Gadolinium
Gallium bromide
Glucinum cf. Beryllium
Gold
Gold, colloidal
Gold salts cf. under Auric
and Aurous
Hafnium
Helium
Hydrazine
formate
hydrate
hydrochloride
hydrochloride, dinitrate
nitrate, disulfate
sulfate
Hydrazoic acid (azoimide)
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic acid
H2SiF6
Gd
GaBr3
144.08
156.9
309.47
Au
Au
197.20
197.20
yel. met., cb.
blue to vl.
19.3
1063
2600
Hf
He
N2H4
N2H4·2HCO2H
N2H4·H2O
N2H4·HCl
N2H4·2HCl
N2H4·HNO3
N2H4·2HNO3
N2H4·a H2SO4
N2H4·H2SO4
HN3
HI
HI·H2O
HI·2H2O
HI·3H2O
HI·4H2O
HBr
HBr·H2O
178.6
4.00
32.05
124.10
50.06
68.51
104.98
95.06
158.08
81.09
130.12
43.03
127.93
145.94
163.96
181.98
199.99
80.92
98.94
hex.
col. gas
col. lq.
cb.
col.
yel. lq.
wh., cb.
cr.
nd.
delq. pl.
rhb.
col. lq.
col. gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. gas; 1.325 (lq.)
col. lq.
12.1
0.1368 (A)
1.011 15°
4
>1700
<−272.2
1.4
128
−40
>3200(?)
−268.9
113.5
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid)
HBr (47.8% in H2O)
HBr·2H2O
HCl†
HCl (45.2% in H2O)
HCl·2H2O
HCl·3H2O
HCN
80.92
116.96
36.47
36.47
72.50
90.51
27.03
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
HF
HF (35.35% in H2O)
H2
col. lq.
wh. cr.
col. gas; 1.256 (lq.)
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
poisonous gas or
col. lq., 1.254
gas or col. lq.
col. lq.
col. gas or cb.
peroxide
selenide
sulfide
Hydroxylamine
hydrochloride
nitrate
sulfate
H2O2‡
H2Se
H2S
NH2OH
NH2OH·HCl
NH2OH·HNO3
NH2OH·a H2SO4
20.01
20.01
2.016
34.02
81.22
34.08
33.03
69.50
96.05
82.07
blue, mn., 1.592,
1.603
mn.
gn., tri., 1.536
blue-gn., mn.
bk., hex.
col. lq.
gn.-yel. gas
2.58
3.5
2.2
1.89914.8°
4.84
lq. 1.51−187°;
1.3115° (A)
1550
col. lq., 1.333
col. gas
col. gas
rhb., delq.
col., mn.
col. cr.
col., mn.
1.0321°
1.42
1.378
4.40° (A)
1.715°
2.710° (A)
1.78
1.486
2.11−15°
1.2680° (A)
1.48
1.46 −18.3°
4
18°
0.697
0.98813.6°
1.15
lq. 0.0709−252.7°
0.06948 (A)
1.438 20°
4
2.12−42°
1.1895 (A)
1.3518°
1.6717°
i.
s. a.; i. ac.
64
1193
−5H2O, 300
−7H2O, 300
d.
s.
32.80°
0.00061618°
s.
14950°
i. al.
i. al.
s. a.; i. NH3
−223
130 d.
−187
∞
d.
∞
s. al.
s.
s.
s.
s.
i.
s.
i.
s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a.
s. aq. reg., KCN; i. a.
0.970° cc
∞
s.
∞
v. s.
s.
174.910°
v. s.
v. s.
3.05522°
∞
4250010° cc
∞
∞
∞
∞
2210°
1.0850° cc
∞
Absorbed by Pt
s. al.
∞
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞ al.; i. et.
sl. s. al.
s. al.
delq. cr.
20°
i.
198
70.7
104
85
254
−80
−50.8
−43
−48
−36.5
−86
118.5739.5mm
subl. 140
d.
37
−35.5
127774mm
−67
−11
−111
−15.35
0
−24.4
−14
d.
d.
26
∞
s.
82.30°
∞
∞
∞
∞
−83
−35
−259.1
19.4
120
−252.7
∞ 0° to 19.4°
v. s.
2.10° cc
−0.89
−64
−82.9
34
151
48
170 d.
126
−85
760mm
151.4
−42
−59.6
56.522mm
d.
d. <100
∞
3774° cc
4370° cc
s.
83.317°
v. s.
32.90°
27.6560°
∞
v. s.
130100°
s.
56.160°
i. al.
v. sl. s. abs. al.
∞ al.
s. al.
∞ al.
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
Stable at −15.5° and
1 atm., and at −11.3°
and 2.5 atm.
s. al.
s. al., et.
s. al.
s. al.
s. al.
∞ al., et.
v. s.
0.8580° cc
sl. s. Fe, Pd, Pt
27022.5° cc
18640° cc
d.
v. s.
d.
68.590°
s. a., et.; i. petr. et
s. CS2, COCl2
9.5415° cc al.; s. CS2
s. a., al.
s. al.; i. et.
v. s. abs. al.
v. sl. s. al.; i. et., abs. al.
*Usual commercial form.
†Usual commercial form about 31 percent.
‡Usual commercial forms 3 or 30 percent.
2-15
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Formula
Hypobromous acid
Illinium
Indium
Iodic acid
HBrO
Il
In
HIO8
Iodine
oxide, pentaIodoplatinic acid
Iridium
Iron, cast†
pure
steel
white pig
wrought
carbide (cementite)
carbonyl
nitride
I2
I2O5
H2PtI6·9H2O
Ir
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe2C
Fe(CO)5
Fe2N
silicide
sulfide, di- (marcasite)
sulfide, di- (pyrite)
sulfide (pyrrhotite)
Cf. also under ferric and
ferrous
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lead
FeSi
FeS2
FeS2
Fe7S8
acetate
acetate (sugar of lead)
acetate
acetate, basic
acetate, basic
acetate, basic
arsenate, monobasic
arsenate, dibasic (schultenite)
arsenate, metaarsenate, pyroLead azide
bromide
Formula
weight
96.92
146(?)
114.76
175.93
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
yel.
Boiling
point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
Hot water
4050mm
s.
d.
soft, tet. met.
col., rhb.
7.320°
4.6290°
155
110 d.
1450
i.
2860°
i.
576101°
blue-bk., rhb.
wh., trimetric
brn., delq. mn.
wh. met., cb.
gray
silv. met., cb.
silv. gray
gray
gray
pseudo hex.
pa. yel. lq.
gray
4.9320°
4.799 25°
4
113.5
d. 300
184.35
0.0956660°
22.420°
7.03
7.8620°
7.6 to 7.8
7.6 to 7.8
7.86
7.4
1.45721°
6.35
2350
1275
1535
1375
1075
1505
1837
−21
d. >560
>4800
0.01620°
187.412°
s. d.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
d.
83.91
119.97
119.97
647.43
yel.-gray, oct.
yel., rhb.
yel., cb.
hex.
6.1 20°
4
4.87
5.0
4.6 20°
4
d.
d.
i.
0.00049
0.0005
i.
i.
tr. 450
1171
d. >700
Kr
La
Pb
83.70
138.92
207.21
col. gas
lead gray
silv. met., cb.
2.818 (A)
6.1520°
20°
11.337 20
−169
826
327.5
−151.8
1800
1620
11.050° cc
d.
i.
3.5760° cc
Pb(C2H3O2)2
Pb(C2H3O2)2·3H2O†
Pb(C2H3O2)2IOH2O
Pb2(C2H3O2)3OH
Pb(C2H3O2)2·
Pb(OH)2·H2O
Pb(C2H3O2)2·
2Pb(OH)2
PbH4(AsO4)2
PbHAsO4
Pb(AsO3)2
Pb2As2O7
PbN6
PbBr2
325.30
379.35
505.46
608.56
584.54
wh. cr.
wh., mn.
wh., rhb.
wh.
wh. nd.
3.251 20°
4
2.55
1.689
280
−3H2O, 75
22
807.75
wh. nd.
489.06
347.13
453.03
676.24
291.26
367.05
tri., 1.82
wh., mn., 1.9097
hex.
rhb., 2.03
col. nd.
col., rhb.
4.46
5.94
6.4215°
15°
6.85 15
6.66
802
expl. 350
373
253.84
333.84
1120.91
193.10
55.85
55.85
55.85
55.85
55.85
179.56
195.90
125.71
15°
d. 140
d. >200
3000
102.5760mm
−H2O, 280
918
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
19.70°
45.6415°
s.
v. s.
v. s.
22150°
200100°
s.
5.55
18.2
d.
i.
d.
i.
i.
0.45540°
d.
0.05100°
4.75100°
sl. s.
PbCO3
267.22
wh., rhb., 2.0763
6.6
d. 315
0.0001120°
d.
2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2†
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbCrO4·PbO
Pb(HCO2)2
3PbO·H2O
Pb(NO3)2
775.67
278.12
323.22
546.43
297.25
687.65
331.23
6.14
5.80
6.12
d. 400
501
844
4.56
7.592
4.53
d. 190
−H2O, 130
d. 470
i.
0.6730°
0.00000720°
i.
1.616°
0.014
38.80°
i.
3.34100°
i.
i.
18100° d.
oxide, suboxide, mono- (litharge)
Pb2O
PbO
430.42
223.21
wh., hex.
wh., rhb., 2.2172
yel., mn., 2.42
or.-yel. nd.
wh., rhb.
cb.
col., cb. or mn.,
1.7815
bk., amor.
yel., tet.
8.34
9.53
d. red heat
888
i.
0.006818°
i.
oxide, mono (massicotite)
PbO
223.21
yel., rhb., 2.61
8.0
2-16
s. a.
v. s. 87% al.; i. abs. al.
et., chl.
s. al., KI, et.
i. abs. al., et., chl.
sl. s. aq. reg., aq. Cl2
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.
s. al., H2SO4, alk.
s. HCl,
H2SO4
i. aq. reg.
i. dil. a.
i. dil. a.
sl. s. al., bz.
s. a.
s. HNO3; i. c. HCl, H2SO4
s. gly.; v. sl. s. al.
s. gly.; sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
s. al.
carbonate (cerussite)
carbonate, basic
(hydrocerussite; white lead)
chloride (cotunnite)
chromate (crocoite)
chromate, basic
formate
hydroxide
nitrate
954760mm
d.
Other reagents
138.8100°
s. al.
s. HNO3
s. HNO3, NaOH
s. HNO3
s. HCl, HNO3; i. sc.
v. s. ac.; i. NH4OH
s. a., KBr.; sl. s. NH3;
i. al.
s. a., alk.; i. NH3, al.
s. ac.; sl. s. aq. CO2
sl. s. dil. HCl, NH3, i. al.
s. a., alk.; i. NH3, ac.
s. a., alk.
i. al.
s. a., alk.
8.822° al.
s. a., alk.
s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl,
CaCl2
oxide, mono-
PbO
223.21
amor.
9.2 to 9.5
oxide, red (minium)
oxide, sesquioxide, di- (plattnerite)
silicate
sulfate (anglesite)
Pb3O4
Pb2O3
PbO2
PbSiO3
PbSO4
685.63
462.42
239.21
283.27
303.27
9.1
Pb(HSO4)2·H2O
PbSO4·PbO
PbS
Pb(CNS)2
Li
LiC7H5O2
LiBr
419.36
526.48
239.27
323.37
6.94
128.05
86.86
LiBr·2H2O
Li2CO3
LiCl
122.89
73.89
42.40
citrate
fluoride
formate
hydride
hydroxide
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrate
oxide
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, tribasic
salicylate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate, acid
Lutecium
Magnesium
acetate
acetate
aluminate (spinel)
Li3C6H5O7·4H2O
LiF
LiHCO2·H2O
LiH
LiOH
LiOH·H2O
LiNO3
LiNO3·3H2O
Li2O
LiH2PO4
Li3PO4
Li3PO4·12H2O
LiC7H5O3
Li2SO4
Li2SO4·H2O†
LiHSO4
Lu
Mg
Mg(C2H3O2)2
Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O†
MgO·Al2O3
281.98
25.94
69.97
7.95
23.95
41.96
68.95
123.00
29.88
103.94
115.80
331.99
144.05
109.94
127.96
104.01
174.99
24.32
142.41
214.47
142.26
red, amor.
red-yel., amor.
brn., tet., 2.229
col., mn., 1.961
wh., mn. or rhb.,
1.8823
cr.
col., mn.
lead gray, cb., 3.912
col., mn.
silv. met. cb.
wh. leaflets
wh., delq., cb.,
1.784
wh. pr.
col., mn., 1.567
wh., delq., cb.,
1.662
wh. cr.
wh., cb., 1.3915
col., rhb.
wh., cb.
wh. cr.
col., mn.
col., trig., 1.735
col.
col., 1.644
col.
wh., rhb.
wh., trig.
col.
col., mn., 1.465
col., mn., 1.477
pr.
ammonium chloride
ammonium phosphate
(struvite)
ammonium sulfate
(boussingaultite)
benzoate
carbonate (magnesite)
carbonate (nesquehonite)
carbonate, basic
(hydromagnesite)
Magnesium chloride
(chloromagnesite)
chloride (bischofite)
hydroxide (brucite)
nitride
oxide (magnesia; periclase)
perchlorate
MgCl2·NH4Cl·6H2O
MgNH4PO4·6H2O
256.83
245.44
sulfate, acid
sulfate, basic (lanarkite)
sulfide (galena)
thiocyanate
Lithium
benzoate
bromide
bromide
carbonate
chloride
*See also a table of alloys.
†Usual commercial form.
MgSO4·(NH4)2SO4·
6H2O
Mg(C7H5O2)2·3H2O
MgCO3
MgCO3·3H2O
3MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·3H2O
MgCl2
MgCl2·6H2O†
Mg(OH)2
Mg3N2
MgO
Mg(ClO4)2†
i.
i.
d. 500
d. 360
d. 290
766
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
1336 5
3.464 25°
4
547
1265
0.00280°
0.000118°
0.004418°
0.0000918°
0.0520°
d.
3325°
1430° (2H2O)
0.005640°
6.92
7.5
3.82
0.5320°
1170
d.
977
1120
d. 190
186
2.110°
2.068 25°
4
44
618
614
d.
1360
24620°
1.540°
670°
9.375
6.49
6.2
2.29521.5°
1.46
0.820
2.54
1.83
2.38
2.013 25°
4
d.
870
−H2O, 94
680
445
261
29.88
2.22
2.06
2.12313°
>100
837
100
d.
860
−H2O, 130
170.5
silv. met., hex.
wh.
wh., mn. pr., 1.491
col. cb., 1.718–23
1.7420°
1.42
1.454
3.6
651
323
80
2135
wh., rhb., delq.
col., rhb., 1.496
1.456
1.715
−4H2O, 195
d. 100
2.461
2.53717.5°
1.645
1670
925
d.
subl. <1000
1110
61.215°
0.2718°
49.20°
d.
12.70°
22.310°
53.40°
v. s.
forms LiOH
s. alk., PbAc, NH4Cl,
CaCl2
s. ac., h. HCl
s. a., alk.
s. ac., h. alk.; i. al.
s. a.
i.
s.
d.
40100°
266100°
(1H2O)
0.72100°
127.5100°
66.7100°
0.13535°
346.6104°
17.5100°
26.880°
19470°
∞
0.03418°
v. sl. s.
12826°
35.340°
43.60°
d.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
i.
sl. s. d.
v. s.
v. s.
16.7
0.02310°
s.
0.019580°
29.9100°
35100°
s. conc. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
sl. s. H2SO4
sl. s. H2SO4
s. a.; i. alk.
s. KCNS, HNO3
s. a., NH3
7.725°, 1078° al.
s. al., act.
s. al.
s. dil. a.; i. al., act., NH3
2.4815° al.; s. et.
sl. s. al., et.
s. HF; i. act.
sl. s. al., et.
i. et.
sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
s. al., NH3
s. a., NH4Cl; i. act.
v. s. al.
i. act., 80% al.
i. 80% al.
s. a., NH4 salts
5.2515° m. al.
v. s. al.
v. sl. s. dil. HCl; i. dil.
HNO3
s. a.; i. al.
360.62
col., mn.
1.72
>120
16.86
320.59
83.43
138.38
365.37
wh. pd.
wh., trig. 1.700
col., rhb., 1.501
wh., rhb., 1.530
3.037
1.852
2.16
−3H2O, 110
d. 350
−H2O, 100
d.
4.525° (anh.)
0.0106
0.151819°
0.04
d.
0.011
s. act.
s. a., aq. CO2; i. act., NH3
s. a., aq. CO2
s. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
95.23
col., hex., 1.675
2.32525°
712
52.80°
73100°
50 al.
203.33
58.34
100.98
40.32
223.23
wh., delq., mn., 1.507
wh., trig., 1.5617
gn.-yel., amor.
col., cb., 1.7364
wh., delq.
1.56
2.4
3.65
2.6025°
118 d.
d.
d.
2800
d.
1412
d.
3600
0°
0°
281
0.000918°
i.
0.00062
99.625°
100°
130
s.
100°
918
d.
v. s.
50 al.
s. NH4 salts, dil. a.
s. a.; i. al.
s. a., NH4 salts; i. al.
2425 al., 51.825° m. al.;
0.29 et.
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Magnesium chloride (Cont.)
peroxide
phosphate, pyrophosphate, pyropotassium chloride (carnallite)
potassium sulfate (picromerite)
silicofluoride
sodium chloride
sulfate
sulfate (epsom salt; epsomite)
Manganese
acetate
acetate
carbonate (rhodocrosite)
MgO2
Mg2P2O7
Mg2P2O7·3H2O
MgCl2·KCl·6H2O
MgSO4·K2SO4·6H2O
MgSiF6·6H2O
MgCl2·NaCl·H2O
MgSO4
MgSO4·7H2O*
Mn
Mn(C2H3O2)2
Mn(C2H3O2)2·4H2O*
MnCO3
56.32
222.60
276.65
277.88
402.73
274.48
171.70
120.38
246.49
54.93
173.02
245.08
114.94
wh. pd.
col., mn., 1.604
wh., amor.
delq., rhb., 1.475
mn., 1.4629
col., trig., 1.3439
col.
col.
col., rhb., 1.4554
gray-pink met.
chloride (scacchite)
chloride
MnCl2
MnCl2·4H2O*
125.84
197.91
chloride, perhydroxide (ous) (pyrochroite)
hydroxide (ic) (manganite)
nitrate
oxide (ous) (manganosite)
oxide (ic)
oxide, di- (pyrolusite;
polianite)
sulfate (ous)
sulfate (ous) (szmikite)
MnCl4
Mn(OH)2
Mn2O3·H2O
Mn(NO3)2·6H2O
MnO
Mn2O3
MnO2*
196.76
88.95
175.88
287.04
70.93
157.86
86.93
rose, delq., cb.
rose red, delq., mn.
1.575
gn.
wh., trig.
brn., rhb., 2.24
rose red, mn.
gray-gn., cb., 2.16
brn.-bk., cb.
bk., rhb.
MnSO4
MnSO4·H2O
150.99
169.01
red-wh.
pa. pink, mn., 1.595
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·2H2O
187.02
2.52615°
15°
pa. pink, mn.
rose, trig., 1.817
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
2.59822°
2.56
1.60 19.4°
4
2.15
1.788 17.5°
4
expl. 275
1383
−3H2O, 100
265
d. 72
d.
2.66
1.68
7.220°
1.74 20°
4
1.589
3.125
1185
70 d.
1260
2.977 25°
4
2.01
650
58.0
3.25818°
3.258
1.8221°
5.18
4.81
5.026
d.
d.
25.8
1650
−0, 1080
−0, >230
3.235
2.87
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·7H2O
277.10
pink, mn. or rhb.
2.092
sulfate (ic)
Mn2(SO4)3
398.04
gn., delq. cr.
3.24
Ma
Hg(C2H3O2)2
HgBr2
HgCO3·2HgO
HgCl2
Hg(CNO)2
Hg(OH)2
HgO
HgCl2·3HgO
HgSiF6·HgO·3H2O
HgSO4
HgSO4·2HgO
HgC2H3O2
HgBr
Hg2CO3
98–99.5
318.70
360.44
693.84
271.52
284.65
234.63
216.61
921.35
613.33
296.67
729.89
259.65
280.53
461.23
11.5
3.270
6.053
2300 (?)
d.
237
5.44
4.42
277
expl.
−H2O, 175
d. 100
d. 260
MnSO4·3H2O
205.04
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·4H2O*
223.05
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·5H2O
241.07
sulfate (ous)
MnSO4·6H2O
259.09
Masurium
Mercuric acetate
bromide
carbonate, basic
chloride (corrosive sublimate)
fulminate
hydroxide
oxide (montroydite)
oxychloride (kleinite)
silicofluoride, basic
sulfate
sulfate, basic (turpeth)
Mercurous acetate
bromide
carbonate
2-18
2.356
pink, rhb. or mn.,
1.518
pink, tri., 1.508
wh. pl.
wh., rhb.
brn.-red
wh., rhb., 1.859
cb.
yel. or red, rhb., 2.5
yel., hex.
yel. nd.
wh., rhb.
yel., tet.
wh. sc.
wh., tet.
yel. pd.
2.107
15°
2.103
11.14
7.93
6.47
6.44
7.307
d.
d.
subl. 345
d. 130
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
Hot water
Other reagents
i.
i.
i.
64.519° d.
19.260°
64.817.5°
s.
26.90°
72.40°
d.
s.
s.
0.006525°
i.
i.
sl. s.
d.
81.775°
s.
s.
68.3100°
17840°
63.40°
1518°
123.8100°
∞
s. al., m. al.
s. aq. CO2, dil. a.; l.
NH3, al.
s. al.; i. et., NH3
s. al.; i. et.
129.5
s.
0.00220°
i.
4260°
i.
i.
i.
s.
i.
i.
∞
i.
i.
i.
s. al., et.
s. a., NH4 salts; i. alk.
s. h. H2SO4
v. s. al.
s. a., NH4Cl
s. a.; i. act.
s. HCl; i. HNO3, act.
d. 850
530°
98.4748°
7350°
79.77100°
s. al.; i. et.
85.2735°
106.855°
1900
d.
700
Stable 57 to
117
Stable 40 to
57
Stable 30 to
40
Stable 18 to
30
Stable 8 to
18
Stable −5 to
+8
Stable −10 to
−5; 19 d.
d. 160
sulfate (ous)
Boiling
point, °C
1190
−H2O, 106;
−4H2O, 200
5°
−4H2O, 450
74.22
99.3157°
13616°
16950°
5°
−7H2O, 280
322
304
s.
64.550°
200
2040°
2479°
176
d. HF
s. al.
s. al.
s. dil. a.
i. al.
35°
142
0°
s. a.
s. a.; i. alk.
s. a.; i. al.
d. al.
25114°
v. s.
d.
s. HCl, dil. H2SO4; l.
conc. H2SO4, HNO3
2510°
0.520°
i.
3.60°
sl. s.
i.
0.005225°
i.
d.
d.
0.005
0.7513°
7 × 10−9
i.
100100°
25100°
s. al. sl. d.
25.20° al.; v. sl. s. et.
s. aq. CO2, NH4Cl
3325° 99% al.; 33 et.
s. NH4OH, al.
s. a.
s. a.; i. al.
s. HCl
s. a.
s. a.; i. al., act., NH8
s. a.; i. al.
s. H2SO4, HNO3; i. al.
s. a.; i. al., act.
s. NH4Cl
61.3100°
i.
0.041100°
d.
0.167100°
d.
i.
d.
HgCl
236.07
wh., tet., 1.9733
7.150
302
383.7
0.00140°
0.000743°
iodide
nitrate
Mercurous oxide
HgI
HgNO3·H2O
Hg2O
327.53
280.63
417.22
yel., tet.
wh. mn.
bk.
7.70
4.7853.9°
9.8
290 d.
70
d. 100
subl. 140; 310d.
expl.
2 × 10−8
v. s.
i.
v. sl. s.
d.
0.0007
sulfate
Mercury†
Molybdenum
Hg2SO4
Hg
Mo
497.28
200.61
95.95
wh., mn.
silv. lq. or hex.(?)
gray, cb.
7.56
13.54620°
10.2
d.
−38.87
2620 10
0.05516.5°
i.
i.
0.092100°
i.
i.
MoCl2
166.85
yel., amor.
3.714 25°
4
d.
i.
i.
3.578 25°
4
d.
chloride (calomel)
chloride, dichloride, tri-
MoCl3
202.32
dark red pd.
chloride, tetra-
MoCl4
237.78
brn., delq.
chloride, pentaoxide, tri- (molybdite)
sulfide, di- (molybdenite)
sulfide, trisulfide, tetraMolybdic acid
Molybdic acid
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
MoCl5
MoO3
MoS2
MoS3
MoS4
H2MoO4
H2MoO4·H2O
Nd
Ne
239
273.24
143.95
160.07
192.13
224.19
161.97
179.98
144.27
20.18
Np
Ni
239
58.69
176.78
291.20
394.99
422.62
218.52
272.57
320.71
841.51
118.70
587.58
carbonyl
chloride
chloride
Ni(C2H3O2)2
NiCl2·NH4Cl·6H2O
NiSO4·(NH4)2SO4·
6H2O
Ni(BrO3)2·6H2O
NiBr2
NiBr2·3H2O
NiBr2·6NH3
NiPtBr6·6H2O
NiCO3
2NiCO3·3Ni(OH)2·
4H2O
Ni(CO)4
NiCl2
NiCl2·6H2O*
chloride, ammonia
cyanide
dimethylglyoxime
NiCl2·6NH3
Ni(CN)2·4H2O
NiC8H14O4N4
231.80
182.79
288.91
formate
hydroxide (ic)
hydroxide (ous)
nitrate
nitrate, ammonia
oxide, mono- (bunsenite)
potassium cyanide
sulfate
Ni(HCO2)2·2H2O
Ni(OH)3
Ni(OH)2·d H2O
Ni(NO3)2·6H2O
Ni(NO3)2·4NH3·2H2O
NiO
Ni(CN)2·2KCN·H2O
NiSO4
184.76
109.71
97.21
290.80
286.87
74.69
258.97
154.75
acetate
ammonium chloride
ammonium sulfate
bromate
bromide
bromide
bromide, ammonia
bromoplatinate
carbonate
carbonate, basic
170.73
129.60
237.70
bk. cr.
col., rhb.
bk., hex., 4.7
red-brn.
brn. pd.
yel-wh., hex.
yel., mn.
yellowish
col. gas
2.928 25°
4
19.5°
4.50
4.80114°
3.12415°
6.920°
lq. 1.204−245.9°
0.674 (A)
s. lq. O2, al., act., bz.
i.
s. dil. HNO3; sl. s. H2SO4,
HCl; i. NH3
i. al.
s.
d.
194
268
s.
795
1185
d.
d.
d. 115
−H2O, 70
840
−248.67
subl.
−2H2O, 200
−245.9
d.
18°
0.107
i.
sl. s.
i.
v. sl. s.
0.13318°
d.
2.60° cc
238
Produced by Neutron bombardment of U
1452
2900
i.
gn. pr.
gn., delq., mn.
blue-gn., mn.,
1.5007
gn., cb.
yel., delq.
gn., delq.
vl. pd.
trig.
lt. gn., rhb.
lt. gn.
1.798
1.645
1.923
d.
2.575
4.64 28°
4
16.6
15025°
2.53.5°
v. s.
39.288°
v. sl. s. (NH4)2SO4
d.
d.
−3H2O, 200
28
112.80°
1999°
v. s.
156100°
316100°
d.
s. NH4OH
s. al., et., NH4OH
s. al., et., NH4OH
i. c. NH4OH
d.
d.
0.009325°
i.
i.
d.
s. a.
s. a., NH4 salts
0.0189.8°
53.80°
180
i.
87.6100°
v. s.
s. aq. reg., HNO3, al., et.
s. NH4OH, al.; i. NH3
v. s. al.
s.
i.
i.
d.
i.
i.
s. NH4OH; i. al.
s. KCN; i. dil. KCl
s. abs. al., a.; i. ac.,
NH4OH
i.
v. sl. s.
∞56.7°
s. a., NH4OH, NH4Cl
s. a., NH4OH; i. alk.
s. NH4OH; i. abs. al.
i. al.
s. a., NH4OH
d. a.
i. al., et., act.
1.837
3.715
gn. pl.
scarlet red cr.
1.145° cc
d.
d.
8.9020
1.3117°
3.544
2.10679°
i.
s.
i.
sl. s.
2.1370°
i.
volt.
silv. met., cb.
lq.
yel., delq.
gn., delq., mn.,
1.57
356.9
3700
s. aq. reg., Hg(NO3)2;
sl. s. HNO3, HCl;
i. al., etc.
s. KI; i. al.
s. HNO3; i. al., et.
s. h. ac.; i. alk., dil. HCl,
NH3
s. H2SO4, HNO3
s. HNO3; i. HCl
s. h. conc. H2SO4; i.
HCl, HF, NH3, dil.
H2SO4, Hg
s. HCl, H2SO4, NH4OH,
al., et.
s. HNO3, H2SO4; v. sl. s.
al., et.
s. HNO3, H2SO4; sl. s.
al., et.
s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. abs.
al., et.
s. a., NH4OH
s. H2SO4, aq. reg.
s. alk. sulfides
s. alk. sulfides; i. NH3
s. NH4OH, H2SO4; i. NH
s. a., NH4OH, NH4, salts
−25
subl.
43751mm
973
−4H2O, 200
subl. 250
d.
gn. cr.
bk.
lt. gn.
gn., mn.
2.154
4.36
2.05
d.
d.
d.
56.7
gn.-bk., cb., 2.37
red yel., mn.
yel., cb.
7.45
1.87511°
3.68
Forms Ni2O3 at 400
−H2O, 100
−SO3, 840
136.7
s.
i.
v. sl. s.
243.00°
v. s.
i.
s.
27.20°
i.
76.7100°
*Usual commercial form.
†See also Tables 2-28 and 2-280.
2-19
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name
Nickel (Cont.)
sulfate
Formula
NiSO4·6H2O*
sulfate (morenosite)
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
Nitro acid sulfite
Nitrogen
NiSO4·7H2O
HNO3
HNO3·H2O
HNO3·3H2O
NO2HSO3
N2
Nitrogen oxide, mono- (ous)
N2O
oxide, di- (ic)
NO or (NO)2
oxide, tri-
N2O3
oxide, tetra- (per- or di-)
NO2 or (NO2)2
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
262.85
gn. mn. or blue, tet.,
1.5109
gn., rhb., 1.4893
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col., rhb.
col. gas or cb. cr.
280.86
63.02
81.03
117.06
127.08
28.02
44.02
col. gas
30.01
(60.02)
76.02
col. gas
red-brn. gas or blue
lq. or solid
yel. lq., col. solid,
red-brn. gas
wh., rhb.
oxide, penta-
N2O5
46.01
(92.02)
108.02
oxybromide
oxychloride
NOBr
NOCl
109.92
65.47
brn. lq.
red-yel. lq. or gas
Nitroxyl chloride
Osmium
chloride, dichloride, trichloride, tetraOxygen
NO2Cl
Os
OsCl2
OsCl3
OsCl4
O2
81.47
190.2
261.11
296.57
332.03
32.00
yel.-brn. gas
blue, hex.
gn., delq.
brn., cb.
red-yel. nd.
col. gas or hex. solid
Ozone
O3
Palladium
Pd
106.70
silv. met., cb.
PdBr2
PdCl2
PdCl2·2H2O
Pd(CN)2
266.53
177.61
213.65
158.74
brn.
brn., cb.
brn. pr.
yel.
Pd2H
Pd(NH3)2Cl2
HClO4
HClO4·H2O
HClO4·2H2O*
73.6% anh.
HIO4
HIO4·2H2O
HMnO4
HMoO4·2H2O
H2S2O8
PONH2·(OH)2
H7P(Mo2O7)6·28H2O
PH3
214.41
211.68
100.46
118.48
136.50
met.
red or yel., tet.
unstable, col. lq
fairly stable nd.
stable lq., col.
bromide (ous)
chloride
chloride
cyanide
hydride
Palladous dichlorodiammine
Perchloric acid
Perchloric acid
Perchloric acid
Periodic acid
Periodic acid
Permanganic acid
Permolybdic acid
Persulfuric acid
Phosphamic acid
Phosphatomolybdic acid
Phosphine
Phosphonium chloride
2-20
PH4Cl
48.00
191.93
227.96
119.94
196.99
194.14
97.02
2365.88
34.00
70.47
col. gas
wh. cr.
delq., mn.
exists only in solution
wh. cr.
hyg. cr.
cb.
yel. cb.
col. gas
wh., cb.
Specific
gravity
2.07
1.948
1.502
Melting
point, °C
−6H2O, 280
13150°
98–100
−42
−38
−18.5
73 d.
−209.86
−6H2O, 103
86
0°
−9.3
1.448
18°
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
tr. 53.3
1.026−252.5°
0.808−195.8°
12.50° (D)
lq. 1.226−89°
−102.3
1.530 (A)
lq. 1.269−150.2° −161
1.0367 (A)
1.4472°
−102
20°
Boiling
point, °C
Hot water
280100°
30°
117.8
∞
∞
∞
−195.8
63.5
∞
∞
263−20°
d.
2.350° cc
−90.7
130.520° cc
−151
7.340° cc
60.8224°
cc
0.0100°
3.5
s.
21.3
d.
1.5520° cc
Other reagents
v. s. NH4OH, al.
s. al.
expl. with al.
d. al.
d. al.
s. H2SO4
sl. s. al.
s. H2SO4, al.
26.6 cc al.; 3.5 cc H2SO4;
s. aq. FeSO4
s. a., et.
s. HNO3, H2SO4, chl.,
CS2
1.63
30
47
s.
>1.0
1.417−12°
2.31 (A)
lq. 1.3214°
22.4820°
−55.5
−64.5
−2
−5.5
d.
d.
<−30
2700
5
>5300
1.14−188°
1.426−252.5°
1.1053 (A)
1.71−183°
3.03−80°
1.658 (A)
12.020°
111550°
−218.4
−183
d
i.
s. d.
sl. s.
s. d.
4.890° cc
−251
−112
0.4940° cc
060° cc
s. oil turp., oil cinn.
1555
2200
i.
i.
i.
s.
s.
i.
i.
s.
s.
i.
s. aq. reg., h. H2SO4;
i. NH3
s. HBr
s. HCl, act., al.
s. HCl, act., al.
s. HCN, KCN, NH4OH;
i. dil. a.
d. 560–600
500 d.
d.
11.06
2.5
1.768 22°
4
1.88
1.71 25°
4
Forms
HNO3
s. fuming H2SO4
i.
2.630° cc
1.7100° cc
sl. s. aq. reg., HNO3; i. NH3
s. NaCl, al., et.
s. a., alk., al.; sl. s. et.
s. HCl, al.
sl. s. al., s. fused Ag
d.
−90°
lq. 0.746
1.146 (A)
−112
50
−17.8
1618mm
d.
200
d. 138
d. 110
subl. 110
<60
d.
78
−132.5
46atm
28
s.
s.
s.
v. s.
−25H2O, 140
−85
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
2617° cc
subl.
d.
s. a., NH4OH
s. al.
v. s.
d.
v. s.
d.
v. s. d.
100°
i.
sl. s. al., et.
d. al.
i. al.
s. HNO8
s. Cu2Cl2, al., et.
Phosphoric acid, hypoPhosphoric acid, meta-
H4P2O6
HPO3
161.99
79.99
cr.
vitreous, delq.
2.2–2.5
55
subl.
d. 70
s.
s.
Phosphoric acid, orthoPhosphoric acid, pyro-
H3PO4†
H4P2O7
98.00
177.99
col., rhb.
wh. nd.
1.834
42.35
61
−a H2O, 213
2340
80028°
Phosphorous acid, hypoPhosphorous acid, orthoPhosphorous acid, pyroPhosphorus, black
Phosphorus, red
Phosphorus, yellow
H3PO2
H3PO3
H4P2O6
P4
P4
P4
66.00
82.00
145.99
123.92
123.92
123.92
syrupy
col.
nd.
rhombohedral
red, cb.
yel., hex., 2.1168
1.49318.8°
1.65121.2°
26.5
74
38
d.
d. 200
d. 130
ign. in air, 400
ign. in air, 725
280
∞
307.30°
d.
i.
i.
0.0003
PCl3
PCl5
137.35
208.27
col., fuming lq.
delq., tet.
−111.8
148 under
pressure
subl. 250
2
75.95760mm
subl. 160
d.
d.
21.4520°
lq. 191755°
1755
4300
chloride, trichloride, pentaoxide, pentaoxychloride
Phosphotungstic acid
Platinum
P2O5
POCl2
P2O5·2WO3·42H2O
Pt
141.96
153.35
3681.67
195.23
wh., delq., amor.
col., fuming lq.
yel.-gn. cr.
silv. met., cb.
18.2°
2.69
2.2020°
1.8220°; lq.
1.74544.5°
1.574 20.8°
4
solid 1.6;
3.60295° (A)
2.387
1.675
59043atm
44.1; ign. 34
26°
Forms H3PO4
d.
s.
i.
107.2760mm
25°
45062°
Forms
H3PO4
v. s.
Forms
H3PO4
∞
73040°
i. CS2
s. alk.; i. CS2, NH3, et.
0.4 al.; 100010° CS2; 1.50°,
1081° bs.; s. NH3
s. et., chl., CS2
s. CS2, C6H5COCl
v. s.
s. H2SO4; i. NH3, act.
d. al.
s. al., et.
s. aq. reg., fused alk.
i.
chloride (ic)
PtCl4
337.06
brn.
d. 370
140
v. s.
PtCl2
266.14
brn.
5.8711°
d. 581
i.
i.
PtCl4·8H2O
Pt(CN)2
Pu
Pu
K
481.19
247.27
238
239
39.10
red, mn.
yel.-brn.
2.43
−4H2O, 100
v. s.
i.
v. s.
i.
d.
KC2H3O2
KH(C2H3O2)2
K2(AlO2)2·3H2O
KNH2
KH2AsO4
KAu(CN)4·1·5H2O
KAu(CN)2
KHCO3
KHSO4
KBrO3
KBr
K2CO3
K2CO3·2H2O
2K2CO3·3H3O
KClO3
KCl
K2PtCl6
K2CrO4
KCNO
KCN
K2Cr2O7
K3Fe(CN)6
K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O
KHCO2
KH
KHS
KOH
KIO3
KI
98.14
158.19
250.18
55.12
180.02
367.39
288.33
100.11
136.16
167.01
119.01
138.20
174.23
330.45
122.56
74.56
486.16
194.20
81.11
65.11
294.21
329.25
422.39
84.11
40.10
72.16
56.10
214.02
166.02
wh. pd.
delq. nd. or pl.
cr.
yel.-grn.
col., tet., 1.5674
pl.
rhb.
mn., 1.482
rhb., or mn., 1.480
trig.
col., cb., 1.5594
wh., delq. pd., 1.531
rhb.
mn.
col., mn., 1.5167
col., cb., 1.4904
yel., cb., 1.825
yel., rhb., 1.7261
wh., tet.
wh., cb., delq., 1.410
red, tri.
red, mn. pr., 1.5689
yel., mn., 1.5772
col., rhb.
cb., 1.453
wh., delq., rhb.
wh., delq., rhb.
col., mn.
wh., cb., 1.6670
Forms
KOH
39690°
acetate
acetate, acid
aluminate
amide
arsenate (monobasic)
auricyanide
aurocyanide
bicarbonate
bisulfate
bromate
bromide
carbonate
carbonate
carbonate
chlorate
chloride (sylvite)
chloroplatinate
chromate (tarapacaite)
cyanate
cyanide
dichromate
ferricyanide
ferrocyanide
formate
hydride
hydrosulfide
hydroxide
iodate
iodide
silv. met., cb.
238
Produced by deuteron bombardment on U
Produced by neutron bombardment on U238
0.8620°
62.3
760
lq. 0.8342°
1.8
292
148
d. 200
2.867
2.17
2.35
3.2717.5°
2.7525°
2.29
2.043
2.13
2.32
1.988
3.499
2.73218°
2.048
1.5216°
2.69
1.84
1.85317°
1.91
0.80
2.0
2.044
3.89
3.13
338
288
d. 200
d. 100–200
210
370 d.
730
891
368
790
d. 250
975
634.5
398
d.
−3HO2, 70
167.5
d.
455
380
560
723
subl. 400
d.
1380
d.
d. 400
1500
d.
d.
1320
1330
2170°
d.
s.
d.
18.876°
s.
14.3
22.40°
36.30°
3.110°
53.50°
105.50°
1830°
129.40°
3.30°
27.60°
0.740°
58.00°
s.
s.
4.90°
334.4°
27.812.2°
33118°
d.
s.
970°
4.730°
127.50°
s. al.
v. s. al., et.
i.
i.
sl. s.
chloride (ous)
chloride (ic)
cyanide (ous)
Plutonium
Plutonium
Potassium
i. lq. CO2
d.
v. s.
v. s.
200100°
6060°
121.6100°
49.75100°
104100°
156100°
331100°
268100°
57100°
56.7100°
5.2100°
75.6100°
d.
122.2108.8°
80100°
77.5100°
90.696.8°
65790°
s. d.
178100°
32.2100°
208100°
s. al., act.; sl. s. NH2;
i. et.
s. HCl, NH4OH; sl. s.
NH3; i. al., et.
s. al., et.
i. alk.
s. a., al., Hg
33 al.; i. et.
s. ac.
s. alk.; i al.
d. al.; 3.625° NH3
i. al.
s. al.
sl. s. al.; i. et.
i. satd. K2CO3, al.
d. al.
sl. s. al.; i. act.
sl. s. al., et.
i. al.
0.83 al.; s. alk.
s. al., alk.
i. al., et.
i. al.
v. sl. s. al.
s. gly.; 0.919.5° al.; 1.3 h. al.
i. al.
s. act.; sl. s. al.; i. NH3
s. act.; i. NH3, al., et.
sl. s. al.; i. et.
i. et., bz., CS2
s. al.
v. s. al., et.; i. NH3
s. KI; i. al., NH3
420° al.; s. NH3; sl. s. et.
*One commercial form 70 to 72 per cent.
†Common commercial form 85 per cent H3PO4 in aqueous solution.
2-21
TABLE 2-1
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Potassium (Cont.)
iodide, triiodoplatinate
manganate
metabisulfite
nitrate (saltpeter)
nitrite
oxalate
oxalate, acid
oxalate, acid
oxide
perchlorate
permanganate
persulfate
phosphate, monobasic
KI3
K2PtI6
K2MnO4
K2S2O5
KNO3
KNO2
K2C2O4·H2O
KHC2O4*
KHC2O4·a H2O
K2O
KClO4
KMnO4
K2S2O3
KH2PO4
419.86
1034.94
197.12
222.31
101.10
85.10
184.23
128.12
137.13
94.19
138.55
158.03
270.31
136.09
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, metaphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophthalate, acid
platinocyanide
silicate
silicate, tetrasulfate (arcanite)
Potassium sulfate, pyrosulfide, monosulfite
sulfite, acid
tartrate
tartrate, acid
thiocyanate
K2HPO4
K3PO4
KPO3
K4P4O12·2H2O
K4P2O7·3H2O
KHC8H4O4
K2Pt(CN)4·3H2O
K2SiO3
K2Si4O9·H2O
K2SO4
K2S2O7
K2S·5H2O
K2SO3·2H2O
KHSO3
K2C4H4O6·a H2O
KHC4H4O6*
KCNS
174.18
212.27
118.08
508.34
384.39
204.22
431.54
154.25
352.45
174.25
254.31
200.33
194.28
120.16
235.27
188.18
97.17
thiosulfate
thiosulfate
Praseodymium
Radium
bromide
Radon (Niton)
K2S2O3
3K2S2O3·H2O
Pr
Ra
RaBr2
Rn
190.31
588.95
140.92
226.05
385.88
222.0
dark blue, delq., mn.
cb.
gn., rhb.
mn., pl.
col., rhb., 1.5038
pr.
wh., mn.
mn., 1.545
trimetric
wh., cb.
col., rhb., 1.4737
purple, rhb.
wh., tri., 1.4669
col., delq., tet.,
1.5095
wh., delq.
wh., rhb.
wh. pd.
amor.
delq.
wh. cr.
yel., rhb., 1.62
hyg. 1.521
rhb., 1.530
col., rhb., 1.4947
col.
rhb., delq.
wh., rhb.
wh., mn.
col., mn., 1.526
col., rhb.
col., delq., mn.,
1.660
col., cb.
delq., mn.
yel.
wh., met.
wh., mn.
gas
Rhenium
Re
186.31
hex.
Rhodium
chloride
chloride
Rubidium
Rh
RhCl3
RhCl3·4H2O
Rb
102.91
209.28
281.35
85.48
gray-wh., cb.
red
dark red
silv. wh.
Ruthenium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenic acid
Selenic acid
Selenium
Selenium
Ru
Ru
Sm (also Sa)
Sc
H2SeO4
H2SeO4·H2O
Se8
Se8
101.70
101.70
150.43
45.10
144.98
162.99
631.68
631.68
bk., porous
gray, hex.
Name
2-22
hex. pr.
nd.
red pd., amor., 2.92
gray, trig., 3.00; red,
hex.
Specific
gravity
3.498
5.18
2.1110.6°
1.915
2.13
2.0
2.32 20°
4
2.524 11°
4
2.703
2.338
2.56417°
2.25814.5°
2.26414.5°
2.33
1.63
2.4516°
2.417
2.662
2.277
1.98
1.956
1.886
2.23
6.520°
5?
5.79
lq. 5.5; 111
(D)
Melting
point, °C
45
d. 190
d. 150
tr. 129; 333
297
d.
d.
d.
Boiling
point, °C
d. 225
d. 400
d. 350
d. 400
d. <240
d. <100
256
d.
1340
tr. 450; 798
−2H2O, 100
−2H2O, 180
d.
976
d. 400
tr. 588
300
60
d.
d. 190
1320
d.
−3H2O, 300
−3H2O, 150
d.
172.3
d. 400
−H2O, 180
940
960
728
−71
d. 500
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
v. s.
s.
d.
250°
13.30°
2810°
28.70°
14.350°
2.20°
Forms KOH
0.750°
2.830°
1.770°
14.80°
Hot water
s. KI, al.
12094°
246100°
413100°
83.2100°
48.1100°
51.5100°
v. s.
21.8100°
32.3575°
1040°
83.590°
3325°
193.125°
s.
s.
s.
10.225°
sl. s.
s.
s.
7.350°
s.
s.
100
45.515°
12.517.5°
0.370°
1770°
v. s.
v. s.
s.
83
v. s.
36
v. s.
s.
s.
24.1100°
d.
96.10°
311.290°
>100
91.575°
278100°
6.1100°
21720°
d.
1140
subl. 900
−62
1955
d. 450
>2500
subl. 800
lq. 1.47588.5;
1.5320°
8.6
12.220°
7.7
2.5?
2.950 15°
4
2.627 15°
4
4.2625°
4.80; 4.50
38.5
>1950
2450
>1300
1200
58
26
50
220
s. KOH
sl. s. al.; i. et.
0.130° al.; i. et.
v. s. NH3; sl. s. al.
s. al., et.
0.10520° m. al.; i. et.
s. H2SO4; d. al.
i. al.
i. al.
sl. s. al.
i. al.
s. a.
i. al.
s. al., et.
i. al.
i. al.
i. al., act., CS2
s. al., gly.; i. et.
sl. s. al.; i. NH3
i. abs. al.
sl. s. al.
s. a., alk.; i. al., ac.
20.822° act.; s. al.
i. al.
d.
d. +H2
7020°
510° cc
s.
8.560° cc
3440
12.5
Other reagents
d. a.
s. al.
i. HF, HCl; s. H2SO4;
HNO3
sl. s. aq. reg., a.
v. sl. s. alk.; i. aq. reg., a.
s. HCl, al.; i. et.
s. a., al.
i.
i.
700
i.
i.
v. s.
d.
>2700
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s. aq. reg., a.
2400
260
205
688
688
130030°
v. s.
i.
i.
∞60°
s. H2SO4; d. al.; i. NH3
i.
i.
s. CS2, H2SO4, CH2I2
s. CS2, H2SO4
Selenium
Selenous acid
Silicic acid, metaSilicic acid, orthoSilicon, crystalline
Se8
H2SeO3
H2SiO3
H4SiO4
Si
631.68
128.98
78.08
96.09
28.06
4.825°
3.004 15°
4
2.1–2.3
1.57617°
2.420°
cr.
brn., amor.
blue-bk., trig., 2.654
lf. or lq.
col., fuming lq.,
1.412
gas
col. gas
iridescent, amor.
col., cb. or tet.,
1.487
217
d.
688
2600
i.
900°
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
40090°
i.
sl. s.
i.
1420
2.0–2.5
2600
i.
i.
2
3.17
1.580°
1.50
>2700
−1
−70
2600
subl. 2200
144760mm
57.6
i.
i.
d.
d.
i.
i.
3.57 (A)
lq. 0.68−185°
2.2
2.32
−95.7
−185
1600–1750
1710
−651810mm
−112760mm
subl. 1750
2230
v. s. d.
i.
i.
i.
Silicon, graphitic
Si
Silicon, amorphous
carbide
chloride, trichloride, tetra-
Si
SiC
Si2Cl6
SiCl4
28.06
40.07
268.86
169.89
SiF4
SiH4
SiO2·xH2O
SiO2
104.06
32.09
SiO2
SiO2
SiO2
Ag
AgBr
60.06
60.06
60.06
107.88
187.80
hex., 1.5442
trig., rhb., 1.469
silv. met., cb.
pa. yel., cb., 2.252
2.20
2.65020°
2.26
10.520°
6.473 25°
4
tr. <1425
tr. 1670
960.5
434
2230
2230
2230
1950
d. 700
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.0000220°
i.
i.
carbonate
chloride (cerargyrite)
Ag2CO3
AgCl
275.77
143.34
yel. pd.
wh., cb., 2.071
6.077
5.56
218 d.
455
1550
0.00320°
0.00008910°
0.05100°
0.00217100°
cyanide
nitrate (lunar caustic)
Sodium
AgCN
AgNO3
Na
133.90
169.89
22.997
wh., 1.685
col., rhb., 1.744
silv. met, cb.
3.95
4.352 19°
4
0.9720°
−(CN)2, 320
212
97.5
444 d.
880
acetate
acetate
aluminate
amide
Sodium ammonium phosphate
antimonate, metaarsenate
arsenate, acid (monobasic)
arsenate, acid (dibasic)
arsenate, acid (dibasic)
arsenite, acid
benzoate
bicarbonate
bifluoride
bisulfate
bisulfite
borate, tetraborate, tetra
NaC2H3O2
NaC2H3O2·3H2O
NaAlO2
NaNH2
NaNH4HPO4·4H2O
2NaSbO3·7H2O
Na3AsO4·12H2O
NaH2AsO4·H2O
Na2HAsO4·7H2O*
Na2HAsO4·12H2O
Na2HAs03
NaC7H5O2
NaHCO3
NaHF2
NaHSO4
NaHSO3
Na2B4O7
Na2B4O7·5H2O
82.04
136.09
81.97
39.02
209.09
511.63
424.09
181.94
312.02
402.10
169.91
144.11
84.01
62.00
120.06
104.06
201.27
291.35
wh., mn., 1.464
wh., mn.
amor.
olive gn.
col., mn.
cb.
hex., 1.4589
rhb., 1.5535
col., mn., 1.4658
mn., 1.4496
col.
col. cr.
wh., mn., 1.500
col. cr.
col., tri.
col., mn., 1.526
1.528
1.45
324
58
1650
210
79 d.
col., rhb., 1.461
2.742
1.48
2.367
1.815
Na2B4O7·10H2O*
381.43
wh., mn., 1.4694
1.73
fluoride
hydride (silane)
oxide, di- (opal)
oxide, di- (cristobalite)
oxide, di- (lechatelierite)
oxide, di- (quartz)
oxide, di- (tridymite)
Silver
bromide (bromyrite)
borate, tetra- (borax)
28.06
steel gray
hex.
amor., 1.41
amor.
gray, cb., 3.736
60.06
1.574
−3H2O, 120
400
1.759
2.535
1.871
1.72
1.87
86.3
d. 100
125
28
2.20
−CO2, 270
d.
>315
d.
741
d., −H2O
75
−10H2O, 200
17.5°
bromate
bromide
bromide
NaBrO3
NaBr
NaBr·2H2O
150.91
102.91
138.95
col., cb.
col., cb., 1.6412
col., mn.
3.339
3.20517.5°
2.176
381
755
50.7
carbonate (soda ash)
carbonate
Na2CO3
Na2CO3·H2O
106.00
124.02
2.533
1.55
851
−H2O, 100
carbonate
carbonate (sal soda)
Na2CO3·7H2O
Na2CO3·10H2O
232.12
286.16
wh. pd., 1.535
wh., rhb., 1.506–
1.509
rhb. or trig.
wh., mn., 1.425
1.51
1.46
d. 35.1
−7H2O, 100
−12H2O, 100
0.00002220°
1220°
d., forms
NaOH
46.520°
v. s.
s.
d.
16.7
0.03112.8°
26.717°
s.
6115°
5.590.1°
v. s.
62.525°
6.90°
3.720°
500°
sl. s.
1.30°
2262° (anh.)
i.
i.
i.
0.00037100°
952100°
170100°
v. s.
v. s.
100
s. HF; i. alk.
s. HF; i. alk.
s. HF; i. alk.
s. HNO3, h. H2SO4; i. alk.
0.5118° NH4OH; s. KCN,
Na2S2O3
s. NH4OH, Na2S2O3; i. al.
s. NH4OH, KCN; sl. s.
HCl
s. NH4OH, KCN, HNO3
s. gly.; v. sl. s. al.
i. bz.; d. al.
2.118° al.
7.825° abs. al.
i. al.
d. al.
i. al.
sl. s. al., NH4 salts; i. ac.
1.67 al., 5015° gly.
sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
2.325°, 8.378° al.
i. al.
1390
27.5
9020°
79.50° (anh.)
d.
7.10°
s.
s.
21.50°
s.
23830°
0°
s. HNO3, al., et.
i. al., et.; d. KOH
s. HF, h. alk., fused CaCl2
s. HF; i. alk.
v. s.
140.730°
76.9100°
16.460°
s.
100100°
s.
8.7940°
52.3100°
(anh.)
20.380°
(anh.)
90.9100°
121100°
118.380°
(anh.)
48.5104°
s.
1.30.5 (anh).
i. CS2; s. H2SO4
v. s. al.; i. NH3
s. alk.; i. NH4Cl
s. alk.; i. NH4Cl
s. HNO3 + HF, Ag; sl. s.
Pb, Zn; i. HF
s. HNO3 + HF, fused
alk.; i. HF.
s. HF, KOH
s. fused alk.; i. a.
d. alk.
d. conc. H2SO4, al.
d. al.; i. NH3
i. al., act.
i. al.
s. gly.; i. abs. al.
i. al.
sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.
i. al., et.
s. gly.; i. al., et.
i. al.
*Usual commercial form.
2-23
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
TABLE 2-1
Name
Sodium ammonium phosphate
(Cont.)
carbonate, sesqui- (trona)
chlorate
Formula
Na3H(CO3)2·2H2O
NaClO3
Formula
weight
Specific
gravity
NaCl
Na2CrO4
Na2CrO4·10H2O
2Na3C6H5O7·11H2O
NaCN
Na2Cr2O7·2H2O
58.45
162.00
342.16
714.36
49.02
298.05
ferricyanide
ferrocyanide
Na3Fe(CN)6·H2O
Na4Fe(CN)6·10H2O
298.97
484.11
red, delq.
yel., mn.
1.458
fluoride (villiaumite)
formate
hydride
NaF
NaHCO2
NaH
tet., 1.3258
wh., mn.
silv. nd., 1.470
2.79
1.919
0.92
992
253
d. 800
hydrosulfide
hydrosulfide
hydrosulfite
hydroxide
hydroxide
hypochlorite
iodide
iodide
lactate
nitrate (soda niter)
nitrite
NaSH·2H2O
NaSH·3H2O
Na2S2O4·2H2O
NaOH
NaOH·3a H2O
NaOCl
NaI*
NaI·2H2O
NaC3H5O3
NaNO3
NaNO2
2.130
d.
22
d.
318.4
15.5
d.
651
1300
2.257
2.1680°
d.
308
271
d. 380
d. 320
oxide
Na2O
2.27
subl.
2-24
NaBO3·H2O
NaClO4
NaClO4·H2O
Na2O2*
Na2O2·8H2O
NaH2PO4·H2O*
NaH2PO4·2H2O
Na2HPO4·7H2O
Na2HPO4·12H2O
Na3PO4
Na3PO4·12H2O*
Na4P4O12
Na4P2O7*
Na4P2O7·10H2O
Na2H2P2O7
Na2H2P2O7·6H2O
NaKC4H4O6·4H2O
Na2SiO3
Na2SiO3·9H2O
Na4SiO4
Na2SiF6
Na2SnO3·3H2O
Na2SO4
Na2SO4
92.10
110.11
210.15
40.00
103.06
74.45
149.92
185.95
112.07
85.01
69.01
61.99
99.83
122.45
140.47
77.99
222.12
138.01
156.03
268.09
358.17
163.97
380.16
407.91
265.95
446.11
221.97
330.07
282.23
122.05
284.20
184.05
188.05
266.74
142.05
142.05
col., delq., nd.
rhb.
col. cr.
wh., delq.
mn.
pa. yel., in soln. only
col., cb., 1.7745
col., mn.
col., amor.
col., trig., 1.5874
pa. yel., rhb.
wh., delq.
wh. pd.
rhb., 1.4617
hex.
yel.-wh. pd.
wh., hex.
col., rhb., 1.4852
col., rhb., 1.4629
col., mn., 1.4424
col., mn., 1.4361
wh.
wh., trig., 1.4458
col.
wh.
mn., 1.4525
col., mn., 1.510
col., mn., 1.4645
rhb., 1.493
col., rhb., 1.520
rhb.
col., hex., 1.530
wh., hex., 1.312
hex. tablets
col., rhb., 1.477
col., mn.
2.163
2.723
1.483
1.857 23.5°
4
18°
2.52
3.6670°
2.448
2.02
2.805
2.040
1.91
1.679
1.52
2.53717.5°
1.62
2.476
2.45
1.82
1.862
1.848
1.790
2.679
2.698
d.
248
Boiling
point, °C
chloride
chromate
chromate
citrate
cyanide
dichromate
42.00
68.01
24.005
2.112
2.49015°
Melting
point, °C
wh., mn., 1.5073
wh., cb., or trig.,
1.5151
col., cb., 1.5443
yel., rhb.
yel., delq., mn.
wh., rhb.
wh., cb., 1.452
red, mn., 1.6994
perborate
perchlorate
perchlorate
peroxide
peroxide
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, monobasic
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, dibasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, tribasic
phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, pyrophosphate (pyrodisodium)
phosphate (pyrodisodium)
potassium tartrate
silicate, metaSodium silicate, metasilicate, orthosilicofluoride
stannate
sulfate (thenardite)
sulfate
226.05
106.45
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
800.4
392
19.9
−11H2O, 150
563.7
−2H2O, 84.6;
356 (anh.)
d. 40
482 d.
d. 130
d.
d. 30
−H2O, 100
60
d.
34.6
1340
73.4
616 d.
988
d.
d. 220
70 to 80
1088
47
1018
d.
d. 140
tr. 100 to mn.
tr. 500 to hex.
d.
1413
d.
1496
d. 400
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
130°
790°
42100°
230100°
0°
1390
d. 200
−12H2O, 180
−11H2O, 100
−4H2O, 215
−6H2O, 100
100°
35.7
320°
v. s.
9125°
4810°
2380°
39.8
126100°
∞
250100°
8235°
50880°
18.90°
17.920° (anh.)
67100°
6398.5°
(anh.)
5100°
160100°
40°
440°
d.
d.
Hot water
s.
s.
2220°
420°
s.
260°
158.70°
v. s.
v. s.
730°
72.10°
s.
s.
d.
347100°
v. s.
15856°
302100°
v. s.
v. s.
180100°
163.2100°
Forms
NaOH
sl. s.
1700°
20915°
s. d.
s. d.
710°
91.10°
18540°
4.30°
4.50°
28.315°
s.
2.260°
5.40°
4.50°
6.90°
260°
s.
v. s.
s.
0.440°
500°
50°
48.840°
d.
320100°
28450°
d.
d.
39083°
30840°
2000100°
76.730°
77100°
∞
s.
4596°
93100°
2140°
3640°
6626°
s. d.
v. s.
s.
2.45100°
6750°
42100°
42.5100°
Other reagents
s. al.
sl. s. al.; i. conc. HCl
sl. s. al.
i. al.
s. NH3; sl. s. al.
i. al.
i. al.
v. sl. s. al.
sl. s. al.; i. et.
i. bz., CS2, CCl4, NH3;
s. molten metal
s. al.; d. a.
s. al.; d. a.
i. al.
v. s. al., et., gly.; i. act.
v. s. al., act.
v. s. NH3
s. al.; i. et.
s. NH3; sl. s. gly., al.
0.320° et.; 0.3 abs. al.;
4.420° m. al.; v. s. NH3
d. al.
s. gly., alk.
s. al.; 51 m. al.; 52 act.; i. et.
s. al.
s. dil. a.
i. al.
i. al.
i. CS2
s. a., alk.
d. a.
i. al., NH3
sl. s. al.
i. Na or K salts, al.
2918°, a N NaOH
i. al.
i. al., act.
i. al.
d. HI; s. H2SO4
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate (Glauber’s salt)
sulfide, monosulfide, tetrasulfide, pentasulfite
sulfite
tartrate
thiocyanate
thiosulfate
thiosulfate (hypo)
tungstate
tungstate
tungstate, parauranate
vanadate
vanadate, pyroStannic chloride
Na2SO4
Na2SO4.7H2O
Na2SO4.10H2O
Na2S
Na2S4
Na2S5
Na2SO3
Na2SO3.7H2O
Na2C4H4O6.2H2O
NaCNS
Na2S2O3
Na2S2O3.5H2O*
Na2WO4
Na2WO4.2H2O*
Na6W7O24.16H2O
Na2UO4
Na3VO4.16H2O
Na4V2O7
SnCl4
142.05
268.17
322.21
78.05
174.23
206.29
126.05
252.17
230.10
81.08
158.11
248.19
293.91
329.95
2097.68
348.06
472.20
305.89
260.53
col., hex.
tet.
col., mn., 1.396
pink or wh., amor.
yel., cb.
yel.
hex. pr., 1.565
mn.
rhb.
delq., rhb., 1.625
mn.
mn. pr., 1.5079
wh., rhb.
wh., rhb.
wh., tri.
yel.
col. nd.
hex.
col., fuming lq.
884
1.464
1.856
2.633 15°
4
1.561
1.818
2.226
866 (anh.)
654
−30.2
7.0
1127
SnO2
150.70
wh., tet., 1.9968
346.85
col., delq., hex.
SnBr2
SnCl2
SnCl2.2H2O*
SnSO4
Sr
278.53
189.61
225.65
214.76
87.63
yel., rhb.
wh., rhb.
wh., tri.
wh. cr.
silv. met.
2.71
acetate
carbonate (strontianite)
chloride
chloride
hydroxide
hydroxide
Sr(C2H3O2)2
SrCO3
SrCl2
SrCl2.6H2O*
Sr(OH)2
Sr(OH)2.8H2O*
205.72
147.64
158.54
266.64
121.65
265.77
wh. cr.
wh., rhb., 1.664
wh., cb., 1.6499
wh., rhb., 1.5364
wh., delq.
col., tet., 1.499
2.099
3.70
3.052
1.93317°
3.625
1.90
nitrate
nitrate
oxide (strontia)
Sr(NO3)2*
Sr(NO3)2.4H2O
SrO
211.65
283.71
103.63
col., cb., 1.5878
wh., mn.
col., cb., 1.870
2.986
2.2
4.7
SrO2
SrO2.8H2O
SrSO4
Sr(HSO4)2
NH2SO3H
S
S8
S8
S2Br2
S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4
SO2
119.63
263.76
183.69
281.77
97.09
32.06
256.48
256.48
223.95
135.03
102.97
173.89
64.06
wh. pd.
wh. cr.
col., rhb., 1.6237
col., granular
wh., rhb.
pa. yel. pd., 2.0–2.9
pa. yel., mn.
pa. yel., rhb.
red, fuming lq.
red-yel. lq.
dark red fuming lq.
yel.-brn. lq.
col. gas
oxide, tri-(β)
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
SO3
(SO3)2
H2SO4*
H2SO4.H2O
80.06
160.12
98.08
116.09
col. pr.
col., silky, nd.
col., viscous lq.
pr. or lq.
d.
d. 48.0
692
−2H2O, 100
−16H2O, 300
Sn(SO4)2.2H2O
oxide, tri-(α)
275
251.8
d.
−7H2O, 150
287
sulfate
peroxide
peroxide
sulfate (celestite)
sulfate, acid
Sulfamic acid
Sulfur, amorphous
Sulfur, monoclinic
Sulfur, rhombic
Sulfur bromide, monochloride, monochloride, dichloride, tetraoxide, di-
−10H2O, 100
1.667
1.685
4.179
3.245
3.98714°
oxide (cassiterite)
Stannous bromide
chloride
chloride (tin salt)
sulfate
Strontium
32.4
5.1217°
15.5°
2.6
3.96
2.03 12°
4
2.046
1.96
2.07
2.635
1.687
1.621 15°
15
lq., 1.4340°;
2.264 (A)
lq., 1.923;
2.75 (A)
1.9720°
1.834 18°
4
1.842 15°
4
215.5
246.8
37.7
−SO2, 360
800
149760atm
873
−4H2O, 61
375
−7H2O in
dry air
570
114.1
620
623
d.
1150
d.
−CO2, 1350
−6H2O, 100
19.420°
44.90°
3615°
15.410°
s.
s.
13.90°
34.72°
296°
11010°
500°
74.70°
57.580°
880°
8
i.
v. s.
s.
s.
i.
i.
d.
s.
83.90°
118.70°
1919°
d.
d.
269.815°
∞
18100°
Forms
Sr(OH)2
36.497°
0.065100°
100.8100°
19840°
21.83100°
47.7100°
36.90°
0.001118°
43.50°
1040°
0.410°
0.900°
444.6
444.6
444.6
540.18mm
138
59
d. > −20
−10.0
16.83
44.6
d.
50
10.49
8.62
d. 340
290
Forms H2SO4
∞
∞
d.
−8H2O, 100
1580 d.
d.
205 d.
120
119.0
112.8
−46
−80
−78
−30
−75.5
d.
d.
v. s.
400°
62.20°
Forms
Sr(OH)2
0.00820°
0.01820°
0.01130°
d.
200°
i.
i.
i.
d.
d.
d.
d.
22.80°
2430
45.360°
202.626°
41234°
57.390°
s.
s.
28.384°
67.818°
6643°
225100°
23180°
301.860°
97100°
123.5100°
d.
i.
d.
i. al.
sl. s. al.; i. et.
s. al.
s. al.
i. al., NH
i. al.
i. al.
v. s. al.
s. NH3; v. sl. s. al.
sl. s. NH3; i. a., al.
s. alk. carb., dil. a.
i. al.
i. al.
s. abs. al., act., NH3;
s. ∞ CS2
s. conc. H2SO4; i. alk.;
NH4OH, NH3
s. dil. H2SO4, HCl; d.
abs. al.
s. C6H5N
s. alk., abs. al., et.
s. tart. a., alk., al.
s. H2SO4
s. al., a.
0.2615° m. al.
s. a., NH4 salts, aq. CO2
v. sl. s. act., abs. al.; i. NH3
s. NH4Cl
s. NH4Cl; i. act.
10089°
12420°
s. NH3; 0.012 abs. al.
i. HNO3
sl. s. al.; i. et.
d.
d.
0.011432°
s. al., NH4Cl; i. act.
s. al.; i. NH4OH
sl. s. a.; i. dil. H2SO4, al.
1470° H2SO4
sl. s. al., act.; i. et.
sl. s. CS2
s. CS2, al.
240°, 18155° CS2
4070°
i.
i.
i.
s. CS2, et., bz.
d. al.
4.550°
s. H2SO4; al., ac.
s. H2SO4
∞
∞
s. H2SO4
d. al.
d. al.
*Usual commercial form.
2-25
Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded )
TABLE 2-1
Name
Formula
Formula
weight
Color, crystalline form
and refractive index
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts
Cold water
Hot water
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid, pyroSulfuric oxychloride
Sulfurous oxybromide
oxychloride
Tantalum
H2SO4·2H2O
H2S2O7
SO2Cl2
SOBr2
SOCl2
Ta
134.11
178.14
134.97
207.89
118.97
180.88
col. lq.
cr.
col. lq.
or.-yel. lq.
col. lq.
bk.-gray, cb.
1.650 40°
1.920°
1.667 20°
4
2.6818°
1.638
16.6
−38.9
35
−54.1
−50
−104.5
2850
167
d.
69.1760mm
6840mm
78.8
>4100
∞
d.
d.
d.
d.
i.
∞
Tellurium
Te
127.61
met., hex.
(α) 6.24;
(β) 6.00
452
1390
i.
i.
Terbium
Thallium
acetate
chloride, monochloride, sesquichloride, trichloride, trisulfate (ic)
sulfate (ous)
sulfate, acid
Thio, cf. sulfo or sulfur
Thorium
Tb
Tl
TlC2H3O2
TlCl
Tl2Cl3
TlCl3
TlCl3·4H2O
Tl2(SO4)3·7H2O
Tl2SO4
TlHSO4
159.20
204.39
263.43
239.85
515.15
310.76
382.83
823.07
504.84
301.46
blue-wh., tet.
silky nd.
wh., cb.
yel., hex.
hex. pl.
nd.
lf.
col., rhb., 1.8671
trimorphous
11.85
3.68
7.00
5.9
303.5
110
430
400–500
25
37
−6H2O, 200
632
115 d.
1650
806
d.
d.
−4H2O, 100
d.
d.
i.
v. s.
0.210°
0.2615°
v. s.
86.217°
d.
2.700°
Th
232.12
cb.
11.2
1845
>3000
i.
i.
oxide, di- (thorianite)
sulfate
sulfate
Thulium
Tin
ThO2
Th(SO4)2
Th(SO4)2·9H2O
Tm
Sn
264.12
424.24
586.38
169.40
118.70
wh., cb.
>2800
4400
mn. pr.
9.69
4.22517°
2.77
−9H2O, 400
silv. met., tet.
7.31
231.85
2260
i.
0.740°
sl. s.
i.
i.
5.2250°
sl. s.
i.
i.
Tin
Sn
118.70
gray, cb.
5.750
Stable −163
to +18
2260
i.
i.
Tin salts, cf. stannic and stannous
Titanic acid
H2TiO3
97.92
wh. pd.
i.
i.
i.
d.
d.
s.
s.
i.
s.
d.
i.
i.
i.
Titanium
chloride, di-
Ti
TiCl2
47.90
118.81
dark gray, cb.
bk., delq.
chloride, trichloride, tetraoxide, di- (anatase)
TiCl3
TiCl4*
TiO2
154.27
189.73
79.90
oxide, di- (brookite)
TiO2
vl., delq.
col. lq.
brn. or bk., tet.,
2.534–2.564
brn. or bk., rhb.,
2.586
col. if pure, tet.,
2.615
gray-bk., cb.
oxide, di- (rutile)
Tungsten
carbide
carbide
TiO2
W
79.90
79.90
183.92
6.77
17.5°
4.50
lq., 1.726
3.84
1800
Unstable in
air
d. 440
−30
>3000
136.4
s. HCl, H2SO; sl. s.
HNO3; i. HF, alk.
s. h. H2SO4; i. alk.
s. HCl, H2SO4, dil. HNO3
h. aq KOH
s. a., h. alk. solns.
s. alk.; v. sl. s. dil. a.;
i. al.
s. a.
i. CS2, et., chl.
s. dil. HCl
sl. s. alk.
1640 d.
<3000
i.
i.
s. H2SO4, alk.
3370
5900
i.
i.
6000
6000
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
s. h. conc. KOH; sl. s.
NH3, HNO3, aq. reg.
s. F2; i. a.
s. h. HNO3; sl. s. HCl,
H2SO4
s. alk.; i. a.
s. HF, alk., NH3
i.
i.
s. a., alk. carb.; i. alk.
i.
d.
i.
i.
s. a.; i. alk.
d. a.
s. HNO3, conc. H2SO4
18°
15.7
16.0618°
2777
2877
oxide, triTungstic acid (tungstite)
WO3
H2WO4
231.92
249.94
yel., rhb.
yel., rhb. 2.24
7.16
5.5
Uranic acid
H2UO4
304.09
yel. pd.
5.92615°
wh. cr.
cr.
bk., rhb.
18.485 13°
4
>2130
−a H2O,
100; 1473
−H2O, 250
to 300
1133
2400
2176
2-26
s. al., et.
s. al., et.
s. dil. H2SO4
19.3
gray pd., cb.
iron gray
238.07
512.14
270.07
d.
d.
18.45100°
s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. NH3
v. s. al.
sl. s. HCl; i. al., NH4OH
4.26
195.93
379.85
U
U2C3
UO2
i.
1.8100°
1.9100°
v. sl. s. dil. H2SO4
4.17
WC
W2C
Uranium
carbide
oxide, di- (uraninite)
i.
Other reagents
d. al.
d. al.
s. ac.; d. al.
s. bz., CS2, CCl4; d. act.
s. bz., chl.
s. fused alk., HF; i. HCl,
HNO3, H2SO4
s. H2SO4, HNO3, KCN,
KOH, aq. reg.; i. CS2
11.28
10.9
3500
i.
oxide (pitchblende)
sulfate (ous)
Uranyl acetate
carbonate (rutherfordine)
nitrate
sulfate
Vanadic acid, metaVanadic acid, pyroVanadium
chloride, dichloride, trichloride, tetraoxide, dioxide, trioxide, tetraoxide, pentaoxychloride, monoVanadyl chloride
chloride, dichloride, triWater†
U3O8
U(SO4)2·4H2O
UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O
UO2CO3
UO2(NO3)2·6H2O
UO2SO4·3H2O
HVO3
H4V2O7
V
VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
V2O2
V2O3
V2O4
V2O5
VOCl
(VO)2Cl
VOCl2
VOCl3
H2O
842.21
502.25
424.19
330.08
502.18
420.18
99.96
217.93
50.95
121.86
157.23
192.78
133.90
149.90
165.90
181.90
102.41
169.36
137.86
173.32
18.016
Water, heavy
Xenon
D2O
Xe
20.029
131.30
olive gn.
gn., rhb.
yel., rhb.
tet.
yel., rhb., 1.4967
yel. cr.
yel. scales
pa. yel., amor.
lt. gray, cb.
gn., hex., delq.
pink, tabular, delq.
red lq.
lt. gray cr.
bk. cr.
blue cr.
red-yel., rhb.
brn. pd.
yel. cr.
gn., delq.
yel. lq.
col. lq., 1.3330020°;
hex. solid, 1.309
col. lq., 1.3284420°
col. gas
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
acetate
acetate
bromide
carbonate
Yb
Y
Zn
Zn(C2H3O2)2
Zn(C2H3O2)2·2H2O*
ZnBr2
ZnCO3
173.04
88.92
65.38
183.47
219.50
225.21
125.39
dark gray, hex.
silv. met., hex.
mn.
wh., mn., 1.494
rhb.
wh., trig., 1.818
ZnCl2
136.29
wh., delq., 1.687,
uniaxial
col., rhb.
col., rhb.
cb.
chloride
cyanide
hydroxide
iodide
Zn(CN)2
Zn(OH)2
ZnI2
117.42
99.40
319.22
nitrate
oxide (zincite)
oxide
peroxide
phosphide
silicate
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O
ZnO
ZnO
ZnO2
Zn3P2
ZnSiO3
297.49
81.38
81.38
97.38
258.10
141.44
sulfate (zincosite)
ZnSO4
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate (goslarite)
sulfide (α) (wurzite)
sulfide (β) (sphalerite)
ZnSO4·H2O
ZnSO4·6H2O
ZnSO4·7H2O*
ZnS
ZnS
161.44
179.46
269.54
287.55
97.44
97.44
sulfide (blende)
sulfite
Zirconium
oxide, di- (baddeleyite)
oxide, di- (free from Hf)
ZnS
ZnSO3·2a H2O
Zr
ZrO2
ZrO2
97.44
190.48
91.22
123.22
123.22
col., tet.
wh., hex., 2.004
wh., amor.
yel.
steel gray, cb.
hex. or rhb.; glass,
1.650
wh., rhb., 1.669
col.
mn.
rhb., 1.4801
wh., hex., 2.356
wh., cb.; glass (?)
2.18–2.25
wh., granular
mn.
cb., pd. ign. easily
yel. or brn., mn., 2.19
wh., mn.
7.31
15°
2.89
5.6
2.807
3.2816.5°
5.96
3.2318°
3.0018°
1.81630°
3.64
4.87 18°
4
4.399
3.357 18°
4
2.824
3.64
2.8813°
1.829
1.004° (lq.);
0.9150° (ice)
1.10720°
lq., 3.06−109.1
2.7−140°
4.53 (A)
d.
−4H2O, 300
−2H2O, 110
60.2
d. 100
118
1710
3000
d.
−109
ign.
1970
1967
800
148.5755mm
d. 1750
d. in air
i.
2311°
9.217°
i.
963°
d.
s. HNO3, H2SO4
s. dil. a.
s. al., act.
170.30°
18.913.2°
i.
i.
i.
s.
s.
s. d.
i.
sl. s.
i.
0.820°
i.
i.
d.
s. d.
∞60°
23025°
v. s. ac., al., et.; i. dil., alk.
4 al.; s. a.
s. a., alk.; i. NH3
s. a., alk., NH4OH
s. HNO3, H2SO4; i. aq., alk.
s. al., et.
s. abs. al., et.
s. abs. al., et., chl., ac.
s. a.
s. HNO3, HF, alk.
s. a., alk.
s. a., alk.; i. abs. al.
v. s. HNO3
s. HNO3
s. abs. al., dil. HNO3
s. al., et., ∞Br2
∞ al.; sl. s. et.
i.
d.
d.
i.
s.
i.
<−15
0
127.19
100
3.82
−140
101.42
−109.1
∞
24.20° cc
∞
7.350° cc
∞ al.; sl. s. et.
5.51
7.140
1.840
1.735
4.2194°
4.42
1490
419.4
242
237
394
−CO2, 300
2500
907
subl. in vac.
−2H2O, 100
650
sl. d.
i.
3025°
4025°
3900°
0.00115°
d.
i.
44.6100°
66.6100°
670100°
2.91 25°
4
283
732
43225°
615100°
v. s. dil. a., h. KOH
s. a., ac., alk.
2.825°, 16679° al.
v. s. al.
v. s. NH4OH, al., et.
s. a., alk., NH4 salts;
i. act., NH3
10012.5° al.; v. s. et.; i.
NH3
s. KCN, NH3, alk.; i. al.
s. a., alk., NH4OH
s. a., al., NH3, aq.
(NH4)2CO3
v. s. al.
s. a., alk., NH4Cl; i. NH3
3.053
4.666 14.2°
4
d. 80
d. 125
446
2.065 14°
4
5.606
5.47
1.571
4.55 13°
4
3.52
36.4
>1800
>1800
expl. 212
>420
1437
3.74 15°
4
3.28 15°
4
2.072 15°
4
1.96616.5°
4.087
4.102 25°
4
d. 740
d. 238
−5H2O, 70
tr. 39
1850150atm
tr. 1020
4.04
6.4
5.49
5.73
−2a H2O, 100
1700
2700
18°
624
−6H2O, 105
1100
−7H2O, 280
subl. 1185
d. 200
>2900
4300
0.0005
0.0005218°
4300°
sl. s.
324.5
0.0004218°
0.0004218°
0.0022
i.
i.
∞36.4°
420°
s.
s.
115.20°
0.0006918°
i.
61100°
89.5100°
s.
653.6100°
i.
i.
sl. s. al.; s. gly.
i.
0.16
i.
i.
i.
i.
d.
i.
i.
i.
v. s. a.; i. ac.
s. H2SO3, NH4OH; i. al.
s. HF, aq. reg.; sl. s. a.
s. H2SO4, HF
s. H2SO4, HF
510100°
i. NH4OH; d. a.
s. dil. a.
sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3
sl. s. al.; i. act.; NH3
v. s. a.; i. ac.
s. a.
*Usual commercial form.
†Cf. special tables on water and steam, Tables 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-185, 2-186 and 2-351 through 2-357.
NOTE: °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
2-27
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds*
Abbreviations Used in the Table
(A), density referred to air
al., ethyl alcohol
amor., amorphous
aq., aqua, water
brn., brown
bz., benzene
c., cubic
cc., cubic centimeter
chl., chloroform
col., colorless
cr., crystalline
d., decomposes
d-, dextrorotatory
dl-, dextro-laevorotatory
et., ethyl ether
expl., explodes
gn., green
h., hot
hex., hexagonal
i-, iso-, containing the group
(CH3)2CHi., insoluble
ign., ignites
l-, laevorotatory
lf., leaflets
lq., liquid
m-, meta
mn., monoclinic
n-, normal
nd., needles
o-, ortho
or., orange
p-, para
pd., powder
pet., petroleum ether
pl., plates
pr., prisms
rhb., rhombic
s., soluble
This table of the physical properties includes the organic compounds of most general interest. For the
properties of other organic compounds, reference must be made to larger tables in Lange’s Handbook of
Chemistry (Handbook Publishers), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Chemical Rubber Publishing
Co.), Van Nostrand’s Chemical Annual, International Critical Tables (McGraw-Hill), and similar works.
The molecular weights are based on the 1941 atomic weight values. The densities are given for the
temperature indicated and are usually referred to water at 4°C, e.g., 1.02895/4 a density of 1.028 at 95°C
Name
Abietic acid
Acenaphthene
Acetal
Acet-aldehyde
-aldehyde, par-aldehyde ammonia
-amide
-anilide
-phenetidide (o-)
(m-)
-toluidide (o-)
(p-)
Acetic acid
anhydride
nitrile
Acetone
Acetonyl urea
Acetophenone benzoyl hydride
Acetyl-chloride
-phenylenediamine (-p)
Acetylene
dichloride (cis)
(trans)
Aconitic acid
Acridine
Acrolein ethylene aldehyde
Acrylic acid
nitrile
Adipic acid
amide
nitrile
Adrenaline (1-) (3,4,1)
Alanine (α) (dl-)
Aldol acetaldol
Alizarin
Allyl alcohol
bromide
chloride
thiocyanate (i)
thiourea
Aluminum ethoxide
Amino-anthraquinone (α)
(β)
-azobenzene
-benzoic acid (m-)
(p-)
2-28
Synonym
sylvic acid, abietinic acid
naphthylene ethylene
acetaldehyde diethylacetal
ethanal
paraldehyde
ethanamide
antifebrin
o-ethoxyacetanilide
acetyl-m-phenetidine
N-tolylacetamide
N-tolylacetamide
ethanoic acid, vinegar acid
acetyl oxide, acetic oxide
methyl cyanide
propanone, dimethyl ketone
dimethyl hydantoin
methyl-phenyl ketone
ethanoyl chloride
amino-acetanilide (p)
ethyne; ethine
1,2-dichloroethene
dioform
equisetic acid; citridic acid
acrylic aldehyde, propenal
propenoic acid
vinyl cyanide
hexandioc acid, adipinic acid
tetramethylene
1-suprarenine
2-hydroxybutyraldehyde
Anthraquinoic acid
propen-1-ol-3,propenyl alcohol
3-bromo-propene-1
3-chloro-propene-1
mustard oil
thiosinamide
aminodracylic acid
s-, sec-, secondary
silv., silvery
sl., slightly
subl., sublimes
sym., symmetrical
t-, tertiary
tet., tetragonal
tri., triclinic
uns., unsymmetrical
v., very
v. s., very soluble
v. sl. s., very slightly soluble
wh., white
yel., yellow
(+), right rotation
>, greater than
<, less than
∞, infinitely
referred to water at 4°C, the 4 being omitted when it is not clear whether the reference is to water at 4°C
or at the temperature indicated by the upper figure. The melting and boiling points given have been
selected from available data as probably the most accurate. The solubility is given in grams of the substance in 100 g. of the solvent. In the case of gases, the solubility is often expressed in some manner as
“510 cc.” which indicates that, at 10°C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in 100 g. of the solvent.
Formula
Formula
weight
Form and
color
C20H30O2
C10H6(CH2)2
CH3CH(OC2H5)2
CH3CHO
(C2H4O)3
CH3CHOHNH2
CH3CONH2
C6H5NHCOCH3
CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5
CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5
CH3C6H4NHCOCH3
CH3C6H4NHCOCH3
CH3CO2H
(CH3CO)2O
CH3CN
CH3COCH3
<NHCONHCOC>(CH3)2
CH3COC6H5
CH3COCl
C2H3ONHC6H4NH2
HC⯗CH
CHCl:CHCl
CHCl:CHCl
C3H3(CO2H)3
C6H4 < (CH)(N) > C6H4
CH2:CHCHO
CH2:CHCO2H
CH2:CHCN
(CH2CH2CO2H)2
(CH2CH2CONH2)2
(CH2CH2CN)2
C6H3(OH)2(CHOHCH2NHCH3)
CH3CH(NH2)CO2H
CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H
C6H4(CO)2C6H2(OH)2
CH2:CHCH2OH
CH2:CHCH2Br
CH2:CHCH2Cl
CH2:CHCH2NCS
CH2:CHCH2NHCSNH2
Al(OCH2CH3)3
C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2
C6H4(CO)2C6H3NH2
C6H5N:NC6H4NH2
H2NC6H4CO2H
H2NC6H4CO2H
302.44
154.20
118.17
44.05
132.16
61.08
59.07
135.16
179.21
179.21
149.19
149.19
60.05
102.09
41.05
58.08
128.13
120.14
78.50
150.18
26.04
96.95
96.95
174.11
179.21
56.06
72.06
53.06
146.14
144.17
108.14
183.20
89.09
88.10
240.20
58.08
120.99
76.53
99.15
116.18
164.15
223.22
223.22
197.23
137.13
137.13
lf.
rhb./al.
lq.
col. lq.
col. cr.
col. cr.
col. cr.
rhb./al.
lf./al.
lf./al.
rhb.
rhb. or mn.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
tri./al.
lf.
col. lq.
nd./aq.
col. gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr./aq.
rhb./aq. al.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
mn. pr.
cr. pd.
col. oil
col. pd.
nd./aq.
col. lq.
red rhb.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. oil
col. pr.
pd.
red nd.
red nd.
yel. mn.
nd./aq.
mn. pr.
Specific
gravity
1.06995/95
0.82122/4
0.78318/4
0.99420/4
1.159
1.214
1.16815
1.21215
1.04920/4
1.08220/4
0.78320/4
0.79220/4
1.03315/15
1.10520/4
(A) 0.906
1.29115/4
1.26515/4
0.84120/4
1.06216/4
0.81120
1.36025/4
19/19
0.951
1.10320/4
0.85420/4
1.39820/4
0.93820/4
1.01320/4
1.21920/20
1.14220/0
1.5114°
Melting
point, °C
182
95
−123.5
10.5–12
97
81(69.4)
113–4
79
96–7
110
153
16.7
−73
−41
−94.6
175
20.5
−112.0
162
−81.5891
−80.5
−50
192 d.
110–1
−87.7
12–13
−82
151–3
226–7
1
d. 207–11
295 d.
289–90
−129
−119.4
−136.4
−80
77–8
150–60
256
302
126–7
173–4
187–8
Boiling
point, °C
278–9
102.2
20.2
124.4752
100–10 d.
222
305
>250
296
306–7
118.1
139.6
81.6–2.0
56.5
subl.
202.3749
51–2
−84760
60.3
48.4
346
52.5
141–2
78–9
26510
295
subl. >200
8320
430
96.6
70–1753
44.6
152
200–510
subl.
subl.
225120
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Alcohol
Ether
i.
i.
625
∞
1213
v. s.
s.
0.56
i.
sl. s.
0.8619
0.0922
∞
12 c.
∞
∞
s.
i.
d.
s. h.
100 cc.18
0.3520
0.6320
3315
sl. s. h.
40
∞
s.
1.415
0.412
v. sl. s.
0.0320
2217
∞
0.03100
∞
i.
<0.1
0.2
30
d.
i.
i.
sl. s. h.
v. sl. s.
0.313
v. s.
s. h.
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
2120
s.
s.
s.
1025
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
d.
v. s.
600 cc.18
∞
∞
sl. s.
s.
s.
∞
v. s.
s. chl.
∞
∞
∞
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
7 25
v. s.
0.615
s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
i.
s.
s.
s. h.
210
1110
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
s.
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
s.
i.
s.
1.86
8.26
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
v. sl. s.
s.
s.
Amino-diphenylamine (p-)
-G-acid (2-)(6-,8-), Na2 salt
-mono-potassium salt
-sodium salt
-J-acid (2-)(5-,7-)
-mono-potassium salt
-naphthol sulfonic (1-,2-,4-)(α-)
(1-,8-,4-)
-phenol (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-toluene sulfonic acid (1-,2-,3-)
(1-,4-,2-)
(1-,4-,3-)
(1-,2-,5-)
Amyl acetate (n-)
(i-)
(s-)
(s-)
(t-)
alcohol (n-) fusel oil,
(s-,n-) methyl-propyl carbinol,
(prim.-,i-) isobutyl carbinol,
(s-,i-)
(t-)
(d-)
-amine (n-)
(s-,n-)
(i-)
(t-)
aniline (i-)
benzoate (i-)
bromide (n-)
(i-)
(t-)
n-butyrate (n-)
(i-)
(t-)
i-butyrate (i-)
chloride (n-)
(s-)
(s-)
(i-)
(s-,i-)
(t-)
i-cyanide (i-)
formate (n-)
(i-)
iodide (n-)
(i-)
(s-,n-)
(t-)
mercaptan (n-)
(n-)
(i-)
phenol (t-)(p-)
propionate (n-)
(i-)
(act.)
salicylate (n-)
Amyl i-valerate (i)
(t-)
2-aminophenol
3-aminophenol
p-hydroxyaniline
common amyl acetate
α-Me-Bu-acetate
di Et-carbinol acetate
pentanol-1
pentanol-2
2-methyl-butanol-4
2-methyl-butanol-3
2-methyl-butanol-2
active amyl alcohol
1-NH2-2-Me-butane
3-amino pentane
3-NH2-2-Me-butane
1-bromopentane
4-Br-2-Me-butane
2-Br-2-Me-butane
1-chloropentane
2-chloropentane
3-chloropentane
4-Cl-2-Me-butane
3-Cl-2-Me-butane
2-Cl-2-Me-butane
1-Cl-2-Me-butane
iso-caproic iso-nitrile
1-iodopentane
4-I-2-Me-butane
2-iodopentane
2-I-2-Me-butane
pentanthiol-1
pentanthiol-3
2-Me-butanthiol-4
pentaphen
H2NC6H4NHC6H5
C10H5(NH2)(SO3Na)2
C10H5(NH2)S2O6HK
C10H5(NH2)S2O6HNa
C10H5(NH2)(SO3H)2
C10H5(NH2)S2O6HK
C10H5OHNH2SO3Ha H2O
NH2(OH)C10H5SO3H
H2NC6H4OH
H2NC6H4OH
H2NC6H4OH
C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3H
C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3HH2O
C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3Ha H2O
C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3HH2O
CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3
CH3CO2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2
CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)C2H5
CH3CO2CH(CH3)CH2C2H5
CH3CO2CH(C2H5)2
CH3CO2C(CH3)2C2H5
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH
C2H5CH2CH(OH)CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH
(C2H5)2CHOH
(CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH3
(CH3)2C(OH)C2H5
(CH3)3CCH2OH
C2H5CH(CH3)CH2OH
CH3(CH2)4NH2
(C3H7)(CH3)CHNH2
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2NH2
(C2H5)(CH3)2CNH2
C2H5CH(CH3)CH2NH2
(C2H5)2CHNH2
(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)NH2
C6H5NHC5H11
C6H5CO2C5H11
CH3(CH2)3CH2Br
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2Br
(CH3)2C(Br)C2H5
C2H5CH2CO2(CH2)4CH3
C2H5CH2CO2C5H11
C3H7CO2C(CH3)2C2H5
(CH3)2CHCO2C5H11
CH3(CH2)3CH2Cl
C2H5CH2CHClCH3
(C2H5)2CHCl
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2Cl
(CH3)CHCHClCH3
(CH3)2CClC2H5
(CH3)(C2H5)CHCH2Cl
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2NC
HCO2CH2(CH2)3CH3
HCO2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2
CH3(CH2)3CH2I
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2I
C2H5CH2CHICH3
(CH3)2CIC2H5
C2H5CH(CH3)CH2I
CH3(CH2)3CH2SH
(C2H5)2CHSH
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2SH
C5H11C6H4OH
C2H5CO2(CH3)4CH3
C2H5CO2(CH2)2CH(CH3)2
C2H5CO2C5H11
HOC6H4CO2C5H11
C4H9CO2C5H11
C4H9CO2C5H11
184.23
347.28
341.39
325.29
303.30
341.39
248.25
239.24
109.12
109.12
109.12
187.21
205.23
196.22
205.23
130.18
130.18
130.18
130.18
130.18
130.18
88.15
88.15
88.15
88.15
88.15
88.15
88.15
88.15
87.16
87.16
87.16
87.16
87.16
87.16
87.16
163.25
192.25
151.05
151.05
151.05
158.23
158.23
158.23
158.23
106.60
106.60
106.60
106.60
106.60
106.60
106.60
97.16
116.16
116.16
198.06
198.06
198.06
198.06
198.06
104.21
104.21
104.21
164.24
144.21
144.21
144.21
208.25
172.26
172.26
nd./aq. al.
67
354
col. nd.
pr.
lf.
nd.
mn.
nd.
tri./aq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
cr.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
173
122–3
184–6 d.
subl.
subl.
d.
0.87920/20
0.87615/4
0.88013
0.9220
0.87120/4
0.87419
0.817 20/20
0.81020/20
0.81315/4
0.815 25/4
0.81919
0.809 20/4
0.81620/4
0.76619
0.749 20/4
0.75118/4
0.73125/4
0.75518
0.749 20/4
0.75718
0.92815/4
0.99214/14
1.21820/4
1.22017/15
1.21619/0
0.87115/4
0.86619/15
0.86515/0
0.8760/4
0.878 20/4
0.870 20/4
0.895 21
0.89320/4
0.8830
0.87120/4
0.88117.5
0.9020
0.882 20/4
1.51020/4
1.515 18/4
1.507 17/4
1.47119/15
1.524 20/4
0.857 20
−H2O, 120
−70.8
−78.5
−117.2
−11.9
52–3
−55
−105
−95
−73.2
−99
−72.9
−73.5
−93.5
−86
0.83520/4
0.87615/4
0.870 20/4
0.866 20/4
1.06515
0.85820/15
0.86114/0
93
−73.1
148.4737
142757
141–2
133.5
133
124.5 749
137.9
119.5
132.0
115.6
113–4
102
113–4
128
103–4
91–2
95
77–8
95–6
90–1
83–4
254.5
261746
129.7
120745
108765
186.4
178.6
164
168.8
108.4
96.7
97.3
99.7 758
91753
85.7
98–9
137–9
132
123.5
157.0
147 765
144–5
127 765
148
126767
105
120
265–7
168.7
160.2
5816
265
194
173–4
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
12.820
2.718
10.0 20
3.418
v. s.
v. sl. s.
1.7 0
2.6 0
1.10
0.97 11
0.5 20
0.47
311
v. sl. s.
0.315
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
2.7 22
420
214
5.5 30
2.830
sl. s.
sl. s.
3.630
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
i.
i.
i.
0.0216
i.
0.05 50
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
0.322
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
0.125
v. sl. s.
i.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
s.
s.
4.30
s.
40
v. s.
sl. s.
i. bz.
i.
i.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in Lange’s “Handbook of Chemistry.”
2-29
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Amylene (n-)(α-)
(i-)
(α-)
(-n)(β-)
(i-)(β-)
Anethole (p-)
Anhydroformald-aniline
Aniline
hydrochloride
nitrate
sulfate
Anisal-acetone (p-)
Anisic acid (p-)
aldehyde (p-)
Anisidine (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Anisole
Anthracene
Anthramine (α)
(β)
Anthranil
Anthranilic acid (o-)
Anthrapurpurin (1-,2-,7-)
Anthraquinone
disulfonate Na2 (1-,5-)
(1-,8-)
(2-,6-)
(2-,7-)
sulfonate Na (1-)
(2-)
Anthrarufin (1-,5-)
Antipyrene
Apiole
Arabinose (α)(d- or l-)
(dl-)
Arachidic acid
Arsanilic acid (p-)
Asparagine (l-)
Aspirin (o-)
Atropic acid
Auramine
Aurine, coralline (4-,4′-)
Azo-anisole (2-,2′-)
benzene
Azoxybenzene
Barbituric acid
Benzal acetone
Benzaldehyde
Benzamide
Benzanilide
Benzene
sulfinic acid
sulfonic acid
sulfonic amide
sulfonic chloride
Benzidine (4-,4′-)
disulfonic acid (2-,2′-)
(3-,3′-)
Benzil
Benzoic acid
anhydride
nitrile
2-30
Synonym
pentene-1
2-methyl-butene-3
2-methyl-butene-1
pentene-2
2-methyl-butene-2
p-propenyl anisole
methylene aniline
amino benzene, phenyl amine,
cyanol
aniline salt, aniline chloride
MeO-benzalacetone
2-amino-anisole
MeO-aniline(m)
4-amino anisole
methyl phenyl ether
paranaphthalene, anthracin
green oil
α-amino-anthracene
β-amino-anthracene
diphenyleneketone,
dihydrodiketoanthracene
ρ-anthraquinone disulfonate
x-anthraquinone disulfonate
1-ph-2,3-diMepyrazolone-5
1-allyl-2, 5-diMeO-3,4 methylenedioxybenzene
eicosanoic acid
α-phenyl acrylic acid
4,4′-dimethylaminobenzophenomide
diMeO-azobenzene
diphenyldiimide
malonyl urea
Me-cinnamyl ketone
artificial almond oil
benzol, phenyl hydride,
cyclohexatriene
benzene sulfonamide
benzene sulfonyl chloride
dibenzoyl
phenyl cyanide
Formula
weight
Form and
color
Specific
gravity
C2H5CH2CH:CH2
(CH3)2CHCH:CH2
(C2H5)(CH3)C:CH2
C2H5CH:CHCH3
(CH3)2C:CHCH3
CH3CH:CHC6H4OCH3
(CH2NC6H5)3
C6H5NH2
70.13
70.13
70.13
70.13
70.13
148.20
315.40
93.12
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lf./al.
pr./al.
col. oil
0.644 20
0.63215
0.667 0/0
0.650 20/4
0.66319/4
0.99120/20
C6H5NH2HCl
C6H5NH2HNO3
(C6H5NH2)2H2SO4
CH3OC6H4CH:CHCOCH3
CH3OC6H4CO2H
CH3OC6H4CHO
CH3OC6H4NH2
CH3OC6H4NH2
CH3OC6H4NH2
CH3OC6H5
C6H4:(CH)2:C6H4
129.59
156.14
284.32
176.22
152.14
136.14
123.15
123.15
123.15
108.13
178.22
cr.
rhb.
lf./al.
lf./et.
mn./aq.
col. oil
col. lq.
oil
pl./aq.
col. lq.
col. mn.
1.222 4
1.356 4
1.377 4
C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3NH2
C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3NH2
C6H4:(NH)CO
H2NC6H4CO2H
C14H5O2(OH)3
C6H4:(CO)2:C6H4
193.24
193.24
119.12
137.13
256.20
208.20
yel./al.
yel./al.
col. oil
col. rhb.
or. nd./al.
yel. rhb.
C14H6O2(SO3Na)25H2O
C14H6O2(SO3Na)24H2O
C14H6O2(SO3Na)27H2O
C14H6O2(SO3Na)24H2O
C14H7O2SO3Na
C14H7O2SO3Na
C14H6O3(OH)2
C11H12ON2
C12H14O2
502.38
484.37
538.41
484.37
310.25
310.25
240.20
188.22
222.23
yel. lf.
yel. pr.
col. cr.
cr.
yel. lf.
silv. lf.
yel. lf.
mn./aq.
col. nd.
1.088113/4
1.0220/4
CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO
CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO
CH3(CH2)18CO2H
H2NC6H4.AsO3H2
HO2CC2H3(NH2)CONH2
CH3CO2C6H4OH
C6H5C(:CH2)CO2H
[(CH3)2NC6H4]2C:NH
150.13
150.13
312.52
217.04
132.12
180.15
148.15
267.36
rhb. pr.
1.585 20/4
col. lf.
nd./aq.
rhb.
nd./aq.
nd./aq.
col./al.
(HOC6H4)2C:C6H4:O
(CH3OC6H4N:)2
C6H5N:NC6H5
(C6H5)2N2O
CO:(NHCO)2:CH22H2O
C6H5CH:CHCOCH3
C6H5CHO
C6H5CONH2
C6H5CONHC6H5
C6H6
290.30
242.27
182.22
198.22
164.12
146.18
106.12
121.13
197.23
78.11
red
or. pr.
or. mn.
yel. rhb.
col./aq.
pl.
col. lq.
col. pr.
lf./al.
col. lq.
C6H5SO2H
C6H5SO3H
C6H5SO2NH2
C6H5SO2Cl
NH2C6H4C6H4NH2
(C6H3(NH2)SO3H)23H2O
(C6H3(NH2)SO3H)2
C6H5COCOC6H5
C6H5CO2H
(C6H5CO)2O
C6H5CN
142.17
158.17
157.18
176.62
184.23
398.40
344.35
210.22
122.12
226.22
103.12
pr./aq.
col. nd.
mn./aq.
cr.
cr./aq.
pr./aq.
1.38415/15
83–4
65–6
156
14.5
128–9
d. >175
pr.
mn. pr.
rhb./et.
col. lq.
1.2315
1.26615/4
1.19915/4
1.00125/6
95
121.7
42
−12.9
Formula
1.02220/4
1.385 4
1.123 20/4
1.09815/15
1.096 20/4
1.089 55/55
0.990 22/4
1.25 27/4
1.18715/4
1.438 20/4
1.543
15/4
1.20320/4
1.248 20/20
1.035 20/20
1.046 20/4
1.341
1.314
0.879 20/4
Melting
point, °C
−135
−139
−124
22.5
143
−6.2
Boiling
point, °C
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Alcohol
Ether
30–1
20.5 771
31–2758
36.4
37–8
235.3
185
184.4
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
3.618
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
sl. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
245
s.
s.
sl. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
1.520
i.
sl. s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
198
d. 190
d.
73–4
184.2
2.5
5.2
<−12
57.2
−37.3
217–8
275–80
247–8
225
251
243
154–5
340–2
1815
s.
514
i.
0.0319
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
s. h.
i.
i.
130
238
<−18
144–5
369
286
subl.
d. >215
subl.
462
379–81
i.
i.
sl. s. h.
0.35 14
sl. s. h.
i.
s.
sl. s.
s.
1110
v. s. h.
0.0518
sl. s.
s.
167
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
subl.
319174
294
v. s.
sl. s.
3.920
30.5 20
0.5320
0.8425
i.
100 25
i
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
sl. s.
100
s.
i.
i.
i.
s.
sl. s.
s.
460
16.910
i.
v. s. h.
3.128
137
0.1 c.
i.
0.59°
i.
s. h.
v. s. h.
i. c.
s.
s.
720
v. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
s. h.
i.
0.3
1.35 25
i.
0.07 22
s.
s.
4.220
11.415
sl. s.
s.
∞
1725
430
s.
s.
s.
∞
sl. s.
sl. s.
∞
v. s. h.
v. s.
0.4316
i.
1 h.
0.09 25
v. sl. s.
i.
0.217
i.
1100
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
1 h.
i.
v. s.
i.
v. s.
s.
2
i.
v. s.
4615
s.
∞
v. s.
6615
s.
∞
280
113(109)
30
159.5
164.5
77
232
227–35
135–6
106–7
136
310 d.
153
68
36
d. 245
41–2
−26
130
163
5.5
328
d. 235
267 d.
297
d.
260–2
179
290
117–910
80.1
d. > 100
d.
251.5
400740
348 d.
249.2
360
190.7
520
s.
2.320
s.
s.
Benzoin (dl-)
Benzophenone
Benzotrichloride
Benzoyl-benzoic acid (o-)
-chloride
-peroxide
Benzyl acetate
alcohol
amine
aniline
benzoate
butyrate
chloride
ether
formate
propionate
Berberonic acid (2-,4-,5-)
Biuret
Borneol (dl-)
(d- or l-)
(iso-)
Bornyl acetate (d-)
Bromo-aniline (p-)
-benzene
-camphor (3-)(d-)
-diphenyl (p-)
-naphthalene (α-)
(β-)
-phenol (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-styrene (ω)(1)
(2)
-toluene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Bromoform
Butadiene (1-,2-)
(1-,3-)
Butadienyl acetylene
Butane
(i-)
Butyl acetate (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
(tert-)
alcohol (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
(tert-)
amine (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
(t-)
p-aminophenol (N)(n)
(N)(i-)
aniline (n-)
(i-)
arsonic acid (n-)
benzoate (n-)
(i-)
bromide (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
(t-)
butyrate (n-)(n-)
(n-)(i-)
(i-)(i-)
caproate
carbamate (i-)
cellosolve (n-)
diphenyl ketone
phenyl chloroform
phenyl carbinol
ω-amino toluene
phenyl-benzylamine
ω-chlorotoluene
dibenzyl ether
allophanamide
phenyl bromide
α-bromocamphor
α-naphthyl bromide
β-naphthyl bromide
o-tolyl bromide
tribromo-methane
methyl-allene
erythrene
diethyl
trimethyl-methane
butanol-1
butanol-2
2-methyl-propanol-1
2-methyl-propanol-2
1-bromo-butane
2-bromo-butane
1-Br-2-Me-propane
2-Br-2-Me-propane
2-BuO-ethanol-1
C6H5COCHOHC6H5
C6H5COC6H5
C6H5CCl3
C6H5COC6H4CO2HH2O
C6H5COCl
(C6H5CO)2O2
CH3CO2CH2C6H5
C6H5CH2OH
C6H5CH2NH2
C6H5CH2NHC6H5
C6H5CO2CH2C6H5
C2H5CH2CO2CH2C6H5
C6H5CH2Cl
(C6H5CH2)2O
HCO2CH2C6H5
C2H5CO2CH2C6H5
C5H2N(CO2H)32H2O
NH(CONH2)2
C10H17OH
C10H17OH
C10H17OH
CH3CO2C10H17
BrC6H4NH2
C6H5Br
BrC10H15O
BrC6H4C6H5
C10H7Br
C10H7Br
BrC6H4OH
BrC6H4OH
BrC6H4OH
C6H5CH:CHBr
C6H5CH:CHBr
CH3C6H4Br
CH3C6H4Br
CH3C6H4Br
CHBr3
CH3CH:C:CH2
CH2:CHCH:CH2
CH2:(CH)2:CHC⯗CH
CH3CH2CH2CH3
(CH3)2CHCH3
CH3CO2(CH2)2C2H5
CH3CO2CH(CH3)C2H5
CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)2
CH3CO2C(CH3)3
C2H5CH2CH2OH
C2H5CH(OH)CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2OH
(CH3)3COH
C2H5CH2CH2NH2
C2H5CH(NH2)CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2NH2
(CH3)3CNH2
C4H9NHC6H4OH
C4H9NHC6H4OH
C4H9NHC6H5
C4H9NHC6H5
C4H9AsO(OH)2
C6H5CO2C4H9
C6H5CO2C4H9
C2H5CH2CH2Br
C2H5CH(Br)CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2Br
(CH3)3CBr
C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH2C2H5
C2H5CH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2
(CH3)2CHCO2CH2CH(CH3)2
CH3(CH2)4CO2C4H9
NH2CO2CH2CH(CH3)2
C4H9OCH2CH2OH
212.24
182.21
195.48
244.24
140.57
242.22
150.17
108.13
107.15
183.24
212.24
178.22
126.58
198.25
136.14
164.20
247.16
103.08
154.24
154.24
154.24
196.28
172.03
157.02
231.14
233.11
207.07
207.07
173.02
173.02
173.02
183.05
183.05
171.04
171.04
171.04
252.77
54.09
54.09
78.11
58.12
58.12
116.16
116.16
116.16
116.16
74.12
74.12
74.12
74.12
73.14
73.14
73.14
73.14
165.23
165.23
149.23
149.23
182.04
178.22
178.22
137.03
137.03
137.03
137.03
144.21
144.21
144.21
172.26
117.15
118.17
mn.
col. rhb.
col. lq.
tri./aq.
col. lq.
rhb./et.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
mn. pr.
nd.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
tri.
nd./al.
col. cr.
col. cr.
col. cr.
rhb./pet.
rhb.
col. lq.
cr.
cr./al.
col. oil
lf./al.
col. lq.
cr.
tet. cr.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr./al.
col. lq.
lq.
col. gas
col. lq.
col. gas
col. gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
oil
col. lf.
col. oil
col. oil
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lf.
col. lq.
1.08354
1.38014
1.21220/4
1.05717
1.04320/4
0.98220/4
1.065 25/25
1.1220/4
1.01616/18
1.100 20/20
1.03616
1.08123
1.03616/17
20/4
1.011
1.01120/4
0.99115
1.820
1.495 20/4
1.449 20/4
1.48220/4
1.605 0
1.55380
1.588 80
1.42220/4
1.427 20/4
1.42220/4
1.410 20/4
1.390 20/4
2.890 20/4
0.62120/4
0.773 20/4
0.600
0.600
0.882 20
0.865 25/4
0.87120/4
0.866 20/4
0.810 20/4
0.808 20/4
0.80517.5
0.779 26
0.739 25/4
0.724 20/4
0.73220/20
0.69818/4
133–7
48.5
−4.75
93(128)
−0.5
108 d.
−51.5
−15.3
37–8
21
238–40
−39
3.6
243
192–3 d.
210.5
208–9
212
29
63–4
−30.6
77–8
90–1
5–6
59
5.6
32–3
63.5
7
−7.5
−28
−39.8
28.5
8–9
−108.9
−135
−145
−76.3
−98.9
−79.9
−114.7
−108
25.5
−50
−104
−85
−67.5
71
79
0.940 20/4
1.005 25/25
0.997 25/25
1.277 20/4
1.25125/4
1.258 25/4
1.21120/4
0.87220/20
0.86318/4
0.875 0/4
0.8820/0
0.95676/4
0.90320/4
158–9
−22
−112.4
−112
−118.5
−16.2
−80.7
65
344768
305.4
220.7
197.2
expl.
213.5
204.7
184.5
306750
323–4
i.
179.4
295–8
202–3747
220–2
subl.
212–3
226–7
156.2
274
310
281.1
281–2
194–5
236–7
238
221
10826
181.8
183.7
184–5
150.5
18–9
−4.41
83–6
−0.6
−10
125 740
112744
118
95–6760
117
99.5
107–8
82.9
77.8
66772
68–9
45.2
235720
231–2
249–50
241.5
101.6
91.3
91.5
73.3
165.7736
156.9
148–9
204.3
206–7
171.2
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
sl. s.
d.
i.
i.
417
∞
i.
i.
v. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
1.30
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i. c.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
s.
1.415
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.1 c.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.7
i.
0.625
i.
915
12.520
1015
∞
∞
∞
∞
i.
i.
i.
0.0115
s.
i.
i.
0.0616
i.
0.0618
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
∞
s. h.
6.515
s.
sl. s.
1513
s.
d. h.
s. h.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
s. h.
s.
∞
s.
∞
sl. s. h.
s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
2026
s.
s.
620
s.
s.
v. s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
v. s.
∞
v. s.
34 25
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
v. s.
∞
∞
∞25
s.
∞25
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s.
i.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
s.
∞
2-31
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
chloride (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
(t-)
dimethylbenzene (t-)(1-,3-,5-)
formate (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
furoate (n-)
iodide (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
(t-)
lactate (n-)
mercaptan (n-)
(i-)
(t-)
methacrylate (n-)
(i-)
phenol (p-)(t-)
propionate (n-)
(s-)
(i-)
stearate (n-)
(i-)
iso-thiocyanate (n-)
(i-)
(s-)(d-)
(t-)
valerate (n-)(n-)
(i-)(n-)
(i-)(s-)
(i-)(i-)
Butylene (α-)
(β-)
Butyraldehyde (n-)
(i-)
Butyric acid (n-)
(i-)
amide (n-)
(i-)
anhydride (n-)
(i-)
anilide (n-)
Caffeic acid (3-,4-)
Caffeine
Camphene (dl-)
(d- or l-)
Camphor (d-)
Camphoric acid (d-)
Cantharidine
Capric acid
Caproic acid (n-)
(i-)
Caprylic acid (n-)
Carbazole
Carbitol
Carbon disulfide
monoxide
suboxide
tetrabromide
tetrachloride
tetrafluoride
Carbonyl sulfide
Carminic acid
Carvacrol (1-,2-,4-)
2-32
Synonym
1-chloro-butane
2-chloro-butane
1-Cl2-2-Me-propane
2-Cl2-2-Me-propane
1-iodo-butane
2-iodo-butane
1-iodo-2-Me-propane
2-iodo-2-Me-propane
butanthiol-1
2-Me-propanthiol-1
butyl mustard oil
iso-Bu mustard oil
butene-1
butene-2
2-Me-propanol
butanoic acid
2-Me-propanoic acid
n-butyramide
iso-butyramide
n-butyranilide
decanoic acid
hexanoic acid
2-Me-pentanoic-5 acid
octanoic acid
diphenylenelimine, dibenzopyrrole
diethylene glycol mono-Et ether
tetrabromomethane
tetrachloromethane
tetrafluoromethane
Formula
C2H5CH2CH2Cl
C2H5CHClCH3
(CH3)2CHCH2Cl
(CH3)3CCl
(CH3)3CC6H3:(CH3)2
HCO2CH2CH2C2H5
HCO2CH(CH3)C2H5
HCO2CH2CH(CH3)2
OC4H3CO2C4H9
C2H5CH2CH2I
C2H5CHICH3
(CH3)2CHCH2I
(CH3)3CI
CH3CH(OH)CO2C4H3
C2H5CH2CH2SH
(CH3)2CHCH2SH
(CH3)3CSH
CH2:C(CH3)CO2C4H9
CH2:C(CH3)CO2C4H9
(CH3)3CC6H4OH
C2H5CO2C4H9
C2H5CO2C4H9
C2H5CO2C4H9
CH3(CH2)16CO2C4H9
CH3(CH2)16CO2C4H9
C2H5CH2CH2N:CS
(CH3)2CHCH2N:CS
C4H9N:CS
(CH3)3CN:CS
CH3(CH2)3CO2(CH2)3CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CO2(CH2)3CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CO2C4H9
C4H9CO2C4H9
C2H5CH:CH2
CH3CH:CHCH3
CH3CH2CH2CHO
(CH3)2CHCHO
C2H5CH2CO2H
(CH3)2CHCO2H
C2H5CH2CONH2
(CH3)2CHCONH2
(C2H5CH2CO)2O
[(CH3)2CHCO]2O
C3H7CONHC6H5
(HO)2C6H3C2H2CO2H
C8H10O2N4H2O
C10H16
C10H16
C10H16O
C8H14(CO2H)2
C10H12O4
CH3(CH2)8CO2H
CH3(CH2)4CO2H
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2CO2H
CH3(CH2)6CO2H
(C6H4)2NH
C2H5O(CH2)2O(CH2)2OH
CS2
CO
OC:C:CO
CBr4
CCl4
CF4
COS
C22H20O13
CH3C6H3(OH)CH(CH3)2
Formula
weight
Form and
color
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
162.26
102.13
102.13
102.13
168.19
184.03
184.03
184.03
184.03
146.18
90.18
90.18
90.18
142.19
142.19
150.21
130.18
130.18
130.18
340.57
340.57
115.19
115.19
115.19
115.19
158.23
158.23
158.23
158.23
56.10
56.10
72.10
72.10
88.10
88.10
87.12
87.12
158.19
158.19
163.21
180.15
212.21
136.23
136.23
152.23
200.23
196.20
172.26
116.16
116.16
144.21
167.20
134.17
76.13
28.01
68.03
331.67
153.84
88.01
60.07
492.40
150.21
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
nd./aq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
wax
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. gas
col. gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
rhb.
mn. pl.
col. lq.
col. lq.
mn. pr.
yel./aq.
nd./al.
cr.
cr.
trig.
mn.
cr.
col. nd.
oily lq.
col. oil
col. lf.
lf.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. gas
gas
col. mn.
col. lq.
gas
col. gas
red pd.
col. lq.
0.887 20
0.87120/4
0.88415
0.84715
−123.1
−131
−131.2
−26.5
77.9763
67.8767
68.9
51–2
200–2147
106.9
97
98.2
118–2025
129.9
118–9
120
99
75–66
97–8
88
65–7
155
155
236–8
146
132.5
136.8
220–525
0.9110
0.88220/4
0.885 20/4
1.056 20/4
1.617 20/4
1.595 20
1.606 20/4
1.370 19/15
0.968
0.837 25/4
0.836 20/4
0.889 15.6
0.889 15.6
0.908 112/4
0.88315
0.866 20/4
0.888 0/4
0.855 25/25
0.95611
0.96414/4
0.943 20/4
0.91910
0.87015/4
0.862 25/4
0.848 20/4
0.8740/4
0.69
0.817 20/4
0.79420/4
0.96420/4
0.949 20/4
1.032
1.013
0.968 20/20
0.950 25/4
1.134
1.2319
0.82278
0.845 50/4
0.999 9/9
1.186
0.889 87
0.922 20/4
0.925 20/4
0.910 20/4
0.990 20/20
1.263 20/4
0.81−195/4
1.1140
3.42
1.595 20/4
1.24−87
0.977 20/4
−95.3
−103.5
−104
−90.7
−34
−116
<−79
99
−89.55
−71.4
27.5
25
10.5
−93
−130
−127
−99
−65.9
−4.7
−47
115–6
129–30
−75
−53.5
92
195–213
237
50
42.7
178–9
187
212
31.5
−1.5
−35
16
244.8
−108.6
−207
−107
90.1(48)
−22.6
−138.2
d. 136
0.5
165724
162
159–63
140770
186
168.8
163–4752
168.7
−5758
3746
75.7
64757
163.5757
154.5
216
216–20
199.5
181.5734
18915
d.
subl.
160
159.6
209.1759
268–70
202761
207.7
237.5
354.8
201.9
46.3
−192
7761
189.5
76.8
−128
−50.2760
238
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
0.0718
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
1.122
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
0.3 25
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
4
1120
∞
20 20
16.315
v. s.
d.
d.
i.
s. h.
2
i.
i.
0.1
0.612
0.003
0.003
1.120
v. sl. s.
0.0715
i.
∞
0.20
3.50 cc.
d.
0.0230
0.0820
sl. s.
8014 cc.
s.
v. sl. s.
Alcohol
Ether
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
d
d
s.
s.
2
s.
s.
12012
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
sl. s.
sl. s.
∞
∞
s.
sl. s.
0.3
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
0.9214
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
sl. s.
s.
∞
s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
s.
v. sl. s.
∞
Carvacrylamine (2-,1-,4-)
Carvone (d-)
Cellosolve
acetate
Cellulose
Cetyl acetate
alcohol
Chloral
hydrate
Chloranil
Chloretone
Chloro-acetanilide (p-)
-acetic acid
-acetone
-acetophenone (ω-)
-acetyl chloride
-aniline (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-anthraquinone (1-)
(2-)
-benzaldehyde (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-benzene
-benzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-buta-1,3-diene (2-)
(1-)
-buta-1,2-diene (4-)
-dimethylhydantoin
-dinitrobenzene (α)(1-,2-)(4-)
(α)(1-,3-)(4-)
-diphenyl (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-hydroquinone
-naphthalene (α-)
(β-)
-nitrobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-nitrotoluene (2-,4-)
(2-,6-)
-phenol (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-propionic acid (α)(dl-)
-toluene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Chloroform
Chlorophyll (α-)
Chloropicrin
Cholesterol
Chrysene
Chrysoidine (2-,4-)
Chrysophanic acid
Cinchomeronic acid (3-,4-)
Cineole, eucalyptole
Cinnamic acid (cis-)
(trans-)
aldehyde
Cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamate
Citraconic acid (cis-)
Citral (α)
Citric acid
Citronellal (d-)
Citronellol (d-)
Coniine (d-)(2-)
H2NC6H3(CH3)C3H7
C10H14O
C2H5O(CH2)2OH
CH3CO2CH2CH2OC2H5
(C6H10O5)x
CH3CO2(CH2)15CH3
CH3(CH2)14CH2OH
CCl3CHO
CCl3CH(OH)2
OC:(CClCCl)2:CO
Cl3CC(OH)(CH3)2
CH3CO2NHC6H4Cl
ClCH2CO2H
CH3COCH2Cl
C6H5COCH2Cl
ClCH2COCl
ClC6H4NH2
ClC6H4NH2
ClC6H4NH2
C6H4(CO)2C6H3Cl
C6H4(CO)2C6H3Cl
ClC6H4CHO
ClC6H4CHO
ClC6H4CHO
C6H5Cl
ClC6H4CO2H
ClC6H4CO2H
ClC6H4CO2H
CH2:CClCH:CH2
CH2:CHCH:CHCl
CH2:C:CHCH2Cl
C(CH3)2N(Cl)CON(Cl)CO
ClC6H3(NO2)2
ClC6H3(NO2)2
C6H5C6H4Cl
C6H5C6H4Cl
C6H5C6H4Cl
ClC6H3(OH)2
C10H7Cl
C10H7Cl
ClC6H4NO2
ClC6H4NO2
ClC6H4NO2
CH3C6H3(NO2)(Cl)
CH3C6H3(NO2)(Cl)
ClC6H4OH
ClC6H4OH
ClC6H4OH
CH3CHClCO2H
CH3C6H4Cl
CH3C6H4Cl
CH3C6H4Cl
CHCl3
C55H72O5N4Mg
Cl3CNO2
C27H45OHH2O
C18H12
C6H5N:NC6H3(NH2)2
C14H5(OH)2(CH3)O2
C5H3N(CO2H)2
C10H18O
C6H5CH:CHCO2H
C6H5CH:CHCO2H
C6H5CH:CHCHO
C6H5CH:CHCH2OH
C8H7CO2C9H9
CH3C(CO2H):CHCO2H
C9H15CHO
C3H4(OH)(CO2H)3
C9H17CHO
C10H20O
C3H7C5H10N
149.23
150.21
90.12
132.16
162.14
284.47
242.43
147.40
165.42
245.89
177.47
169.61
94.50
92.53
154.59
112.95
127.57
127.57
127.57
242.65
242.65
140.57
140.57
140.57
112.56
156.57
156.57
156.57
88.54
88.54
88.54
197.03
202.56
202.56
188.65
188.65
188.65
144.56
162.61
162.61
157.56
157.56
157.56
171.56
171.56
128.56
128.56
128.56
108.53
126.58
126.58
126.58
119.39
893.48
164.39
404.65
228.28
212.25
254.23
167.12
154.24
148.15
148.15
132.15
134.17
264.31
130.10
152.23
192.12
154.24
156.26
127.22
oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
amor.
nd.
lf.
col. lq.
mn. pr.
yel./bz.
col. cr.
rhb.
col. cr.
col. lq.
rhb.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
rhb.
yel. nd.
nd./al.
nd.
pr.
pr.
col. lq.
mn./aq.
pr.
tri.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr./et.
rhb./et.
cr.
cr.
lf.
mn.
col. lq.
lf./al.
mn. nd.
yel./al.
mn. pr.
cr.
cr.
col. lq.
nd.
nd.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
rhb./al.
col. rhb.
yel. cr.
yel./al.
cr./HCl
col. oil
mn. pr.
mn. pr.
lq.
nd.
nd. or pr.
nd.
col. oil
cr.
col. oil
col. oil
col. lq.
0.99420
0.96120/4
0.93120/4
0.975 20/4
1.3–1.4
0.858 20
0.818 50/4
1.505 25/4
1.619 50/4
1.385 22
1.58 20/20
1.16216
1.32415
1.498 20/20
1.21320/4
1.216 20/4
1.42719
1.298
1.25015
1.196 61
1.107 20/4
1.544 25/4
1.496 25/4
1.54124
0.958 20/20
0.965 20/20
0.99120/20
1.5 20/20
1.697 22
1.194 20/4
1.26616
1.305 80/4
1.34350/4
1.298 91
1.256 80
1.24118/15
1.268 25
1.306 20/4
1.306 9
1.082 20/4
1.07220/4
1.070 20/4
1.489 20
1.65123/4
1.067
0.927 20
1.2844
1.245
1.110 20/20
1.040 35/35
1.08516.5
1.617
0.89017/4
1.54220/4
0.85517.5
0.84820/4
0.84717
−16
−70
22–3
49–50
−57
51.7
290
97
175–6
61.2
−44.5
58–9
0
−10.4
70–1
162
208–9
11
17–8
47.8
−45.2
141–2
158
242–3
130
39(36)
53(43)
34
89
77.5
106
−20
56–7
32.5
44.4(24)
83–4
38.2
37.5
7(0)
32–3
41–3
<−20
−34
−47.8
7.5
−63.5
d.
−64
149–51
253–4
117.5
195
258–9 d.
1.5
68
133
−7.5
33
44
92–3
153
−2
241
230766
135.1
156.3
i.
20015
189.515
97.6768
d. 98
subl.
167
189.5
121
245–7
105
210.5
230767
230–1
subl.
208748
213–4
213748
132.1
subl.
59.4
69
88
315 d.
315 d.
267–8
284–5
282
263 sl. d.
259.3
264751
245.5753
235.6
242761
240718
238
175–6
214
217
186
159.5
161.6
162.2
61.2
i.
112.3766
subl.
448
subl.
subl. d.
176–7
12519
300
252 sl. d.
257.5
229
d.
204–8
224–5
166–7
v. sl. s.
i.
∞
22
i.
i.
i.
v. s.
47417
i.
0.8 c.
sl. s.
v. s.
∞
0.11
d.
i.
i.
s. h.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
s. h.
0.049 20
0.20825
0.04125
0.00825
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
d.
0.2125
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
2.8520
2.6020
2.7120
∞
i.
i.
i.
0.8220
s.
0.1718
0.2620
i.
sl. s. h.
i. c.
v. sl. s.
1.915
s.
∞
∞
∞
i.
v. sl. s. c.
s.
∞
v. s.
i. c.
111
s.
s.
∞
v. s.
d.
0.0418
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
i.
36025
i.
207.725
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
1.1
s.
sl. s. h.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
s.
i. c.
s.
v. s.
s.
∞
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
v. s. h.
s. h.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s. h.
v. s. h.
v. s. h.
v. s.
∞
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
1.117
0.116
s.
s. h.
sl. s.
∞
s.
18
v. sl. s.
s.
sl. s.
i.
∞
2420
s.
v. s.
4 c.
s.
∞
7615
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s.
∞
v. s.
33
s.
∞
215
∞
∞
v. s.
2-33
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Coumaric acid (o-)
(p-)
Coumarin
Coumarone
Creatine
Creatinine
Creosol (3-,1-,4-)
Cresidine (1-,2-,4-)
Cresol (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Cresyl benzoate (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Crotonic acid (α-)
acid (β-)(cis-)
aldehyde (α)
Cumene
Cumic acid (p-)
Cumidine (p-)
Cyanamide
Cyanic acid
Cyanoacetic acid
Cyanogen
bromide
chloride
Cyanuric acid
Cyclo-butane
-heptane
-hexane
-hexanol
-hexanone
-hexene
-hexyl acetate
amine
bromide
chloride
-pentadiene (1-,3-)
-pentane
-pentanone
-propane
Cymene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Cystine (l-)
Dambose
Decahydronaphthalene (cis-)
(trans-)
Decane (n-)
Decyl alcohol
Dextrin
Diacetone alcohol
Diamino-benzophenone (4-,4′-)
-diphenylamine (4-,4′-)
-diphenylmethane (4-,4′-)
-diphenylurea (4-,4′-)
Diamyl-amine (i-)
ether (n-)
(i-)
Diamyl ketone (i-)
phthalate (n-)
(i-)
tartrate (i-)
Dianisidine (o-)(4-,3-)2
Diazo-aminobenzene
-aminotoluene (2-,2′-)
-methane
2-34
Formula
HOC6H4CH:CHCO2H
HOC6H4CH:CHCO2H
C9H6O2
C8H6O
C4H9N3O2H2O
C4H7N3O
CH3OC6H3(CH3)OH
CH3(NH2)C6H3OCH3
CH3C6H4OH
CH3C6H4OH
CH3C6H4OH
C6H5CO2C6H4CH3
C6H5CO2C6H4CH3
C6H5CO2C6H4CH3
CH3CH:CHCO2H
CH3CH:CHCO2H
CH3CH:CHCHO
C6H5CH(CH3)2
(CH3)2CHC6H4CO2H
(CH3)2CHC6H4NH2
H2NCN
HOCN or HNCO
CH2(CN)CO2H
(CN)2
BrCN
ClCN
C3H3O3N32H2O
CH2 < (CH2)2 > CH2
CH2 < (CH2CH2CH2)2 >
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CH2
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHOH
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CO
(CH2CH2CH:)2
CH3CO2C6H11
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHNH2
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHBr
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHCl
CH2 < (CH:CH)2 >
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 >
< (CH2CH2)2 > CO
< CH2CH2CH2 >
CH3C6H3CH(CH3)2
CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2
CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2
[SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H]2
C6H6(OH)6
C10H18
C10H18
CH3(CH2)8CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH2OH
(C6H10O5)x
(CH3)2C(OH)CH2COCH3
H2NC6H4COC6H4NH2
H2NC6H4NHC6H4NH2
H2NC6H4CH2C6H4NH2
(H2NC6H4NH)2CO
[(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2NH
(C2H5CH2CH2CH2)2O
[(CH3)2CH(CH2)2]2O
[(CH3)2CHCH2CH2]2CO
C6H4(CO2C5H11)2
C6H4(CO2C5H11)2
(HOCHCO2C5H11)2
[NH2(OCH3)C6H3]2
C6H5N:NNHC6H5
C7H7N:NNHC7H7
CH2:N2
Formula
weight
Form and
color
164.15
164.15
146.14
118.13
149.15
113.12
138.16
137.18
108.13
108.13
108.13
212.24
212.24
212.24
86.09
86.09
70.09
120.19
164.20
135.20
42.04
43.03
85.06
52.04
105.93
61.48
165.11
56.10
98.18
84.16
100.16
98.14
82.14
142.19
99.17
163.06
118.61
66.10
70.13
84.11
42.08
134.21
134.21
134.21
240.29
180.16
138.24
138.24
142.28
158.28
162.14
116.16
212.24
199.25
198.26
242.28
157.29
158.28
158.28
170.29
306.39
306.39
290.35
244.28
197.23
225.28
42.04
nd./aq.
cr./aq.
rhb./et.
oil
mn./aq.
mn.
pr.
nd./pet.
cr.
lq.
pr.
lq.
cr.
cr.
col. mn.
nd.
col. lq.
col. lq.
tri.
lq.
col. nd.
gas
col. lq.
col. gas
nd.
gas
mn./aq.
col. gas
oil
col. lq.
col. nd.
col. oil
lq.
oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. oil
col. oil
col. gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
pl.
mn./aq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. oil
amor.
lq.
yel. nd.
lf./aq.
nd./aq.
cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
yel. oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lf.
yel. lf.
or. cr.
gas
Specific
gravity
0.93520/4
1.07815/15
1.09220/20
1.04820/4
1.03420/4
1.03520/4
0.96479.7
1.03115/4
0.85320/20
0.86220/4
1.1624
0.953
1.07348/4
1.1400
0.86617
2.01520/4
1.2220
1.7680/4
0.7030/4
0.81020/4
0.77920/4
0.96220/4
0.94719/4
0.81020/4
0.9850/4
0.86520/0
1.32420/20
0.97718/4
0.80519/4
0.74520/4
0.94820
0.720−79
0.87520/4
0.86220
0.85720/4
1.752
0.89518/4
0.87220/4
0.7302
0.83020/4
1.038
0.93125
0.76721/4
0.77420/4
0.77720/4
0.82125/4
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
207–8
206–7 d.
70
<−18
295
260 d.
5.5
93–4
30.8
10.9
35–6
subl.
55
71.5
72
15.5
−69
−96.9
116–7
<−20
44–5
−80
65–6
−34.4
52
−6.5
>360
−50
−12
6.5
23.9
−45
−103.7
−43.9
−85
−93.3
−58.2
−126.6
<−25
−73.5
d. 258–61
253
−51
−32
−29.7
7
−47
237–9
158
93–4
subl. 310
−44
−69
14.6
1.03
1.06315/4
131.5
96–8
51
−145
290–1
173–4
221–2765
235
190.8
202.8
202
308
314
316
189
170–1 d.
102.2
152.5
subl.
225761
14019
−640
1080.2
−21
61.3750
12.5–13
d.
11–12726
118–20
80–1
160–1
155–6
83.3
174750
134
165714
142
41–2
49–50
129–30
−34749
177
175–6
176–7
31915
193.3
185.3
174.0
232.9
167.9
d.
249–5315
188–90
190
173.4
228
204–611
22540
19516
expl.
−23
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
sl. s. c.
s. h.
0.3 c.
i.
1.418
8.716
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
2.5
0.5
1.8
i.
i.
i.
8.315
∞25
18
i.
0.0225
i.
v. s.
sl. s.
s.
45020 cc.
s.
250020 cc.
0.2717
i.
i.
i.
3.620
s.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.0119
212
i.
i.
i.
i.
s.
∞
sl. s. h.
sl. s.
sl. s. c.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.05
d.
Alcohol
Ether
s.
v. s. h.
v. s.
v. sl. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
i.
0.0117
116
∞
s.
∞30
∞
∞36
s.
∞
∞
s.
v. s.
s.
230020 cc.
s.
v. s.
0.122
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
i.
i.
s.
s.
∞
s.
i.
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
∞30
∞
∞36
∞
∞
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
50020 cc.
s.
500020 cc.
∞
s.
s.
v. s.
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
i.
s.
s.
∞
i.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
s. h.
s.
v. s.
s.
Dibenzothiazyl-disulfide (2-,2′-)
Dibensoyl methane
Dibensyl-amine
-aniline
ketone
phthalate (o-)
succinate
Dibromo-benzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-diphenyl (4-,4′-)
Dibutyl-adipate (n-)
(i-)
-amine (n-)
(i-)
-p-aminophenol (s-)
-aniline (n-)
carbonate (n-)
(i-)
(s-)
ether (n-)
(i-)
(s-)
ketone (n-)
(i-)
malate (l-)(n-)
oxalate (n-)
phthalate (n-)
tartrate (d-)(n-)
(d-)(i-)
Dichloro-acetic acid
-acetone (αα-)
-aniline (2-,5-)
-anthraquinone (1-,3-)
(1-,4-)
(1-,5-)
(1-,6-)
(1-,8-)
(2-,3-)
(2-,6-)
(2-,7-)
-benzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-butane (n-)(1-,4-)
-diphenyl (4-,4′-)
-ethane (1-,2-)
-naphthalene (β-)(1-,4-)
(γ-)(1-,5-)
-nitrobenzene (2-,5-)
-pentane (1-,5-)
-phenol (2-,4-)
Dichloramine T (p-)
Dicyandiamide
Diethanolamine
Diethyl adipate
-amine
-aminophenol (m-)
-aniline
sulfonic acid (m-)
carbonate
diethyl malonate
Diethyl dimethyl malonate
glutarate
ketone
malonate
-malonic acid
-naphthylamine (α-)
(β-)
oxalate
phthalate (o-)
sulfate
sulfide
(C6H4NSC)2S2
(C6H5CO)2CH2
(C6H5CH2)2NH
C6H5N(CH2C6H5)2
(C6H5CH2)2CO
C6H4(CO2CH2C6H5)2
(CH2CO2CH2C6H5)2
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
BrC6H4C6H4Br
(CH2CH2CO2C4H9)2
(CH2CH2CO2C4H9)2
(C2H5CH2CH2)2NH
[(CH3)2CHCH2]2NH
(C4H9)2NC6H4OH
C6H5N(C4H9)2
CO(OC4H9)2
CO(OC4H9)2
CO(OC4H9)2
(C2H5CH2CH2)2O
[(CH3)2CHCH2]2O
[C2H5(CH3)CH]2O
(C2H5CH2CH2)2CO
[(CH3)2CHCH2]2CO
C2H4O(CO2C4H9)2
(CO2C4H9)2
C6H4(CO2C4H9)2
(CHOHCO2C4H9)2
(CHOHCO2C4H9)2
Cl2CHCO2H
Cl2CHCOCH3
Cl2C6H3NH2
C6H4:(CO)2:C6H2Cl2
C6H4:(CO)2:C6H2Cl2
C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl
C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl
C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl
C6H4:(CO)2:C6H2Cl2
C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl
C6H3Cl:(CO)2:C6H3Cl
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
ClCH2(CH2)2CH2Cl
ClC6H4C6H4Cl
ClCH2CH2Cl
C10H6Cl2
C10H6Cl2
Cl2C6H3NO2
ClCH2(CH2)3CH2Cl
Cl2C6H3OH
CH3C6H4SO2NCl2
H2NC(:NH)NHCN
HN(CH2CH2OH)2
(CH2CH2CO2C2H5)2
(C2H5)2NH
(C2H5)2NC6H4OH
(C2H5)2NC6H5
(C2H5)2NC6H4SO3H
OC(OC2H5)2
(C2H5)2C(CO2C2H5)2
(CH3)2C(CO2C2H5)2
CH2(CH2CO2C2H5)2
(C2H5)2CO
CH2(CO2C2H5)2
(C2H5)2C(CO2H)2
C10H7N(C2H5)2
C10H7N(C2H5)2
(CO2C2H5)2
C6H4(CO2C2H5)2
O2S(OC2H5)2
(C2H5)2S
232.46
224.25
197.27
273.36
210.26
346.36
298.32
235.92
235.92
235.92
312.02
258.35
258.35
129.24
129.24
221.33
205.33
174.23
174.23
174.23
130.22
130.22
130.22
142.23
142.23
246.30
202.24
278.34
262.30
262.30
128.95
126.98
162.02
277.10
277.10
277.10
277.10
277.10
277.10
277.10
277.10
147.01
147.01
147.01
127.02
223.10
98.97
197.06
197.06
192.01
141.04
163.01
240.11
84.08
105.14
202.24
73.14
165.23
149.23
229.29
118.13
216.27
188.22
188.22
86.13
160.17
160.17
199.28
199.28
146.14
222.23
154.18
90.18
cr.
rhb./al.
col. oil
pr./al.
cr.
pr./al.
lf./al.
col. lq.
col. lq.
pl./al.
mn. pr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
oil
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
pr.
cr.
lq.
lq.
nd.
yel. nd.
yel. nd.
yel. nd.
yel. nd.
yel. nd.
yel. nd.
yel. nd.
yel. nd.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. mn.
lq.
pr.
col. lq.
nd./al.
lf./al.
tri./al.
col. lq.
nd.
cr.
mn. pl.
pr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
rhb.
oil
cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
syrup
col. lq.
col. lq.
pr./aq.
col. oil
col. oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
1.50
1.028 25/25
20/4
1.956
1.952 20/4
2.26118
1.897
0.965 20/4
0.950 25
0.768 20/20
0.74125/4
180
78
−26
70–1
34–5
42–3
45–6
1.8
−6.9
87–8
164–5
−38
−20
−70
0.924 20/4
0.91915
0.769 20/20
0.76215
0.756 21
0.82718/4
0.805 21/4
1.038 20/4
0.986 20/4
1.045 21
1.09815
1.03175/4
1.560 25/25
1.23415
1.305 20/4
1.288 20/4
1.458 21
1.442 0/4
1.256 20/20
1.300 76/4
1.669 22
1.094 25/4
1.383 60/25
1.4014
1.09720/4
1.00920/4
0.712 15/15
0.934 20/4
20/4
0.975
0.985 20/4
0.994 25/25
1.025 21
0.816 19/4
1.055 20/4
1.005
1.026
1.079 20/4
1.121 25/25
1.172 25/4
0.837 20/4
−98
−5.9
−29.6
22–2.5
73–4
9.7(−4)
50
208–9
187.5
251
203–4
202–3
268–70
282
210–11
−17.6
−24.8
53
−38.7
148
−35.3
67–8
107
54.6
45
83
207–8
28
−21
−38.9
78
−34.4
270 d.
−43
−24
−42
−49.8
125
−40.6
−25
−99.5
d.
219–2118
268–71250
>300
330.6
27412
23814
221–2
219755
218.6758
355–60
18314
278–80
159761
139–40
17010
262.8
207740
190
178–80
142.4
122.5
121
187.7
168.1
170–118
245.5
340
200–318
323–5
194.4
120
251
179
172766
174764
161–3
315–9
83.7
286–7 740
subl.
266
180–1
209–10
d.
270 748
239–41761
55.5759
276–80
216
759
126
230
196.7
237
101.7
198.9
d. 170–80
285–90
318
186
298–9
210
92–3 754
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
∞
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
4.420
s.
v. s. h.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
1.6
v. sl. s. h.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
7125
∞
∞
s.
∞
s.
∞
s.
∞
<0.05
i.
i.
i.
<0.06
v. sl. s.
i.
0.04 25
i.
v. sl. s.
∞
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
i.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
s.
v. s.
∞
s.
v. s.
i.
0.90
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.45 20
sl. s.
2.318
∞
0.4380
v. s.
s.
1.412
s.
i.
i.
i.
0.88 20
4.7 20
2.08 20
65 16
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
0.3120
v. sl. s.
∞
v. sl. s.
s.
v. s. h.
s.
v. s.
425
∞
1.318
∞
s.
∞
0.0118
v. sl. s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
2-35
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
tartrate (d-)
-toluidine (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Diethyleneglycol dinitrate
Difluorodichloromethane
Diglycerol
Dihydroxy-dinaphthyl (α-)
(-2,-2′,-1,-1′)
-diphenyl (4-,4′-)
-ethyl formal (β-)
-naphthalene (1-,5-)
(1-,8-)
Dimethoxy-benzene (p-)
-diphenylamine (4-,4′-)
-ethyl adipate
Dimethyl adipate
-amine
-aminoasobenzene (p-)
-aminoethanol
-aminophenol (m-)
-aniline
sulfonic acid (m-)
(p-)
carbonate
ether
-formamide
fumarate
glutarate
glyoxime
-naphthalene (1-,4-)
(2-,3-)
-naphthylamine (α-)
(β-)
oxalate
phthalate (o-)
sulfate
sulfide
tartrate (d-)
-vinyl-ethenyl carbinol
Dinaphthyl (αα-)
-methane (αα′-)
(β,β′-)
Dinitro-anisole (1-)(2-,4-)
-benzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
sulfonic acid (2-,4-)(1-)
-benzoic acid (2-,4-)
(3-,5-)
-benzophenone (4-,4′-)
-diphenyl (4-,4′-)
(2-,4′-)
-naphthalene (1-,5-)
(1-,8-)
Dinitro-phenol (2-,3-)
(2-,4-)
(2-,6-)
-salicylic acid (3-,5-)
-stilbene (4-,4′-)
-toluene (2-,4-)
(3-,4-)
(3-,5-)
Dioxane
Dipentene
2-36
Formula
(CHOHCO2C2H5)2
CH3C6H4N(C2H5)2
CH3C6H4N(C2H5)2
CH3C6H4N(C2H5)2
O(CH2CH2ONO2)2
F2CCl2
[(HO)2C3H5]2O
(HOC10H6)2
(HOC10H6)2
(HOC6H4)2
CH2(OCH2CH2OH)2
C10H6(OH)2
C10H6(OH)2
(CH3O)2C6H4
HN(C6H4OCH3)2
(CH2)4(CO2C2H4OCH3)2
[(CH2)2CO2CH3]2
(CH3)2NH
C6H5N:NC6H4N(CH3)2
(CH3)2NCH2CH2OH
(CH3)2NC6H4OH
(CH3)2NC6H5
(CH3)2NC6H4SO3H
(CH3)2NC6H4SO3HH2O
OC(OCH3)2
CH3OCH3
HCON(CH3)2
(:CHCO2CH3)2
(CH2)3(CO2CH3)2
(CH3C:NOH)2
C10H6(CH3)2
C10H6(CH3)2
C10H7N(CH3)2
C10H7N(CH3)2
(CO2CH3)2
C6H4(CO2CH3)2
(CH3O)2SO2
(CH3)2S
(CHOHCO2CH3)2
(CH3)2COHC⯗CCH:CH2
C10H7C10H7
(C10H7)2CH2
(C10H7)2CH2
CH3OC6H3(NO2)2
C6H4(NO2)2
C6H4(NO2)2
C6H4(NO2)2
(NO2)2C6H3SO3H3H2O
(NO2)2C6H3CO2H
(NO2)2C6H3CO2H
(NO2C6H4)2CO
(NO2C6H4)2
(NO2C6H4)2
C10H6(NO2)2
C10H6(NO2)2
(NO2)2C6H3OH
(NO2)C6H3OH
(NO2)C6H3OH
(NO2)2C6H2(OH)CO2HH2O
(NO2C6H4CH:)2
(NO2)2C6H3CH3
(NO2)2C6H3CH3
(NO2)2C6H3CH3
O < (CH2CH2)2 > O
C13H10
Formula
weight
Form and
color
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
206.19
163.25
163.25
163.25
196.12
120.92
166.17
286.31
286.31
186.20
136.15
160.16
160.16
138.16
229.26
262.30
174.19
45.08
225.28
89.14
137.18
121.18
201.24
219.25
90.08
46.07
73.09
144.12
160.17
116.12
156.22
156.22
171.23
171.23
118.09
194.18
126.13
62.13
178.14
110.15
254.31
268.34
268.34
198.13
168.11
168.11
168.11
302.22
212.12
212.12
272.21
244.20
244.20
218.16
218.16
184.11
184.11
184.11
246.13
270.24
182.13
182.13
182.13
88.10
136.23
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
gas
lq.
pl./al.
nd./al.
rhb./al.
lq.
pr./aq.
nd.
lf.
cr.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
yel./al.
col. lq.
nd.
yel. lq.
cr.
pr.
col. lq.
gas
lq.
col. tri.
lq.
col. cr.
lq.
lf./al.
col. oil
col. cr.
col. mn.
col. lq.
col. oil
oil
cr.
lq.
lf./al.
pr./al.
nd./al.
col. mn.
col. mn.
col. rhb.
col. mn.
pr.
cr./aq.
mn. pr.
col. nd.
nd./al.
mn.
nd.
rhb.
yel. mn.
yel. rhb.
yel. rhb.
pl./aq.
yel. lf.
nd.
nd.
mn. pr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
1.204 20/4
17
0.924 15.5
1.377 25/4
1.486 −30
−11.3
−155
280
208–9755
231–2
228–9
1.25
1.154 25
1.053
55/55
1.075 15.6
1.063 20/4
0.680 0/4
0.887 20/4
0.956 20/4
1.070 20/4
0.94525
1.08915.6
1.016 20/4
1.042 20
1.03970/70
1.14854
1.18925/25
1.3520/4
0.84621/4
1.32820/4
0.887 20/4
1.341 20
1.5918
1.575 20/4
1.625 18
1.445
1.474
1.681 20
1.683 24
1.321 71
1.259 111
1.277 111
1.033 20/4
0.865 18
300
218
270–2
−5.3
258–60
140
56
103
10–1
−96
116–7
85
2.5
d. 266
257
0.5
−138.5
−58.3
102
−37
240–6
<−18
104
46
54
−26.8
−83.2
61.5
160
109
92
94–5
117–8
89.8
173–4
106–8
179–80
204–5
189
233
93.5
216
170–2
144–5
114–5
63–4
173 d.
210–6
70
60–1
92–3
9.5–10.5
−29.2
220–3010
subl.
subl.
264
d.
212.6
145–502
11518
7.4
d.
135756
265–8
193
89–90
−23.7
152.8
192
13050
264–6
265767
274.5711
304–5
163.3
280734
188.3
37.3
280
150
240–412
>360
319774
300–2
299777
subl.
subl.
d.
subl.
300
subl.
101.1
178
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
5.7 cc.26
s. h.
i.
i.
sl. s.
∞
sl. s.
sl. s. h.
v. sl. s.
i.
5
i.
v. s.
i.
∞
sl. s. h.
i.
s.
s. h.
i.
3700 cc.18
∞
i.
20
0.06
i.
i.
i.
i.
6
0.43
v. sl. s.
i.
s.
620
i.
i.
i.
sl. s. h.
0.01 c.
0.399
0.18100
s.
1.8525
s h.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
0.5 c.
s. h.
s. c.
i.
0.0322
i.
sl. s.
∞
i.
Alcohol
Ether
∞
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
v. sl. s.
∞
s.
v. sl. s.
∞
s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
v. s.
v. s.
sl. s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
20015
∞
s.
s. h.
0.8 c.
s.
1.520
1.921
320
0.1821
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
1.520
v. s. h.
0.2 c.
v. s. h.
420
s. h.
v. s.
v. sl. s.
1.215
v. s.
v. s. h.
s.
v. s.
v. sl. s.
916
s. h.
s.
s.
s.
Diphenyl
-amine
carbonate
-chloroarsine
-ethane
ether
guanidine
-methane
phenylenediamine (p-)
succinate
sulfide
sulfone
urea (uns.)
Diphenylene oxide
Dipropyl adipate (n-)
-amine (n-)
(i-)
aniline (n-)
carbonate (n-)
ether (n-)
(i-)
ketone (n-)
(i-)
oxalate (n-)
(i-)
Disalicylal ethylenediamine
Ditolyl guanidine (o-)
Divinyl acetylene
Docosane (n-)
Dodecane (n-)
Dulcitol
Durene (1-,2-,4-,5-)
Elaidic acid
Eosine
Ephedrine (l-)
Epichlorhydrin (α-)
Epidichlorohydrin (α-)
Erythritol (dl-)
tetranitrate
Ethane
Ethanol-amine
formamide
Ether
Ethyl abietate
acetate
acetoacetate
alcohol
-amine
hydrochloride
aniline
sulfonic acid (m-)
anisate (p-)
anthranilate (o-)
benzene
benzoate
-benzyl-aniline
bromide
butyrate (n-)
(i-)
caprate (n-)
Ethyl caproate (n-)
caprylate (n-)
chloride
chloroacetate
chlorocarbonate
cinnamate (trans-)
cyanoacetate
formate
furoate (α)
heptoate
hypochlorite
iodide
lactate
C6H5C6H5
C6H5NHC6H5
O(COC6H5)2
(C6H5)2AsCl
(C6H5CH2)2
C6H5OC6H5
(C6H5NH)2C:NH
(C6H5)2CH2
(C6H5NH)2C6H4
(CH2CO2C6H5)2
(C6H5)2S
(C6H5)2SO2
(C6H5)2NCONH2
< (C6H4)2O
(CH2CH2CO2C3H7)2
(C2H5CH2)2NH
[(CH3)2CH]2NH
C6H5N(C3H7)2
O(COCH2C2H5)2
(C2H5CH2)2O
[(CH3)2CH]2O
(C2H5CH2)2CO
[(CH3)2CH]2CO
(CO2CH2C2H5)2
[CO2CH(CH3)2]2
[HOC6H4CH:NCH2]2
(C7H7NH)2C:NH
(H2C:CHC⯗)2
CH3(CH2)20CH3
CH3(CH2)10CH3
CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH
(CH3)4C6H2
C8H17CH:CH(CH2)7CO2H
C20H8O5Br4
C6H5CHOHCH(CH3)NHCH3
C2H3OCH2Cl
CH2:CClCH2Cl
CH2OH(CHOH)2CH2OH
C4H6(ONO2)4
CH3CH3
HOCH2CH2NH2
HCONHCH2CH2OH
(CH3CH2)2O
C19H29CO2C2H5
CH3CO2C2H5
CH3COCH2CO2C2H5
CH3CH2OH
C2H5NH2
C2H5NH2HCl
C6H5NHC2H5
C2H5NHC6H4SO3H
CH3OC6H4CO2C2H5
NH2C6H4CO2C2H5
C6H5C2H5
C6H5CO2C2H5
C6H5N(C2H5)CH2C6H5
C2H5Br
C2H5CH2CO2C2H5
(CH3)2CHCO2C2H5
CH3(CH2)8CO2C2H5
CH3(CH2)4CO2C2H5
CH3(CH2)6CO2C2H5
CH3CH2Cl
ClCH2CO2C2H5
ClCO2CH2CH3
C6H5CH:CHCO2H
CH2(CN)CO2C2H5
HCO2CH2CH3
OC4H3CO2C2H5
CH3(CH2)5CO2C2H5
ClOCH2CH3
CH3CH2I
CH3CH(OH)CO2C2H5
154.20
169.22
214.21
264.57
182.25
170.20
211.26
168.23
260.32
270.27
186.26
218.26
212.24
168.18
230.30
101.19
101.19
177.28
146.18
102.17
102.17
114.18
114.18
174.19
174.19
268.30
239.31
78.11
310.59
170.33
182.17
134.21
282.45
647.93
165.23
92.53
110.98
122.12
302.12
30.07
61.08
89.09
74.12
330.49
88.10
130.14
46.07
45.08
81.55
121.18
201.24
180.20
165.19
106.16
150.17
211.29
108.98
116.16
116.16
200.31
144.21
172.26
64.52
122.55
108.53
176.21
113.11
74.08
140.13
158.23
80.52
155.98
118.13
col. mn.
col. mn.
nd./al.
rhb.
col. pr.
col. rhb.
mn./al.
col. pr.
cr.
lf./al.
col. lq.
nd./aq.
rhb.
lf./al.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
yel. oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr.
cr.
lq.
cr.
lq.
mn.
mn.
lf./al.
col. cr.
cr./et.
lq.
col. lq.
tet. pr.
lf./al.
col. gas
col. oil
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
mn.
lq.
nd./aq.
lq.
cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
yel. oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lf.
col. lq.
yel. lq.
col. lq.
oil
0.992 73/4
1.160 20/20
1.272 14
1.583 40
0.978 50/50
1.073 20
1.001 26/4
1.119 15/15
1.248 25/4
1.276
0.979 20/4
0.739 20/4
0.722 22
0.910 20
0.968 22
0.744 21/0
0.725 21/0
0.822 20/4
0.806 20/4
1.038 0/0
1.34
1.1020/4
0.776 20/4
0.778 44/4
0.751 20/4
1.466 15
0.838 81/4
0.851 79/4
1.183 25/25
1.204 25
1.451 20/4
−88
0.546
1.022 20
1.169 25
0.708 25/4
1.020 20/20
0.901 20/4
1.025 20/4
0.789 20/4
0.689 15/15
1.216
0.963 20/4
1.103 25/25
1.117 20/4
0.867 20/4
1.052 15/15
1.034 18.5
1.431 20/4
0.879 20/4
0.871 20/4
0.859 28
0.873 20/20
0.878 17
0.917 6/6
1.159 20/4
1.138 20/4
1.049 20/4
1.062 20/4
0.923 20/4
1.117 21/4
0.872 20/20
1.013 −6/4
1.933 20/4
1.030 25/4
69–70
52.9
80
43–4
52–3
27
147–8
26–7
152
122–3
<−40
128–9
189
86–7
−20.3
−39.6
−61
−122
−60
−32.6
−51.7
254.9
302
302–6
d. 327
284
259
d. > 170
265
330
296–7
379
287–8
143–510
110–1
83.5743
245.4
168.2
91
69
144.2
123.7
213.5
190
125–6
178–9
44.5
−9.6
189
79–80
51–2
40
−25.6
126
61
−172
10.5
<−40
−116.3
−82.4
−45
−112
−80.6
108–9
−63.5
d. 294
7–8
13
−94.4
−34.6
−117.8
−93.3
−88.2
−20
−67.5
−45
−139
−26
−80.6
12
−22.5
−79
34
−66.1
expl.
−105
85
224.515
214.5
290–53
193–5
288100
255
117756
94
329–31
expl.
−88.6
171757
d.
34.6
2004
77.1
180755
78.4
16.6
204
269–70
266–8
136.2
211–2
28510
38.4
120–1
110–1
244.6758
165–6736
207–8753
13
144
94–5
271
208753
54760
195766
187–8
36752
72.4
155
i.
0.0325
i.
0.2 d.
i.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s. h.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
s.
s.
i.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
0.2
0.43
v. sl. s.
d. h.
0.0328
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
3.215
i.
i.
i.
5
<5
i.
60
i. c.
4.7 cc.20
∞
∞
7.520
i.
8.515
1317
∞
∞
24017
i.
2.1515
i.
v. sl. s.
0.0115
0.0820
i.
1.060
0.6825
sl. s.
0.00220
i.
i.
0.450
i.
d.
i.
225
1118
i.
0.02920
0.420
∞
1020
5619.5
v. s.
20
s.
s.
920
v. s.
6.620
s.
s.
s.
v. s.
∞
sl. s.
v. s.
s.
∞
s. h.
s. h.
s.
s. h.
s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s. h.
s.
4 h.
v. s.
v. sl. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
500
∞
∞
sl. s. c.
s.
150 cc.
∞
v. s.
v. s.
i.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
i.
s.
1
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
18
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
i.
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
2-37
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Formula
laurate
mercaptan
methacrylate
naphthylamine (α-)
naphthyl ether (α-)
nitrate
nitrite
oleate
palmitate
pelargonate
propionate
salicylate (o-)
stearate
toluate (o-)
(m-)
toluene sulfonate (p-)
toluidine (o-)
(p-)
urea
valerate (n-)
(i-)
Ethylal
Ethylene
bromide
bromohydrin
chlorobromide
chlorohydrin
diamine
oxide
Ethylidene diacetate
Eugenol (1-,4-,3-)
(i-)(1-,3-,4-)
Fenchyl alcohol (dl-)
(d-)(α-)
(i-)(l-)
Ferric dimethyl-dithiocarbamate
Fluorene
Fluorescein
Fluoro-dichloromethane
-trichloromethane
Formaldehyde
(m-)
(p-)
Formamide
Formanilide
Formic acid
Fructose
Fuchsin
Fulminic acid
Fumaric acid (trans-)
Furfural
Furfuran
Furfuryl acetate
alcohol
butyrate
propionate
Furoic acid
G-acid, K salt (2-)(6-,8-)
Na salt (2-)(6-,8-)
Galactose (d-)(α-)
Gallic acid (3-,4-,5-)
Gamma acid (2-,8-,6-)
Geraniol
Glucose (d-)(α-)
(d-)(β-)
Glucuronic acid
Glutam(in)ic acid (dl-)
CH3(CH2)10CO2C2H5
CH3CH2SH
CH2:C(CH3)CO2C2H5
C10H7NHC2H5
C10H7OC2H5
C2H5ONO2
C2H5ONO
C17H33CO2C2H5
CH3(CH2)14CO2C2H5
CH3(CH2)7CO2C2H5
CH3CH2CO2C2H5
HOC6H4CO2C2H5
CH3(CH2)16CO2C2H5
CH3C6H4CO2C2H5
CH3C6H4CO2C2H5
CH3C6H4SO3C2H5
CH3C6H4NHC2H5
CH3C6H4NHC2H5
C2H5NHCONH2
CH3(CH2)3CO2C2H5
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2CO2C2H5
CH2(OC2H5)2
H2C:CH2
BrCH2CH2Br
BrCH2CH2OH
ClCH2CH2Br
ClCH2CH2OH
H2NCH2CH2NH2
< (CH2)2 > O
CH3CH(O2CCH3)2
C3H5C6H3(OH)OCH3
C3H5C6H3(OCH3)OH
C10H17OH
C10H17OH
C10H17OH
Fe[SSCN(CH3)2]3
(C6H4)2 > CH2
C20H12O5
FCHCl2
Cl3CF
HCHO
(CH2O)3
(CH2O)xxH2O
HCONH2
HCONHC6H5
HCO2H
CH2OH(CHOH)3COCH2OH
C20H19N3HCl
C:NOH
HO2CCH:CHCO2H
C4H3OCHO
C4H4O
CH3CO2CH2C4H3O
C4H3OCH2OH
C3H7CO2CH2C4H3O
C2H5CO2CH2C4H3O
C4H3OCO2H
HOC10H5(SO3K)2
HOC10H5(SO3Na)2
C5H11O5CHO
(HO)3C6H2CO2HH2O
C10H5(NH2)(OH)SO3H
C9H15CH2OH
C5H11O5CHO
C6H12O6H2O
CHO(CHOH)4CO2H
[CHNH2(CH2)2](CO2H)2
2-38
Formula
weight
Form and
color
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
228.36
62.13
114.14
171.23
172.22
91.07
75.07
310.50
284.47
186.29
102.13
166.17
312.52
164.20
164.20
200.25
135.20
135.20
88.11
130.18
130.18
104.15
28.05
187.88
124.98
143.43
80.52
60.10
44.05
146.14
164.20
164.20
154.24
154.24
154.24
416.47
166.21
332.30
102.93
137.38
30.03
90.08
(30.03)
45.04
121.13
46.03
180.16
337.84
43.03
116.07
96.08
68.07
140.13
98.10
168.19
154.16
112.08
380.46
348.26
180.16
188.13
239.24
154.24
180.16
198.17
194.14
147.13
oil
lq.
col. lq.
oil
cr.
col. lq.
lq.
oil
col. nd.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. cr.
lq.
lq.
pr./al.
lq.
lq.
nd.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
oil
oil
col. cr.
col. pr.
col. cr.
cr.
cr./al.
yel. red
gas
col. lq.
gas
wh.
amor.
lq.
mn.
col. lq.
nd./aq.
red
0.868 13/4
0.839 20/4
0.913 15.6
1.060 20/4
1.061 20/20
1.100 25/4
0.900 15.5
0.867 25
0.858 25/4
0.866 17.5
0.891 20/4
1.136 15/4
0.848 36.3
1.032 25/25
1.030 20/20
1.166 48/4
0.948 25/4
0.942 25/4
1.213 18
0.877 20
0.867 20/4
0.824 25/4
0.57−102/4
2.180 20/4
1.772 20/4
1.689 19
1.213 20/4
0.900 20/20
0.887 7/4
1.061 12
1.070 15/15
1.091 15/15
0.935 40
0.964 20/4
0.961
−10.7
−121
269
36–7
118
303723
276.4
87–8
17
216–815
19110
227–8757
99.1
233–4
20110
227
231750
221.3
215–6
217
col. pr.
lq.
col. lq.
col. oil
oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
mn. pr.
cr.
cr.
pr.
mn./aq.
cr.
col. lq.
rhb.
cr.
cr.
cr./aq.
1.635 20/4
1.159 20/4
0.937 20/4
1.118 20/4
1.129 25/4
1.053 20/4
1.109 20/4
1.203 0/4
1.4260
1.494 17.2
0.815 −20
1.1765
1.139 20/4
1.147 15/15
1.220 20/4
1.669 17.5
1.22
5.5
−102
<−15
24–5
−44.5
−72.6
1.3
33.4(31)
<−10
33–4
<−15
92
−91.2
−99.3
−66.5
−169
10
−16.6
−69
8.5
−111.3
18.85
10.3
−10
35
45–7
61–2
d. 100–30
115–6
d. > 290
−127
−92
64
150–60
2
47
8.6
95–105
d. >200
286–7
−38.7
133–4
1.694 4/4
0.883 15
1.544 25
1.562 18/4
1.460
145.5
135
89
−103.9
131.5
150.3
106.7
128.8
117.2
13.5747
168740
253.5
267.5
201
201–2
201–2
ign. >150
293–5
14.5
24.9
−21
114.5759
subl.
193
216120
100.8
290
161.7760
31–2756
175–7
169.5752
212–3
195–6
230–2
165.5
d. 220
<−15
146
150
154
199 d.
230
d.
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
i.
1.5
i.
i.
i.
1.355
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
2.420
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. s.
0.2425
0.1720
918
26 cc.0
0.4380
sl. s.
0.6980
∞
∞
∞
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
v. sl. s. h.
i.
i.
v. s.
2125
20–3018
∞
sl. s.
∞
v. s.
0.3
Alcohol
Ether
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
80
∞
∞
∞
360 cc.
∞
s.
i.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
0.3
v. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
s. h.
s. h.
s.
∞
v. s.
s.
i.
∞
v. s.
∞
818
s.
s.
i.
0.717
9.113
i.
i.
∞
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
3.615
825
3420
10.30
113
5.830
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
0.725
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
s.
0.640
2815
2.515
i.
8217.5
15415
v. s.
1.5 20
∞
sl. s.
∞
i.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
s.
∞
v. s.
s.
i.
v. sl. s.
s.
Glutaric acid
Glycerol
acetate (mono-)
(di-)
nitrate (mono-) (α-)
(β-)
dinitrate (1-,3-)
Glyceryl triacetate
tribenzoate
tributyrate
tricaprate
tricaproate
tricaprylate
trilaurate
trimyristate
trinitrate
trinitrite
trioleate
tripalmitate
tristearate
Glycide
Glycine, Glycocoll
Glycol
diacetate
dibenzoate
dibutyrate
dicaprylate
diformate
dilaurate
dinitrate
dinitrite
dipalmitate
dipropionate
ether
formal
formate (mono-)
Glycolic acid
Guaiacol (o-)
Guanidine
H-acid, Na salt (1-,8-,3-,6-)
Heptacosane (n-)
Heptane (n-)
(i-)
Heptoic acid
aldehyde
Heptyl acetate (n-)
alcohol (n-)
mercaptan
Hexachloro-benzene
-ethane
Hexacosane (n-)
Hexadecane (n-)
Hexaethylbenzene
Hexamethylbenzene
Hexamethylene-diamine
-diisocyanate
-glycol
tetramine
Hexane (n-)
(i-)
(neo-)
CH2(CH2CO2H)2
CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
C5H10O4
(CH3CO2)2C3H5OH
CH2OHCHOHCH2NO3
CH2OHCHNO3CH2OH
CHOH(CH2ONO2)2
(CH3CO2)3C3H5
(C6H5CO2)3C3H5
(C2H5CH2CO2)3C3H5
[CH3(CH2)8CO2]3C3H5
[CH3(CH2)4CO2]3C3H5
[CH3(CH2)6CO2]3C3H5
[CH3(CH2)10CO2]3C3H5
[CH3(CH2)12CO2]3C3H5
CH2NO3CHNO3CH2NO3
CH2NO2CHNO2CH2NO2
(C17H33CO2)3C3H5
[CH3(CH2)14CO2]3C3H5
[CH3(CH2)16CO2]3C3H5
C2H3OCH2OH
NH2CH2CO2H
CH2OHCH2OH
(CH3CO2CH2)2
(C6H5CO2CH2)2
(C3H7CO2CH2)2
(C7H15CO2CH2)2
(HCO2CH2)2
(C11H23CO2CH2)2
(O2NOCH2)2
(ONOCH2)2
(C15H31CO2CH2)2
(C2H5CO2CH2)2
(HOCH2CH2)2O
< OCH2CH2OCH2 >
HCO2CH2CH2OH
HOCH2CO2H
CH3OC6H4OH
NH:C(NH2)2
C10H8O7NS2Na1a H2O
CH3(CH2)25CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
(CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH3
C3H7CH(CH3)C2H5
(CH3)3CCH2C2H5
[(CH3)2CH]2CH2
(CH3)2C(C2H5)2
(C2H5)3CH
(CH3)3CCH(CH3)2
CH3(CH2)5CO2H
CH3(CH2)5CHO
CH3CO2CH2(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH2OH
[(CH3)2CH]2CHOH
(C2H5CH2CH2)2CHOH
CH3CH(SH)C5H11
C6Cl6
CCl3CCl3
CH3(CH2)24CH3
CH3(CH2)14CH3
C6(C2H5)6
C6(CH3)6
NH2(CH2)6NH2
OCN(CH2)6NCO
HO(CH2)6OH
(CH2)6N4
CH3(CH2)4CH3
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH3
(CH3)3CC2H5
(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2
(C2H5)2CHCH3
132.11
92.09
134.13
176.17
137.09
137.09
182.09
218.20
404.40
302.36
554.83
386.51
470.67
638.98
723.14
227.09
179.09
885.40
807.29
891.45
74.08
75.07
62.07
146.14
270.27
202.24
314.45
118.09
426.66
152.07
120.07
538.87
174.19
106.12
74.08
90.08
76.05
124.13
59.07
368.31
380.72
100.20
100.20
100.20
100.20
100.20
100.20
100.20
100.20
130.18
114.18
158.24
116.20
116.20
116.20
132.26
284.80
236.76
366.69
226.43
246.42
162.26
116.20
168.19
118.17
140.19
86.17
86.17
86.17
86.17
86.17
col. cr.
col. lq.
col. oil
col. lq.
col. pr.
lf.
oil
col. lq.
nd.
col. lq.
col. cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. nd.
lf.
yel. oil
yel. lq.
col. oil
col. nd.
col. pr.
col. lq.
mn.
col. lq.
col. lq.
rhb./et.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
amor.
yel. lq.
lq.
nd.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
nd./aq.
pr.
col. cr.
cr.
col. cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
mn.
rhb.
cr.
lf.
pr./al.
pl./al.
lf.
lq.
nd./aq.
col. rhb.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
1.429 15
1.260 50/4
1.20 20/4
1.178 15/15
1.4015
1.4015
1.4715
1.16117/4
1.228 12
1.032 20/4
0.921 40/4
0.987 20/4
0.954 20/4
0.894 60/4
0.885 60/6
1.601 15
1.291 10/16
0.915 15
0.866 80/4
0.862 80/4
1.114 16/16
1.161
1.113 19/4
1.109 14/4
1.024 0
97.5
17.9
40
58–9
54
<−30
−78
75–6
<−75
31(25)
−25
8.3(−21)
45–6
56.5
13.3(2)
−4
65.1
70.8(55)
20020
290
158165
175–640
155–60
155–60
146–815
258–9
d.
305–9
16015
150 sl. d.
24018
310–200.1
166 sl. d.
232–6 d.
−15.6
−31
73–4
197.4
190.5
>360
240
22
1.482 21/2
1.216 0
1.045 25
1.118 20/20
1.060 20/4
1.199 15/4
1.140 15/15
0.780 60/4
0.684 20/4
0.679 20/4
0.687 20/4
0.674 20/4
0.675 20/4
0.693 20/4
0.698 20/4
0.690 20/4
0.918 20
0.850 20/ᐉ
0.874 16/16
0.824 20/4
0.829 20/4
0.820 20/4
0.835 20
2.044 24
2.091 20/4
0.779 57/4
0.774 20/4
0.831 130/4
1.0428
20/4
0.659
0.654 20/4
0.649 20/20
0.662 20/4
0.664 20/4
52–4
−20
<−15
71–2
−10.5
79(63)
28.3
50
59.5
−90.6
−118.2
−119.4
−125
−119.4
−135.0
−118.7
−25
−10
−42
34.6
−37
228–31
186–7
56.6
18.5
130
166
42
42
subl.
−94
−153.7
−98.2
−129.8
−118
174
18820
expl. 114
96–8
2600.1
211–2
244.8
75–6
180
d.
205
27015
98.4760
90.0
91.8
79.1
80.8
86.0
93.5
80.8
221–2
155
191.5 759
175 756
140
156
174–5 765
309742
186777
26215
287.5
298.3
265
204–5
143–420
250
69
60.2
49.7
58.0760
63.2
63.920
∞
v. s.
s.
7015
7.1715
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.1820
d.
i.
i.
i.
∞
23 c.
∞
14.322
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
0.9225
i.
i.
sl. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
1.715
v. s.
0.1720
i.
0.00515
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.2515
0.0220
i.
0.18 25
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
0.00522
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. s.
d.
s.
8112
0.01415
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. s.
∞
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
s. h.
s.
s. h.
s.
s.
sl. s. c.
s.
5020
d.
sl. s.
0.00421
s. h.
∞
0.1 c.
∞
∞
v. s.
i.
sl. s.
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
s.
v. s.
v. s.
s. h.
∞
i.
1.0
∞
s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s. d.
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
i.
9025
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
sl. s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
s.
∞
∞
s.
v. sl. s. h.
v. s.
v. sl. s.
∞
0.7525
0.20
s.
d.
s.
3
5033
s. h.
v. s.
∞
825
v. s.
sl. s. h.
v. sl. s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Hexyl acetate (n-)
alcohol (n-)
formate (n-)
resorcinol (2-,4-)
Hippuric acid
Histidine (l-)
Homophthalic acid (o-)
Hydracrylic acid
Hydro-cyanic acid
-quinone (p-)
Hydroxy-benzaldehyde (p-)
-benzanilide (o-)
-quinoline (2-)(α-)
(8-)(o-)
Indigo
White
Indole
Indoxyl
Iodo-benzene
-phenol (p-)
Iodoform
Ionone (α-)
(β-)
Irone (β-)
Isatin
Isoprene
Ketene
Koch acid (1-)(3-,6-,8-)
Lactic acid (dl-)
anhydride
Lactide (dl-)
Lactose
Lauric acid
Laurone
Lauryl alcohol
Lead tetraethyl
tetramethyl
Lecithin (protagon)
Lepidine (py-4)
Leucine (l-)
Levulinic acid
Limonene (d- or l-)
Linalool (d- or l-)
Linalyl acetate
Linoleic acid
Maleic acid
anhydride
Malic acid (dl-)
(d- or l-)
Malonic acid
Maltose
Mandelic acid (dl-)
Mannitol (d-)
Mannose (d-)
Margaric acid
Mellitic acid
Menthol (l-)(α-)
Mercapto-benzothiazole (2-)
-thiazoline (2-)
Mercuric cyanide
fulminate
Mesityl oxide
Mesitylene (1-,3-,5-)
Metanilic acid (m-)
Methane
2-40
Formula
CH3CO2(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH2OH
(CH3)2CHC(CH3)2OH
(CH3)2COHCH2C2H5
HCO2CH2(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5C6H3(OH)2
C6H5CONHCH2CO2H
C6H9O2N3
HO2CC6H4CH2CO2H
HOCH2CH2CO2H
HCN
C6H4(OH)2
HOC6H4CHO
HOC6H4CONHC6H5
C9H6NOH
C9H6NOH
[C6H4(CO)(NH)C:]2
C16H12O2N2
C8H7N
C8H6NOH
C6H5I
IC6H4OH
HCI3
C10H16:CHCOCH3
C10H16:CHCOCH3
C14H22O
C6H4 < (CO)(N) > COH
CH2:CHC(CH3):CH2
H2C:CO
C10H4(NH2)S3O9HNa2
CH3CH(OH)CO2H
C6H10O5
C6H8C4
C12H22O11H2O
CH3(CH2)10CO2H
[CH3(CH2)10]2CO
CH3(CH2)10CH2OH
Pb(CH2CH3)4
Pb(CH3)4
C42H48O9PN
C9H6NCH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)CO2H
CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H
C10H16
C10H17OH
CH3CO2C10H17
C17H31CO2H
HO2CCH:CHCO2H
< (CHCO)2 > O
HO2CCH2CH(OH)CO2H
HO2CCH2CH(OH)CO2H
H2C(CO2H)2
C12H22O11H2O
C6H5CH(OH)CO2H
CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO
CH3(CH2)15CO2H
C6(CO2H)6
C10H19OH
< C6H4N:C(SH)S >
< CH2N:C(SH)SCH2 >
Hg(CN)2
Hg(ONC)2a H2O
(CH3)2C:CHCOCH3
C6H3(CH3)3
H2NC6H4SO3H
CH4
Formula
weight
Form and
color
Specific
gravity
144.21
102.17
102.17
102.17
130.18
194.26
179.17
155.16
180.15
90.08
27.03
110.11
122.12
213.23
145.15
145.15
262.26
264.27
117.14
133.14
204.02
220.02
393.78
192.29
192.29
206.32
147.13
68.11
42.04
427.34
90.08
162.14
144.12
360.31
200.31
338.60
186.33
323.45
267.35
778.08
143.18
131.17
116.11
136.23
154.24
196.28
280.44
116.07
98.06
134.09
134.09
104.06
360.31
152.14
182.17
180.16
270.44
342.17
156.26
167.24
119.20
252.65
293.65
98.14
120.19
173.18
16.04
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. nd.
rhb.
lf./aq.
cr./aq.
syrup
lq.
cr.
nd./aq.
pr./al.
pr./al.
pr.
cr.
gray
lf./aq.
yel. pr.
col. lq.
nd./aq.
yel. hex.
col. oil
col. oil
col. oil
yel. red
col. lq.
col. gas
cr.
hyg.
yel. oil
tri./al.
col. rhb.
col. nd.
pl.
lf.
col. lq.
col. lq.
wax
lq.
cr.
lf.
lq.
col. oil
col. lq.
yel. oil
mn.
cr.
col. cr.
col. cr.
col. tri.
col. nd.
rhb./aq.
col. rhb.
rhb.
col. pl.
nd./al.
col. cr.
nd.
cr.
cr.
cr./aq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. nd.
gas
0.890 0/0
0.820 20/20
0.821 20/0
0.809 20/4
0.898 0
1.371 20/4
0.697 18
1.332 15
1.129 130
1.35
1.824 25/4
1.857 112
4.008 17
0.930 20
0.944 20
0.939 20
Melting
point, °C
−51.6
−14
−107
68–70
187–8
d. 287
175–80
−12
170.3
116–7
135
199–200
75–6
390–2
52
85
−28.5
93–4
119
0.681 20/4
200–1
−120
−151
1.249 15/4
16.8
10/4
0.862
1.525 20
0.869 50/4
0.809 69/4
0.831 24/4
1.659 18/4
1.995 20/4
1.086 20
1.29318
1.140 20/20
0.842 20/4
0.868 20
0.895 20
0.903 18/4
1.609
1.5
1.601 20/4
1.595 20/4
1.631 15
1.540 17
1.300 20/4
1.489 20/4
1.539 20/4
0.853 60
15/15
0.890
1.4220/4
1.50
4.003 22
4.4
0.858 20/4
0.865 20/4
0.415 −164
124.5
202
48(44)
69–70
24
−136
−27.5
150–200 d.
9–10
295
33.5
−96.9
−9.5
130.5
57–60
128–9
99–100
130–5 d.
d.
118.1
166
132
60–1
286–8
42–3
179
106
d. 320
expl.
−59
−45(−52)
d.
−182.6
Boiling
point, °C
169.2
157.2
120–1
123762
153.6
1797
d.
d.
25–6
285730
subl.
d.
subl.
266.6752
subl.
253–4
110
188.6
d.
subl.
136.117
14018
14416
subl.
34
−56
12214
d. 250
255757
d.
225100
255–9
152291
110760
261–3
subl.
245–6
177
198–200
220762 d.
229–3016
135 d.
202
150 d.
140 d.
d.
290–53
227100
d.
212
d.
130750
164.8
−161.4
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
i.
0.620
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
0.05
0.420
s.
s. h.
∞
615
1.3831
v. sl. s. h.
s. h.
v. sl. s. c.
i.
i.
s. h.
s.
0.03420
sl. s.
0.0125
sl. s.
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
s. h.
i.
d.
7.220
∞
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
1710
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
2.218
v. s.
i.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
7925
16.380
14426
v. s.
13816
10825
1620
1314
24817
i.
v. s.
0.04 c.
i.
1.660
12.515
0.0712
320
i.
215
0.420 cc.
Alcohol
Ether
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s. h.
v. sl. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
0.2518
i.
sl. s.
∞
v. s.
∞
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
i.
s.
s. h.
s.
s.
v. s.
1.517
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s. h.
∞
d.
s.
v. s.
sl. s.
i.
s.
s.
s.
∞
v. s.
13.625
∞
∞
v. s.
sl. s.
∞
s.
∞
s.
v. sl. s. c.
i.
s.
i. c.
s.
sl. s.
∞
s. h.
∞
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
s. h.
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
∞
∞
7030
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
825
v. s.
v. s.
4225
v. sl. s. c.
s.
0.0114
v. sl. s.
3228
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
8.415
815
i.
s.
i.
i.
v. s.
s.
∞
s.
v. sl. s.
4720 cc.
i.
s.
v. s.
sl. s.
∞
∞
v. sl. s.
10410 cc.
Methoxy-methoxyethanol
Methyl acetate
acrylic acid (α-)
alcohol
-amine
-amine hydrochloride
aniline
anthracene (α-)
(β-)
anthranilate (o-)
anthraquinone (2-)
benzoate
benzylaniline
bromide
butyrate (n-)
(i-)
caprate
caproate (n-)
caprylate
cellosolve
chloride
chloroacetate
chloroformate
cinnamate
cyclohexane
ethyl carbonate
ethyl ketone
ethyl oxalate
formate
furoate
glucamine
glycolate
heptoate
hypochlorite
iodide
lactate
laurate
mercaptan
methacrylate
myristate
naphthalene (α-)
(β-)
nitrate
nitrite
nonyl ketone (n-)
oleate
orange
palmitate
phosphine
propionate
propyl ketone (n-)
salicylate (o-)
stearate
toluate (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Methyl toluidine (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
valerate (n-)
(i-)
vinyl ketone
Methylal
Methylene-bis-(phenyl-4-isocyanate)
bromide
chloride
dianiline
iodide
Michler’s hydrol (p-,p′-)
ketone
Morphine
Mucic acid
CH3(OCH2)2CH2OH
CH3CO2CH3
CH2:C(CH3)CO2H
CH3OH
CH3NH2
CH3NH2HCl
C6H5NHCH3
C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3CH3
C6H4:(CH)2:C6H3CH3
NH2C6H4CO2CH3
C6H4:(CO)2:C6H3CH3
C6H5CO2CH3
C6H5N(CH3)CH2C6H5
CH3Br
CH3(CH2)2CO2CH3
(CH3)2CHCO2CH3
CH3(CH2)8CO2CH3
CH3(CH2)4CO2CH3
CH3(CH2)6CO2CH3
CH3OCH2CH2OH
CH3Cl
ClCH2CO2CH3
ClCO2CH3
C6H5CH:CHCO2CH3
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > CHCH3
CH3OCOOC2H5
CH3.COC2H5
CH3OCOCO2C2H5
HCO2CH3
C4H3OCO2CH3
CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2NHCH3
HOCH2CO2CH3
CH3(CH2)5CO2CH3
ClOCH3
CH3I
CH3CH(OH)CO2CH3
CH3(CH2)10CO2CH3
CH3SH
CH2:C(CH3)CO2CH3
CH3(CH2)12CO2CH3
C10H7CH3
C10H7CH3
CH3ONO2
CH3ONO
CH3(CH2)8COCH3
C17H33CO2CH3
(CH3)2NC6H4N2C6H4SO3Na
CH3(CH2)14CO2CH3
CH3PH2
CH3CH2CO2CH3
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
HOC6H4CO2CH3
CH3(CH2)16CO2CH3
CH3C6H4CO2CH3
CH3C6H4CO2CH3
CH3C6H4CO2CH3
CH3C6H4NHCH3
CH3C6H4NHCH3
CH3C6H4NHCH3
CH3(CH2)3CO2CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CO2CH3
CH3COCH:CH2
HCH(OCH3)2
(OCNC6H4)2CH2
CH2Br2
CH2Cl2
(C6H5NH)2CH2
CH2I2
[(CH3)2NC6H4]2CHOH
[(CH3)2NC6H4]2CO
C17H19O3NH2O
(CHOHCHOHCO2H)2
106.12
74.08
86.09
32.04
31.06
67.52
107.15
192.25
192.25
151.16
222.23
136.14
197.27
94.95
102.13
102.13
186.29
130.18
158.23
76.09
50.49
108.53
94.50
162.18
98.18
104.10
72.10
132.11
60.05
126.11
195.21
90.08
144.21
66.49
141.95
104.10
214.34
48.10
100.11
242.39
142.19
142.19
77.04
61.04
170.29
296.48
327.33
270.44
48.03
88.10
86.13
152.14
298.49
150.17
150.17
150.17
121.18
121.18
121.18
116.16
116.16
70.09
76.09
250.25
173.86
84.94
198.26
267.87
270.36
268.35
303.35
210.14
lq.
col. lq.
pr.
col. lq.
col. gas
pl./al.
lq.
lf./al.
col. lf.
col. lq.
col. nd.
col. lq.
lq.
gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
gas
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
gas
lq.
cr./al.
oil
mn.
lq.
gas
col. oil
oil
red pd.
col. cr.
gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr.
lq.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr.
col. lq.
gn.
lf./al.
pr./al.
pd.
1.038 25
0.924 20/4
1.015 20/4
0.792 20/4
0.699 −11
1.23
0.989 20/4
1.047 99.4
1.181 0/4
1.168 19/4
1.087 25/25
1.732 0/0
0.898 20/4
0.891 20/4
0.904 0/0
0.887 18
0.965 20/4
0.952 0
1.236 20/4
1.236 15
1.042 36/0
0.769 20/4
1.002 27
0.805 20/4
1.156 0/0
0.974 20/4
1.179 21/4
<−70
−98.7
15–16
−97–8
−92.5
226–8
−57
86
207
24
176–7
−12.5
9.2
−93
<−95
−84.7
−18
−40
−97.7
−32.7
33.4
−126.3
−14.5
−85.9
−99.8
18
1.168
0.881 15/4
20/4
2.279
1.090 19
0.896 0
0.950 15.6
1.025 14/4
0.994 40/4
1.203 25
0.991 15
0.828 20/20
0.879 18
−64.4
5
−121
−48
18–9
−19
35–6
expl.
13.5
30–1
20/4
0.915
0.812 15/15
1.182 25/25
1.073 15
1.066 15
0.973 15
0.935 55/4
0.895 15/4
0.881 20/4
0.836 20/4
0.866 15/4
1.222 30
2.495 20/4
1.336 20/4
3.325 20/4
1.317
−87.5
−77.8
−8.3
38–9
<−50
33–4
−91
−104.8
−52.8
−96.7
65
5.7
96–7
174
254 d.
206–14
167.5
57.1
161–3
64.7
−6.7 758
23015
195.5
135.5 15
subl.
198–9
305–6
4.5 758
102.3
92.6
223–4
149.5
192–4
124–5
−24
130740
71–2
263
101
109.2
79.6
173.7
32
181.3
151.2
172–3
12726
42.4
144.8
14818
5.8752
100.3
295715
244.6
241–2
65
−12
228
190–110
19615
−14759
79.7
102
222.2
21515
213
215
217
206–7
206–7
211761
127.3
116.7764
81
42–3
210–213
98.5756
40–1
208–9 d.
180 d.
>360 d.
∞
3322
s. h.
∞
v. s.
v. s.
0.0125
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
0.0230
i.
v. sl. s.
1.7
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
∞
28016 cc.
v. sl. s.
d.
i.
i.
i.
3510
i.
3020
i.
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
23 h.
s.
∞
∞
∞
i.
∞
v. sl. s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
v. sl. s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
∞
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
s.
sl. s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
d.
∞
∞
s.
∞
s. h.
sl. s.
sl. s.
i.
∞
∞
i.
1.815
∞
i.
s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
sl. s.
i.
i.
0.2 c.
i.
i.
0.520
v. sl. s.
0.0730
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
>85
33
d.
1.170
220
i.
1.420
i.
i.
0.0220
0.3314
s.
∞
∞
s.
∞
s.
v. sl. s.
s.
i.
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Mustard gas
Myricyl alcohol
Myristic acid
Myristyl alcohol
Naphthalene
disulfonic acid (1-,5-)
(1-,6-)
sulfonic acid (α-)
(β-)
Naphthasultam (1-,8-)
disulfonate Na (1-,8-)
(2-,4-)
Naphthoic acid (α-)
(β-)
Naphthol (α-)
(β-)
sulfonic acid (α-)(1-,2-)
(β-)(2-,6-)
Naphthyl acetate (α-)
(β-)
amine (α-)
(β-)
amine hydrochloride (α-)
(β-)
amine sulfonic acid (1-,4-)
(1-,5-)
(1-,7-)
(1-,8-)
(2-,5-)
(2-,6-)
(2-,7-)
isocyanate (α-)
Nicotine
Nicotinic acid (3-)
(i-)(4-)
Nitro-acetanilide (p-)
-acetophenone (m-)
-aminoanisole (4-,1-,2-)
(5-,1-,2-)
(3-,1-,4-)
-aminophenol (4-,2-,1-)
-aniline (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-anisole (o-)
(p-)
-anthraquinone (α-)
-anthraquinone sulfonic acid (1-,5-)
-benzal chloride (m-)
-benzaldehyde (m-)
Nitro-benzene
-benzidine (2-)
-benzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-benzyl alcohol (m-)
-benzyl bromide (p-)
-chlorotoluene (1-,2-,6-)
-cresol (1-,3-,4-)
-cymene (1-,2-,4-)
-dimethylaniline (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-diphenyl (o-)
(p-)
-diphenylamine (o-)
-guanidine
2-42
Formula
(ClCH2CH2)2S
C31H63OH(?)
CH3(CH2)12CO2H
CH3(CH2)12CH2OH
C10H8
C10H6(SO3H)2
C10H6(SO3H)2
C10H7SO3H2H2O
C10H7SO2HH2O
C10H7O2NS
C10H5O8NS3Na22H2O
C10H4O8NS3Na38a H2O
C10H7CO2H
C10H7CO2H
C10H7OH
C10H7OH
HOC10H6SO3H
HOC10H6SO3H
CH3CO2C10H7
CH3CO2C10H7
C10H7NH2
C10H7NH2
C10H7NH2HCl
C10H7NH2HCl
NH2C10H6SO3H
NH2C10H6SO3HH2O
NH2C10H6SO3HH2O
NH2C10H6SO3HH2O
NH2C10H6SO3H
NH2C10H6.SO3HH2O
NH2C10H6SO3HH2O
C10H7N:CO
C10H14N2
C5H4NCO2H
C5H4NCO2H
CH3CONHC6H4NO2
CH3COC6H4NO2
NO2C6H3(OCH3)NH2
NO2C6H3(OCH3)NH2
NO2C6H3(OCH3)NH2
NO2C6H3(NH2)OH
NO2C6H4NH2
NO2C6H4NH2
NO2C6H4NH2
CH3OC6H4NO2
CH3OC6H4NO2
C6H4:(CO)2:C6H3NO2
NO2C14H6O2SO3H
NO2C6H4CHCl2
NO2C6H4CHO
C6H5NO2
NH2C6H4C6H3(NH2)NO2
NO2C6H4CO2H
NO2C6H4CO2H
NO2C6H4CO2H
NO2C6H4CH2OH
NO2C6H4CH2Br
CH3C6H3(NO2)Cl
CH3C6H3(NO2)OH
CH3C6H3(NO2)CH(CH3)2
NO2C6N4NHCH3
NO2C6H4NHCH3
NO2C6H4NHCH3
C6H5C6H4NO2
C6H5C6H4NO2
C6H5NHC6H4NO2
H2NC(NH)NHNO2
Formula
weight
Form and
color
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
159.08
452.82
228.36
214.38
128.16
288.28
288.28
244.26
226.24
205.22
445.35
584.45
172.17
172.17
144.16
144.16
224.22
224.22
186.20
186.20
143.18
143.18
179.65
179.65
223.24
241.26
241.26
241.26
223.24
241.26
241.26
169.17
162.23
123.11
123.11
180.16
165.14
168.15
168.15
168.15
154.12
138.12
138.12
138.12
153.13
153.13
253.20
333.26
206.03
151.12
123.11
229.23
167.12
167.12
167.12
153.13
216.04
171.58
153.13
179.21
166.18
166.18
166.18
199.20
199.20
214.22
104.07
oil
cr.
col. lf.
cr.
pl./al.
lf.
cr.
cr.
cr.
nd.
cr.
lf.
nd.
mn.
mn.
mn.
pl./aq.
lf.
nd./al.
nd./al.
rhb.
lf./aq.
nd.
lf.
nd.
cr.
cr.
cr.
cr.
cr.
cr.
col. lq.
oil
nd./al.
nd./aq.
rhb.
nd.
red nd.
yel. nd.
red
or. pr.
yel. rhb.
yel. rhb.
yel. mn.
col. cr.
pr./al.
nd.
yel. cr.
mn.
nd./aq.
yel. lq.
red nd.
tri./aq.
mn.
yel. mn.
cr.
nd./al.
cr.
yel.
oil
yel. oil
red mn.
yel. nd.
rhb.
nd./al.
or. cr.
nd./aq.
1.275 20/4
0.777 95
0.853 70/4
0.824 38/4
1.145 20/4
13–4
88
57–8
38
80.2
d.
d. 125
90
125
177–8
217
1.077 100/4
1.224 4
1.217 4
1.123 25/25
1.061 98/4
160–1
184
96
122–3
>250
125
46–9
69–70
50
111–2
250.5100
16715
217.9
300
>300
278–80
285–6
300.8
306.1
subl.
d.
1.18
1.009 20/4
1.207 156
1.211 156
1.442 15
1.43
1.437 14
1.254 20/4
1.233 20
1.205
18/4
1.575 4/4
1.494 4/4
1.550 22/4
89/4
1.240
1.067 20/4
1.179 20/4
1.313 17
1.44
<−80
235.2
317
215–6
80–1
118
139–40
123
142–3
71.5
114
146–7
9.4
54
230
65
58
5.7
143
147.5
140–1
240–2
27
99–100
37.5
32
60–1
163–4
37
113–4
75–6
246–7
269–70
246730
subl.
d.
202
284.1
306.4
331.7
272–3
274
2707
16423
210.9
subl.
175–803
238
12522
15215
151–380
280–5
320
340
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
Alcohol
Ether
0.0725
i.
i.
<0.02
0.00325
10220
16420
v. s.
7730
s. h.
v. s.
v. s.
v. sl. s. h.
0.00725
sl. s. h.
0.07425
v. s. h.
v. s.
sl. s. h.
i.
0.17 c.
v. s. h.
3.820
v. s.
0.2100
sl. s.
0.4625
0.42100
0.08
0.38100
0.28100
d.
s.
s. h.
s. h.
s. h.
i.
i.
s.
v. sl. s.
v. s.
sl. s.
9.520
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
i.
i.
sl. s.
sl. s.
s.
s.
∞
s. h.
sl. s. h.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
s.
sl. s.
sl. s. c.
s. h.
0.1120
0.0819
0.1730
0.0630
i.
s.
i.
1.95112
0.1920
sl. s. h.
0.6520
0.24165
0.0215
s.
v. s.
v. s.
7.120
5.820
∞
v. s.
sl. s.
i.
v. s. h.
v. s. h.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
7.920
6.120
∞
v. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
2811
3112
0.910
2211
2510
2.218
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
i.
219
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s. h.
s.
sl. s. c.
v. s.
s.
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
9100
sl. s.
s. h.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
i.
s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
i.
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
i.
v. s.
v. s.
-naphthalene (α-)
(β-)
-phenol (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-phenol sulfonic acid (1-,4-,2-)
(1-,2-,4-)
-phthalic acid (3-)
(4-)
-toluene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
-toluene sulfonic acid (1-,4-,2-)
-toluidine (4-,1-,2-)
(3-,1-,4-)
Nitron
Nitroso-dimethylaniline (p-)
-naphthol (β-)(1-)
Nonadecane (n-)
Nonane (n-)
Octadecane (n-)
Octane (n-)
(iso-)
Octyl acetate (n-)
(sec-)
alcohol (n-)
(sec-)
Octylene (n-)
Oleic acid
Orcinol (1-,3-,5-)
Oxalic acid
Palmitic acid
Pelargonic acid
Penta-chloroethane
-decane (n-)
-erythritol
Pentandiol
Pentane (n-)
(i-)
(neo-)
Phenacetin
Phenanthrene
Phenetidine (o-)
(p-)
Phenetole
Phenol
-phthalein
-sulfonic acid (o-)
Phenyl acetaldehyde
acetic acid
-acetylene
aniline (o-)
(p-)
Phenyl-ethyl alcohol
-glycine
-hydrazine
-hydrazine sulfonic acid (p-)
isocyanate
-methylpyrazolone (3-)(N-)
-mustard oil
naphthalene (α-)
(β-)
naphthylamine (α-)
(β-)
phenol (o-)
(p-)
propyl alcohol (γ-)
quinoline (2-)(α-)
(8-)(0-)
salicylate, salol
stearate
urethane
C10H7NO2
C10H7NO2
NO2C6H4OH
NO2C6H4OH
NO2C6H4OH
HOC6H3(NO2)SO3H3H2O
HOC6H3(NO2)SO3H3H2O
NO2C6H3(CO2H)2
NO2C6H3(CO2H)2
CH3C6H4NO2
CH3C6H4NO2
CH3C6H4NO2
CH3C6H3(NO2)SO3H2H2O
NO2C6H3(CH3)NH2
NO2C6H3(CH3)NH2
C20H16N4
ONC6H4N(CH3)2
ONC10H6OH
CH3(CH2)17CH3
CH3(CH2)7CH3
CH3(CH2)16CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3
(CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2
CH3CO2CH2(CH2)6CH3
CH3CO2CH(CH3)C6H13
CH3(CH2)6CH2OH
CH3(CH2)5CH(OH)CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH:CH2
C8H17CH:CH(CH2)7CO2H
(HO)2C6H3CH3
HO2CCO2H2H2O
CH3(CH2)14CO2H
CH3(CH2)7CO2H
CHCl2CCl3
CH3(CH2)13CH3
C(CH2OH)4
HOCH2(CH2)3CH2OH
CH3(CH2)3CH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CH3
(CH3)2C(CH3)2
C2H5OC6H4NHCOCH3
< (C6H4CH)2 >
C2H5OC6H4NH2
C2H5OC6H4NH2
C2H5OC6H5
C6H5OH
C20H14O4
HOC6H4SO3He H2O
C6H5CH2CHO
C6H5CH2CO2H
C6H5C:CH
C6H5C6H4NH2
C6H5C6H4NH2
C6H5CH2CH2OH
C6H5NHCH2CO2H
C6H5NHNH2
H2NNHC6H4SO3H
C6H5N:CO
C4H5ON2C6H5
C6H5N:CS
C10H7C6H5
C10H7C6H5
C10H7NHC6H5
C10H7NHC6H5
C6H5C6H4OH
C6H5C6H4OH
C6H5(CH2)3OH
C6H5C9H6N
C6H5C9H6N
HOC6H4CO2C6H5
CH3(CH2)16CO2C6H5
C6H5NHCO2C2H5
173.16
173.16
139.11
139.11
139.11
273.22
273.22
211.13
211.13
137.13
137.13
137.13
253.23
152.15
152.15
312.36
150.18
173.16
268.51
128.25
254.48
114.22
114.22
172.26
172.26
130.22
130.22
112.21
282.45
124.13
126.07
256.42
158.23
202.31
212.41
136.15
104.15
72.15
72.15
72.15
179.21
178.22
137.18
137.18
122.16
94.11
318.31
187.68
120.14
136.14
102.13
169.22
169.22
122.16
151.16
108.14
188.20
119.12
174.20
135.18
204.26
204.26
219.27
219.27
170.20
170.20
136.19
205.25
205.25
214.21
360.56
165.19
yel./al.
col./al.
yel. mn.
col. mn.
yel. pr.
nd.
nd./aq.
yel./aq.
yel. cr.
yel. lq.
lq.
rhb.
pl./aq.
yel. mn.
red mn.
yel. lf.
gn. tri.
brn. pr.
cr.
col. lq.
cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. nd.
pr./bz.
col. mn.
col. pl.
col. oil
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. mn.
pl./al.
oil
lq.
col. lq.
col. nd.
col. rhb.
cr.
lq.
lf.
col. lq.
cr.
lf.
col. oil
cr.
yel. oil
cr./al.
lq.
pr./aq.
col. lq.
waxy
lf./al.
pr./al.
rhb.
nd.
nd.
oil
nd.
lq.
rhb./al.
cr.
pl./al.
1.223 62
45
1.295
1.485 20
1.479 20
1.163 20/4
1.160 18/4
1.139 55/55
1.365 15
1.312 17
0.777 32/4
0.718 20/4
0.775 28/4
0.703 20/4
0.692 20/4
0.885 0/4
0.863 14/4
0.827 20/4
0.822 20/4
0.721 18/4
0.854 78/4
1.290 4
1.653 19/4
0.849 70/4
0.906 20/4
1.671 25/4
0.770 20/4
0.994 20/4
0.630 18/4
0.621 19
0.613 20/4
1.179 25
1.061 15
0.967 20/4
1.071 25/4
1.299 25/4
1.025 20
1.081 80/4
0.930 20/4
1.023 18/4
1.097 23/4
1.096 20/4
1.138 15/15
1.17
1.18
1.008 20/4
1.250 20/4
1.106
30/4
59–60
79
44–5
96–7
113–4
d. 110
51.5
222
164–5
−4.1
15–16
51.9
130
105–7
116–7
189–90 d.
86–7
109.5
32
−53.7
28
−56.5
−107.4
−38.5
−16
−38.6
14
107–8
101.5
63–4
12.5
−22
10
262
−129.7
−160.0
−20
134–5
99–100
<−21
3–4
−30.2
42–3
261–2
50 d.
76–7
−43
45–6
50–2
127
19.6
286
128
−21
45
102.5
62
107–8
56–7
164–5
<−18
86
42–3
52
52–3
304
16515
214.5
19470
subl.
222.3
230–1
237.7
330
150.5759
317
125.7
99.3760
210
195
194–5
179–80
126
285–6100
287–90
subl.
271.5100
253–4
162
270.5
27630
239.4
36.3
27.95
9.5
d.
340
228–9
254–5
172
181.4
193–4
265.5
142–3
299760
302
219–21750
243.5
166769
19117
219–20
336–7
345–6
335258
399.5
275
305–8
235–7
363
283187
172–312
26715
237–8
i.
i.
1.08100
1.3520
1.625
v. s.
v. s.
2.0525
v. s.
0.0780
0.0580
0.0480
47.728
v. sl. s.
sl. s. h.
i.
i.
0.120
i.
i.
i.
0.00216
i.
i.
i.
0.05425
0.09625
i.
i.
v. s.
s.
i.
v. sl. s.
0.0520
i.
5.615
∞
0.03616
i.
i.
0.720
i.
i.
i.
i.
8.215
0.220
v. s.
v. sl. s.
1.6620
i.
v. sl. s.
s. h.
1.620
s.
sl. s. h.
0.612
d.
120
i.
i.
i.
0.0860
0.460
i.
i.
sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
0.01525
i.
i. c.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s. h.
v. s.
∞
∞
8.615
v. s.
s.
s.
s. h.
s.
2.418
sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
920
s.
∞
v. s.
v. sl. s.
∞
∞
s.
40 h.
10 h.
s.
s.
∞
∞
1025
v. s.
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
sl. s.
d.
v. s. h.
s.
v. s.
sl. s.
s.
v. s. h.
s.
s.
∞
s. h.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
sl. s.
sl. s.
s.
∞
∞
80.815
v. s.
s.
v. sl. s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
1.3
s.
s.
∞
v. s.
i.
∞
∞
s.
1.625
v. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
5.9 c.
∞
v. s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
sl. s.
∞
v. s.
v. sl. s.
s.
v. s.
sl. s.
s.
v. s. h.
s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
2-43
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Phenylene-diamine (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Phloroglucinol (1-,3-,5-)
Phorone
Phosgene
Phthalic acid (o-)
(m-)(iso-)
anhydride (o-)
nitrile (o-)
Phthalide
Phthalimide (o-)
Picoline (α-)
(β-)
(γ-)
Picramic acid (1-,2-,4-,6-)
Picric acid (2-,4-,6-)
Picryl chloride (2-,4-,6-)
Pinacol
Pinacoline
Pinene (α-)(dl-)
hydrochloride
Pinol (dl-)
Piperidine
carboxylic acid (α-)(dl-)
Piperidinium pentamethylene dithiocarbamate
Propane
Propionic acid
aldehyde
anhydride
Propyl acetate (n-)
(i-)
alcohol (n-)
(i-)
amine (n-)
(i-)
aniline (n-)
benzoate (n-)
(i-)
bromide (n-)
(i-)
n-butyrate (n-)
i-butyrate (n-)
n-butyrate (i-)
i-butyrate (i-)
chloride (n-)
(i-)
Propyl formate (n-)
(i-)
furoate (n-)
lactate (n-)
(i-)
mercaptan (n-)
(i-)
propionate (n-)
(i-)
thiocyanate (i-)
n-valerate (n-)
i-valerate (n-)
i-valerate (i-)
Propylene
bromide
chlorohydrin
chloride
glycol
oxide
Protocatechuic acid (3-,4-)
2-44
Formula
C6H4(NH2)2
C6H4(NH2)2
C6H4(NH2)2
C6H3(OH)32H2O
[(CH3)2C:CH]2CO
OCCl2
C6H4(CO2H)2
C6H4(CO2H)2
C6H4 < (CO)2 > O
C6H4(CN)2
C6H4(CH2)(CO) > O
C6H4 < (CO)2 > NH
C5H4NCH3
C5H4NCH3
C5H4NCH3
HOC6H2(NH2)(NO2)2
HOC6H2(NO2)3
ClC6H2(NO2)3
[(CH3)2COH]2
CH3COC(CH3)3
C10H16
C10H17Cl
C10H16O
CH2 < (CH2CH2)2 > NH
HO2CCH < (CH2CH2)2 > NH
(CH2)5CS2HHN(CH2)5
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CO2H
CH3CH2CHO
(CH3CH2CO)2O
CH2CO2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CO2CH(CH3)2
CH3CH2CH2OH
(CH3)2CHOH
CH3CH2CH2NH2
(CH3)2CHNH2
C6H5NHCH2CH2CH3
C6H5CO2CH2CH2CH3
C6H5CO2CH(CH3)2
CH3CH2CH2Br
(CH3)2CHBr
C2H5CH2CO2CH2C2H5
(CH3)2CHCO2CH2C2H5
C2H5CH2CO2CH(CH3)2
(CH3)2CHCO2CH(CH3)2
CH3CH2CH2Cl
(CH3)2CHCl
HCO2CH2CH2CH3
HCO2CH(CH3)2
C4H3OCO2C3H7
CH3CH(OH)CO2CH2C2H5
CH3CH(OH)CO2CH(CH3)2
CH3CH2CH2SH
(CH3)2CHSH
C2H5CO2CH2C2H5
C2H5CO2CH(CH3)2
(CH3)2CHCNS
CH3(CH2)3CO2CH2C2H5
(CH3)2CHCH2CO2C3H7
(CH3)2CHCH2CO2C3H7
CH3CH:CH2
CH3CHBrCH2Br
CH3CHClCH2OH
CH3CHClCH2Cl
CH3CH(OH)CH2OH
CH3(CHCH2)O
(HO)2C6H3CO2HH2O
Formula
weight
Form and
color
108.14
108.14
108.14
162.14
138.20
98.92
166.13
166.13
148.11
128.13
134.13
147.13
93.12
93.12
93.12
199.12
229.11
247.56
118.17
100.16
136.23
172.69
152.23
85.15
129.16
232.41
44.09
74.08
58.08
130.14
102.13
102.13
60.09
60.09
59.11
59.11
135.20
164.20
164.20
123.00
123.00
130.18
130.18
130.18
130.18
78.54
78.54
88.10
88.10
154.16
132.16
132.16
76.15
76.15
116.16
116.16
101.16
144.21
144.21
144.21
42.08
201.91
94.54
112.99
6.09
58.08
172.13
lf./aq.
rhb.
mn.
rhb.
yel. pr.
gas
mn./aq.
nd./aq.
rhb.
cr.
nd./aq.
cr./et.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
red nd.
yel. rhb.
yel. mn.
col. nd.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lf.
lq.
lq.
cr.
cr.
gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. oil
col. lq.
nd./aq.
Specific
gravity
1.139 15/15
0.885 20/4
1.392 19/4
1.593 20/4
1.527
4
1.164 99/4
0.950 15/4
0.961 15/4
0.957 15/4
1.763 20/4
1.797 20
0.967 15
0.800 16
0.878 20/4
0.953 20/20
0.860 20/4
1.13
0.585 −45/4
0.992 20/4
0.807 20/4
1.012 20/4
0.886 20/4
0.874 20/20
0.804 20/4
0.78920/4
0.718 20/20
0.694 15/4
0.949 18
1.021 25/25
1.010 25/25
1.353 20/4
1.310 20/4
0.879 15
0.884 0/4
0.865 18
0.869 0/4
0.890 20/4
0.859 20
0.901 20/4
0.873 20/4
1.075 26/4
0.836 25/4
0.809 25/4
0.883 20/4
0.893 0
0.963 20
0.874 15
0.863 20/4
0.854 17
0.609 −47/4
1.933 20/4
1.103 20
1.159 20/20
1.040 19.4
0.831 20/20
1.542 4/4
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
103–4
62.8
140
117
28
−104
208
330
130.8
141
73(65)
238
−70
256–8
284–7
267
subl.
197.2743
8.2756
d.
subl.
284.5
169
121.8
83
43(38)
−52.5
−55
131–2
−9
264
175
−187.1
−22
−81
−45
−92.5
−73.4
−127
−85.8
−83
−101
−51.6
−109.9
−89
−95.2
−122.8
−117
−92.9
−112
−130.7
−76
−70.7
−185
−55.5
<−70
199 d.
290
subl.
128.8
143.5
143.1
expl.
d.
171–2789
106.2
154–6
207–8
183–4
106
−42.2
141.1
49.5740
168.8780
101.6
88.4
97.8
82.5
49–50761
33–4
222
231
218.5
70.8
60
142.7
134–5
128
120.8
46.4
36.5
81.3
68-71751
211
122-3150
167.5
67-8
58-60
122-3
109-11750
152-3754
67.5
155.9
142756
−48749
141.6
133-4
96.8
188-9
35
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
73381
35.125
669107
1.1325
0.150
v. sl. s.
0.7025
0.2100
v. sl. s.
sl. s. c.
v. sl. s.
0.0425
v. s.
∞
∞
0.1422
1.2320
0.01815
sl. s. c.
2.515
v. sl. s.
i.
∞
s.
628
6.518 cc.
∞
2020
d.
1.616
320
∞
∞
∞
∞
i.
i.
i.
0.2520
0.3220
0.1717
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
0.2720
0.3120
12.222
2.122
v. sl. s.
s.
s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
0.5625
0.625
i.
i.
i.
44.6 cc.
0.2520
s.
0.2720
∞
3320
1.8214
Alcohol
Ether
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
1218
s.
s.
0.6815
s.
5
∞
∞
∞
s.
620
4.817
v. s.
s.
s.
33
s.
∞
sl. s.
s. h.
∞
∞
∞
sl. s.
113
717
v. s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
d.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
1200 cc.
s.
s.
v. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
8
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
Pulegol (iso-)(d-)
Pulegone
Pyrazole
Pyrazoline
Pyrazolone
Pyrene
Pyridazine
Pyridine
Pyrocatechol (o-)
Pyrogallol (1-,2-,3-)
Pyrone
Pyrrole
Pyrrolidine
Pyrroline
Pyruvic acid
Quercitrin
Quinaldine (py-2)
Quinoline
(iso-)
-diol (1-,3-)
Quinone (p-)
R-acid Ca salt (2-)(3-,6-)
K salt
Na salt
Raffinose
Resorcinol (m-)
Retene
Rhamnose (β-)
Ricinoleic acid
Rosaniline
Rosolic acid
Saccharin
Safrole (1-,3-,4-)
(iso-)(1-,3-,4-)
Salicylic acid (o-)
aldehyde (o-)
Saligenin
Schaeffer’s salt, Ca
K
Na
Semicarbazide
hydrochloride
Skatole (3-)
Sodium methylate
Sorbitol
Sorbose (d- or l-)
Starch
Stearic acid
amide
Styrene
Suberic acid
Succinic acid
Sucrose
Sulfanilic acid (p-)
Sylvestrene (d-)
Tartaric acid (meso-)
(racemic)
(d- or l-)
Tartronic acid
Terephthalic acid (p-)
Terpin hydrate (cis-)
Terpineol (α-)(d- or l-)
(dl-)
Terpinyl acetate (α-)(dl-)
Tetrabromo-ethane (sym)
(uns)
Tetrachloro-ethane (sym)
(uns)
-ethylene
Tetracosane (n-)
Tetradecane (n-)
Tetraethyl-thiuram disulfide
C10H17OH
C10H16O
NHN:CHCH:CH
NHN:CHCH2CH2
NHCOCH2CH:N
C16H10
N2 < (CHCH)2 >
CH < (CHCH)2 > N
C6H4(OH)2
C6H3(OH)3
CO < (CHCH)2 > O
< (CH:CH)2 > NH
< (CH2CH2)2 > NH
< (CHCH2)2 > NH
CH3COCO2H
C21H20O112H2O
CH3C9H6N
C9H7N
C9H7N
C6H4CH:C(OH)N:C(OH)
CO < (CHCH)2 > CO
HOC10H5(SO3)2Ca
HOC10H5(SO3K)2
HOC10H5(SO3Na)2
C18H32O165H2O
C6H4(OH)2
C18H18
CH3(CHOH)4CHOH2O
C17H32(OH)CO2H
C20H21ON3
C20H16O3
C6H4(CO)(SO2) > NH
CH2:CHCH2C6H3:O2CH2
CH3CH:CHC6H3:O2CH2
HOC6H4CO2H
HOC6H4CHO
HOC6H4CH2OH
(HOC10H6SO3)2Ca5H2O
HOC10H6SO3K
HOC10H6SO3Na
NH2CONHNH2
NH2CONHNH3Cl
CH3C8H6N
CH3ONa
[CH2OH(CHOH)2]2
C6H12O6
(C6H10O5)x
CH3(CH2)16CO2H
CH3(CH2)16CONH2
C6H5CH:CH2
HO2C(CH2)6CO2H
HO2C(CH2)2CO2H
C12H22O11
H2NC6H4SO3H
C10H16
(CHOHCO2H)2
(CHOHCO2H)2H2O
(CHOHCO2H)2
CH(OH)(CO2H)2a H2O
C6H4(CO2H)2
C10H20O2H2O
C10H18O
C10H18O
CH3CO2C10H17
Br2CHCHBr2
Br3CCH2Br
Cl2CHCHCl2
Cl3CCH2Cl
Cl2C:CCl2
CH3(CH2)22CH3
CH3(CH2)12CH3
[(C2H5)2NCS]2S2
154.24
152.23
68.08
70.09
84.08
202.24
80.09
79.10
110.11
126.11
96.08
67.09
71.12
69.10
88.06
484.40
143.18
129.15
129.15
161.15
108.09
342.35
380.46
348.26
594.52
110.11
234.32
182.17
298.45
319.39
304.33
183.18
162.18
162.18
138.12
122.12
124.13
576.59
262.31
246.21
75.07
111.54
131.17
54.03
182.17
180.16
162.14
284.47
283.48
104.14
174.19
118.09
342.30
173.18
136.23
150.09
168.10
150.09
129.07
166.13
190.28
154.24
154.24
196.28
345.70
345.70
167.86
167.86
165.85
338.64
198.38
296.52
col. lq.
col. lq.
nd./et.
lq.
nd.
yel. pr.
lq.
col. lq.
nd./aq.
nd.
cr.
lq.
lq.
lq.
col. lq.
yel. nd.
lq.
lq.
pl.
cr.
yel. mn.
cr.
cr.
cr.
cr./aq.
col. rhb.
lf./al.
col. mn.
lq.
col. nd.
red lf.
mn.
col. mn.
col. lq.
mn.
col. oil
rhb./aq.
cr.
cr.
cr.
pr./al.
pr.
lf.
pd.
cr.
rhb.
amor.
mn.
col. cr.
col. lq.
nd./aq.
col. mn.
col. mn.
col. cr.
lq.
cr.
tri.
mn.
pr./aq.
cr.
rhb.
col. cr.
col. cr.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
cr.
col. lq.
cr.
0.911 20/4
0.932 20/20
70
1.277 0/4
1.107 20/4
0.982 20/4
1.344 4
1.453 4
1.190 40.3
0.948 20/4
0.852 22.5
0.910 20/4
1.267 20/4
1.059 20/4
1.095 20
1.099 21/4
1.318 20/4
1.465 0
1.272 15
1.1316
1.47120/4
0.954 16
1.100 20/4
1.122 20/4
1.443 20/4
1.153 25/4
1.161 25
1.654 15
1.5021
0.847 69.3
0.903 20/4
1.266 25/4
1.572 25/4
1.588 15
0.863 20/4
1.737
1.697 20/4
1.760 20/4
1.510
0.935 15
0.935 20/20
0.966 20/4
2.964 20/4
2.875 20/4
1.600 20/4
1.588 20/4
1.624 15/4
0.779 51/4
0.765 20/4
1.17
165
149-50
−8
−42
104-5
133-4
32.5
13.6
182-5
−1
−15
24.6
237
115.7
119
110.7
98-9
126
4-5
186 d.
308-10 d.
225-8
11.2
6-7
159
-7
86-7
96
173 d.
95
d. 300
110-2
165
d.
70-1
108-9
−31
140-4
189-90
170-86 d.
d. > 280
86-9 10
224754
186-8
144
subl. d.
>360
208
115-6
240-5
309
215-7
131
87-8
90-1
165
244-5750
237.1747
240.5763
subl.
d. 130
276.5
390-4
226-810
subl.
233-4
252-3
21120
196.5
subl.
755
265-6
291110
25112
145-6
279100
235 d.
176-7
159-60
205-6
168-70
d. 155-8
subl.
117
38-40
35
< −50
−1.0
0
−36
−19
51.1
5.5
70
d.
subl.
d.
219-21
218-9752
220 d.
15154
10413
146.3
129-30
120.8
324
252.5
v. sl. s.
i.
s.
∞
s.
i.
∞
∞
45.120
40 13
v. sl. s.
i.
∞
v. s.
∞
0.04 20
v. sl. s.
6
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
sl. s. h.
30.6 25
29.5 25
25.2 25
14.3 20
14712
i.
60.8 21
i.
v. sl. s.
0.1225
0.4 25
i.
i.
0.223
1.7 86
6.615
4.7620
3.4625
6.2925
v. s.
v. s.
0.05 c.
d.
v. s.
5517
i.
0.0325
i.
v. sl. s.
0.1416
6.820
1790
0.810
12015
20.620
13920
v. s.
0.001 c.
0.415
i.
i.
i.
i.
20
0.29
i.
0.0220
i.
i.
∞
s.
∞
v. s.
3 h.
s.
∞
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
s.
∞
s.
0.120
v. s.
69 h.
∞
s.
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
sl. s.
s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
sl. s.
v. s. h.
3.1 c.
s.
∞
4915
∞
v. s.
v. s.
v. s. h.
i.
∞
i.
sl. s.
1.05 c.
∞
∞
5115
∞
v. s.
v. s.
sl. s.
s.
i.
i.
s.
v. s. h.
sl. s.
i.
220
s. h.
∞
s.
9.915
0.9
v. sl. s.
i.
6g
s. h:
∞
0.815
1.215
i.
v. sl. s.
20
2515
v. s.
sl. s. h.
1015
v. s.
v. s.
20
∞
s.
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
0.09
0.415
i.
i.
115
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
∞
∞
s.
v. s.
2-45
TABLE 2-2
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds (Concluded )
Name
Tetrafluoro-ethylene
Tetrahydro-furan
-furfuryl alcohol
-pyran
Tetralin
Tetramethyl-thiuram disulfide
Tetryl (2-,4-,6-)
Theobromine
Thio-acetic acid
-aniline (4-, 4′-)
-carbanilide
-naphthol (β-)
-phenol
-salicylic acid (o-)
-urea
Thiophene
Thymol (5-,2-,1-)
Tolidine (0-)(3-,3′-,4-,4′-)
Toluene
sulfonic acid (o-)
(p-)
sulfonic amide (p-)
sulfonic chloride (p-)
Toluic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Toluidine (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
hydrochloride (o-)
sulfonic acid (1-,2-,3-)
Toluylenediamine (1-,2-,4-)
Tolylene diisocyanate (1-,2-,4-)
Trehalose
Triamylamine (n-)
(i-)
Tributyl-amine (n-)
phosphite
Trichloro-acetic acid
-benzene (s-)(1-,3-,5-)
-ethane (1-,1-,1-)
-ethylene
-phenol
Tricosane (n-)
Tricresyl phosphate (o-)
Tridecane (n-)
Triethanol amine
Triethyl-amine
-benzene (1-,3-,5-)
(1-,2-,4-)
borate
citrate
Triethylene glycol
Trifluoro-chloromethane
chloroethylene
-trichloroethane
Trimethoxybutane (1-,3-,3-)
Trimethylamine
Trimethylene bromide
chloride
glycol
Trinitro-benzene (1-,3-,5-)
-benzoic acid (2-,4-,6-)
-tert-butylxylene
-naphthalene (α-)(1-,3-,5-)
(β-)(1-,3-,8-)
(γ-)(1-,4-,5-)
2-46
Formula
F2C:CF2
CH2(CH2)2CH2O
C4H7OCH2OH
CH2(CH2)3CH2O
C6H4CH2(CH2)2CH2
[(CH3)2NCS]2S2
(NO2)3C6H2N(CH3)NO2
C7H8O2N4
CH3COSH
(NH2C6H4)2S
(C6H5NH)2CS
C10H7SH
C6H5SH
HSC6H4CO2H
NH2CSNH2
< (CH:CH)2 > S
(CH3)(C3H7)C6H3OH
[CH3(NH2)C6H3]2
C6H5CH3
CH3C6H4SO3H2H2O
CH3C6H4SO3HH2O
CH3C6H4SO2NH2
CH3C6H4SO2Cl
CH3C6H4CO2H
CH3C6H4CO2H
CH3C6H4CO2H
CH3C6H4NH2
CH3C6H4NH2
CH3C6H4NH2
CH3C6H4NH3Cl
CH3(NH2)C6H3SO3H
CH3C6H3(NH2)2
CH3C6H3(NCO)2
C12H22O112H2O
[CH3(CH2)3CH2]3N
[(CH3)2CH(CH2)2]3N
[CH3(CH2)2CH2]3N
[CH3(CH2)3O]3P
Cl3CCO2H
C6H3Cl3
Cl3CCH3
Cl2C:CHCl
Cl3C6H2OH
CH3(CH2)21CH3
OP(OC6H4CH3)3
CH3(CH2)11CH3
(HOCH2CH2)3N
(CH3CH2)3N
(C2H5)3C6H3
(C2H5)3C6H3
B(OCH2CH3)3
HOC3H4(CO2C2H5)3
(CH2OCH2CH2OH)2
CF3Cl
F2C:CFCl
Cl2CFCClF2
CH2(OCH3)CH2C(OCH3)2CH3
(CH3)3N
BrCH2CH2CH2Br
ClCH2CH2CH2Cl
HOCH2CH2CH2OH
C6H3(NO2)3
(NO2)3C6H2CO2H
(NO2)3C6(CH3)2C4H9
C10H5(NO2)3
C10H5(NO2)3
C10H5(NO2)3
Formula
weight
Form and
color
Specific
gravity
Melting
point, °C
Boiling
point, °C
100.02
72.10
102.13
86.13
132.20
240.41
287.15
180.17
76.11
216.29
228.30
160.22
110.17
154.18
76.12
84.13
150.21
212.28
92.13
208.23
190.21
171.21
190.64
136.14
136.14
136.14
107.15
107.15
107.15
143.62
187.21
122.17
174.15
378.33
227.42
227.42
185.34
250.32
163.40
181.46
133.42
131.40
197.46
324.61
368.36
184.35
149.19
101.19
162.26
162.26
146.00
276.28
150.17
104.47
116.48
187.39
148.20
59.11
201.91
112.99
76.09
213.11
257.12
297.26
263.16
263.16
263.16
gas
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
cr.
yel. mn.
rhb.
yel. lq.
nd./aq.
rhb./al.
cr./al.
col. lq.
yel. nd.
rhb./al.
col. lq.
cr.
lf.
col. lq.
cr.
mn.
mn.
tri.
cr./aq.
pr./aq.
cr./aq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
cr.
mn. pr.
cr.
rhb.
lq.
rhb./al.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
cr.
nd.
lq.
col. lq.
nd.
lf.
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. oil
lq.
lq.
lq.
oil
col. lq.
gas
gas
lq.
lq.
gas
lq.
lq.
oil
col. rhb.
rhb./aq.
nd./al.
rhb.
cr./al.
yel. cr.
1.58−78
0.88821/4
1.05020/4
0.88120/4
0.97318/4
1.29
1.5719
−142.5
−65
−76.3
65-6
177-8743
88
206764
1.07410
1.324
1.07423/4
1.40520/4
1.07015/4
0.97225/25
20/4
0.866
1.062115/4
1.054112/4
0.99920/4
0.98920/4
1.04620/4
1.2328
−31
155-6
130.5
330
< −17
108
154
81
164
180-2
−30
51.5
128-9
−95
d.
104-5
137
69
104-5
110-1
179-80
−16.3
−31.5
44-5
218-20
99
expl.
93
d.
286-8
168-9
subl.
d.
84
232752
110.8
128.80
146-70
134.510
259751
263
274-5
199.7
203.3
200.3
242
283-5
134.520
97
0.78620/4
0.77820/20
0.92520/4
1.61746/15
1.32526/4
1.46620/20
1.49075/4
0.77948/4
0.75720/4
1.12620/20
0.72920/20
0.86120/4
0.88217/4
0.86420/20
1.13720/4
1.12520/20
1.726−130
1.57620/4
0.932
0.662 −5
1.987 15/4
1.201 15
1.060 20/4
1.688 20/4
58
63.5
−73
68-9
47.7
−6.2
20-1
−114.8
−5
−182
−157.5
−35
−124
−34.4
121
210-20 d.
110
122-3
218-9
148-9
240-5
235
216.5761
122-312
195.5754
208.5764
74.1
87.2
246
23415
234
277-9150
89.4
215
217-8755
120
294
290
−80
−27.9
47.6
63-525
3.5
167.5
123-5
214
d.
Solubility in 100 parts
Water
0.0130
s.
∞
s.
i.
i.
i.
0.0615
s.
sl. s. h.
i.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
sl. s. h.
9.213
i.
0.0919
v. sl. s.
0.0516
v. s.
v. s.
0.29
i.
2.17100
1.6100
1.3100
1.525
sl. s.
0.7421
s.
0.9711
s. h.
d.
s. h.
i.
i.
i.
i.
12025
i.
i.
0.125
0.0925
i.
i.
i.
∞
∞ > 190
i.
i.
d.
i.
∞
d.
i.
d.
4119
0.1730
0.2725
∞
0.0315
2.0524
i.
i.
0.02100
i.
Alcohol
Ether
s.
∞
s.
∞
s.
s.
s. h.
0.06 c.
∞
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
7.45
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
sl. s.
s.
0.03 h.
∞
s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
sl. s.
v. s.
s.
∞
s.
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
d.
sl. s. h.
i.
s.
s.
∞
s.
sl. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
v. s.
sl. s.
∞
s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
v. sl. s.
∞
∞
s.
s.
s.
∞
1.918
s.
s.
s.
1.518
sl. s.
s.
0.0523
0.1119
0.1315
0.419
s.
s.
-phenol (2-,3-,6-)
-toluene (β-)(2-,3-,4-)
(γ-)(2-,4-,5-)
(α-)(2-,4-,6-)
Trional
Triphenyl-arsine
carbinol
guanidine (α-)
methane
methyl
phosphate
Tripropylamine (n-)
Undecane (n-)
Urea
nitrate
Uric acid
Valeric acid (n-)
(i-)
aldehyde (n-)
(i-)
amide (n-)
(i-)
Vanillic acid (3-,4-,1-)
alcohol (3-,4-,1-)
hyl-thiuram disulfide
Vanillin (3-,4-,1-)
Veratrole (o-)
Vinyl acetate
(poly-)
acetic acid
acetylene
alcohol
(poly-)
chloride
propionate
Xylene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
sulfonic acid (1-,4-,2-)
Xylidine (1:2)(3-)
(1:2)(4-)
(1:3)(2-)
(1:3)(4-)
(1:3)(5-)
(1:4)(2-)
Xylose (l-)(+)
Xylylene dichloride (p-)
Zinc diethyl
dimethyl
dimethyl-dithiocarbamate
NOTE:
(NO2)3C6H2OH
CH3C6H2(NO2)3
CH3C6H2(NO2)3
CH3C6H3(NO2)3
C2H5(CH3)C(SO2C2H5)3
(C6H5)3As
(C6H5)3COH
C6H5N:C(NHC6H5)2
(C6H5)3CH
(C6H5)3C . . .
OP(OC6H5)3
(CH3CH2CH2)3N
CH3(CH2)3CH3
H2NCONH2
CO(NH2)2HNO3
C5H4O3N4
C2H5CH2CH2CO2H
(CH3)2CHCH2CO2H
C2H5CH2CH2CHO
(CH3)2CHCH2CHO
C2H5CH2CH2CONH2
(CH3)2CHCH2CONH2
CH3O(OH)C6H3CO2H
CH3O(OH)C6H3CH2OH
[(C2H5)2NCS]2S2
CH3O(OH)C6H3CHO
C6H4(OCH3)2
CH3CO2CH:CH2
(CH3CO2CH:CH2)x
CH2:CHCH2CO2H
CH2:CHC:CH
CH2:CHOH
(CH2:CHOH)x
CH2:CHCl
C2H5CO2CH:CH2
C6H4(CH3)2
C6H4(CH3)2
C6H4(CH3)2
(CH3)2C6H3SO3H2H2O
(CH3)2C6H3NH2
(CH3)2C6H3NH2
(CH3)2C6H3NH2
(CH3)2C6H3NH2
(CH3)2C6H3NH2
(CH3)2C6H3NH2
CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO
C6H4(CH2Cl)2
Zn(CH2CH3)2
Zn(CH3)2
Zn[S2CN(CH3)2]2
229.11
227.13
227.13
227.13
242.34
306.21
260.32
287.35
244.32
243.31
326.28
143.27
156.30
60.06
123.07
168.11
102.13
102.13
86.13
86.13
101.15
101.15
168.14
154.16
296.52
152.14
138.16
86.09
(86.09)
86.09
52.07
44.06
(44.06)
62.50
100.11
106.16
106.16
106.16
222.25
121.18
121.18
121.18
121.18
121.18
121.18
150.13
175.06
123.50
95.45
305.79
nd.
cr.
yel. pl.
cr./al.
pl./al.
pl.
cr.
rhb./al.
cr.
col. cr.
pr./al.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. pr.
col. mn.
cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
lq.
col. lq.
mn. pl.
mn.
nd./aq.
mn./aq.
cr.
mn.
cr.
col. lq.
col. lq.
gas
gas
lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lq.
col. lf.
lq.
pr.
lq.
lq.
oil
oil
nd.
mn.
col. lq.
col. lq.
1.620 20/4
1.620 20/4
1.654
1.199 85/4
1.306
1.188 20/4
1.13
1.014 99/4
1.206 58/4
0.757 20/4
0.741 20/4
1.335 20/4
1.893 20
0.939 20/4
0.931 20/20
0.819 11
0.803 17
1.023
0.965 20/4
1.17
1.056
1.091 15/15
0.932 20/4
1.1920
1.013 15/15
0.705 1.5
117-8
112
104
80.8
76
59-60
162.5
144-5
93.4
145-7
49-50
−93.5
−25.6
132.7
152 d.
d.
−34.5
−37.6
−92
−51
106
135-7
207
115
70
81-2
22.5
< −60
100-25
−39
1.320
0.908 25/25
d. >200
−160
0.881 20/4
0.867 17/4
0.861 20/4
−25
−47.4
13.2
86
< −15
49-50
0.991 15
1.076 17.5
0.980 15
0.978 20/4
0.972 20/4
0.979 21/4
1.535 0
1.417 0
1.182 18
1.386 11
2.0040/4
15.5
153-4
100.5
−28
−40
248-50
expl.
expl.
expl.
d.
>360
>360
d.
359754
d.
24511
156.5
194.5
d.
187
176
103.4
92.5
232
subl.
d.
285
207.1
72-3
163
5.5
−12
93-5
144
139.3
138.5
1490.1
223
224-6
216-7
213-4
221-2
215789
240-5 d.
118
46
s. h.
i.
i.
0.0120
0.315
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
v. sl. s.
i.
10017
v. s. h.
0.06 h.
3.316
4.220
v. sl. s.
sl. s.
v. s.
s.
0.1214
v. s. h.
i.
114
v. sl. s.
220
i.
s.
0.670.6
s.
sl. s.
v. sl. s.
i.
i.
i.
s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
v. sl. s.
11720
i.
d.
d.
i.
v. s.
sl. s. c.
s. h.
1.522
50
s.
v. s.
40
v. s. h.
sl. s. h.
15525
∞
∞
2020
s.
i.
∞
∞
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
533
6.615
v. s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
∞
v. s.
s.
∞
∞
∞
v. s.
v. s.
∞
∞
sl. s.
i.
∞
∞
s.
s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
v. s.
s.
v. s.
s.
s.
s.
∞
∞
v. s.
s.
s.
v. sl. s.
s.
d.
d.
i.
v. sl. s.
°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.
2-47
2-48
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
UNITS CONVERSIONS
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
Additional compilations of vapor-pressure data include Boublik,
Fried, and Hala, The Vapor Pressures of Pure Substances, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1984. See also Hirata, Ohe, and Nagahama, Computer
Aided Data Book of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Kodansha/Elsevier,
Tokyo, 1975; Weishaupt, Landolt-Börnstein New Series Group IV, vol.
3; Thermodynamic Equilibria of Boiling Mixtures, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, 1975; Wichterle, Linek, and Hala, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
Data Bibliography, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1973; suppl. 1, 1976; suppl.
2, 1982.
°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.
To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch,
multiply by 0.01934.
TABLE 2-3
Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from -15 to 0°C*
mmHg
TABLE 2-4
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from -16 to 0°C*
mmHg
t, °C
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
t, °C
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
−14
−13
−12
−11
−10
1.361
1.490
1.632
1.785
1.950
1.348
1.477
1.617
1.769
1.934
1.336
1.464
1.602
1.753
1.916
1.324
1.450
1.588
1.737
1.899
1.312
1.437
1.574
1.722
1.883
1.300
1.424
1.559
1.707
1.866
1.288
1.411
1.546
1.691
1.849
1.276
1.399
1.532
1.676
1.833
1.264
1.386
1.518
1.661
1.817
1.253
1.373
1.504
1.646
1.800
−15
−14
−13
−12
−11
1.436
1.560
1.691
1.834
1.987
1.425
1.547
1.678
1.819
1.971
1.414
1.534
1.665
1.804
1.955
1.402
1.522
1.651
1.790
1.939
1.390
1.511
1.637
1.776
1.924
1.379
1.497
1.624
1.761
1.909
1.368
1.485
1.611
1.748
1.893
1.356
1.472
1.599
1.734
1.878
1.345
1.460
1.585
1.720
1.863
1.334
1.449
1.572
1.705
1.848
−9
−8
−7
−6
−5
2.131
2.326
2.537
2.765
3.013
2.112
2.306
2.515
2.742
2.987
2.093
2.285
2.493
2.718
2.962
2.075
2.266
2.472
2.695
2.937
2.057
2.246
2.450
2.672
2.912
2.039
2.226
2.429
2.649
2.887
2.021
2.207
2.408
2.626
2.862
2.003
2.187
2.387
2.603
2.838
1.985
2.168
2.367
2.581
2.813
1.968
2.149
2.346
2.559
2.790
−10
−9
−8
−7
−6
2.149
2.326
2.514
2.715
2.931
2.134
2.307
2.495
2.695
2.909
2.116
2.289
2.475
2.674
2.887
2.099
2.271
2.456
2.654
2.866
2.084
2.254
2.437
2.633
2.843
2.067
2.236
2.418
2.613
2.822
2.050
2.219
2.399
2.593
2.800
2.034
2.201
2.380
2.572
2.778
2.018
2.184
2.362
2.553
2.757
2.001
2.167
2.343
2.533
2.736
−4
−3
−2
−1
−0
3.280
3.568
3.880
4.217
4.579
3.252
3.539
3.848
4.182
4.542
3.225
3.509
3.816
4.147
4.504
3.198
3.480
3.785
4.113
4.467
3.171
3.451
3.753
4.079
4.431
3.144
3.422
3.722
4.045
4.395
3.117
3.393
3.691
4.012
4.359
3.091
3.364
3.660
3.979
4.323
3.065
3.336
3.630
3.946
4.287
3.039
3.308
3.599
3.913
4.252
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
3.163
3.410
3.673
3.956
4.258
3.139
3.384
3.647
3.927
4.227
3.115
3.359
3.620
3.898
4.196
3.092
3.334
3.593
3.871
4.165
3.069
3.309
3.567
3.841
4.135
3.046
3.284
3.540
3.813
4.105
3.022
3.259
3.514
3.785
4.075
3.000
3.235
3.487
3.757
4.045
2.976
3.211
3.461
3.730
4.016
2.955
3.187
3.436
3.702
3.986
*For data at 0(0.2)−30(2)−98°C see p. 2324, Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 40th ed., Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
−0
4.579 4.546 4.513 4.480 4.448 4.416 4.385 4.353 4.320 4.289
*Computed from the above table with the aid of the thermodynamic equation
pw
−1.1489t
log10 = − 1.330 × 10−5t2 + 9.084 × 10−8t3
273.1 + t
pi
TABLE 2-5
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from 0 to 100°C*
mmHg
t, °C
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
4.579
4.926
5.294
5.685
6.101
4.613
4.962
5.332
5.725
6.144
4.647
4.998
5.370
5.766
6.187
4.681
5.034
5.408
5.807
6.230
4.715
5.070
5.447
5.848
6.274
4.750
5.107
5.486
5.889
6.318
4.785
5.144
5.525
5.931
6.363
4.820
5.181
5.565
5.973
6.408
4.855
5.219
5.605
6.015
6.453
4.890
5.256
5.645
6.058
6.498
5
6
7
8
9
6.543
7.013
7.513
8.045
8.609
6.589
7.062
7.565
8.100
8.668
6.635
7.111
7.617
8.155
8.727
6.681
7.160
7.669
8.211
8.786
6.728
7.209
7.722
8.267
8.845
6.775
7.259
7.775
8.323
8.905
6.822
7.309
7.828
8.380
8.965
6.869
7.360
7.882
8.437
9.025
6.917
7.411
7.936
8.494
9.086
6.965
7.462
7.990
8.551
9.147
10
11
12
13
14
9.209
9.844
10.518
11.231
11.987
9.271
9.910
10.588
11.305
12.065
9.333
9.976
10.658
11.379
12.144
9.395
10.042
10.728
11.453
12.223
9.458
10.109
10.799
11.528
12.302
9.521
10.176
10.870
11.604
12.382
9.585
10.244
10.941
11.680
12.462
9.649
10.312
11.013
11.756
12.543
9.714
10.380
11.085
11.833
12.624
9.779
10.449
11.158
11.910
12.706
15
16
17
18
19
12.788
13.634
14.530
15.477
16.477
12.870
13.721
14.622
15.575
16.581
12.953
13.809
14.715
15.673
16.685
13.037
13.898
14.809
15.772
16.789
13.121
13.987
14.903
15.871
16.894
13.205
14.076
14.997
15.971
16.999
13.290
14.166
15.092
16.071
17.105
13.375
14.256
15.188
16.171
17.212
13.461
14.347
15.284
16.272
17.319
13.547
14.438
15.380
16.374
17.427
20
21
22
23
24
17.535
18.650
19.827
21.068
22.377
17.644
18.765
19.948
21.196
22.512
17.753
18.880
20.070
21.324
22.648
17.863
18.996
20.193
21.453
22.785
17.974
19.113
20.316
21.583
22.922
18.085
19.231
20.440
21.714
23.060
18.197
19.349
20.565
21.845
23.198
18.309
19.468
20.690
21.977
23.337
18.422
19.587
20.815
22.110
23.476
18.536
19.707
20.941
22.243
23.616
25
26
27
28
29
23.756
25.209
26.739
28.349
30.043
23.897
25.359
26.897
28.514
30.217
24.039
25.509
27.055
28.680
30.392
24.182
25.660
27.214
28.847
30.568
24.326
25.812
27.374
29.015
30.745
24.471
25.964
27.535
29.184
30.923
24.617
26.117
27.696
29.354
31.102
24.764
26.271
27.858
29.525
31.281
24.912
26.426
28.021
29.697
31.461
25.060
26.582
28.185
29.870
31.642
30
31
32
33
34
31.824
33.695
35.663
37.729
39.898
32.007
33.888
35.865
37.942
40.121
32.191
34.082
36.068
38.155
40.344
32.376
34.276
36.272
38.369
40.569
32.561
34.471
36.477
33.584
40.796
32.747
34.667
36.683
38.801
41.023
32.934
34.864
36.891
39.018
41.251
33.122
35.062
37.099
39.237
41.480
33.312
35.261
37.308
39.457
41.710
33.503
35.462
37.518
39.677
41.942
35
36
37
38
39
42.175
44.563
47.067
49.692
52.442
42.409
44.808
47.324
49.961
52.725
42.644
45.054
47.582
50.231
53.009
42.880
45.301
47.841
50.502
53.294
43.117
45.549
48.102
50.774
53.580
43.355
45.799
48.364
51.048
53.867
43.595
46.050
48.627
51.323
54.156
43.836
46.302
48.891
51.600
54.446
44.078
46.556
49.157
51.879
54.737
44.320
46.811
49.424
52.160
55.030
40
41
42
43
44
55.324
58.34
61.50
64.80
68.26
55.61
58.65
61.82
65.14
68.61
55.91
58.96
62.14
65.48
68.97
56.21
59.27
62.47
65.82
69.33
56.51
59.58
62.80
66.16
69.69
56.81
59.90
63.13
66.51
70.05
57.11
60.22
63.46
66.86
70.41
57.41
60.54
63.79
67.21
70.77
57.72
60.86
64.12
67.56
71.14
58.03
61.18
64.46
67.91
71.51
45
46
47
48
49
71.88
75.65
79.60
83.71
88.02
72.25
76.04
80.00
84.13
88.46
72.62
76.43
80.41
84.56
88.90
72.99
76.82
80.82
84.99
89.34
73.36
77.21
81.23
85.42
89.79
73.74
77.60
81.64
85.85
90.24
74.12
78.00
82.05
86.28
90.69
74.50
78.40
82.46
86.71
91.14
74.88
78.80
82.87
87.14
91.59
75.26
79.20
83.29
87.58
92.05
t, °C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
50
60
70
80
92.51
149.38
233.7
355.1
97.20
156.43
243.9
369.7
102.09
163.77
254.6
384.9
107.20
171.38
265.7
400.6
112.51
179.31
277.2
416.8
118.04
187.54
289.1
433.6
123.80
196.09
301.4
450.9
129.82
204.96
314.1
468.7
136.08
214.17
327.3
487.1
142.60
223.73
341.0
506.1
90
91
92
93
94
525.76
546.05
566.99
588.60
610.90
527.76
548.11
569.12
590.80
613.17
529.77
550.18
571.26
593.00
615.44
531.78
552.26
573.40
595.21
617.72
533.80
554.35
575.55
597.43
620.01
535.82
556.44
577.71
599.66
622.31
537.86
558.53
579.87
601.89
624.61
539.90
560.64
582.04
604.13
626.92
541.95
562.75
584.22
606.38
629.24
544.00
564.87
586.41
608.64
631.57
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
633.90
657.62
682.07
707.27
733.24
760.00
787.57
636.24
660.03
684.55
709.83
735.88
762.72
790.37
638.59
662.45
687.04
712.40
738.53
765.45
793.18
640.94
664.88
689.54
714.98
741.18
768.19
796.00
643.30
667.31
692.05
717.56
743.85
770.93
796.82
645.67
669.75
694.57
720.15
746.52
773.68
801.66
648.05
672.20
697.10
722.75
749.20
776.44
804.50
650.43
674.66
699.63
725.36
751.89
779.22
807.35
652.82
677.12
702.17
727.98
754.58
782.00
810.21
655.22
679.69
704.71
730.61
757.29
784.78
813.06
*From the Physikalisch-technische Reichsanstalt, Holborn, Scheel, and Henning, Wärmetabellen, Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Brunswick, 1909.
By permission. For data at 50(0.2)101.8°C, see Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., p. 2326, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. For a tabulation of temperature for pressures 700(1)779 mm Hg, see Atack, Handbook of Chemical Data, p. 117, Reinhold, New York, 1957. For a tabulation of pressure for 105(5)200(10)370°C, see Atack, p. 134, and for 100(1)374°C, see Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., pp. 2328–2330,
Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
2-49
TABLE 2-6
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids
CAS no.
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Tmin, K
Ps at Tmin
Tmax, K
Ps at Tmax
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
74828
74840
74986
106978
109660
110543
142825
111659
111842
124185
39.205
51.857
59.078
66.343
78.741
104.65
87.829
96.084
109.35
112.73
−1324.4
−2598.7
−3492.6
−4363.2
−5420.3
−6995.5
−6996.4
−7900.2
−9030.4
−9749.6
−3.4366
−5.1283
−6.0669
−7.046
−8.8253
−12.702
−9.8802
−11.003
−12.882
−13.245
3.1019E−05
1.4913E−05
1.0919E−05
9.4509E−06
9.6171E−06
1.2381E−05
7.2099E−06
7.1802E−06
7.8544E−06
7.1266E−06
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
90.69
90.35
85.47
134.86
143.42
177.83
182.57
216.38
219.66
243.51
1.1687E+04
1.1273E+00
1.6788E−04
6.7441E−01
6.8642E−02
9.0169E−01
1.8269E−01
2.1083E+00
4.3058E−01
1.3930E+00
190.56
305.32
369.83
425.12
469.7
507.6
540.2
568.7
594.6
617.7
4.5897E+06
4.8522E+06
4.2135E+06
3.7699E+06
3.3642E+06
3.0449E+06
2.7192E+06
2.4673E+06
2.3054E+06
2.0908E+06
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
n-Eicosane
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
C20H42
1120214
112403
629505
629594
629629
544763
629787
593453
629925
112958
131
137.47
137.45
140.47
135.57
156.06
156.95
157.68
182.54
203.66
−15.855
−16.698
−16.543
−16.859
−16.022
−18.941
−18.966
−18.954
−22.498
−25.525
8.1871E−06
8.0906E−06
7.1275E−06
6.5877E−06
5.6136E−06
6.8172E−06
6.4559E−06
5.9272E−06
7.4008E−06
8.8382E−06
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
247.57
263.57
267.76
279.01
283.07
291.31
295.13
301.31
305.04
309.58
4.0836E−01
6.1534E−01
2.5096E−01
2.5268E−01
1.2884E−01
9.2265E−02
4.6534E−02
3.3909E−02
1.5909E−02
9.2574E−03
639
658
675
693
708
723
736
747
758
768
1.9493E+06
1.8223E+06
1.6786E+06
1.5693E+06
1.4743E+06
1.4106E+06
1.3438E+06
1.2555E+06
1.2078E+06
1.1746E+06
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
75285
78784
79298
107835
565593
560214
540841
100.18
72.35
77.235
77.36
78.282
83.105
87.868
−4841.9
−5010.9
−5695.9
−5791.7
−6347
−6903.7
−6831.7
−13.541
−7.883
−8.5109
−8.4912
−8.502
−9.1858
−9.9783
2.0063E−02
8.9795E−06
8.0163E−06
7.7939E−06
6.4169E−06
6.4703E−06
7.7729E−06
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
113.54
113.25
145.19
119.55
160
172.22
165.78
1.4051E−02
1.1569E−04
1.5081E−02
9.2204E−06
1.2631E−02
1.6820E−02
1.6187E−02
408.14
460.43
499.98
497.5
537.35
573.5
543.96
3.6199E+06
3.3709E+06
3.1255E+06
3.0192E+06
2.8823E+06
2.8116E+06
2.5630E+06
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
74851
115071
106989
590181
624646
109671
592416
592767
74.242
57.263
68.49
102.62
70.589
120.15
85.3
92.68
−2707.2
−3382.4
−4350.2
−5260.3
−4530.4
−6192.4
−6171.7
−7055.2
−9.8462
−5.7707
−7.4124
−13.764
−7.7229
−16.597
−9.702
−10.679
2.2457E−02
1.0431E−05
1.0503E−05
1.9183E−02
1.0928E−05
2.1922E−02
8.9604E−06
8.4459E−06
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
104
87.89
87.8
134.26
167.62
107.93
133.39
154.27
1.2361E+02
9.3867E−04
7.1809E−07
2.4051E−01
7.4729E+01
3.5210E−06
2.5272E−04
1.2810E−03
282.34
365.57
419.95
435.58
428.63
464.78
504.03
537.29
5.0296E+06
4.6346E+06
4.0391E+06
4.2388E+06
4.0811E+06
3.5557E+06
3.1397E+06
2.8225E+06
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1-Octene
1-Nonene
1-Decene
2-Methylpropene
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
C4H8
C5H10
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
111660
124118
872059
115117
563462
513359
590192
106990
78795
97.57
144.45
78.808
102.5
97.33
82.605
39.714
73.522
79.656
−7836
−9676.2
−8367.9
−5021.8
−5631.8
−5606.6
−3769.9
−4564.3
−5239.6
−11.272
−19.446
−7.9553
−13.88
−12.589
−9.4236
−2.6407
−8.1958
−9.4314
7.7267E−06
1.8031E−02
8.7442E−18
2.0296E−02
1.5395E−02
1.0512E−05
6.9379E−18
1.1580E−05
9.5850E−03
2
1
6
1
1
2
6
2
1
171.45
191.78
206.89
132.81
135.58
139.39
136.95
164.25
127.27
2.7570E−03
8.5514E−03
1.7308E−02
6.2213E−01
1.9687E−02
1.9447E−02
4.4720E−01
6.9110E+01
2.4768E−03
566.65
593.25
616.4
417.9
465
471
452
425.17
484
2.5735E+06
2.3308E+06
2.2092E+06
3.9760E+06
3.4544E+06
3.3769E+06
4.3613E+06
4.3041E+06
3.8509E+06
45
46
47
48
49
50
Acetylene
Methylacetylene
Dimethylacetylene
3-Methyl-1-butyne
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C5H8
C5H8
74862
74997
503173
598232
627190
627214
172.06
119.42
66.592
69.459
82.805
137.29
−5318.5
−5364.5
−4999.8
−5250
−5683.8
−7447.1
−27.223
−16.81
−6.8387
−7.1125
−9.4301
−19.01
5.4619E−02
2.5523E−02
6.6793E−06
7.9289E−17
1.0767E−05
2.1415E−02
1
1
2
6
2
1
192.4
170.45
240.91
183.45
167.45
163.83
1.2603E+05
3.7264E+02
6.1212E+03
4.3551E+01
2.3990E+00
2.0462E−01
308.32
402.39
473.2
463.2
481.2
519
6.1467E+06
5.6206E+06
4.8699E+06
4.1986E+06
4.1701E+06
4.0198E+06
51
52
53
54
55
56
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
3−Hexyne
1-Heptyne
1-Octyne
Vinylacetylene1
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C4H4
693027
764352
928494
628717
629050
689974
133.2
123.71
47.091
66.447
82.353
55.682
−7492.9
−7639
−5104
−6395.6
−7240.6
−4439.3
−18.405
−16.451
−3.6371
−6.3848
−9.1843
−5.0136
2.2062Ε−02
1.6495Ε−02
5.1621Ε−04
1.1250E−17
5.8038E−03
1.9650E−17
1
1
1
6
1
6
141.25
183.65
170.05
192.22
193.55
173.15
3.9157Ε−04
5.4026Ε−01
2.1950Ε−01
6.7026E−01
1.0092E−01
6.6899E+01
516.2
549
544
559
585
454
3.6352Ε+06
3.5301Ε+06
3.5397Ε+06
3.1343E+06
2.8202E+06
4.8874E+06
Cmpd. no.
2-50
Name
Formula
−11143
−11976
−12549
−13231
−13478
−15015
−15557
−16093
−17897
−19441
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Cyclopentene
1-Methylcyclopentene
Cyclohexene
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C8H16
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
287923
96377
1640897
110827
108872
590669
1678917
142290
693890
110838
51.434
79.673
88.622
116.51
92.611
81.184
80.208
49.88
52.732
88.184
−4770.6
−6086.6
−7011
−7103.3
−7077.8
−6927
−7203.2
−4649.7
−5286.9
−6624.9
−4.3515
−8.7933
−10.038
−15.49
−10.684
−8.8498
−8.6023
−4.1191
−4.4509
−10.059
1.9605E−17
7.4046E−06
7.4481E−06
1.6959E−02
8.1239E−06
5.4580E−06
4.5901E−06
1.9564E−17
1.0883E−17
8.2566E−06
6
2
2
1
2
2
2
6
6
2
179.28
130.73
134.71
279.69
146.58
239.66
161.84
138.13
146.62
169.67
9.4420E+00
6.7059E−05
3.7061E−06
5.3802E+03
1.5256E−04
6.0584E+01
3.5747E−04
1.6884E−02
3.9787E−03
1.0377E−01
511.76
532.79
569.52
553.58
572.19
591.15
609.15
507
542
560.4
4.5028E+06
3.7808E+06
3.3970E+06
4.0958E+06
3.4828E+06
2.9387E+06
3.0411E+06
4.8062E+06
4.1303E+06
4.3922E+06
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Propylbenzene
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
71432
108883
95476
108383
106423
100414
103651
83.918
80.877
90.356
84.782
85.475
88.09
136.83
−6517.7
−6902.4
−7948.7
−7598.3
−7595.8
−7688.3
−9544.8
−9.3453
−8.7761
−10.081
−9.2612
−9.378
−9.7708
−18.190
7.1182E−06
5.8034E−06
5.9756E−06
5.5445E−06
5.6875E−06
5.8844E−06
1.6590E−02
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
278.68
178.18
247.98
225.3
286.41
178.15
324.18
4.7620E+03
4.2348E−02
2.1968E+01
3.2099E+00
5.8144E+02
4.0140E−03
2.0014E+03
562.16
591.8
630.33
617.05
616.23
617.2
638.32
4.8819E+06
4.1012E+06
3.7424E+06
3.5286E+06
3.4984E+06
3.5968E+06
3.2001E+06
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Styrene
m-Terphenyl
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H14
C10H8
C12H10
C8H8
C18H14
95636
98828
108678
99876
91203
92524
100425
92068
60.658
143.62
48.603
107.71
62.447
76.811
105.93
88.044
−7260.4
−9687.7
−6545.2
−9402.7
−8109
−9878.5
−8685.9
−13367
−5.3772
−19.305
−3.6412
−12.545
−5.5571
−7.4384
−12.42
−8.6482
4.5816E−18
1.7703E−02
1.9307E−18
6.6661E−06
2.0800E−18
2.0436E−18
7.5583E−06
8.7874E−19
6
1
6
2
6
6
2
6
229.33
177.14
228.42
205.25
353.43
342.2
242.54
360
7.9735E−01
3.8034E−04
1.1889E+00
9.9261E−03
9.9229E+02
9.3752E+01
1.0613E+01
1.0112E+00
649.13
631.1
637.36
653.15
748.35
789.26
636
924.85
3.2533E+06
3.1837E+06
3.1119E+06
2.7957E+06
3.9941E+06
3.8615E+06
3.8234E+06
3.5297E+06
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Methanol
Ethanol
1-Propanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
2-Propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C3H8O
C4H10O
67561
64175
71238
71363
78922
67630
75650
81.768
74.475
88.134
93.173
152.54
76.964
172.31
−6876
−7164.3
−8498.6
−9185.9
−11111
−7623.8
−11590
−8.7078
−7.327
−9.0766
−9.7464
−19.025
−7.4924
−22.118
7.1926E−06
3.1340E−06
8.3303E−18
4.7796E−18
1.0426E−05
5.9436E−18
1.3709E−05
2
2
6
6
2
6
2
175.47
159.05
146.95
184.51
158.45
185.28
298.97
1.1147E−01
4.8459E−04
3.0828E−07
5.7220E−04
1.1323E−06
3.6606E−02
5.9356E+03
512.64
513.92
536.78
563.05
536.05
508.3
506.21
8.1402E+06
6.1171E+06
5.1214E+06
4.3392E+06
4.2014E+06
4.7908E+06
3.9910E+06
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
1-Pentanol
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
1-Hexanol
1-Heptanol
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Propylene glycol
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C6H14O
C7H16O
C6H12O
C2H6O2
C3H8O2
71410
137326
123513
111273
111706
108930
107211
57556
168.96
410.44
107.02
117.31
160.08
135.01
79.276
212.8
−12659
−20262
−10237
−11239
−14095
−12238
−10105
−15420
−21.366
−62.366
−11.695
−13.149
−19.211
−15.702
−7.521
−28.109
1.1591E−05
6.3353E−02
6.8003E−18
9.3676E−18
1.7043E−17
1.0349E−17
7.3408E−19
2.1564E−05
2
1
6
6
6
6
6
2
195.56
203
155.95
228.55
239.15
296.6
260.15
213.15
3.1816E−04
3.7992E−04
2.1036E−08
3.7401E−02
1.6990E−02
7.9382E+01
2.4834E−01
9.2894E−05
586.15
565
577.2
611.35
631.9
650
719.7
626
3.8657E+06
3.8749E+06
3.9013E+06
3.4557E+06
3.1810E+06
4.2456E+06
7.7100E+06
6.0413E+06
97
98
99
100
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
C6H6O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
108952
95487
108394
106445
95.444
210.88
95.403
118.53
−10113
−13928
−10581
−11957
−10.09
−29.483
−10.004
−13.293
6.7603E−18
2.5182E−02
4.3032E−18
8.6988E−18
6
1
6
6
314.06
304.19
285.39
307.93
1.8798E+02
6.5326E+01
5.8624E+00
3.4466E+01
694.25
697.55
705.85
704.65
6.0585E+06
5.0583E+06
4.5221E+06
5.1507E+06
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Dimethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl n-propyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl-n-butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ether
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Diethyl ether
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Methyl phenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C7H8O
C12H10O
115106
540670
557175
598538
628284
625445
1634044
60297
628320
625547
100663
101848
44.704
205.79
50.83
55.096
102.04
58.165
55.875
136.9
143.11
57.723
128.06
59.969
−3.4444
−28.739
−4.1773
−4.8689
−12.278
−5.2568
−4.9604
−19.254
−18.751
−5.2136
−16.693
−5.1538
5.4574E−17
3.5317E−05
9.4076E−18
2.9518E−17
1.2131E−05
2.0194E−17
1.9123E−17
2.4508E−02
2.0620E−05
2.2998E−17
1.4919E−02
1.9983E−18
6
2
6
6
2
6
6
1
2
6
1
6
131.65
160
133.97
127.93
157.48
150
164.55
156.85
145.65
140
235.65
300.03
3.0496E+00
5.3423E−01
4.8875E−03
2.4971E−03
1.9430E−02
1.9801E−02
5.3566E−01
3.9545E−01
7.3931E−04
4.3092E−03
2.4466E+00
7.0874E+00
400.1
437.8
476.3
464.5
510
497
497.1
466.7
500.23
489
645.6
766.8
5.2735E+06
4.4658E+06
3.7721E+06
3.8892E+06
3.3089E+06
3.4130E+06
3.4106E+06
3.6412E+06
3.3729E+06
3.4145E+06
4.2731E+06
3.0971E+06
−3525.6
−9834.5
−4781.7
−4793.2
−6954.9
−5362.1
−5131.6
−6954.3
−8353.7
−5236.9
−9307.7
−8585.5
2-51
TABLE 2-6
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Continued )
CAS no.
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Tmin, K
Ps at Tmin
Tmax, K
Ps at Tmax
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1-Propanal
1-Butanal
1-Pentanal
1-Hexanal
1-Heptanal
1-Octanal
1-Nonanal
1-Decanal
CH2O
C2H4O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C8H16O
C9H18O
C10H20O
50000
75070
123386
123728
110623
66251
111717
124130
124196
112312
101.51
193.69
80.581
99.33
149.58
81.507
107.17
250.25
337.71
201.64
−4917.2
−8036.7
−5896.1
−7083.6
−8890
−7776.8
−9070.3
−16162
−18506
−15133
−13.765
−29.502
−8.9301
−11.733
−20.697
−8.4516
−12.503
−33.927
−50.224
−26.264
2.2031E−02
4.3678E−02
8.2236E−06
1.0027E−05
2.2101E−02
1.5143E−17
7.4446E−06
2.2349E−05
4.7345E−02
1.4625E−05
1
1
2
2
1
6
2
2
1
2
181.15
150.15
170
176.75
182
217.15
229.8
246
255.15
267.15
8.8700E+02
3.2320E−01
1.3133E+00
3.1699E−01
5.2282E−02
1.2473E+00
1.1177E+00
4.1640E−01
3.4172E−01
4.8648E−01
408
466
504.4
537.2
566.1
591
617
638.1
658
674.2
6.5935E+06
5.5652E+06
4.9189E+06
4.3232E+06
3.9685E+06
3.4607E+06
3.1829E+06
2.9704E+06
2.7430E+06
2.5989E+06
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Pentanone
Methyl isopropyl ketone
2-Hexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
3-Methyl-2-pentanone
3-Pentanone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diisopropyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl phenyl ketone
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C6H10O
C8H8O
67641
78933
107879
563804
591786
108101
565617
96220
565695
565800
108941
98862
69.006
72.698
84.635
308.74
65.841
153.23
64.641
44.286
206.77
96.919
95.118
62.688
−5599.6
−6143.6
−7078.4
−13693
−7042
−10055
−6457.4
−5415.1
−12537
−8014.2
−8300.4
−8088.8
−7.0985
−7.5779
−9.3
−47.557
−6.1376
−19.848
−6.218
−3.0913
−27.894
−11.093
−10.796
−5.5434
6.2237E−06
5.6476E−06
6.2702E−06
5.7002E−02
7.2196E−18
1.6426E−05
3.4543E−06
1.8580E−18
2.2462E−05
7.3452E−06
6.5037E−06
2.0774E−18
2
2
2
1
6
2
2
6
2
2
2
6
178.45
186.48
196.29
181.15
217.35
189.15
167.15
234.18
200
204.81
242
292.81
2.7851E+00
1.3904E+00
7.5235E−01
2.2648E−02
1.5111E+00
3.3536E−02
3.2662E−03
7.3422E+01
6.0339E−02
3.9036E−01
6.9667E+00
3.5899E+01
508.2
535.5
561.08
553
587.05
571.4
573
560.95
567
576
653
709.5
4.7091E+06
4.1201E+06
3.7062E+06
3.8413E+06
3.3120E+06
3.2659E+06
3.3213E+06
3.6993E+06
3.3424E+06
3.0606E+06
4.0126E+06
3.8451E+06
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
n-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Benzoic acid
Acetic anhydride
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C7H6O2
C4H6O3
64186
64197
79094
107926
79312
65850
108247
50.323
53.27
54.552
93.815
110.38
88.513
100.95
−5378.2
−6304.5
−7149.4
−9942.2
−10540
−11829
−8873.2
−4.203
−4.2985
−4.2769
−9.8019
−12.262
−8.6826
−11.451
3.4697E−06
8.8865E−18
1.1843E−18
9.3124E−18
1.4310E−17
2.3248E−19
6.1316E−06
2
6
6
6
6
6
2
281.45
289.81
252.45
267.95
227.15
395.45
200.15
2.4024E+03
1.2769E+03
1.3142E+01
6.7754E+00
7.8244E−02
7.9550E+02
2.1999E−02
588
591.95
600.81
615.7
605
751
606
5.8074E+06
5.7390E+06
4.6080E+06
4.0705E+06
3.6834E+06
4.4691E+06
3.9702E+06
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Methyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Ethyl formate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl propionate
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
107313
79209
554121
623427
109944
141786
105373
77.184
61.267
70.717
71.87
73.833
66.824
105.64
−5606.1
−5618.6
−6439.7
−6885.7
−5817
−6227.6
−8007
−8.392
−5.6473
−6.9845
−7.0944
−7.809
−6.41
−12.477
7.8468E−06
2.1080E−17
2.0129E−17
1.4903E−17
6.3200E−06
1.7914E−17
9.0000E−06
2
6
6
6
2
6
2
174.15
175.15
185.65
187.35
193.55
189.6
199.25
6.8808E+00
1.0170E+00
6.3409E−01
1.3435E−01
1.8119E+01
1.4318E+00
7.7988E−01
487.2
506.55
530.6
554.5
508.4
523.3
546
5.9829E+06
4.6948E+06
4.0278E+06
3.4797E+06
4.7080E+06
3.8502E+06
3.3365E+06
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Ethyl n-butyrate
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate
Vinyl acetate
C6H12O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H8O2
C9H10O2
C4H6O2
105544
110747
109604
123864
93583
93890
108054
57.661
104.08
115.16
71.34
82.976
53.024
57.406
−6346.5
−7535.9
−8433.9
−7285.8
−9226.1
−7676.8
−5702.8
−5.032
−12.348
−13.934
−6.9459
−8.4427
−4.1593
−5.0307
8.2534E−18
9.6020E−06
1.0346E−05
9.9895E−18
5.9115E−18
1.6850E−18
1.1042E−17
6
2
2
6
6
6
6
175.15
180.25
178.15
199.65
260.75
238.45
180.35
1.0390E−02
2.1101E−01
1.7113E−02
1.4347E−01
1.8653E+00
1.4385E−01
7.0586E−01
571
538
549.73
579.15
693
698
519.13
2.9352E+06
4.0310E+06
3.3657E+06
3.1097E+06
3.5896E+06
3.2190E+06
3.9298E+06
156
157
158
159
160
161
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Ethylamine
Diethylamine
Triethylamine
CH5N
C2H7N
C3H9N
C2H7N
C4H11N
C6H15N
74895
124403
75503
75047
109897
121448
75.206
71.738
134.68
81.56
49.314
56.55
−5082.8
−5302
−6055.8
−5596.9
−4949
−5681.9
−8.0919
−7.3324
−19.415
−9.0779
−3.9256
−4.9815
8.1130E−06
6.4200E−17
2.8619E−02
8.7920E−06
9.1978E−18
1.2363E−17
2
6
1
2
6
6
179.69
180.96
156.08
192.15
223.35
158.45
1.7671E+02
7.5575E+01
9.9206E+00
1.5183E+02
3.7411E+02
1.0646E−02
430.05
437.2
433.25
456.15
496.6
535.15
7.4139E+06
5.2583E+06
4.1020E+06
5.5937E+06
3.6744E+06
3.0373E+06
162
163
164
165
166
n-Propylamine
di-n-Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Diisopropylamine
Aniline
C3H9N
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C6H7N
107108
142847
75310
108189
62533
58.398
54
136.66
462.84
66.287
−5312.7
−6018.5
−7201.5
−18227
−8207.1
−5.2876
−4.4981
−18.934
−73.734
−6.0132
1.9913E−06
9.9684E−18
2.2255E−02
9.2794E−02
2.8414E−18
2
6
1
1
6
188.36
210.15
177.95
176.85
267.13
1.3004E+01
3.6942E+00
7.7251E+00
4.4724E−03
7.1322E+00
496.95
550
471.85
523.1
699
4.7381E+06
3.1113E+06
4.5404E+06
3.1987E+06
5.3514E+06
Cmpd. no.
2-52
Name
Formula
167
168
N-Methylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
C7H9N
C8H11N
100618
121697
70.843
51.352
−8517.5
−7160
−6.7007
−4.0127
5.6411E−18
8.1481E−07
6
2
216.15
275.6
1.0207E−02
1.7940E+01
701.55
687.15
5.1935E+06
3.6262E+06
169
170
171
172
Ethylene oxide
Furan
Thiophene
Pyridine
C2H4O
C4H4O
C4H4S
C5H5N
75218
110009
110021
110861
91.944
74.738
89.171
82.154
−5293.4
−5417
−6860.3
−7211.3
−11.682
−8.0636
−10.104
−8.8646
1.4902E−02
7.4700E−06
7.4769E−06
5.2528E−06
1
2
2
2
160.65
187.55
234.94
231.51
7.7879E+00
5.0026E+01
1.8538E+02
2.0535E+01
469.15
490.15
579.35
619.95
7.2553E+06
5.5497E+06
5.7145E+06
5.6356E+06
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
Formamide
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Acetamide
N-Methylacetamide
Acetonitrile
Propionitrile
n-Butyronitrile
Benzonitrile
CH3NO
C3H7NO
C2H5NO
C3H7NO
C2H3N
C3H5N
C4H7N
C7H5N
75127
68122
60355
79163
75058
107120
109740
100470
100.3
82.762
125.81
79.128
58.302
82.699
66.32
55.463
−10763
−7955.5
−12376
−9523.9
−5385.6
−6703.5
−6714.9
−7430.8
−10.946
−8.8038
−14.589
−7.7355
−5.4954
−9.1506
−6.3087
−4.548
3.8503E−06
4.2431E−06
5.0824E−06
3.1616E−18
5.3634E−06
7.5424E−06
1.3516E−17
1.7501E−18
2
2
2
6
2
2
6
6
275.6
212.72
353.33
301.15
229.32
180.26
161.25
260.4
1.0350E+00
1.9532E−01
3.3637E+02
2.8618E+01
1.8694E+02
1.6936E−01
6.1777E−04
5.1063E+00
771
649.6
761
718
545.5
564.4
582.25
699.35
7.7514E+06
4.3653E+06
6.5688E+06
4.9973E+06
4.8517E+06
4.1906E+06
3.7870E+06
4.2075E+06
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
n-Propyl mercaptan
n-Butyl mercaptan
Isobutyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
CH4S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
74931
75081
107039
109795
513440
513531
75183
624895
352932
54.15
65.551
62.165
65.382
61.736
60.649
83.485
79.07
60.867
−4337.7
−5027.4
−5624
−6262.4
−5909.2
−5785.9
−5711.7
−6114.1
−5969.6
−4.8127
−6.6853
−5.8595
−6.2585
−5.7554
−5.6113
−9.4999
−8.631
−5.5979
4.5000E−17
6.3208E−06
2.0597E−17
1.4943E−17
1.5119E−17
1.5877E−17
9.8449E−06
6.5333E−06
1.4530E−17
6
2
6
6
6
6
2
2
6
150.18
125.26
159.95
157.46
128.31
133.02
174.88
167.23
169.2
3.1479E+00
1.1384E−03
6.5102E−02
2.3532E−03
4.7502E−06
3.3990E−05
7.9009E+00
2.2456E−01
4.3401E−02
469.95
499.15
536.6
570.1
559
554
503.04
533
557.15
7.2309E+06
5.4918E+06
4.6272E+06
3.9730E+06
4.0603E+06
4.0598E+06
5.5324E+06
4.2610E+06
3.9629E+06
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Fluoromethane
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Bromomethane
Fluoroethane
Chloroethane
Bromoethane
CH3F
CH3Cl
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3Br
C2H5F
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
593533
74873
67663
56235
74839
353366
75003
74964
59.123
64.697
146.43
78.441
72.586
56.639
70.159
62.217
−3043.7
−4048.1
−7792.3
−6128.1
−4698.6
−3576.5
−4786.7
−5113.3
−6.1845
−6.8066
−20.614
−8.5766
−7.9966
−5.5801
−7.5387
−5.9761
1.6637E−05
1.0371E−05
2.4578E−02
6.8465E−06
1.1553E−05
9.8969E−06
9.3370E−06
4.7174E−17
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
6
131.35
175.43
207.15
250.33
179.47
129.95
134.8
154.55
4.3287E+02
8.7091E+02
5.2512E+01
1.1225E+03
1.9544E+02
8.3714E+00
1.1658E−01
3.7155E−01
317.42
416.25
536.4
556.35
467
375.31
460.35
503.8
5.8754E+06
6.6905E+06
5.5543E+06
4.5436E+06
7.9972E+06
5.0060E+06
5.4578E+06
6.2903E+06
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C2H3Cl
C6H5F
C6H5Cl
C6H5Br
540545
75296
78999
78875
75014
462066
108907
108861
79.24
46.854
83.495
65.955
91.432
51.915
54.144
63.749
−5718.8
−4445.5
−6661.4
−6015.6
−5141.7
−5439
−6244.4
−7130.2
−8.789
−3.6533
−9.2386
−6.5509
−10.981
−4.2896
−4.5343
−5.879
8.4486E−06
1.3260E−17
6.7652E−06
4.3172E−06
1.4318E−05
8.7527E−18
4.7030E−18
5.2136E−18
2
6
2
2
2
6
6
6
150.35
155.97
200
172.71
119.36
230.94
227.95
242.43
6.9630E−02
9.0844E−01
4.5248E+00
8.2532E−02
1.9178E−02
1.5142E+02
8.4456E+00
7.8364E+00
503.15
489
560
572
432
560.09
632.35
670.15
4.5812E+06
4.5097E+06
4.2394E+06
4.2319E+06
5.7495E+06
4.5437E+06
4.5293E+06
4.5196E+06
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Air3
Hydrogen
Helium-44
Neon
Argon
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Hydrazine
Nitrous oxide
H2
He
Ne
Ar
F2
Cl2
Br2
O2
N2
NH3
N2H4
N2O
132259100
1333740
7440597
7440019
7440371
7782414
7782505
7726956
7782447
7727379
7664417
302012
10024972
21.662
12.69
11.533
29.755
42.127
42.393
71.334
108.26
51.245
58.282
90.483
76.858
96.512
−692.39
−94.896
−8.99
−271.06
−1093.1
−1103.3
−3855
−6592
−1200.2
−1084.1
−4669.7
−7245.2
−4045
−0.39208
1.1125
0.6724
−2.6081
−4.1425
−4.1203
−8.5171
−14.16
−6.4361
−8.3144
−11.607
−8.22
−12.277
4.7574E−03
3.2915E−04
2.7430E−01
5.2700E−04
5.7254E−05
5.7815E−05
1.2378E−02
1.6043E−02
2.8405E−02
4.4127E−02
1.7194E−02
6.1557E−03
2.8860E−05
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
59.15
13.95
1.76
24.56
83.78
53.48
172.12
265.85
54.36
63.15
195.41
274.69
182.3
5.6421E+03
7.2116E+03
1.4625E+03
4.3800E+04
6.8721E+04
2.5272E+02
1.3660E+03
5.8534E+03
1.4754E+02
1.2508E+04
6.1111E+03
4.0847E+02
8.6908E+04
132.45
33.19
5.2
44.4
150.86
144.12
417.15
584.15
154.58
126.2
405.65
653.15
309.57
3.7934E+06
1.3154E+06
2.2845E+05
2.6652E+06
4.8963E+06
5.1674E+06
7.7930E+06
1.0276E+07
5.0206E+06
3.3906E+06
1.1301E+07
1.4731E+07
7.2782E+06
2-53
TABLE 2-6
Cmpd. no.
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Concluded )
Name
Nitric oxide
Cyanogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide2
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Water
Formula
NO
C2N2
CO
CO2
CS2
HF
HCl
HBr
HCN
H2S
SO2
SO3
H2O
CAS no.
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Tmin, K
Ps at Tmin
Tmax, K
Ps at Tmax
10102439
460195
630080
124389
75150
7664393
7647010
10035106
74908
7783064
7446095
7446119
7732185
72.974
88.589
45.698
140.54
67.114
59.544
104.27
29.315
36.75
85.584
47.365
180.99
73.649
−2650
−5059.9
−1076.6
−4735
−4820.4
−4143.8
−3731.2
−2424.5
−3927.1
−3839.9
−4084.5
−12060
−7258.2
−8.261
−10.483
−4.8814
−21.268
−7.5303
−6.1764
−15.047
−1.1354
−2.1245
−11.199
−3.6469
−22.839
−7.3037
9.7000E−15
1.5403E−05
7.5673E−05
4.0909E−02
9.1695E−03
1.4161E−05
3.1340E−02
2.3806E−18
3.8948E−17
1.8848E−02
1.7990E−17
7.2350E−17
4.1653E−06
6
2
2
1
1
2
1
6
6
1
6
6
2
109.5
245.25
68.15
216.58
161.11
189.79
158.97
185.15
259.83
187.68
197.67
289.95
273.16
2.1956E+04
7.3385E+04
1.5430E+04
5.1867E+05
1.4944E+00
3.3683E+02
1.3522E+04
2.9501E+04
1.8687E+04
2.2873E+04
1.6743E+03
2.0934E+04
6.1056E+02
180.15
400.15
132.92
304.21
552
461.15
324.65
363.15
456.65
373.53
430.75
490.85
647.13
6.5156E+06
5.9438E+06
3.4940E+06
7.3896E+06
8.0408E+06
6.4872E+06
8.3564E+06
8.4627E+06
5.3527E+06
8.9988E+06
7.8596E+06
8.1919E+06
2.1940E+07
All substances are listed in alphabetical order in Table 2-6a.
Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical Property Data, AIChE, New York, NY; and from Thermodynamics Research Center, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Thermodynamics Research Center Hydrocarbon Project, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas (extant 1994).
Temperatures are in K; vapor pressures are in Pa.
Pa × 9.869233E−06 = atm; Pa × 1.450377E−04 = psia; vapor pressure = exp [C1 + (C2/T) + C3 × ln (T) + C4 × T C5 ].
1
Decomposes violently on heating. Forms explosive peroxides with air or oxygen. Polymerizes under pressure and heat.
2
Coefficients are hypothetical above the decomposition temperature.
3
At the bubble point.
4
Exhibits superfluid properties below 2.2 K.
2-54
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
2-55
TABLE 2-6a Alphabetical Index to Substances in Tables 2-6, 2-30, 2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, and 2-221
Name
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acetylene
Air
Ammonia
Aniline
Anisole
Argon
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Benzonitrile
Biphenyl
Bromine
Bromobenzene
Bromoethane
Bromomethane
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
n-Butane
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
n-Butyl acetate
n-Butyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan
Butyraldehyde
n-Butyric acid
n-Butyronitrile
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Cumene
Cyanogen
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexene
Cyclopentane
Cyclopentene
p-Cymene
1-Decanal
n-Decane
1-Decene
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Diethylamine
Diethyl ether
Diethyl sulfide
Diisopropylamine
Diisopropyl ketone
Dimethylacetylene
Dimethylamine
N,N-Dimethylaniline
2,3-Dimethylbutane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Dimethyl ether
Synonym
Ethanal
Ethanoic acid
2-Propanone
Methyl cyanide
Methyl phenyl ketone
Methyl phenyl ether
Phenyl cyanide
1,1′-Biphenyl
Ethyl bromide
Methyl bromide
sec-Butyl alcohol
Z-2-Butene
E-2-Butene
1-Butanethiol
2-Butanethiol
Butanal
Propyl cyanide
Tetrachloromethane
Ethyl chloride
Trichloromethane
Methyl chloride
Propyl chloride
Isopropyl chloride
2-Methylphenol
3-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
Isopropylbenzene
Cyclohexyl alcohol
Cyclohexyl ketone
p-Isopropyltoluene
Ethyl ether
Ethyl sulfide
2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone
2-Butyne
N,N-Dimethylbenzamine
Diisopropyl
Methyl ether
Cmpd. no.
Formula
114
175
136
141
123
177
134
45
206
216
166
111
210
C2H4O
C2H5NO
C2H4O2
C4H6O3
C3H6O
C2H3N
C8H8O
C2H2
NH3
C6H7N
C7H8O
Ar
67
140
180
79
213
205
197
194
42
43
4
85
86
30
31
32
152
184
186
116
138
179
C6H6
C7H6O2
C7H5N
C12H10
Br2
C6H5Br
C2H5Br
CH3Br
C4H6
C4H6
C4H10
C4H10O
C4H10O
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C6H12O2
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H8O
C4H8O2
C4H7N
222
223
221
193
212
204
196
192
191
198
199
98
99
100
75
220
60
94
133
66
57
64
77
CO2
CS2
CO
CCl4
Cl2
C6H5Cl
C2H5Cl
CHCl3
CH3Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C9H12
C2N2
C6H12
C6H12O
C6H10O
C6H10
C5H10
C5H8
C10H14
122
10
38
200
201
160
108
189
165
132
47
157
168
23
62
101
C10H20O
C10H22
C10H20
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C4H11N
C4H10O
C4H10S
C6H15N
C7H14O
C4H6
C2H7N
C8H11N
C6H14
C8H16
C2H6O
Name
Synonym
1-Hexene
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
3-Hexyne
Hydrazine
Hydrogen
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Cmpd. no.
Formula
34
51
52
53
217
207
226
225
227
224
228
C6H12
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
N2H4
H2
HBr
HCl
HCN
HF
H2S
Isobutyl mercaptan
Isobutyric acid
Isooctane
Isoprene
Isopropylamine
2-Methyl-1-propanethiol
2-Methylpropanoic acid
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
185
139
27
44
164
C4H10S
C4H8O2
C8H18
C5H8
C3H9N
Mesitylene
Methane
Methanol
N-Methylacetamide
Methyl acetate
Methylacetylene
Methylamine
N-Methylaniline
Methyl benzoate
2-Methylbutane
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
Methyl butyl ether
3-Methyl-1-butyne
Methyl butyrate
Methylcyclohexane
Methylcyclopentane
1-Methylcyclopentene
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Methyl formate
Methyl isobutyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ketone
Methyl mercaptan
2-Methylpentane
3-Methyl-2-pentanone
2-Methylpropane
2-Methyl-2-propanol
2-Methylpropene
Methyl propionate
Methyl propyl ether
Methyl tert-butyl ether
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
76
1
82
176
143
46
156
167
153
22
90
91
40
41
105
48
145
61
58
65
102
124
188
142
106
128
104
126
181
24
129
21
88
39
144
103
107
C9H12
CH4
CH4O
C3H7NO
C3H6O2
C3H4
CH5N
C7H9N
C8H8O2
C5H12
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H10
C5H10
C5H12O
C5H8
C5H10O2
C7H14
C6H12
C6H10
C3H8O
C4H8O
C3H8S
C2H4O2
C5H12O
C6H12O
C4H10O
C5H10O
CH4S
C6H14
C6H12O
C4H10
C4H10O
C4H8
C4H8O2
C4H10O
C5H12O
78
209
219
215
218
19
121
9
37
C10H8
Ne
NO
N2
N2O
C19H40
C9H18O
C9H20
C9H18
18
120
8
36
55
214
C18H38
C8H16O
C8H18
C8H16
C8H14
O2
15
117
5
89
C15H32
C5H10O
C5H12
C5H12O
Naphthalene
Neon
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
n-Nonadecane
1-Nonanal
n-Nonane
1-Nonene
n-Octadecane
1-Octanal
n-Octane
1-Octene
1-Octyne
Oxygen
n-Pentadecane
1-Pentanal
n-Pentane
1-Pentanol
Methyl alcohol
Isopentane
Isoamyl alcohol
Amylene
2-Butanone
2-Thiabutane
Methanethiol
Isohexane
Methyl sec-butyl ketone
Isobutane
tert-Butyl alcohol
Isobutene
n-Nonaldehyde
n-Octaldehyde
Valeraldehyde
n-Amyl alcohol
2-56
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-6a Alphabetical Index to Substances in Tables 2-6, 2-30, 2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, and 2-221 (Concluded )
Name
N,N-Dimethylformamide
2,3-Dimethylpentane
Dimethyl sulfide
Diphenyl ether
n-Dodecane
n-Eicosane
Ethane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethylamine
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl benzoate
Ethyl butyrate
Ethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclopentane
Ethylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Ethyl formate
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Ethyl mercaptan
Ethyl propionate
Ethyl propyl ether
Fluorine
Fluorobenzene
Fluoroethane
Fluoromethane
Formaldehyde
Formamide
Formic acid
Furan
Helium-4
n-Heptadecane
1-Heptanal
n-Heptane
1-Heptanol
1-Heptene
1-Heptyne
n-Hexadecane
1-Hexanal
n-Hexane
1-Hexanol
2-Hexanone
Synonym
Methyl sulfide
Ethyl alcohol
Phenylethane
1,2-Ethanediol
1,2-Epoxyethane
Ethanethiol
Ethyl fluoride
Methyl fluoride
Methanal
Methanoic acid
n-Heptaldehyde
n-Heptyl alcohol
Caproaldehyde
n-Hexyl alcohol
Methyl n-butyl ketone
Cmpd. no.
Formula
174
25
187
112
12
C3H7NO
C7H16
C2H6S
C12H10O
C12H26
20
2
83
147
159
72
154
149
63
59
28
95
169
146
110
131
182
148
109
C20H42
C2H6
C2H6O
C4H8O2
C2H7N
C8H10
C9H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H16
C7H14
C2H4
C2H6O2
C2H4O
C3H6O2
C5H12O
C6H12O
C2H6S
C5H10O2
C5H12O
211
203
195
190
113
173
135
170
F2
C6H5F
C2H5F
CH3F
CH2O
CH3NO
CH2O2
C4H4O
208
17
119
7
93
35
54
16
118
6
92
127
He
C17H36
C7H14O
C7H16
C7H16O
C7H14
C7H12
C16H34
C6H12O
C6H14
C6H14O
C6H12O
Name
Synonym
Cmpd. no.
Formula
Methyl n-propyl ketone
Diethyl ketone
125
130
33
49
50
97
115
3
84
87
137
178
151
162
163
73
29
96
150
183
172
C5H10O
C5H10O
C5H10
C5H8
C5H8
C6H6O
C3H6O
C3H8
C3H8O
C3H8O
C3H6O2
C3H5N
C5H10O2
C3H9N
C6H15N
C9H12
C3H6
C3H8O2
C4H8O2
C3H8S
C5H5N
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
80
229
230
C8H8
SO2
SO3
m-Terphenyl
n-Tetradecane
Thiophene
Toluene
n-Tridecane
Triethylamine
Trimethylamine
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
81
14
171
68
13
161
158
74
26
C18H14
C14H30
C4H4S
C7H8
C13H28
C6H15N
C3H9N
C9H12
C8H18
11
C11H24
Vinyl acetate
Vinylacetylene
Vinyl chloride
155
56
202
C4H6O2
C4H4
C2H3Cl
Water
231
H2O
69
70
71
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
2-Pentanone
3-Pentanone
1-Pentene
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
Phenol
1-Propanal
n-Propane
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
n-Propionic acid
n-Propionitrile
n-Propyl acetate
n-Propylamine
di-n-Propylamine
n-Propylbenzene
Propylene
1,2-Propylene glycol
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl mercaptan
Pyridine
Propionaldehyde
n-Propyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
Ethyl cyanide
1,2-Propanediol
Propanethiol
n-Undecane
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
1,2-Dimethylbenzene
1,3-Dimethylbenzene
1,4-Dimethylbenzene
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-7
2-57
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm*
Compound
Pressure, mm Hg
1
Name
Aluminum
borohydride
bromide
chloride
fluoride
iodide
oxide
Ammonia
heavy
Ammonium bromide
carbamate
chloride
cyanide
hydrogen sulfide
iodide
Antimony
tribromide
trichloride
pentachloride
triiodide
trioxide
Argon
Arsenic
Arsenic tribromide
trichloride
trifluoride
pentafluoride
trioxide
Arsine
Barium
Beryllium borohydride
bromide
chloride
iodide
Bismuth
tribromide
trichloride
Diborane hydrobromide
Borine carbonyl
triamine
Boron hydrides
dihydrodecaborane
dihydrodiborane
dihydropentaborane
tetrahydropentaborane
tetrahydrotetraborane
Boron tribromide
trichloride
trifluoride
Bromine
pentafluoride
Cadmium
chloride
fluoride
iodide
oxide
Calcium
Carbon (graphite)
dioxide
disulfide
monoxide
oxyselenide
oxysulfide
selenosulfide
subsulfide
tetrabromide
tetrachloride
tetrafluoride
Cesium
bromide
chloride
fluoride
iodide
5
10
20
Al
Al(BH4)3
AlBr3
Al2Cl6
AlF3
AlI3
Al2O3
NH3
ND3
NH4Br
N2H6CO2
NH4Cl
NH4CN
NH4HS
NH4I
Sb
SbBr3
SbCl3
SbCl5
SbI3
Sb4O6
A
As
AsBr3
AsCl3
AsF3
AsF5
As2O3
AsH3
Ba
Be(BH4)2
BeBr2
BeCl2
BeI2
Bi
BiBr3
BiCl3
B2H5Br
BH3CO
B3N3H6
B10H14
B2H6
B5H9
B5H11
B4H10
BBr3
BCl3
BF3
Br2
BrF5
Cd
CdCl2
CdF2
CdI2
CdO
Ca
C
CO2
CS2
CO
COSe
COS
CSeS
C3S2
CBr4
CCl4
CF4
Cs
CsBr
CsCl
CsF
CsI
40
60
100
200
400
760
Melting
point,
°C
1749
−3.9
176.1
152.0
1422
294.5
2665
−68.4
−67.4
320.0
26.7
271.5
−0.5
0.0
331.8
1223
203.5
143.3
114.1
303.5
957
−200.5
518
145.2
70.9
13.2
−84.3
332.5
−98.0
1301
58.6
405
411
411
1271
360
343
−29.0
−95.3
+4.0
1844
+11.2
199.8
161.8
1457
322.0
2766
−57.0
−57.0
345.3
37.2
293.2
+9.6
+10.5
355.8
1288
225.7
165.9
1947
28.1
227.0
171.6
1496
354.0
2874
−45.4
−45.4
370.8
48.0
316.5
20.5
21.8
381.0
1364
250.2
192.2
2056
45.9
256.3
180.2
1537
385.5
2977
−33.6
−33.4
396.0
58.3
337.8
31.7
33.3
404.9
1440
275.0
219.0
660
−64.
97.
192.4
1040
333.8
1085
−195.6
548
167.7
89.2
26.7
−75.5
370.0
−87.2
1403
69.0
427
435
435
1319
392
372
−15.4
−85.5
18.5
368.5
1242
−190.6
579
193.6
109.7
41.4
−64.0
412.2
−75.2
1518
79.7
451
461
461
1370
425
405
0.0
−74.8
34.3
401.0
1425
−185.6
610
220.0
130.4
56.3
−52.8
457.2
−62.1
1638
90.0
474
487
487
1420
461
441
+16.3
−64.0
50.6
142.3
−120.9
+9.6
20.1
−28.1
33.5
−32.4
−123.0
+9.3
−4.5
611
797
1486
640
1341
1207
4373
−100.2
−5.1
−205.7
−61.7
−85.9
28.3
109.9
119.7
23.0
−150.7
509
1072
1069
1025
1055
163.8
−111.2
24.6
34.8
−14.0
50.3
−18.9
−115.9
24.3
+9.9
658
847
1561
688
1409
1288
4516
−93.0
+10.4
−201.3
−49.8
−75.0
45.7
130.8
139.7
38.3
−143.6
561
1140
1139
1092
1124
−99.6
40.8
51.2
+0.8
70.0
−3.6
−108.3
41.0
25.7
711
908
1651
742
1484
1388
4660
−85.7
28.0
−196.3
−35.6
−62.7
65.2
−86.5
58.1
67.0
16.1
91.7
+12.7
−100.7
58.2
40.4
765
967
1751
796
1559
1487
4827
−78.2
46.5
−191.3
−21.9
−49.9
85.6
163.5
57.8
−135.5
624
1221
1217
1170
1200
189.5
76.7
−127.7
690
1300
1300
1251
1280
Temperature, °C
Formula
1284
81.3
100.0
1238
178.0
2148
−109.1
1421
−52.2
103.8
116.4
1298
207.7
2306
−97.5
1487
−42.9
118.0
123.8
1324
225.8
2385
−91.9
1555
−32.5
134.0
131.8
1350
244.2
2465
−85.8
1635
−20.9
150.6
139.9
1378
265.0
2549
−79.2
198.3
−26.1
160.4
−50.6
−51.1
210.9
886
93.9
49.2
22.7
163.6
574
−218.2
372
41.8
−11.4
234.5
−10.4
193.8
−35.7
−36.0
247.0
984
126.0
71.4
48.6
203.8
626
−213.9
416
70.6
+11.7
252.0
−2.9
209.8
−28.6
−28.7
263.5
1033
142.7
85.2
61.8
223.5
666
−210.9
437
85.2
+23.5
270.6
+5.3
226.1
−20.9
−20.8
282.8
1084
158.3
100.6
75.8
244.8
729
−207.9
459
101.3
36.0
−117.9
212.5
−142.6
−108.0
242.6
−130.8
984
19.8
325
328
322
1099
261
242
−75.3
−127.3
−45.0
−103.1
259.7
−124.7
1049
28.1
342
346
341
1136
282
264
−66.3
−121.1
−35.3
−98.0
279.2
−117.7
1120
36.8
361
365
361
1177
305
287
−56.4
−114.1
−25.0
290.0
14.0
245.0
−12.6
−12.3
302.8
1141
177.4
117.8
91.0
267.8
812
−204.9
483
118.7
50.0
−2.5
−92.4
299.2
−110.2
1195
46.2
379
384
382
1217
327
311
−45.4
−106.6
−13.2
1684
−13.4
161.7
145.4
1398
277.8
2599
−74.3
−74.0
303.8
19.6
256.2
−7.4
−7.0
316.0
1176
188.1
128.3
101.0
282.5
873
−202.9
498
130.0
58.7
+4.2
−88.5
310.3
−104.8
1240
51.7
390
395
394
1240
340
324
−38.2
−101.9
−5.8
3586
−134.3
−73.8
−222.0
−117.1
−132.4
−47.3
14.0
80.8
−149.5
−40.4
−29.9
−73.1
−20.4
−75.2
−145.4
−32.8
−51.0
455
618
1231
481
1100
926
3828
−124.4
−54.3
−217.2
−102.3
−119.8
−26.5
41.2
90.2
−144.3
−30.7
−19.9
−64.3
−10.1
−66.9
−141.3
−25.0
−41.9
484
656
1286
512
1149
983
3946
−119.5
−44.7
−215.0
−95.0
−113.3
−16.0
54.9
100.0
−138.5
−20.0
−9.2
−54.8
+1.5
−57.9
−136.4
−16.8
−32.0
516
695
1344
546
1200
1046
4069
−114.4
−34.3
−212.8
−86.3
−106.0
−4.4
69.3
−50.0
−184.6
279
748
744
712
738
−30.0
−174.1
341
838
837
798
828
−19.6
−169.3
375
887
884
844
873
−8.2
−164.3
409
938
934
893
923
117.4
−131.6
−8.0
+2.7
−44.3
14.0
−47.8
−131.0
−8.0
−21.0
553
736
1400
584
1257
1111
4196
−108.6
−22.5
−210.0
−76.4
−98.3
+8.6
85.6
96.3
+4.3
−158.8
449
993
989
947
976
127.8
−127.2
−0.4
10.2
−37.4
22.1
−41.2
−127.6
−0.6
−14.0
578
762
1436
608
1295
1152
4273
−104.8
−15.3
−208.1
−70.2
−93.0
17.0
96.0
106.3
12.3
−155.4
474
1026
1023
980
1009
+1.0
289
291
283
1021
−93.3
−139.2
−63.0
60.0
−159.7
−50.2
−90.9
−41.4
−91.5
−154.6
−48.7
−69.3
394
1112
416
1000
*Compiled from the extended tables published by D. R. Stull in Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517 (1947).
2050
−77.7
−74.0
520
36
630.5
96.6
73.4
2.8
167
656
−189.2
814
−18
−5.9
−79.8
312.8
−116.3
850
123
490
405
488
271
218
230
−104.2
−137.0
−58.2
99.6
−169
−47.0
−119.9
−45
−107
−126.8
−7.3
−61.4
320.9
568
520
385
851
−57.5
−110.8
−205.0
−138.8
−75.2
+0.4
90.1
−22.6
−183.7
28.5
636
646
683
621
2-58
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-7
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Compound
Name
Chlorine
fluoride
trifluoride
monoxide
dioxide
heptoxide
Chlorosulfonic acid
Chromium
carbonyl
oxychloride
Cobalt chloride
nitrosyl tricarbonyl
Columbium fluoride
Copper
Cuprous bromide
chloride
iodide
Cyanogen
bromide
chloride
fluoride
Deuterium cyanide
Fluorine
oxide
Germanium bromide
chloride
hydride
Trichlorogermane
Tetramethylgermane
Digermane
Trigermane
Gold
Helium
para-Hydrogen
Hydrogen bromide
chloride
cyanide
fluoride
iodide
oxide (water)
sulfide
disulfide
selenide
telluride
Iodine
heptafluoride
Iron
pentacarbonyl
Ferric chloride
Ferrous chloride
Krypton
Lead
bromide
chloride
fluoride
iodide
oxide
sulfide
Lithium
bromide
chloride
fluoride
iodide
Magnesium
chloride
Manganese
chloride
Mercury
Mercuric bromide
chloride
iodide
Molybdenum
hexafluoride
oxide
Pressure, mm Hg
1
5
10
20
−118.0
−98.5
−106.7
−143.4
−80.4
−81.6
−45.3
32.0
1616
36.0
−18.4
−23.8
53.5
1768
58.0
+3.2
−101.6
−139.0
−71.8
−73.1
−59.0
−13.2
64.0
1845
68.3
13.8
−93.3
−134.3
−62.3
−64.3
−51.2
−2.1
75.3
1928
79.5
25.7
86.3
1879
718
702
656
−76.8
−10.0
−53.8
−118.5
−46.7
−214.1
−182.3
56.8
−15.0
−145.3
−13.0
−45.2
−60.1
−0.9
2154
−271.3
−261.3
−121.8
−135.6
−47.7
−65.8
−102.3
11.2
−116.3
−15.2
−97.9
−75.4
73.2
−63.0
2039
+4.6
235.5
700
−187.2
1162
610
648
904
571
1085
975
881
888
932
1211
841
743
930
1505
778
184.0
179.8
180.2
204.5
3535
−40.8
814
−1.3
103.0
1970
777
766
716
−70.1
−1.0
−46.1
−112.8
−38.8
−211.0
−177.8
71.8
−4.1
−139.2
−3.0
−35.0
−49.9
+11.8
2256
−271.1
−260.4
−115.4
−130.0
−39.7
−56.0
−94.5
22.1
−109.7
−5.1
−91.8
−67.8
84.7
−54.5
2128
16.7
246.0
737
−182.9
1234
646
684
950
605
1134
1005
940
939
987
1270
883
789
988
1583
825
204.6
194.3
195.8
220.0
3690
−32.0
851
60
100
200
400
760
Melting
point,
°C
−71.7
−120.8
−34.7
−39.4
−29.4
29.1
105.3
2139
108.0
58.0
843
29.0
148.5
2207
951
960
907
−51.8
22.6
−24.9
−97.0
−17.5
−202.7
−165.8
113.2
27.5
−120.3
26.5
−6.3
−20.3
47.9
2521
−270.3
−257.9
−97.7
−114.0
−17.8
−28.2
−72.1
51.6
−91.6
22.0
−74.2
−45.7
116.5
−31.9
2360
50.3
272.5
842
−171.8
1421
745
784
1080
701
1265
1108
1097
1076
1129
1425
993
909
1142
1792
960
261.7
237.8
237.0
261.8
4109
−8.0
955
−60.2
−114.4
−20.7
−26.5
−17.8
44.6
120.0
2243
121.8
75.2
904
44.4
172.2
2325
1052
1077
1018
−42.6
33.8
−14.1
−89.2
−5.4
−198.3
−159.0
135.4
44.4
−111.2
41.6
+8.8
−4.7
67.0
2657
−269.8
−256.3
−88.1
−105.2
−5.3
−13.2
−60.3
66.5
−82.3
35.3
−65.2
−32.4
137.3
−20.7
2475
68.0
285.0
897
−165.9
1519
796
833
1144
750
1330
1160
1178
1147
1203
1503
1049
967
1223
1900
1028
290.7
262.7
256.5
291.0
4322
+4.1
1014
−47.3
−107.0
−4.9
−12.5
−4.0
62.2
136.1
2361
137.2
95.2
974
62.0
198.0
2465
1189
1249
1158
−33.0
46.0
−2.3
−80.5
+10.0
−193.2
−151.9
161.6
63.8
−100.2
58.3
26.0
+13.3
88.6
2807
−269.3
−254.5
−78.0
−95.3
+10.2
+2.5
−48.3
83.0
−71.8
49.6
−53.6
−17.2
159.8
−8.3
2605
86.1
298.0
961
−159.0
1630
856
893
1219
807
1402
1221
1273
1226
1290
1591
1110
1034
1316
2029
1108
323.0
290.0
275.5
324.2
4553
17.2
1082
−33.8
−100.5
+11.5
+2.2
+11.1
78.8
151.0
2482
151.0
117.1
1050
80.0
225.0
2595
1355
1490
1336
−21.0
61.5
+13.1
−72.6
26.2
−187.9
−144.6
189.0
84.0
−88.9
75.0
44.0
31.5
110.8
2966
−268.6
−252.5
−66.5
−84.8
25.9
19.7
−35.1
100.0
−60.4
64.0
−41.1
−2.0
183.0
+4.0
2735
105.0
319.0
1026
−152.0
1744
914
954
1293
872
1472
1281
1372
1310
1382
1681
1171
1107
1418
2151
1190
357.0
319.0
304.0
354.0
4804
36.0
1151
−100.7
−145
−83
−116
−59
−91
−80
1615
Temperature, °C
Formula
Cl2
ClF
ClF3
Cl2O
ClO2
Cl2O7
HSO3Cl
Cr
Cr(CO)6
CrO2Cl2
CoCl2
Co(CO)3NO
CbF5
Cu
Cu2Br2
Cu2Cl2
Cu2I2
C2N2
CNBr
CNCl
CNF
DCN
F2
F2O
GeBr4
GeCl4
GeH4
GeHCl3
Ge(CH3)4
Ge2H6
Ge3H8
Au
He
H2
HBr
HCl
HCN
H2F2
HI
H2O
H2S
HSSH
H2Se
H2Te
I2
IF7
Fe
Fe(CO)5
Fe2Cl6
FeCl2
Kr
Pb
PbBr2
PbCl2
PbF2
PbI2
PbO
PbS
Li
LiBr
LiCl
LiF
LiI
Mg
MgCl2
Mn
MnCl2
Hg
HgBr2
HgCl2
HgI2
Mo
MoF6
MoO3
40
1628
572
546
−95.8
−35.7
−76.7
−134.4
−68.9
−223.0
−196.1
−45.0
−163.0
−41.3
−73.2
−88.7
−36.9
1869
−271.7
−263.3
−138.8
−150.8
−71.0
−123.3
−17.3
−134.3
−43.2
−115.3
−96.4
38.7
−87.0
1787
194.0
−199.3
973
513
547
479
943
852
723
748
783
1047
723
621
778
1292
126.2
136.5
136.2
157.5
3102
−65.5
734
1795
666
645
610
−83.2
−18.3
−61.4
−123.8
−54.0
−216.9
−186.6
43.3
−24.9
−151.0
−22.3
−54.6
−69.8
−12.8
2059
−271.5
−261.9
−127.4
−140.7
−55.3
−74.7
−109.6
+1.2
−122.4
−24.4
−103.4
−82.4
62.2
−70.7
1957
−6.5
221.8
−191.3
1099
578
615
861
540
1039
928
838
840
880
1156
802
702
877
1434
736
164.8
165.3
166.0
189.2
3393
−49.0
785
−84.5
−128.8
−51.3
−54.3
−42.8
+10.3
87.6
2013
91.2
38.5
770
+11.0
121.5
2067
844
838
786
−62.7
+8.6
−37.5
−106.4
−30.1
−207.7
−173.0
88.1
+8.0
−131.6
+8.8
−23.4
−38.2
26.3
2363
−270.7
−259.6
−108.3
−123.8
−30.9
−45.0
−85.6
34.0
−102.3
+6.0
−84.7
−59.1
97.5
−45.3
2224
30.3
256.8
779
−178.4
1309
686
725
1003
644
1189
1048
1003
994
1045
1333
927
838
1050
1666
879
228.8
211.5
212.5
238.2
3859
−22.1
892
−79.0
−125.3
−44.1
−48.0
−37.2
+18.2
95.2
2067
98.3
46.7
801
18.5
133.2
2127
887
886
836
−57.9
14.7
−32.1
−102.3
−24.7
−205.6
−170.0
98.8
16.2
−126.7
16.2
−16.2
−30.7
35.5
2431
−270.6
−258.9
−103.8
−119.6
−25.1
−37.9
−79.8
41.5
−97.9
12.8
−80.2
−53.7
105.4
−39.4
2283
39.1
263.7
805
−175.7
1358
711
750
1036
668
1222
1074
1042
1028
1081
1372
955
868
1088
1720
913
242.0
221.0
222.2
249.0
3964
−16.2
917
735
−11
75.5
1083
504
422
605
−34.4
58
−6.5
−12
−223
−223.9
26.1
−49.5
−165
−71.1
−88
−109
−105.6
1063
−259.1
−87.0
−114.3
−13.2
−83.7
−50.9
0.0
−85.5
−89.7
−64
−49.0
112.9
5.5
1535
−21
304
−156.7
327.5
373
501
855
402
890
1114
186
547
614
870
446
651
712
1260
650
−38.9
237
277
259
2622
17
795
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-7
2-59
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Compound
Name
Neon
Nickel
carbonyl
chloride
Nitrogen
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen pentoxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrosyl chloride
fluoride
Osmium tetroxide (yellow)
(white)
Oxygen
Ozone
Phosgene
Phosphorus (yellow)
(violet)
tribromide
trichloride
pentachloride
Phosphine
Phosphonium bromide
chloride
iodide
Phosphorus trioxide
pentoxide
oxychloride
thiobromide
thiochloride
Platinum
Potassium
bromide
chloride
fluoride
hydroxide
iodide
Radon
Rhenium heptoxide
Rubidium
bromide
chloride
fluoride
iodide
Selenium
dioxide
hexafluoride
oxychloride
tetrachloride
Silicon
dioxide
tetrachloride
tetrafluoride
Trichlorofluorosilane
Iodosilane
Diiodosilane
Disiloxan
Trisilane
Trisilazane
Tetrasilane
Octachlorotrisilane
Hexachlorodisiloxane
Hexachlorodisilane
Tribromosilane
Trichlorosilane
Trifluorosilane
Dibromosilane
Difluorosilane
Monobromosilane
Monochlorosilane
Monofluorosilane
Tribromofluorosilane
Dichlorodifluorosilane
Trifluorobromosilane
Pressure, mm Hg
1
5
10
20
40
−257.3
1810
−255.5
1979
−254.6
2057
−253.7
2143
671
−226.1
−184.5
−55.6
−36.8
−143.4
731
−221.3
−180.6
−42.7
−23.0
−133.4
759
−219.1
−178.2
−36.7
−16.7
−128.7
789
−216.8
−175.3
−30.4
−10.0
−124.0
−132.0
3.2
−5.6
−219.1
−180.4
−92.9
76.6
237
7.8
−51.6
55.5
−120.3
22.0
+15.6
−213.4
−168.6
−77.0
111.2
271
34.4
−31.5
74.0
−114.3
31.3
26.0
−210.6
−163.2
−69.3
128.0
287
47.8
−21.3
83.2
−107.8
41.0
37.4
−207.5
−157.2
−60.3
146.2
306
62.4
−10.2
92.5
−43.7
−91.0
−25.2
384
−28.5
−79.6
−9.0
39.7
424
50.0
−18.3
2730
341
795
821
885
719
745
−144.2
212.5
297
781
792
921
748
356
157.0
−118.6
34.8
74.0
1724
72.4
+4.6
3007
408
892
919
988
814
840
−132.4
237.5
358
876
887
982
839
413
187.7
−105.2
59.8
96.3
1835
−63.4
−144.0
−92.6
−44.1
−134.8
−76.4
−53.0
3.8
−95.8
−49.7
−49.9
−6.2
74.7
17.8
27.4
−8.0
−62.6
−142.7
−40.0
−136.0
−85.7
−104.3
−145.5
−25.4
−110.5
−21.2
−74.0
−1.1
53.0
442
2.0
83.6
16.1
3146
443
940
968
1039
863
887
−126.3
248.0
389
923
937
1016
884
442
202.5
−98.9
71.9
107.4
1888
1732
−34.4
−130.4
−68.3
−47.7
18.0
−88.2
−40.0
−40.4
+4.3
89.3
29.4
38.8
+3.4
−53.4
−138.2
−29.4
−130.4
−77.3
−97.7
−141.2
−15.1
−102.9
−13.3
−68.0
+7.3
67.8
462
13.6
95.5
29.0
3302
483
994
1020
1096
918
938
−119.2
261.0
422
975
990
1052
935
473
217.5
−92.3
84.2
118.1
1942
1798
−24.0
−125.9
−59.0
−33.4
34.1
−79.8
−29.0
−30.0
15.8
104.2
41.5
51.5
16.0
−43.8
−132.9
−18.0
−124.3
−68.3
−90.1
−136.3
−3.7
−94.5
−252.6
2234
−23.0
821
−214.0
−171.7
−23.9
−2.9
−118.3
−60.2
−100.3
51.7
50.5
−204.1
−150.7
−50.3
166.7
323
79.0
+2.3
102.5
−129.4
−5.0
−61.5
16.1
84.0
481
27.3
108.0
42.7
3469
524
1050
1078
1156
976
995
−111.3
272.0
459
1031
1047
1096
991
506
234.1
−84.7
98.0
130.1
2000
1867
−12.1
−120.8
−48.8
−21.8
52.6
−70.4
−16.9
−18.5
28.4
121.5
55.2
65.3
30.0
−32.9
−127.3
−5.2
−117.6
−57.8
−81.8
−130.8
+9.2
−85.0
100
200
400
760
Melting
point,
°C
−251.0
2364
−6.0
866
−209.7
−166.0
−14.7
7.4
−110.3
−46.3
−88.8
71.5
71.5
−198.8
−141.0
−35.6
197.3
349
103.6
21.0
117.0
−118.8
7.4
−52.0
29.3
108.3
510
47.4
126.3
63.8
3714
586
1137
1164
1245
1064
1080
−99.0
289.0
514
1114
1133
1168
1072
554
258.0
−73.9
118.0
147.5
2083
1969
+5.4
−113.3
−33.2
−4.4
79.4
−55.9
+1.6
−1.1
47.4
146.0
75.4
85.4
51.6
−16.4
−118.7
14.1
−107.3
−42.3
−68.5
−122.4
28.6
−70.3
−249.7
2473
+8.8
904
−205.6
−162.3
−5.0
15.6
−103.6
−34.0
−79.2
89.5
89.5
−194.0
−132.6
−22.3
222.7
370
125.2
37.6
131.3
−109.4
17.6
−44.0
39.9
129.0
532
65.0
141.8
82.0
3923
643
1212
1239
1323
1142
1152
−87.7
307.0
563
1186
1207
1239
1141
594
277.0
−64.8
134.6
161.0
2151
2053
21.0
−170.2
−19.3
+10.7
101.8
−43.5
17.8
+14.0
63.6
166.2
92.5
102.2
70.2
−1.8
−111.3
31.6
−98.3
−28.6
−57.0
−115.2
45.7
−58.0
−69.8
−248.1
2603
25.8
945
−200.9
−156.8
+8.0
24.4
−96.2
−20.3
−68.2
109.3
109.3
−188.8
−122.5
−7.6
251.0
391
149.7
56.9
147.2
−98.3
28.0
−35.4
51.6
150.3
556
84.3
157.8
102.3
4169
708
1297
1322
1411
1233
1238
−75.0
336.0
620
1267
1294
1322
1223
637
297.7
−55.2
151.7
176.4
2220
2141
38.4
−100.7
−4.0
27.9
125.5
−29.3
35.5
31.0
81.7
189.5
113.6
120.6
90.2
+14.5
−102.8
50.7
−87.6
−13.3
−44.5
−106.8
64.6
−45.0
−55.9
−246.0
2732
42.5
987
−195.8
−151.7
21.0
32.4
−85.5
−6.4
−56.0
130.0
130.0
−183.1
−111.1
+8.3
280.0
417
175.3
74.2
162.0
−87.5
38.3
−27.0
62.3
173.1
591
105.1
175.0
124.0
4407
774
1383
1407
1502
1327
1324
−61.8
362.4
679
1352
1381
1408
1304
680
317.0
−45.8
168.0
191.5
2287
2227
56.8
−94.8
+12.2
45.4
149.5
−15.4
53.1
48.7
100.0
211.4
135.6
139.0
111.8
31.8
−95.0
70.5
−77.8
+2.4
−30.4
−98.0
83.8
−31.8
−41.7
−248.7
1452
−25
1001
−210.0
−161
−9.3
30
−90.9
−64.5
−134
56
42
−218.7
−251
−104
44.1
590
−40
−111.8
Temperature, °C
Formula
Ne
Ni
Ni(CO)4
NiCl2
N2
NO
NO2
N2O5
N2O
NOCl
NOF
OsO4
OsO4
O2
O3
COCl2
P
P
PBr3
PCl3
PCl5
PH3
PH4Br
PH4Cl
PH4I
P4O6
P4O10
POCl3
PSBr3
PSCl3
Pt
K
KBr
KCl
KF
KOH
KI
Rn
Re2O7
Rb
RbBr
RbCl
RbF
RbI
Se
SeO2
SeF6
SeOCl2
SeCl4
Si
SiO2
SiCl4
SiF4
SiFCl3
SiH3I
SiH2I2
(SiH3)2O
Si3H8
(SiH3)3N
Si4H10
Si3Cl3
(SiCl3)2O
Si2Cl6
SiHBr3
SiHCl3
SiHF3
SiH2Br2
SiH2F2
SiH3Br
SiH3Cl
SiH3F
SiFBr3
SiF2Cl2
SiF3Br
60
−112.5
−68.9
−68.7
−27.7
46.3
−5.0
+4.0
−30.5
−80.7
−152.0
−60.9
−146.7
−117.8
−153.0
−46.1
−124.7
−251.9
2289
−15.9
840
−212.3
−168.9
−19.9
+1.8
−114.9
−54.2
−95.7
59.4
59.4
−201.9
−146.7
−44.0
179.8
334
89.8
10.2
108.3
−125.0
+0.3
−57.3
21.9
94.2
493
35.8
116.0
51.8
3574
550
1087
1115
1193
1013
1030
−106.2
280.0
482
1066
1084
1123
1026
527
244.6
−80.0
106.5
137.8
2036
1911
−4.8
−117.5
−42.2
−14.3
64.0
−64.2
−9.0
−11.0
36.6
132.0
63.8
73.9
39.2
−25.8
−123.7
+3.2
−113.3
−51.1
−76.0
−127.2
17.4
−78.6
−132.5
−28.5
22.5
569
2
38
−36.2
1755
62.3
730
790
880
380
723
−71
296
38.5
682
715
760
642
217
340
−34.7
8.5
1420
1710
−68.8
−90
−120.8
−57.0
−1.0
−144.2
−117.2
−105.7
−93.6
−33.2
−1.2
−73.5
−126.6
−131.4
−70.2
−93.9
−82.5
−139.7
−70.5
2-60
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-7
Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Concluded )
Compound
Pressure, mm Hg
Name
Formula
Trifluorochlorosilane
Hexafluorodisilane
Dichlorofluorobromosilane
Dibromochlorofluorosilane
Silane
Disilane
Silver
chloride
iodide
Sodium
bromide
chloride
cyanide
fluoride
hydroxide
iodide
Strontium
Strontium oxide
Sulfur
monochloride
hexafluoride
Sulfuryl chloride
Sulfur dioxide
trioxide (α)
trioxide (β)
trioxide (γ)
Tellurium
chloride
fluoride
Thallium
Thallous bromide
chloride
iodide
Thionyl bromide
Thionyl chloride
Tin
Stannic bromide
Stannous chloride
Stannic chloride
iodide
hydride
Tin tetramethyl
trimethyl-ethyl
trimethyl-propyl
Titanium chloride
Tungsten
Tungsten hexafluoride
Uranium hexafluoride
Vanadyl trichloride
Xenon
Zinc
chloride
fluoride
diethyl
Zirconium bromide
chloride
iodide
SiF3Cl
Si2F6
SiFCl2Br
SiFClBr2
SiH4
Si2H6
Ag
AgCl
AgI
Na
NaBr
NaCl
NaCN
NaF
NaOH
NaI
Sr
SrO
S
S2Cl2
SF6
SO2Cl2
SO2
SO3
SO3
SO3
Te
TeCl4
TeF6
Tl
TlBr
TlCl
TlI
SOBr2
SOCl2
Sn
SnBr4
SnCl2
SnCl4
SnI4
SnH4
Sn(CH3)4
Sn(CH3)3·C2H5
Sn(CH3)3·C3H7
TiCl4
W
WF6
UF6
VOCl3
Xe
Zn
ZnCl2
ZnF2
Zn(C2H5)2
ZrBr4
ZrCl4
ZrI4
1
5
10
20
40
−144.0
−81.0
−86.5
−65.2
−179.3
−114.8
1357
912
820
439
806
865
817
1077
739
767
−133.0
−68.8
−68.4
−45.5
−168.6
−99.3
1500
1019
927
511
903
967
928
1186
843
857
847
2198
223.0
+15.7
−120.6
−35.1
−83.0
−23.7
−19.2
−2.0
605
−127.0
−63.1
−59.0
−35.6
−163.0
−91.4
1575
1074
983
549
952
1017
983
1240
897
903
898
2262
243.8
27.5
−114.7
−24.8
−76.8
−16.5
−12.3
+4.3
650
233
−92.4
983
522
517
531
31.0
−21.9
1703
72.7
391
+10.0
175.8
−118.5
−20.6
+3.8
21.8
21.3
4507
−49.2
−13.8
12.2
−152.8
593
508
1086
+11.7
250
230
311
−120.5
−57.0
−48.8
−24.5
−156.9
−82.7
1658
1134
1045
589
1005
1072
1046
1300
953
952
953
2333
264.7
40.0
−108.4
−13.4
−69.7
−9.1
−4.9
11.1
697
253
−86.0
1040
559
550
567
44.1
−10.5
1777
88.1
420
22.0
196.2
−111.2
−9.3
16.1
34.0
34.2
4690
−41.5
−5.2
26.6
−147.1
632
536
1129
24.2
266
243
329
−112.8
−50.6
−37.0
−12.0
−150.3
−72.8
1743
1200
1111
633
1063
1131
1115
1363
1017
1005
1018
2410
288.3
54.1
−101.5
−1.0
−60.5
−1.0
+3.2
17.9
753
273
−78.4
1103
598
589
607
58.8
+2.2
1855
105.5
450
35.2
218.8
−102.3
+3.5
30.0
48.5
48.4
4886
−33.0
+4.4
40.0
−141.2
673
566
1175
38.0
281
259
344
100
200
400
760
Melting
point,
°C
−108.2
−46.7
−29.0
−4.7
−146.3
−66.4
1795
1242
1152
662
1099
1169
1156
1403
1057
1039
1057
−101.7
−41.7
−19.5
+6.3
−140.5
−57.5
1865
1297
1210
701
1148
1220
1214
1455
1111
1083
1111
−91.7
−34.2
−3.2
23.0
−131.6
−44.6
1971
1379
1297
758
1220
1296
1302
1531
1192
1150
1192
−81.0
−26.4
+15.4
43.0
−122.0
−29.0
2090
1467
1400
823
1304
1379
1401
1617
1286
1225
1285
−70.0
−18.9
35.4
59.5
−111.5
−14.3
2212
1564
1506
892
1392
1465
1497
1704
1378
1304
1384
305.5
63.2
−96.8
+7.2
−54.6
+4.0
8.0
21.4
789
287
−73.8
1143
621
612
631
68.3
10.4
1903
116.2
467
43.5
234.2
−96.6
11.7
38.4
57.5
58.0
5007
−27.5
10.4
49.8
−137.7
700
584
1207
47.2
289
268
355
327.2
75.3
−90.9
17.8
−46.9
10.5
14.3
28.0
838
304
−67.9
1196
653
645
663
80.6
21.4
1968
131.0
493
54.7
254.2
−89.2
22.8
50.0
69.8
71.0
5168
−20.3
18.2
62.5
−132.8
736
610
1254
59.1
301
279
369
359.7
93.5
−82.3
33.7
−35.4
20.5
23.7
35.8
910
330
−57.3
1274
703
694
712
99.0
37.9
2063
152.8
533
72.0
283.5
−78.0
39.8
67.3
88.0
90.5
5403
−10.0
30.0
82.0
−125.4
788
648
1329
77.0
318
295
389
399.6
115.4
−72.6
51.3
−23.0
32.6
32.6
44.0
997
360
−48.2
1364
759
748
763
119.2
56.5
2169
177.7
577
92.1
315.5
−65.2
58.5
87.6
109.6
112.7
5666
+1.2
42.7
103.5
−117.1
844
689
1417
97.3
337
312
409
444.6
138.0
−63.5
69.2
−10.0
44.8
44.8
51.6
1087
392
−38.6
1457
819
807
823
139.5
75.4
2270
204.7
623
113.0
348.0
−52.3
78.0
108.8
131.7
136.0
5927
17.3
55.7
127.2
−108.0
907
732
1497
118.0
357
331
431
−142
−18.6
−112.3
−99.3
−185
−132.6
960.5
455
552
97.5
755
800
564
992
318
651
800
2430
112.8
−80
−50.2
−54.1
−73.2
16.8
32.3
62.1
452
224
−37.8
3035
460
430
440
−52.2
−104.5
231.9
31.0
246.8
−30.2
144.5
−149.9
60
Temperature, °C
2068
183.8
−7.4
−132.7
−95.5
−39.0
−34.0
−15.3
520
−111.3
825
440
−6.7
−52.9
1492
316
−22.7
−140.0
−51.3
−30.0
−12.0
−13.9
3990
−71.4
−38.8
−23.2
−168.5
487
428
970
−22.4
207
190
264
−98.8
931
490
487
502
+18.4
−32.4
1634
58.3
366
−1.0
156.0
−125.8
−31.0
−7.6
+10.7
+9.4
4337
−56.5
−22.0
+0.2
−158.2
558
481
1055
0.0
237
217
297
−30
3370
−0.5
69.2
−111.6
419.4
365
872
−28
450
437
499
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-61
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm*
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
1
Name
Formula
Acenaphthalene
Acetal
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetanilide
Acetic acid
anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acetyl chloride
Acetylene
Acridine
Acrolein (2-propenal)
Acrylic acid
Adipic acid
Allene (propadiene)
Allyl alcohol (propen-1-ol-3)
chloride (3-chloropropene)
isopropyl ether
isothiocyanate
n-propyl ether
4-Allylveratrole
iso-Amyl acetate
n-Amyl alcohol
iso-Amyl alcohol
sec-Amyl alcohol (2-pentanol)
tert-Amyl alcohol
sec-Amylbenzene
iso-Amyl benzoate
bromide (1-bromo-3-methylbutane)
n-butyrate
formate
iodide (1-iodo-3-methylbutane)
isobutyrate
Amyl isopropionate
iso-Amyl isovalerate
n-Amyl levulinate
iso-Amyl levulinate
nitrate
4-tert-Amylphenol
Anethole
Angelonitrile
Aniline
2-Anilinoethanol
Anisaldehyde
o-Anisidine (2-methoxyaniline)
Anthracene
Anthraquinone
Azelaic acid
Azelaldehyde
Azobenzene
Benzal chloride (α,α-Dichlorotoluene)
Benzaldehyde
Benzanthrone
Benzene
Benzenesulfonylchloride
Benzil
Benzoic acid
anhydride
Benzoin
Benzonitrile
Benzophenone
Benzotrichloride (α,α,α-Trichlorotoluene)
Benzotrifluoride (α,α,α-Trifluorotoluene)
Benzoyl bromide
chloride
nitrile
Benzyl acetate
alcohol
C12H10
C6H14O2
C2H4O
C2H5NO
C8H9NO
C2H4O2
C4H6O3
C3H6O
C2H3N
C8H8O
C2H3OCl
C2H2
C13H9N
C3H4O
C3H4O2
C6H10O4
C3H4
C3H6O
C3H5Cl
C6H12O
C4H5NS
C6H12O
C11H14O2
C7H14O2
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C11H16
C12H16O2
C5H11Br
C9H18O2
C6H12O2
C5H11I
C9H18O2
C8H16O2
C10H20O2
C10H18O3
C10H18O3
C5H11NO3
C11H16O
C10H12O
C5H7N
C6H7N
C8H11NO
C8H8O2
C7H9NO
C14H10
C14H8O2
C9H16O4
C9H18O
C12H10N2
C7H6Cl2
C7H6O
C17H10O
C6H6
C6H5ClO2S
C14H10O2
C7H6O2
C14H10O3
C14H12O2
C7H5N
C13H10O
C7H5Cl3
C7H5F3
C7H5BrO
C7H5ClO
C8H5NO
C9H10O2
C7H8O
5
10
20
114.8
−2.3
−65.1
92.0
146.6
+6.3
24.8
−40.5
−26.6
64.0
−35.0
−133.0
165.8
−46.0
27.3
191.0
−108.0
+0.2
−52.0
−23.1
+25.3
−18.2
113.9
+23.7
34.7
30.9
22.1
+7.2
55.8
104.5
+2.1
47.1
+5.4
+21.9
40.1
33.7
54.4
110.0
104.0
28.8
109.8
91.6
+15.0
57.9
134.3
102.6
88.0
173.5
219.4
210.4
58.4
135.7
64.0
50.1
274.5
−19.6
96.5
165.2
119.5
180.0
170.2
55.3
141.7
73.7
−10.3
75.4
59.1
71.7
73.4
80.8
131.2
+8.0
−56.8
105.0
162.0
17.5
36.0
−31.1
−16.3
78.0
−27.6
−128.2
184.0
−36.7
39.0
205.5
−101.0
10.5
−42.9
−12.9
38.3
−7.9
127.0
35.2
44.9
40.8
32.2
17.2
69.2
121.6
13.6
59.9
17.1
34.1
52.8
46.3
68.6
124.0
118.8
40.3
125.5
106.0
28.0
69.4
149.6
117.8
101.7
187.2
234.2
225.5
71.6
151.5
78.7
62.0
297.2
−11.5
112.0
183.0
132.1
198.0
188.1
69.2
157.6
87.6
−0.4
89.8
73.0
85.5
87.6
92.6
148.7
19.6
−47.8
120.0
180.0
29.9
48.3
−20.8
−5.0
92.4
−19.6
−122.8
203.5
−26.3
52.0
222.0
−93.4
21.7
−32.8
−1.8
52.1
+3.7
142.8
47.8
55.8
51.7
42.6
27.9
83.8
139.7
26.1
74.0
30.0
47.6
66.6
60.0
83.8
139.7
134.4
53.5
142.3
121.8
41.0
82.0
165.7
133.5
116.1
201.9
248.3
242.4
85.0
168.3
94.3
75.0
322.5
−2.6
129.0
202.8
146.7
218.0
207.0
83.4
175.8
102.7
12.2
105.4
87.6
100.2
102.3
105.8
40
60
100
200
400
760
197.5
50.1
−22.6
158.0
227.2
63.0
82.2
+7.7
27.0
133.6
+3.2
−107.9
256.0
+2.5
86.1
265.0
−72.5
50.0
−4.5
29.0
89.5
35.8
183.7
83.2
85.8
80.7
70.7
55.3
124.1
186.8
60.4
113.1
65.4
84.4
104.4
97.6
125.1
180.5
177.0
88.6
189.0
164.2
77.5
119.9
209.5
176.7
155.2
250.0
285.0
286.5
123.0
216.0
138.3
112.5
390.0
26.1
174.5
255.8
186.2
270.4
258.0
123.5
224.4
144.3
45.3
147.7
128.0
141.0
144.0
141.7
222.1
66.3
−10.0
178.3
250.5
80.0
100.0
22.7
43.7
154.2
16.1
−100.3
284.0
17.5
103.3
287.8
−61.3
64.5
10.4
44.3
108.0
52.6
204.0
101.3
102.0
95.8
85.7
69.7
145.2
210.2
78.7
133.2
83.2
103.8
124.2
117.3
146.1
203.1
198.1
106.7
213.0
186.1
96.3
140.1
230.6
199.0
175.3
279.0
314.6
309.6
142.1
240.0
160.7
131.7
426.5
42.2
198.0
283.5
205.8
299.1
284.4
144.1
249.8
165.6
62.5
169.2
149.5
161.3
165.5
160.0
250.0
84.0
+4.9
200.0
277.0
99.0
119.8
39.5
62.5
178.0
32.0
−92.0
314.3
34.5
122.0
312.5
−48.5
80.2
27.5
61.7
129.8
71.4
226.2
121.5
119.8
113.7
102.3
85.7
168.0
235.8
99.4
155.3
102.7
125.8
146.0
138.4
169.5
227.4
222.7
126.5
239.5
210.5
117.7
161.9
254.5
223.0
197.3
310.2
346.2
332.8
163.4
266.1
187.0
154.1
277.5
102.2
20.2
222.0
303.8
118.1
139.6
56.5
81.8
202.4
50.8
−84.0
346.0
52.5
141.0
337.5
−35.0
96.6
44.6
79.5
150.7
90.5
248.0
142.0
137.8
130.6
119.7
101.7
193.0
262.0
120.4
178.6
123.3
148.2
168.8
160.2
194.0
253.2
247.9
147.5
266.0
235.3
140.0
184.4
279.6
248.0
218.5
342.0
379.9
356.5
185.0
293.0
214.0
179.0
60.6
224.0
314.3
227.0
328.8
313.5
166.7
276.8
189.2
82.0
193.7
172.8
185.0
189.0
183.0
80.1
251.5
347.0
249.2
360.0
343.0
190.6
305.4
213.5
102.2
218.5
197.2
208.0
213.5
204.7
Temperature, °C
−23.0
−81.5
65.0
114.0
−17.2
1.7
−59.4
−47.0
37.1
−50.0
−142.9
129.4
−64.5
+3.5
159.5
−120.6
−20.0
−70.0
−43.7
−2.0
−39.0
85.0
0.0
+13.6
+10.0
+1.5
−12.9
29.0
72.0
−20.4
21.2
−17.5
−2.5
14.8
+8.5
27.0
81.3
75.6
+5.2
62.6
−8.0
34.8
104.0
73.2
61.0
145.0
190.0
178.3
33.3
103.5
35.4
26.2
225.0
−36.7
65.9
128.4
96.0
143.8
135.6
28.2
108.2
45.8
−32.0
47.0
32.1
44.5
45.0
58.0
168.2
31.9
−37.8
135.8
199.6
43.0
62.1
−9.4
+7.7
109.4
−10.4
−116.7
224.2
−15.0
66.2
240.5
−85.2
33.4
−21.2
+10.9
67.4
16.4
158.3
62.1
68.0
63.4
54.1
38.8
100.0
158.3
39.8
90.0
44.0
62.3
81.8
75.5
100.6
155.8
151.7
67.6
160.3
139.3
55.8
96.7
183.7
150.5
132.0
217.5
264.3
260.0
100.2
187.9
112.1
90.1
350.0
+7.6
147.7
224.5
162.6
239.8
227.6
99.6
195.7
119.8
25.7
122.6
103.8
116.6
119.6
119.8
181.2
39.8
−31.4
145.8
211.8
51.7
70.8
−2.0
15.9
119.8
−4.5
−112.8
238.7
−7.5
75.0
251.0
−78.8
40.3
−14.1
18.7
76.2
25.0
169.6
71.0
75.5
71.0
61.5
46.0
110.4
171.4
48.7
99.8
53.3
71.9
91.7
85.2
110.3
165.2
162.6
76.3
172.6
149.8
65.2
106.0
194.0
161.7
142.1
231.8
273.3
271.8
110.0
199.8
123.4
99.6
368.8
15.4
158.2
238.2
172.8
252.7
241.7
109.8
208.2
130.0
34.0
133.4
114.7
127.0
129.8
129.3
Melting
point,
°C
95
−123.5
81
113.5
16.7
−73
−94.6
−41
20.5
−112.0
−81.5
110.5
−87.7
14
152
−136
−129
−136.4
−80
−117.2
−11.9
93
22.5
−6.2
2.5
5.2
217.5
286
106.5
68
−16.1
−26
174
+5.5
14.5
95
121.7
42
132
−12.9
48.5
−21.2
−29.3
0
−0.5
33.5
−51.5
−15.3
*Compiled from the extended tables published by D. R. Stull in Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517 (1947). For information on fuels see Hibbard, N.A.C.A. Research Mem.
E56I21, 1956. For methane see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
2-62
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
Benzylamine
Benzyl bromide (α-bromotoluene)
chloride (α-chlorotoluene)
cinnamate
Benzyldichlorosilane
Benzyl ethyl ether
phenyl ether
isothiocyanate
Biphenyl
1-Biphenyloxy-2,3-epoxypropane
d-Bornyl acetate
Bornyl n-butyrate
formate
isobutyrate
propionate
Brassidic acid
Bromoacetic acid
4-Bromoanisole
Bromobenzene
4-Bromobiphenyl
1-Bromo-2-butanol
1-Bromo-2-butanone
cis-1-Bromo-1-butene
trans-1-Bromo-1-butene
2-Bromo-1-butene
cis-2-Bromo-2-butene
trans-2-Bromo-2-butene
1,4-Bromochlorobenzene
1-Bromo-1-chloroethane
1-Bromo-2-chloroethane
2-Bromo-4,6-dichlorophenol
1-Bromo-4-ethyl benzene
(2-Bromoethyl)-benzene
2-Bromoethyl 2-chloroethyl ether
(2-Bromoethyl)-cyclohexane
1-Bromoethylene
Bromoform (tribromomethane)
1-Bromonaphthalene
2-Bromo-4-phenylphenol
3-Bromopyridine
2-Bromotoluene
3-Bromotoluene
4-Bromotoluene
3-Bromo-2,4,6-trichlorophenol
2-Bromo-1,4-xylene
1,2-Butadiene (methyl allene)
1,3-Butadiene
n-Butane
iso-Butane (2-methylpropane)
1,3-Butanediol
1,2,3-Butanetriol
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
3-Butenenitrile
iso-Butyl acetate
n-Butyl acrylate
alcohol
iso-Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol
iso-Butyl amine
n-Butylbenzene
iso-Butylbenzene
sec-Butylbenzene
tert-Butylbenzene
iso-Butyl benzoate
n-Butyl bromide (1-bromobutane)
iso-Butyl n-butyrate
carbamate
Butyl carbitol (diethylene glycol
butyl ether)
n-Butyl chloride (1-chlorobutane)
iso-Butyl chloride
1
5
10
20
29.0
32.2
22.0
173.8
45.3
26.0
95.4
79.5
70.6
135.3
46.9
74.0
47.0
70.0
64.6
209.6
54.7
48.8
+2.9
98.0
23.7
+6.2
−44.0
−38.4
−47.3
−39.0
−45.0
32.0
−36.0
−28.8
84.0
30.4
48.0
36.5
38.7
−95.4
70.0
54.8
59.6
47.8
206.3
70.2
52.0
127.7
107.8
101.8
169.9
75.7
103.4
74.8
99.8
93.7
241.7
81.6
77.8
27.8
133.7
45.4
30.0
−23.2
−17.0
−27.0
−17.9
−24.1
59.5
−18.0
−7.0
115.6
42.5
76.2
63.2
66.6
−77.8
22.0
117.5
135.4
42.0
49.7
50.8
47.5
146.2
65.0
−72.7
−87.6
−85.7
−94.1
67.5
132.0
−89.4
−81.1
−84.0
+2.9
+1.4
+23.5
+20.0
+11.6
+7.2
−3.0
−31.0
48.8
40.5
44.2
39.0
93.6
−11.2
30.0
83.7
95.7
67.7
73.4
60.8
221.5
83.2
65.0
144.0
121.8
117.0
187.2
90.2
118.0
89.3
114.0
108.0
256.0
94.1
91.9
40.0
150.6
55.8
41.8
−12.8
−6.4
−16.8
−7.2
−13.8
72.7
−9.4
+4.1
130.8
74.0
90.5
76.3
80.5
−68.8
34.0
133.6
152.3
55.2
62.3
64.0
61.1
163.2
78.8
−64.2
−79.7
−77.8
−86.4
85.3
146.0
−81.6
−73.4
−76.3
14.1
12.8
35.5
30.2
21.7
16.9
+5.5
−21.0
62.0
53.7
57.0
51.7
108.6
−0.3
42.2
96.4
107.8
81.8
88.3
75.0
239.3
96.7
79.6
160.7
137.0
134.2
205.8
106.0
133.8
104.0
130.0
123.7
272.9
108.2
107.8
53.8
169.8
67.2
54.2
−1.4
+5.4
−5.3
+4.6
−2.4
87.8
0.0
16.0
147.7
90.2
105.8
90.8
95.8
−58.8
48.0
150.2
171.8
69.1
76.0
78.1
75.2
181.8
94.0
−54.9
−71.0
−68.9
−77.9
100.0
161.0
−73.0
−64.6
−67.5
26.6
25.5
48.6
41.5
32.4
27.3
14.3
−10.3
76.3
67.8
70.6
65.6
124.2
+11.6
56.1
110.1
120.5
97.3
104.8
90.7
255.8
111.8
95.4
180.1
153.0
152.5
226.3
123.7
150.7
121.2
147.2
140.4
290.0
124.0
125.0
68.6
190.8
79.5
68.2
+11.5
18.4
+7.2
17.7
+10.5
103.8
+10.4
29.7
165.8
108.5
123.2
106.6
113.0
−48.1
63.6
170.2
193.8
84.1
91.0
93.9
91.8
200.5
110.6
−44.3
−61.3
−59.1
−68.4
117.4
178.0
−63.4
−54.7
−57.6
40.0
39.2
63.4
53.4
44.1
38.1
24.5
+1.3
92.4
83.3
86.2
80.8
141.8
24.8
71.7
125.3
135.5
C4H9Cl
C4H9Cl
−49.0
−53.8
−28.9
−34.3
−18.6
−24.5
−7.4
−13.8
+5.0
−1.9
60
100
200
400
760
107.3
115.6
100.5
267.0
121.3
105.5
192.6
163.8
165.2
239.7
135.7
161.8
131.7
157.6
151.2
301.5
133.8
136.0
78.1
204.5
87.0
77.3
19.8
27.2
15.4
26.2
18.7
114.8
17.0
38.0
177.6
121.0
133.8
116.4
123.7
−41.2
73.4
183.5
207.0
94.1
100.0
104.1
102.3
213.0
121.6
−37.5
−55.1
−52.8
−62.4
127.5
188.0
−57.2
−48.4
−51.3
48.8
48.0
72.6
60.3
51.7
45.2
31.0
8.8
102.6
93.3
96.0
90.6
152.0
33.4
81.3
134.6
146.0
120.0
129.8
114.2
281.5
133.5
118.9
209.2
177.7
180.7
255.0
149.8
176.4
145.8
172.2
165.7
316.2
146.3
150.1
90.8
221.8
97.6
89.2
30.8
38.1
26.3
37.5
29.9
128.0
28.0
49.5
193.2
135.5
148.2
129.8
138.0
−31.9
85.9
198.8
224.5
107.8
112.0
117.8
116.4
229.3
135.7
−28.3
−46.8
−44.2
−54.1
141.2
202.5
−48.9
−39.8
−42.7
60.2
59.7
85.1
70.1
61.5
54.1
39.8
18.8
116.2
107.0
109.5
103.8
166.4
44.7
94.0
147.2
159.8
140.0
150.8
134.0
303.8
152.0
139.6
233.2
198.0
204.2
280.4
172.0
198.0
166.4
194.2
187.5
336.8
165.8
172.7
110.1
248.2
112.1
107.0
47.8
55.7
42.8
54.5
46.5
149.5
44.7
66.8
216.5
156.5
169.8
150.0
160.0
−17.2
106.1
224.2
251.0
127.7
133.6
138.0
137.4
253.0
156.4
−14.2
−33.9
−31.2
−41.5
161.0
222.0
−36.2
−26.8
−29.7
78.0
77.6
104.0
84.3
75.9
67.9
52.7
32.0
136.9
127.2
128.8
123.7
188.2
62.0
113.9
165.7
181.2
161.3
175.2
155.8
326.7
173.0
161.5
259.8
220.4
229.4
309.8
197.5
222.2
190.2
218.2
211.2
359.6
186.7
197.5
132.3
277.7
128.3
126.3
66.8
75.0
61.9
74.0
66.0
172.6
63.4
86.0
242.0
182.0
194.0
172.3
186.2
−1.1
127.9
252.0
280.2
150.0
157.3
160.0
160.2
278.0
181.0
+1.8
−19.3
−16.3
−27.1
183.8
243.5
−21.7
−12.0
−14.8
98.0
97.5
125.2
100.8
91.4
83.9
68.0
50.7
159.2
149.6
150.3
145.8
212.8
81.7
135.7
186.0
205.0
184.5
198.5
179.4
350.0
194.3
185.0
287.0
243.0
254.9
340.0
223.0
247.0
214.0
243.0
235.0
382.5
208.0
223.0
156.2
310.0
145.0
147.0
86.2
94.7
81.0
93.9
85.5
196.9
82.7
106.7
268.0
206.0
219.0
195.8
213.0
+15.8
150.5
281.1
311.0
173.4
181.8
183.7
184.5
305.8
206.7
18.5
−4.5
−0.5
−11.7
206.5
264.0
−6.3
+3.7
+0.9
119.0
118.0
147.4
117.5
108.0
99.5
82.9
68.6
183.1
172.8
173.5
168.5
237.0
101.6
156.9
206.5
231.2
13.0
+5.9
24.0
16.0
40.0
32.0
58.8
50.0
77.8
68.9
Temperature, °C
Formula
C7H9N
C7H7Br
C7H7Cl
C16H14O2
C7H8Cl2Si
C9H12O
C13H12O
C8H7NS
C12H10
C15H14O2
C12H20O2
C14H24O2
C11H18O2
C14H24O2
C13H22O2
C22H42O2
C2H3BrO2
C7H7BrO
C6H5Br
C12H9Br
C4H9BrO
C4H7BrO
C4H7Br
C4H7Br
C4H7Br
C4H7Br
C4H7Br
C6H4BrCl
C2H4BrCl
C2H4BrCl
C6H3BrCl2O
C8H9Br
C8H9Br
C4H8BrClO
C8H15Br
C2H3Br
CHBr3
C10H7Br
C12H9BrO
C5H4BrN
C7H7Br
C7H7Br
C7H7Br
C6H2BrCl3O
C8H9Br
C4H6
C4H6
C4H10
C4H10
C4H10O2
C4H10O3
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C4H5N
C6H12O2
C7H12O2
C4H10O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C4H11N
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C11H14O2
C4H9Br
C8H16O2
C5H11NO2
C8H18O3
40
84.2
100.0
16.8
24.4
14.8
10.3
112.4
37.5
−89.0
−102.8
−101.5
−109.2
22.2
102.0
−104.8
−96.4
−99.4
−19.6
−21.2
−0.5
−1.2
−9.0
−12.2
−20.4
−50.0
22.7
14.1
18.6
13.0
64.0
−33.0
+4.6
Melting
point,
°C
−4
−39
39
69.5
29
61.5
49.5
12.5
−30.7
90.5
−100.3
−133.4
−111.2
−114.6
16.6
−16.6
68
−45.0
−138
8.5
5.5
95
−28
39.8
28.5
+9.5
−108.9
−135
−145
77
−130
−138.9
−105.4
−98.9
−64.6
−79.9
−108
−114.7
25.3
−85.0
−88.0
−51.5
−75.5
−58
−112.4
65
−123.1
−131.2
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-63
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
Formula
sec-Butyl chloride (2-Chlorobutane)
tert-Butyl chloride
sec-Butyl chloroacetate
2-tert-Butyl-4-cresol
4-tert-Butyl-2-cresol
iso-Butyl dichloroacetate
2,3-Butylene glycol (2,3-butanediol)
2-Butyl-2-ethylbutane-1,3-diol
2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol
n-Butyl formate
iso-Butyl formate
sec-Butyl formate
sec-Butyl glycolate
iso-Butyl iodide (1-iodo-2-methylpropane)
isobutyrate
isovalerate
levulinate
naphthylketone (1-isovaleronaphthone)
2-sec-Butylphenol
2-tert-Butylphenol
4-iso-Butylphenol
4-sec-Butylphenol
4-tert-Butylphenol
2-(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)ethyl acetate
4-tert-Butylphenyl dichlorophosphate
C4H9Cl
C4H9Cl
C6H11ClO2
C11H16O
C11H16O
C6H10Cl2O2
C4H10O2
C10H22O2
C12H15O
C5H10O2
C5H10O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O3
C4H9I
C8H16O2
C9H18O2
C9H16O3
C15H16O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H14O
C14H20O3
C10H13Cl2
O2P
C11H14O
C7H14O2
C12H18O
C12H18O
C12H18O
C12H18O
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C4H7N
C11H14O
C10H16
C10H16O2
C10H16O
C10H19N
C10H20O
C10H20O2
C6H12O2
C6H12O2
C6H10O2
C6H11N
C8H18O
C8H16O
C8H16O2
C8H15N
C12H9N
CO2
CS2
CO
COSe
COS
CBr4
CCl4
CF4
C10H14O
C10H14O
C10H12O2
C2HCl3O
C2H3Cl3O2
tert-Butyl phenyl ketone (pivalophenone)
iso-Butyl propionate
4-tert-Butyl-2,5-xylenol
4-tert-Butyl-2,6-xylenol
6-tert-Butyl-2,4-xylenol
6-tert-Butyl-3,4-xylenol
Butyric acid
iso-Butyric acid
Butyronitrile
iso-Valerophenone
Camphene
Campholenic acid
d-Camphor
Camphylamine
Capraldehyde
Capric acid
n-Caproic acid
iso-Caproic acid
iso-Caprolactone
Capronitrile
Capryl alcohol (2-octanol)
Caprylaldehyde
Caprylic acid (octanoic acid)
Caprylonitrile
Carbazole
Carbon dioxide
disulfide
monoxide
oxyselenide (carbonyl selenide)
oxysulfide (carbonyl sulfide)
tetrabromide
tetrachloride
tetrafluoride
Carvacrol
Carvone
Chavibetol
Chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde)
hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde
hydrate)
Chloranil
Chloroacetic acid
anhydride
2-Chloroaniline
3-Chloroaniline
4-Chloroaniline
Chlorobenzene
2-Chlorobenzotrichloride
(2-α,α,α-tetrachlorotoluene)
C6Cl4O2
C2H3ClO2
C4H4Cl2O3
C6H6ClN
C6H6ClN
C6H6ClN
C6H5Cl
C7H4Cl4
1
5
10
20
40
−60.2
−39.8
−29.2
−17.7
17.0
70.0
74.3
28.6
44.0
94.1
76.3
−26.4
−32.7
−34.4
28.3
−17.0
+4.1
16.0
65.0
136.0
57.4
56.6
72.1
71.4
70.0
118.0
96.0
41.8
98.0
103.7
54.3
68.4
122.6
106.2
−4.7
−11.4
−13.3
53.6
+5.8
28.0
41.2
92.1
167.9
86.0
84.2
100.9
100.5
99.2
150.0
129.6
54.6
112.0
118.0
67.5
80.3
136.8
121.0
+6.1
−0.8
−3.1
66.0
17.0
39.9
53.8
105.9
184.0
100.8
98.1
115.5
114.8
114.0
165.8
146.0
68.2
127.2
134.0
81.4
93.4
151.2
137.0
18.0
+11.0
+8.4
79.8
29.8
52.4
67.7
120.2
201.6
116.1
113.0
130.3
130.3
129.5
183.3
164.0
−5.0
−19.0
83.6
143.9
150.8
96.7
107.8
167.8
154.0
31.6
24.1
21.3
94.2
42.8
67.2
82.7
136.2
219.7
133.4
129.2
147.2
147.8
146.0
201.5
184.3
57.8
−2.3
88.2
74.0
70.3
83.9
25.5
14.7
−20.0
58.3
85.7
+20.9
119.8
103.9
100.2
113.6
49.8
39.3
+2.1
87.0
97.6
41.5
45.3
51.9
125.0
71.4
66.2
38.3
9.2
32.8
73.4
92.3
43.0
125.7
68.6
74.0
78.8
142.0
89.5
83.0
66.4
34.6
57.6
92.0
114.1
67.6
99.0
32.3
135.0
119.0
115.0
127.0
61.5
51.2
13.4
101.4
47.2
139.8
82.3
83.7
92.0
152.2
99.5
94.0
80.3
47.5
70.0
101.2
124.0
80.4
114.3
44.8
151.0
135.0
131.0
143.0
74.0
64.0
25.7
116.8
60.4
153.9
97.5
97.6
106.3
165.0
111.8
107.0
95.7
61.7
83.3
110.2
136.4
94.6
130.4
58.5
169.8
152.2
148.5
159.7
88.0
77.8
38.4
133.8
75.7
170.0
114.0
112.5
122.2
179.9
125.0
120.4
112.3
76.9
98.0
120.0
150.6
110.6
60
100
200
400
760
+3.4
−11.4
93.0
153.7
161.7
106.6
116.3
178.0
165.4
39.8
32.4
29.6
104.0
51.8
75.9
92.4
147.0
231.5
143.9
140.0
157.0
157.9
156.0
212.8
197.2
14.2
−1.0
105.5
167.0
176.2
119.8
127.8
191.9
179.0
51.0
43.4
40.2
116.4
63.5
88.0
105.2
160.2
246.7
157.3
153.5
171.2
172.4
170.2
228.0
214.3
31.5
+14.6
124.1
187.8
197.8
139.2
145.6
212.0
200.3
67.9
60.0
56.8
135.5
81.0
106.3
124.8
181.8
269.7
179.7
173.8
192.1
194.3
191.5
250.3
240.0
50.0
32.6
146.0
210.0
221.8
160.0
164.0
233.5
223.8
86.2
79.0
75.2
155.6
100.3
126.3
146.4
205.5
294.0
203.8
196.3
214.7
217.6
214.0
277.6
268.2
68.0
51.0
167.8
232.6
247.0
183.0
182.0
255.0
247.8
106.0
98.2
93.6
177.5
120.4
147.5
168.7
229.9
320.0
228.0
219.5
237.0
242.1
238.0
304.4
299.0
140.8
67.6
180.3
163.6
158.2
170.0
96.5
86.3
47.3
144.6
85.0
180.0
124.0
122.0
132.0
189.8
133.3
129.6
123.2
86.8
107.4
126.0
160.0
121.2
248.2
−104.8
−15.3
−208.1
−70.2
−93.0
106.3
12.3
−155.4
155.3
143.8
170.7
29.1
46.2
154.0
79.5
195.0
176.0
172.0
184.0
108.0
98.0
59.0
158.0
97.9
193.7
138.0
134.6
145.3
200.0
144.0
141.4
137.2
99.8
119.8
133.9
172.2
134.8
265.0
−100.2
−5.1
−205.7
−61.7
−85.9
119.7
23.0
−150.7
169.7
157.3
185.5
40.2
55.0
Temperature, °C
175.0 197.7 220.0
97.0 116.4 136.8
217.5 241.3 265.3
196.0 217.8 239.8
192.3 214.2 236.5
204.5 226.7 249.5
125.5 144.5 163.5
115.8 134.5 154.5
76.7
96.8 117.5
180.1 204.2 228.0
117.5 138.7 160.5
212.7 234.0 256.0
157.9 182.0 209.2
153.0 173.8 195.0
164.8 186.3 208.5
217.1 240.3 268.4
160.8 181.0 202.0
158.3 181.0 207.7
157.8 182.1 207.0
119.7 141.0 163.7
138.0 157.5 178.5
145.4 156.5 168.5
190.3 213.9 237.5
155.2 179.5 204.5
292.5 323.0 354.8
−93.0 −85.7 −78.2
+10.4
28.0
46.5
−201.3 −196.3 −191.3
−49.8 −35.6 −21.9
−75.0 −62.7 −49.9
139.7 163.5 189.5
38.3
57.8
76.7
−143.6 −135.5 −127.7
191.2 213.8 237.0
179.6 203.5 227.5
206.8 229.8 254.0
57.8
77.5
97.7
68.0
82.1
96.2
Melting
point,
°C
−131.3
−26.5
22.5
−95.3
−90.7
−80.7
99
−71
−74
−47
50
178.5
31.5
−1.5
−35
−38.6
16
244.8
−57.5
−110.8
−205.0
−134.3
−73.8
−222.0
−117.1
−132.4
−124.4
−54.3
−217.2
−102.3
−119.8
−119.5
−44.7
−215.0
−95.0
−113.3
−114.4
−34.3
−212.8
−86.3
−106.0
−50.0
−184.6
70.0
57.4
83.6
−37.8
−9.8
−30.0
−174.1
98.4
86.1
113.3
−16.0
+10.0
−19.6
−169.3
113.2
100.4
127.0
−5.0
19.5
−8.2
−164.3
127.9
116.1
143.2
+7.2
29.2
−108.6
−22.5
−210.0
−76.4
−98.3
96.3
+4.3
−158.8
145.2
133.0
159.8
20.2
39.7
70.7
43.0
67.2
46.3
63.5
59.3
−13.0
89.3
68.3
94.1
72.3
89.8
87.9
+10.6
97.8
81.0
108.0
84.8
102.0
102.1
22.2
106.4
94.2
122.4
99.2
116.7
117.8
35.3
116.1
109.2
138.2
115.6
133.6
135.0
49.7
122.0
118.3
148.0
125.7
144.1
145.8
58.3
129.5
130.7
159.8
139.5
158.0
159.9
70.7
140.3
149.0
177.8
160.0
179.5
182.3
89.4
151.3
169.0
197.0
183.7
203.5
206.6
110.0
162.6
189.5
217.0
208.8
228.5
230.5
132.2
290
61.2
46
0
−10.4
70.5
−45.2
69.0
101.8
117.9
135.8
155.0
167.8
185.0
208.0
233.0
262.1
28.7
−138.8
90.1
−22.6
−183.7
+0.5
−57
51.7
2-64
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
2-Chlorobenzotrifluoride
(2-chloro-α,α,α-trifluorotoluene)
2-Chlorobiphenyl
4-Chlorobiphenyl
α-Chlorocrotonic acid
Chlorodifluoromethane
Chlorodimethylphenylsilane
1-Chloro-2-ethoxybenzene
2-(2-Chloroethoxy) ethanol
bis-2-Chloroethyl acetacetal
1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene
1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene
1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene
2-Chloroethyl chloroacetate
2-Chloroethyl 2-chloroisopropyl ether
2-Chloroethyl 2-chloropropyl ether
2-Chloroethyl α-methylbenzyl ether
Chloroform (trichloromethane)
1-Chloronaphthalene
4-Chlorophenethyl alcohol
2-Chlorophenol
3-Chlorophenol
4-Chlorophenol
2-Chloro-3-phenylphenol
2-Chloro-6-phenylphenol
Chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane)
1-Chloropropene
2-Chloropyridine
3-Chlorostyrene
4-Chlorostyrene
1-Chlorotetradecane
2-Chlorotoluene
3-Chlorotoluene
4-Chlorotoluene
Chlorotriethylsilane
1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethylene
Chlorotrifluoromethane
Chlorotrimethylsilane
trans-Cinnamic acid
Cinnamyl alcohol
Cinnamylaldehyde
Citraconic anhydride
cis-α-Citral
d-Citronellal
Citronellic acid
Citronellol
Citronellyl acetate
Coumarin
o-Cresol (2-cresol; 2-methylphenol)
m-Cresol (3-cresol; 3-methylphenol)
p-Cresol (4-cresol; 4-methylphenol)
cis-Crotonic acid
trans-Crotonic acid
cis-Crotononitrile
trans-Crotononitrile
Cumene
4-Cumidene
Cuminal
Cuminyl alcohol
2-Cyano-2-n-butyl acetate
Cyanogen
bromide
chloride
iodide
Cyclobutane
Cyclobutene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexaneethanol
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
Cyclopentane
Cyclopropane
Cymene
1
5
10
20
60
100
200
400
760
88.3
197.0
212.5
155.9
−76.4
124.7
141.8
139.5
150.7
110.0
113.6
116.0
140.0
115.8
125.6
164.8
10.4
180.4
188.1
106.0
143.0
150.0
237.0
237.1
53.8
−15.1
104.6
121.2
122.0
215.5
94.7
96.3
96.6
82.3
−66.7
−111.7
+6.0
232.4
177.8
177.7
145.4
160.0
140.1
195.4
159.8
161.0
216.5
127.4
138.0
140.0
116.3
128.0
50.1
62.8
88.1
158.0
160.0
176.2
133.8
−51.8
22.6
−24.9
97.6
−32.8
−41.2
25.5
142.7
103.7
90.4
229.0
−1.3
−70.0
110.8
108.3
219.6
237.8
173.8
−65.8
145.5
162.0
157.2
169.8
130.2
133.8
137.0
159.8
135.7
146.3
186.3
25.9
204.2
210.0
126.4
164.8
172.0
261.3
261.6
71.8
+1.3
125.0
142.2
143.5
240.3
115.0
116.6
117.1
101.6
−55.0
−102.5
21.9
253.3
199.8
199.3
165.8
181.8
160.0
214.5
179.8
178.8
240.0
146.7
157.3
157.3
133.9
146.0
68.0
81.1
107.3
180.0
182.8
197.9
152.2
−42.6
33.8
−14.1
111.5
−18.9
−27.8
42.0
161.7
121.7
110.3
248.7
+13.8
−59.1
131.4
130.0
243.8
264.5
193.2
−53.6
168.6
185.5
176.5
190.5
152.2
156.7
159.8
182.2
156.5
169.8
210.8
42.7
230.8
234.5
149.8
188.7
196.0
289.4
289.5
91.8
18.0
147.7
165.7
166.0
267.5
137.1
139.7
139.8
123.6
−41.7
−92.7
39.4
276.7
224.6
222.4
189.8
205.0
183.8
236.6
201.0
197.8
264.7
168.4
179.0
179.4
152.2
165.5
88.0
101.5
129.2
203.2
206.7
221.7
173.4
−33.0
46.0
−2.3
126.1
−3.4
−12.2
60.8
183.5
141.4
132.5
269.8
31.0
−46.9
153.5
152.2
267.5
292.9
212.0
−40.8
193.5
208.0
196.0
212.6
177.6
181.1
184.3
205.0
180.0
194.1
235.0
61.3
259.3
259.3
174.5
214.0
220.0
317.5
317.0
111.9
37.0
170.2
190.0
191.0
296.0
159.3
162.3
162.3
146.3
−27.9
−81.2
57.9
300.0
250.0
246.0
213.5
228.0
206.5
257.0
221.5
217.0
291.0
190.8
202.8
201.8
171.9
185.0
108.0
122.8
152.4
227.0
232.0
246.6
195.2
−21.0
61.5
+13.1
141.1
+12.9
+2.4
80.7
205.4
161.0
155.6
291.5
49.3
−33.5
177.2
Temperature, °C
Formula
C7H4ClF3
C12H9Cl
C12H9Cl
C4H5ClO2
CHClF2
C8H11ClSi
C8H9ClO
C4H9ClO2
C6H12Cl2O2
C8H9Cl
C8H9Cl
C8H9Cl
C4H6Cl2O2
C5H10Cl2O
C5H10Cl2O
C10H13ClO
CHCl3
C10H7Cl
C8H9ClO
C6H5ClO
C6H5ClO
C6H5ClO
C12H9ClO
C12H9ClO
CCl3NO2
C3H5Cl
C5H4ClN
C8H7Cl
C8H7Cl
C14H29Cl
C7H7Cl
C7H7Cl
C7H7Cl
C6H15ClSi
C2ClF3
CClF3
C3H9ClSi
C9H8O2
C9H10O
C9H8O
C5H4O3
C10H16O
C10H18O
C10H18O2
C10H20O
C12H22O2
C9H6O2
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
C4H5N
C4H5N
C9H12
C9H13N
C10H12O
C10H14O
C7H11NO2
C2N2
CBrN
CClN
CIN
C4H8
C4H6
C6H12
C8H16O
C6H12O
C6H10O
C12H14N2O5
C5H10
C3H6
C10H14
40
0.0
89.3
96.4
70.0
−122.8
29.8
45.8
53.0
56.2
17.2
18.6
19.2
46.0
24.7
29.8
62.3
−58.0
80.6
84.0
12.1
44.2
49.8
118.0
119.8
−25.5
−81.3
13.3
25.3
28.0
98.5
+5.4
+4.8
+5.5
−4.9
−116.0
−149.5
−62.8
127.5
72.6
76.1
47.1
61.7
44.0
99.5
66.4
74.7
106.0
38.2
52.0
53.0
33.5
24.7
109.8
129.8
95.6
−110.2
56.7
72.8
78.3
83.7
43.0
45.2
46.4
72.1
50.1
56.5
91.4
−39.1
104.8
114.3
38.2
72.0
78.2
152.2
153.7
−3.3
−63.4
38.8
51.3
54.5
131.8
30.6
30.3
31.0
+19.8
−102.5
−139.2
−43.6
157.8
102.5
105.8
74.8
90.0
71.4
127.3
93.6
100.2
137.8
64.0
76.0
76.5
57.4
−29.0
−19.5
+2.9
60.0
58.0
74.2
42.0
−95.8
−35.7
−76.7
25.2
−92.0
−99.1
−45.3
50.4
21.0
+1.4
132.8
−68.0
−116.8
17.3
−7.1
+3.5
26.8
88.2
87.3
103.7
68.7
−83.2
−18.3
−61.4
47.2
−76.0
−83.4
−25.4
77.2
44.0
26.4
161.8
−49.6
−104.2
43.9
37.1
134.7
146.0
108.0
−103.7
70.0
86.5
90.7
97.6
56.1
58.1
60.0
86.0
63.0
70.0
106.0
−29.7
118.6
129.0
51.2
86.1
92.2
169.7
170.7
+7.8
−54.1
51.7
65.2
67.5
148.2
43.2
43.2
43.8
32.0
−95.9
−134.1
−34.0
173.0
117.8
120.0
88.9
103.9
84.8
141.4
107.0
113.0
153.4
76.7
87.8
88.6
69.0
80.0
+4.0
15.0
38.3
102.2
102.0
118.0
82.0
−76.8
−10.0
−53.8
57.7
−67.9
−75.4
−15.9
90.0
56.0
38.7
175.9
−40.4
−97.5
57.0
50.6
151.2
164.0
121.2
−96.5
84.7
101.5
104.1
112.2
70.3
73.0
75.5
100.0
77.2
84.8
121.8
−19.0
134.4
145.0
65.9
101.7
108.1
186.7
189.8
20.0
−44.0
65.8
80.0
82.0
166.2
56.9
57.4
57.8
45.5
−88.2
−128.5
−23.2
189.5
133.7
135.7
103.8
119.4
99.8
155.6
121.5
126.0
170.0
90.5
101.4
102.3
82.0
93.0
16.4
27.8
51.5
117.8
117.9
133.8
96.2
−70.1
−1.0
−46.1
68.6
−58.7
−66.6
−5.0
104.0
68.8
52.5
191.2
−30.1
−90.3
71.1
65.9
169.9
183.8
135.6
−88.6
101.2
117.8
118.4
127.8
86.2
89.2
91.8
116.0
92.4
101.5
139.6
−7.1
153.2
162.0
82.0
118.0
125.0
207.4
208.2
33.8
−32.7
81.7
96.5
98.0
187.0
72.0
73.0
73.5
60.2
−79.7
−121.9
−11.4
207.1
151.0
152.2
120.3
135.9
116.1
171.9
137.2
140.5
189.0
105.8
116.0
117.7
96.0
107.8
30.0
41.8
66.1
134.2
135.2
150.3
111.8
−62.7
+8.6
−37.5
80.3
−48.4
−56.4
+6.7
119.8
83.0
67.8
206.7
−18.6
−82.3
87.0
75.4
182.1
196.0
144.4
−83.4
111.5
127.8
127.5
138.0
96.4
99.6
102.0
126.2
102.2
111.8
150.0
+0.5
165.6
173.5
92.0
129.4
136.1
219.6
220.0
42.3
−25.1
91.6
107.2
108.5
199.8
81.8
83.2
83.3
69.5
−74.1
−117.3
−4.0
217.8
162.0
163.7
131.3
146.3
126.2
182.1
147.2
149.7
200.5
115.5
125.8
127.0
104.5
116.7
38.5
50.9
75.4
145.0
146.0
161.7
121.5
−57.9
14.7
−32.1
88.0
−41.8
−50.0
14.7
129.8
91.8
77.5
216.0
−11.3
−77.0
97.2
Melting
point,
°C
−6.0
34
75.5
−160
−80.2
−53.3
−62.6
−63.5
−20
7
32.5
42
+6
−64
−99.0
−15.0
+0.9
+7.3
−157.5
133
33
−7.5
70
30.8
10.9
35.5
15.5
72
−96.0
−34.4
58
−6.5
−50
+6.6
23.9
−45.0
−93.7
−126.6
−68.2
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-65
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
cis-Decalin
trans-Decalin
Decane
Decan-2-one
1-Decene
Decyl alcohol
Decyltrimethylsilane
Dehydroacetic acid
Desoxybenzoin
Diacetamide
Diacetylene (1,3-butadiyne)
Diallyldichlorosilane
Diallyl sulfide
Diisoamyl ether
oxalate
sulfide
Dibenzylamine
Dibenzyl ketone (1,3-diphenyl2-propanone)
1,4-Dibromobenzene
1,2-Dibromobutane
dl-2,3-Dibromobutane
meso-2,3-Dibromobutane
1,2-Dibromodecane
Di(2-bromoethyl) ether
α,β-Dibromomaleic anhydride
1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane
1,3-Dibromo-2-methylpropane
1,2-Dibromopentane
1,2-Dibromopropane
1,3-Dibromopropane
2,3-Dibromopropene
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol
Diisobutylamine
2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-cresol
4,6-Ditert-butyl-2-cresol
4,6-Ditert-butyl-3-cresol
2,6-Ditert-butyl-4-ethylphenol
4,6-Ditert-butyl-3-ethylphenol
Diisobutyl oxalate
2,4-Ditert-butylphenol
Dibutyl phthalate
sulfide
Diisobutyl d-tartrate
Dicarvacryl-mono-(6-chloro-2-xenyl)
phosphate
Dicarvacryl-2-tolyl phosphate
Dichloroacetic acid
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichlorobutane
2,3-Dichlorobutane
1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorodiphenyl silane
Dichlorodiisopropyl ether
Di(2-chloroethoxy) methane
Dichloroethoxymethylsilane
1,2-Dichloro-3-ethylbenzene
1,2-Dichloro-4-ethylbenzene
1,4-Dichloro-2-ethylbenzene
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloro ethylene
Di(2-chloroethyl) ether
Dichlorofluoromethane
1,5-Dichlorohexamethyltrisiloxane
Dichloromethylphenylsilane
1,1-Dichloro-2-methylpropane
1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane
1,3-Dichloro-2-methylpropane
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,6-Dichlorophenol
1
5
10
20
100
200
400
760
22.5
−0.8
16.5
44.2
14.7
69.5
67.4
91.7
123.3
70.0
−82.5
+9.5
−9.5
18.6
85.4
43.0
118.3
125.5
50.1
+30.6
42.3
71.9
40.3
97.3
96.4
122.0
156.2
95.0
−68.0
34.8
+14.4
44.3
116.0
73.0
149.8
159.8
64.2
47.2
55.7
85.8
53.7
111.3
111.0
137.3
173.5
108.0
−61.2
47.4
26.6
57.0
131.4
87.6
165.6
177.6
79.8
65.3
69.8
100.7
67.8
125.8
126.5
153.0
192.0
122.6
−53.8
61.3
39.7
70.7
147.7
102.7
182.2
195.7
97.2
85.7
85.5
117.1
83.3
142.1
144.0
171.0
212.0
138.2
−45.9
76.4
54.2
86.3
165.7
120.0
200.2
216.6
C6H4Br2
61.0
C4H8Br2
7.5
C4H8Br2
+5.0
C4H8Br2
+1.5
C10H20Br2
95.7
C4H8Br2O
47.7
C4H2Br2O3
50.0
C4H8Br2
−28.8
C4H8Br2
14.0
C5H10Br2
19.8
C3H6Br2
−7.0
C3H6Br2
+9.7
C3H4Br2
−6.0
C3H6Br2O
57.0
C8H19N
−5.1
C15H24O
85.8
C15H24O
86.2
C15H24O
103.7
C16H26O
89.1
C16H26O
111.5
C10H18O4
63.2
C14H22O
84.5
C16H22O4
148.2
C8H18S
+21.7
C12H22O6
117.8
C32H34ClO4P 204.2
79.3
33.2
30.0
26.6
123.6
75.3
78.0
−3.0
40.0
45.4
+17.3
35.4
+17.9
84.5
+18.4
116.2
117.3
135.2
121.4
142.6
91.2
115.4
182.1
51.8
151.8
234.5
87.7
46.1
41.6
39.3
137.3
88.5
92.0
+10.5
53.0
58.0
29.4
48.0
30.0
98.2
30.6
131.0
132.4
150.0
137.0
157.4
105.3
130.0
198.2
66.4
169.0
249.3
103.6
60.0
56.4
53.2
151.0
103.6
106.7
25.7
67.5
72.0
42.3
62.1
43.2
113.5
43.7
147.0
149.0
167.0
154.0
174.0
120.3
146.0
216.2
80.5
188.0
264.5
C27H33O4P
180.2
C2H2Cl2O2
44.0
C6H4Cl2
20.0
C6H4Cl2
12.1
C6H4Cl2
C4H8Cl2
−23.6
C4H8Cl2
−25.2
C2Cl2F2
−82.0
CCl2F2
−118.5
C12H10Cl2Si
109.6
C6H12Cl2O
29.6
C5H10Cl2O2
53.0
C8H8Cl2OSi −33.8
C8H8Cl2
46.0
C8H8Cl2
47.0
C8H8Cl2
38.5
C2H2Cl2
−58.4
C2H2Cl2
−65.4
C4H8Cl2O
23.5
CHCl2F
−91.3
C6H18Cl2
26.0
O2Si3
C7H8Cl2Si
35.7
C4H8Cl2
−31.0
C4H8Cl2
−25.8
C4H8Cl2
−3.0
C6H4Cl2O
53.0
C6H4Cl2O
59.5
209.3
69.8
46.0
39.0
−0.3
−3.0
−65.6
−104.6
142.4
55.2
80.4
−12.1
75.0
77.2
68.0
−39.2
−47.2
49.3
−75.5
52.0
221.8
82.6
59.1
52.0
54.8
+11.5
+8.5
−57.3
−97.8
158.0
68.2
94.0
−1.3
90.0
92.3
83.2
−29.9
−38.0
62.0
−67.5
65.1
63.5
−8.4
−4.2
+20.6
80.0
87.6
77.4
+2.6
+6.7
32.0
92.8
101.0
60
108.0
98.4
95.5
127.8
93.5
152.0
154.3
181.5
224.5
148.0
−41.0
86.3
63.7
96.0
177.0
130.6
212.2
229.4
123.2
114.6
108.6
142.0
106.5
165.8
169.5
197.5
241.3
160.6
−34.0
99.7
75.8
109.6
192.2
145.3
227.3
246.6
145.4
136.2
128.4
163.2
126.7
186.2
191.0
219.5
265.2
180.8
−20.9
119.4
94.8
129.0
215.0
166.4
249.8
272.3
169.9
160.1
150.6
186.7
149.2
208.8
215.5
244.5
293.0
202.0
−6.1
142.0
116.1
150.3
240.0
191.0
274.3
301.7
194.6
186.7
174.1
211.0
172.0
231.0
240.0
269.0
321.0
223.0
+9.7
165.3
138.6
173.4
265.0
216.0
300.0
330.5
120.8
76.0
72.0
68.0
167.4
119.8
123.5
42.3
83.5
87.4
57.2
77.8
57.8
129.8
57.8
164.1
167.4
185.3
172.1
192.3
137.5
164.3
235.8
96.0
208.5
280.5
131.6
86.0
82.0
78.0
177.5
130.0
133.8
53.7
93.7
97.4
66.4
87.8
67.0
140.0
67.0
175.2
179.0
196.1
183.9
204.4
147.8
175.8
247.8
105.8
221.6
290.7
146.5
99.8
95.3
91.7
190.2
144.0
147.7
68.8
107.4
110.1
78.7
101.3
79.5
153.0
79.2
190.0
194.0
211.0
198.0
218.0
161.8
190.0
263.7
118.6
239.5
304.9
168.5
120.2
115.7
111.8
209.6
165.0
168.0
92.1
117.8
130.2
97.8
121.7
98.0
173.8
97.6
212.8
217.5
233.0
220.0
241.7
183.5
212.5
287.0
138.0
264.7
323.8
192.5
143.5
138.0
134.2
229.8
188.0
192.0
119.8
150.6
151.8
118.5
144.1
119.5
196.0
118.0
237.6
243.4
257.1
244.0
264.6
205.8
237.0
313.5
159.0
294.0
342.0
218.6
166.3
160.5
157.3
250.4
212.5
215.0
149.0
174.6
175.0
141.6
167.5
141.2
219.0
139.5
262.5
269.3
282.0
268.6
290.0
229.5
260.8
340.0
182.0
324.0
361.0
237.0
96.3
73.4
66.2
69.2
24.5
21.2
−48.3
−90.1
176.0
82.2
109.5
+11.3
105.9
109.6
99.8
−19.4
−28.0
76.0
−58.6
79.0
251.5
111.8
89.4
82.0
84.8
37.7
35.0
−38.2
−81.6
195.5
97.3
125.5
24.4
123.8
127.5
118.0
−7.9
−17.0
91.5
−48.8
94.8
260.3
121.5
99.5
92.2
95.2
47.8
43.9
−31.8
−76.1
207.5
106.9
135.8
32.6
135.0
139.0
129.0
−0.5
−10.0
101.5
−42.6
105.0
272.5
134.0
112.9
105.0
108.4
60.2
56.0
−23.0
−68.6
223.8
119.7
149.6
44.1
149.8
153.3
144.0
+9.5
−0.2
114.5
−33.9
118.2
290.0
152.3
133.4
125.9
128.3
79.7
74.0
−10.0
−57.0
248.0
139.0
170.0
61.0
172.0
176.0
166.2
24.6
+14.3
134.0
−20.9
138.3
309.8
173.7
155.8
149.0
150.2
100.8
94.2
+5.0
−43.9
275.5
159.8
192.0
80.3
197.0
201.7
191.5
41.0
30.8
155.4
−6.2
160.2
330.0
194.4
179.0
173.0
173.9
123.5
116.0
20.9
−29.8
304.0
182.7
215.0
100.6
222.1
226.6
216.3
59.0
47.8
178.5
+8.9
184.0
92.4
14.6
18.7
44.8
107.7
115.5
109.5
28.2
32.0
58.6
123.4
131.6
120.0
37.0
40.2
67.5
133.5
141.8
134.2
48.2
51.7
78.8
146.0
154.6
155.5
65.8
68.9
96.1
165.2
175.5
180.2
85.4
87.8
115.4
187.5
197.7
205.5
106.0
108.0
135.0
210.0
220.0
Temperature, °C
Formula
C10H18
C10H18
C10H22
C10H20O
C10H20
C10H22O
C13H30Si
C8H8O4
C14H12O
C4H7NO2
C4H2
C6H10Cl2Si
C6H10S
C10H22O
C12H22O4
C10H22S
C14H15N
C15H14O
40
Melting
point,
°C
−43.3
−30.7
−29.7
+3.5
+7
60
78.5
−34.9
−83
−26
34.5
87.5
−64.5
−34.5
−70.3
−55.5
−34.4
−70
−79.7
73.5
9.7
−17.6
−24.2
53.0
−80.4
−112
−40.8
−76.4
−61.2
−80.5
−50.0
−135
−53.0
45.0
2-66
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
α,α-Dichlorophenylacetonitrile
Dichlorophenylarsine
1,2-Dichloropropane
2,3-Dichlorostyrene
2,4-Dichlorostyrene
2,5-Dichlorostyrene
2,6-Dichlorostyrene
3,4-Dichlorostyrene
3,5-Dichlorostyrene
1,2-Dichlorotetraethylbenzene
1,4-Dichlorotetraethylbenzene
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Dichloro-4-tolylsilane
3,4-Dichloro-α,α,α-trifluorotoluene
Dicyclopentadiene
Diethoxydimethylsilane
Diethoxydiphenylsilane
Diethyl adipate
Diethylamine
N-Diethylaniline
Diethyl arsanilate
1,2-Diethylbenzene
1,3-Diethylbenzene
1,4-Diethylbenzene
Diethyl carbonate
cis-Diethyl citraconate
Diethyl dioxosuccinate
Diethylene glycol
Diethyleneglycol-bis-chloroacetate
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Di(2-methoxyethyl) ether
glycol ethyl ether
Diethyl ether
ethylmalonate
fumarate
glutarate
Diethylhexadecylamine
Diethyl itaconate
ketone (3-pentanone)
malate
maleate
malonate
mesaconate
oxalate
phthalate
sebacate
2,5-Diethylstyrene
Diethyl succinate
isosuccinate
sulfate
sulfide
sulfite
d-Diethyl tartrate
dl-Diethyl tartrate
3,5-Diethyltoluene
Diethylzinc
1-Dihydrocarvone
Dihydrocitronellol
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone
Dimethylacetylene (2-butyne)
Dimethylamine
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Dimethyl arsanilate
Di(α-methylbenzyl) ether
2,2-Dimethylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
Dimethyl citraconate
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
1
5
10
20
56.0
61.8
−38.5
61.0
53.5
55.5
47.8
57.2
53.5
105.6
91.7
−95.4
46.2
11.0
−19.1
111.5
74.0
84.0
100.0
−17.0
90.1
82.2
83.9
75.7
86.0
82.2
138.7
126.1
−80.0
71.7
38.3
34.1
+2.4
142.8
106.6
49.7
78.0
98.1
116.0
−6.1
104.6
97.4
98.2
90.0
100.4
97.4
155.0
143.8
−72.3
84.2
52.2
47.6
13.3
157.6
123.0
−33.0
91.9
113.8
133.1
+6.0
120.5
111.8
114.0
105.5
116.2
111.8
172.5
162.0
−63.5
97.8
67.3
62.0
25.3
174.3
138.3
−22.6
107.2
130.0
151.0
19.4
137.8
129.2
131.0
122.4
133.7
129.2
192.2
183.2
−53.7
113.2
84.0
77.9
38.0
193.2
154.6
−11.3
123.6
38.0
22.3
20.7
20.7
−10.1
59.8
70.0
91.8
148.3
62.6
48.7
46.8
47.1
+12.3
88.3
98.0
120.0
180.0
74.8
62.0
59.9
60.3
23.8
103.0
112.0
133.8
195.8
88.0
76.4
74.5
74.7
36.0
118.2
126.8
148.0
212.0
C6H14O3
C6H14O3
C4H10O
C9H16O4
C8H12O4
C9H16O4
C20H43N
C9H14O4
C5H10O
C8H14O5
C8H12O4
C7H12O4
C9H14O4
C6H10O4
C12H14O4
C14H26O4
C12H16
C8H14O4
C8H14O4
C4H10O4S
C4H10S
C4H10O3S
C8H14O6
C8H14O6
C11H16
C4H10Zn
C10H16O
C10H22O
C14H8O4
C4H6
C2H7N
C8H11N
C8H12AsNO3
C16H18O
C6H14
C6H14
C7H10O4
C8H16
C8H16
C8H16
C8H16
C8H16
C8H16
C8H16
13.0
45.3
−74.3
50.8
53.2
65.6
139.8
51.3
−12.7
80.7
57.3
40.0
62.8
47.4
108.8
125.3
49.7
54.6
39.8
47.0
−39.6
10.0
102.0
100.0
34.0
−22.4
46.6
68.0
196.7
−73.0
−87.7
29.5
15.0
96.7
−69.3
−63.6
50.8
−24.4
−15.9
−21.1
−19.4
−22.7
−20.0
−24.3
37.6
72.0
−56.9
77.8
81.2
94.7
175.8
80.2
+7.5
110.4
85.6
67.5
91.0
71.8
140.7
156.2
78.4
83.0
66.7
74.0
−18.6
34.2
133.0
131.7
61.5
0.0
75.5
91.7
239.8
−57.9
−72.2
56.3
39.6
128.3
−50.7
−44.5
78.2
−1.4
+7.3
+1.7
+3.4
0.0
+3.2
−1.7
50.0
85.8
−48.1
91.6
95.3
109.7
194.0
95.2
17.2
125.3
100.0
81.3
105.3
83.8
156.0
172.1
92.6
96.6
80.0
87.7
−8.0
46.4
148.0
147.2
75.3
+11.7
90.0
103.0
259.8
−50.5
−64.6
70.0
51.8
144.0
−41.5
−34.9
91.8
+10.3
18.4
13.0
14.9
+11.2
14.5
+10.1
63.0
100.3
−38.5
106.0
110.2
125.4
213.5
111.0
27.9
141.2
115.3
95.9
120.3
96.8
173.6
189.8
108.5
111.7
94.7
102.1
+3.5
59.7
164.2
163.8
90.2
24.2
106.0
115.0
282.0
−42.5
−56.0
84.8
65.0
160.3
−31.1
−24.1
106.5
23.0
31.1
25.6
27.4
23.6
27.1
22.6
60
100
200
400
760
141.0
163.2
28.0
149.0
140.0
142.0
133.3
144.6
140.0
204.8
195.8
−47.5
122.6
95.0
88.0
46.3
205.0
165.8
−4.0
133.8
154.5
178.9
39.4
163.5
153.8
155.8
147.6
158.2
153.8
220.7
212.0
−39.1
135.5
109.2
101.7
57.6
220.0
179.0
+6.0
147.3
176.2
202.8
57.0
185.7
176.0
178.0
169.0
181.5
176.0
245.6
238.5
−26.3
153.5
129.0
121.8
74.2
243.8
198.2
21.0
168.2
199.5
228.8
76.0
210.0
200.0
202.5
193.5
205.7
200.0
272.8
265.8
−12.0
175.2
150.5
144.2
93.2
259.7
219.1
38.0
192.4
223.5
256.5
96.8
235.0
225.0
227.0
217.0
230.0
225.0
302.0
296.5
+3.5
196.3
172.8
166.6
113.5
296.0
240.0
55.5
215.5
102.6
92.5
90.4
91.1
49.5
135.7
143.8
164.3
229.0
111.8
102.6
100.7
101.3
57.9
146.2
153.7
174.0
239.5
123.8
116.2
114.4
115.3
69.7
160.0
167.7
187.5
252.0
141.9
136.7
134.8
136.1
86.5
182.3
188.0
207.0
271.5
161.0
159.0
156.9
159.0
105.8
206.5
210.8
226.5
291.8
181.0
183.5
181.1
183.8
125.8
230.3
233.5
244.8
313.0
77.5
116.7
27.7
122.4
126.7
142.8
235.0
128.2
39.4
157.8
131.8
113.3
137.3
110.6
192.1
207.5
125.8
127.8
111.0
118.0
16.1
74.2
182.3
181.7
107.0
38.0
123.7
127.6
307.4
−33.9
−46.7
101.6
79.7
179.6
−19.5
−12.4
122.6
37.3
45.3
39.7
41.4
37.5
41.1
36.5
86.8
126.8
−21.8
132.4
137.7
153.2
248.5
139.9
46.7
169.0
142.4
123.0
147.9
119.7
204.1
218.4
136.8
138.2
121.4
128.6
24.2
83.8
194.0
193.2
117.7
47.2
134.7
136.7
323.3
−27.8
−40.7
111.9
88.6
191.5
−12.1
−4.9
132.7
45.7
54.4
48.7
50.4
46.4
50.1
45.4
99.5
140.3
−11.5
146.0
151.1
167.8
265.5
154.3
56.2
183.9
156.0
136.2
161.6
130.8
219.5
234.4
151.0
151.1
134.8
142.5
35.0
96.3
208.5
208.0
131.7
59.1
149.7
145.9
344.5
−18.8
−32.6
125.8
101.0
206.8
−2.0
+5.4
145.8
57.9
66.8
61.0
62.5
58.5
62.3
57.6
118.0
159.0
+2.2
166.0
172.2
189.5
292.8
177.5
70.6
205.3
177.8
155.5
183.2
147.9
243.0
255.8
173.2
171.7
155.1
162.5
51.3
115.8
230.4
230.0
152.4
77.0
171.8
160.2
377.8
−5.0
−20.4
146.5
119.8
229.7
+13.4
21.1
165.8
76.2
85.6
79.6
81.0
76.9
80.8
76.0
138.5
180.3
17.9
188.7
195.8
212.8
324.6
203.1
86.3
229.5
201.7
176.8
205.8
166.2
267.5
280.3
198.0
193.8
177.7
185.5
69.7
137.0
254.8
254.3
176.5
97.3
197.0
176.8
413.0
+10.6
−7.1
169.2
140.3
254.8
31.0
39.0
188.0
97.2
107.0
100.9
102.1
97.8
101.9
97.0
159.8
201.9
34.6
211.5
218.5
237.0
355.0
227.9
102.7
253.4
225.0
198.9
229.0
185.7
294.0
305.5
223.0
216.5
201.3
209.5
88.0
159.0
280.0
280.0
200.7
118.0
223.0
193.5
450.0
27.2
+7.4
193.1
160.5
281.0
49.7
58.0
210.5
119.5
129.7
123.4
124.4
120.1
124.3
119.3
Temperature, °C
Formula
C8H5Cl2N
C6H5AsCl2
C3H6Cl2
C8H6Cl2
C8H6Cl2
C8H6Cl2
C8H6Cl2
C8H6Cl2
C8H6Cl2
C14H20Cl2
C14H20Cl2
C2Cl2F4
C7H8Cl2Si
C7H3Cl2F3
C10H8
C6H16O2Si
C16H20O2Si
C10H18O4
C4H11N
C10H15N
C10H16As
NO3
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C5H10O3
C9H14O4
C8H10O6
C4H10O3
C8H12Cl2O5
40
Melting
point,
°C
−94
−12.1
32.9
−21
−38.9
−34.4
−31.4
−83.9
−43.2
−43
−116.3
+0.6
−42
−49.8
−40.6
1.3
−20.8
−25.0
−99.5
17
−28
194
−32.5
−96
+2.5
−99.8
−128.2
−34
−50.0
−88.0
−92.0
−76.2
−87.4
−36.9
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-67
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
Dimethyl ether
2,2-Dimethylhexane
2,3-Dimethylhexane
2,4-Dimethylhexane
2,5-Dimethylhexane
3,3-Dimethylhexane
3,4-Dimethylhexane
Dimethyl itaconate
1-Dimethyl malate
Dimethyl maleate
malonate
trans-Dimethyl mesaconate
2,7-Dimethyloctane
Dimethyl oxalate
2,2-Dimethylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,4-Dimethylpentane
3,3-Dimethylpentane
2,3-Dimethylphenol (2,3-xylenol)
2,4-Dimethylphenol (2,4-xylenol)
2,5-Dimethylphenol (2,5-xylenol)
3,4-Dimethylphenol (3,4-xylenol)
3,5-Dimethylphenol (3,5-xylenol)
Dimethylphenylsilane
Dimethyl phthalate
3,5-Dimethyl-1,2-pyrone
4,6-Dimethylresorcinol
Dimethyl sebacate
2,4-Dimethylstyrene
2,5-Dimethylstyrene
α,α-Dimethylsuccinic anhydride
Dimethyl sulfide
d-Dimethyl tartrate
dl-Dimethyl tartrate
N,N-Dimethyl-2-toluidine
N,N-Dimethyl-4-toluidine
Di(nitrosomethyl) amine
Diosphenol
1,4-Dioxane
Dipentene
Diphenylamine
Diphenyl carbinol (benzhydrol)
chlorophosphate
disulfide
1,2-Diphenylethane (dibenzyl)
Diphenyl ether
1,1-Diphenylethylene
trans-Diphenylethylene
1,1-Diphenylhydrazine
Diphenylmethane
Diphenyl sulfide
Diphenyl-2-tolyl thiophosphate
1,2-Dipropoxyethane
1,2-Diisopropylbenzene
1,3-Diisopropylbenzene
Dipropylene glycol
Dipropyleneglycol monobutyl ether
isopropyl ether
Di-n-propyl ether
Diisopropyl ether
Di-n-propyl ketone (4-heptanone)
Di-n-propyl oxalate
Diisopropyl oxalate
Di-n-propyl succinate
Di-n-propyl d-tartrate
Diisopropyl d-tartrate
Divinyl acetylene (1,5-hexadiene-3-yne)
1,3-Divinylbenzene
Docosane
n-Dodecane
1-Dodecene
n-Dodecyl alcohol
Dodecylamine
Dodecyltrimethylsilane
Elaidic acid
1
5
10
20
−115.7
−29.7
−23.0
−26.9
−26.7
−25.8
−22.1
69.3
75.4
45.7
35.0
46.8
+6.3
20.0
−49.0
−42.0
−48.0
−45.9
56.0
51.8
51.8
66.2
62.0
+5.3
100.3
78.6
49.0
104.0
34.2
29.0
61.4
−75.6
102.1
100.4
28.8
50.1
+3.2
66.7
−35.8
14.0
108.3
110.0
121.5
131.6
86.8
66.1
87.4
113.2
126.0
76.0
96.1
159.7
−38.8
40.0
34.7
73.8
64.7
46.0
−43.3
−57.0
23.0
53.4
43.2
77.5
115.6
103.7
−45.1
32.7
157.8
47.8
47.2
91.0
82.8
91.2
171.3
−101.1
−7.9
−1.1
−5.3
−5.5
−4.4
+0.2
94.0
104.0
73.0
59.8
74.0
30.5
44.0
−28.7
−20.8
−27.4
−25.0
83.8
78.0
78.0
93.8
89.2
30.3
131.8
107.6
76.8
139.8
61.9
55.9
88.1
−58.0
133.2
131.8
54.1
74.3
27.8
95.4
−12.8
40.4
141.7
145.0
160.5
164.0
119.8
97.8
119.6
145.8
159.3
107.4
129.0
179.8
−10.3
67.8
62.3
102.1
92.0
72.8
−22.3
−37.4
44.4
80.2
69.0
107.6
147.7
133.7
−24.4
60.0
195.4
75.8
74.0
120.2
111.8
122.1
206.7
−93.3
+3.1
+9.9
+5.2
+5.3
+6.1
11.3
106.6
118.3
86.4
72.0
87.8
42.3
56.0
−18.7
−10.3
−17.1
−14.4
97.6
91.3
91.3
107.7
102.4
42.6
147.6
122.0
90.7
156.2
75.8
69.0
102.0
−49.2
148.2
147.5
66.2
86.7
40.0
109.0
−1.2
53.8
157.0
162.0
182.0
180.0
136.0
114.0
135.0
161.0
176.1
122.8
145.0
201.6
+5.0
81.8
76.0
116.2
106.0
86.2
−11.8
−27.4
55.0
93.9
81.9
122.2
163.5
148.2
−14.0
73.8
213.0
90.0
87.8
134.7
127.8
137.7
223.5
−85.2
15.0
22.1
17.2
17.2
18.2
23.5
119.7
133.8
101.3
85.0
102.1
55.8
69.4
−7.5
+1.1
−5.9
−2.9
112.0
105.0
105.0
122.0
117.0
56.2
164.0
136.4
105.8
175.8
90.8
84.0
116.3
−39.4
164.3
164.0
80.2
100.0
53.7
124.0
+12.0
68.2
175.2
180.9
203.8
197.0
153.7
130.8
151.8
179.8
194.0
139.8
162.0
215.5
22.3
96.8
91.2
131.3
120.4
100.8
0.0
−16.7
66.2
108.6
95.6
138.0
180.4
164.0
−2.8
88.7
233.5
104.6
102.4
150.0
141.6
153.8
242.3
60
100
200
400
760
−62.7
48.2
56.0
50.6
50.5
52.5
57.7
153.7
175.1
140.4
121.9
141.5
93.9
104.8
23.9
33.3
25.4
29.3
152.2
143.0
143.0
161.0
156.0
94.2
210.0
177.5
147.3
222.6
132.3
124.7
155.3
−12.0
208.8
209.5
118.1
140.3
90.3
165.6
45.1
108.3
222.8
227.5
265.0
241.3
202.8
178.8
198.6
227.4
242.5
186.3
211.8
252.5
74.2
138.7
132.3
169.9
159.8
140.3
33.0
13.7
96.0
148.1
132.6
180.3
227.0
207.3
29.5
130.0
286.0
146.2
142.3
192.0
182.1
199.5
288.0
−50.9
65.7
73.8
68.1
68.0
70.0
75.6
171.0
196.3
160.0
140.0
161.0
114.0
123.3
40.3
50.1
41.8
46.2
173.0
161.5
161.5
181.5
176.2
114.2
232.7
198.0
167.8
245.0
153.2
145.6
175.8
+2.6
230.5
232.3
138.3
161.6
110.0
186.2
62.3
128.2
247.5
250.0
299.5
262.6
227.8
203.3
222.8
251.7
267.2
210.7
236.8
270.3
103.8
159.8
153.7
189.9
180.0
160.0
50.3
30.0
111.2
168.0
151.2
202.5
250.1
228.2
46.0
151.4
314.2
167.2
162.2
213.0
203.0
222.0
312.4
−37.8
85.6
94.1
88.2
87.9
90.4
96.0
189.8
219.5
182.2
159.8
183.5
136.0
143.3
59.2
69.4
60.6
65.5
196.0
184.2
184.2
203.6
197.8
136.4
257.8
221.0
192.0
269.6
177.5
168.7
197.5
18.7
255.0
257.4
161.5
185.4
131.3
209.5
81.8
150.5
274.1
275.6
337.2
285.8
255.0
230.7
249.8
278.3
294.0
237.5
263.9
290.0
140.0
184.3
177.6
210.5
203.8
183.1
69.5
48.2
127.3
190.3
171.8
226.5
275.6
251.8
64.4
175.2
343.5
191.0
185.5
235.7
225.0
248.0
337.0
−23.7
106.8
115.6
109.4
109.1
112.0
117.7
208.0
242.6
205.0
180.7
206.0
159.7
163.3
79.2
89.8
80.5
86.1
218.0
211.5
211.5
225.2
219.5
159.3
283.7
245.0
215.0
293.5
202.0
193.0
219.5
36.0
280.0
282.0
184.8
209.5
153.0
232.0
101.1
174.6
302.0
301.0
378.0
310.0
284.0
258.5
277.0
306.5
322.2
264.5
292.5
310.0
180.0
209.0
202.0
231.8
227.0
205.6
89.5
67.5
143.7
213.5
193.5
250.8
303.0
275.0
84.0
199.5
376.0
216.2
208.0
259.0
248.0
273.0
362.0
Temperature, °C
Formula
C2H6O
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C7H10O4
C6H10O5
C6H8O4
C5H8O4
C7H10O4
C10H22
C4H6O4
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C8H10O
C8H10O
C8H10O
C8H10O
C8H10O
C8H12Si
C10H10O4
C7H8O2
C8H10O2
C12H22O4
C10H12
C10H12
C6H8O3
C2H6S
C6H10O6
C6H10O6
C9H13N
C9H13N
C2H5N3O2
C10H16O2
C4H8O2
C10H16
C12H11N
C13H12O
C12H10ClPO3
C12H10S2
C14H14
C12H10O
C14H12
C14H12
C12H12N2
C13H12
C12H10S
C18H17O3PS
C8H18O2
C12H18
C12H18
C6H14O3
C10H22O3
C9H20O3
C6H14O
C6H14O
C7H14O
C8H14O4
C8H14O4
C10H18O4
C10H18O6
C10H18O6
C6H6
C10H10
C22H46
C12H26
C12H24
C12H26O
C12H27N
C15H34Si
C18H34O2
40
−76.2
28.2
35.6
30.5
30.4
31.7
37.1
133.7
150.1
117.2
100.0
118.0
71.2
83.6
+5.0
13.9
+6.5
+9.9
129.2
121.5
121.5
138.0
133.3
71.4
182.8
152.7
122.5
196.0
107.7
100.2
132.3
−28.4
182.4
182.4
95.0
116.3
68.2
141.2
25.2
84.3
194.3
200.0
227.9
214.8
173.7
150.0
170.8
199.0
213.5
157.8
182.8
230.6
42.3
114.0
107.9
147.4
136.3
117.0
+13.2
−4.5
78.1
124.6
110.5
154.8
199.7
181.8
+10.0
105.5
254.5
121.7
118.6
167.2
157.4
172.1
260.8
−70.4
36.7
44.2
39.0
38.9
40.4
45.8
142.6
160.4
127.1
109.7
127.8
80.8
92.8
13.0
22.1
14.5
18.1
139.5
131.0
131.0
148.0
143.5
81.3
194.0
163.8
133.2
208.0
118.0
110.7
142.4
−21.4
193.8
193.8
105.2
126.4
77.7
151.3
33.8
94.6
206.9
212.0
244.2
226.2
186.0
162.0
183.4
211.5
225.9
170.2
194.8
240.4
55.8
124.3
118.2
156.5
146.3
126.8
21.6
+3.4
85.8
134.8
120.0
166.0
211.7
192.6
18.1
116.0
268.3
132.1
128.5
177.8
168.0
184.2
273.0
Melting
point,
°C
−138.5
−90.7
38
−62
−52.8
−123.7
−135
−119.5
−135.0
75
25.5
74.5
62.5
68
51.5
38
−83.2
61.5
89
−61
10
52.9
68.5
61
51.5
27
124
44
26.5
−105
−122
−60
−32.6
−66.9
44.5
−9.6
−31.5
24
51.5
2-68
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
1
5
10
20
−16.5
−69.0
206.7
52.6
−159.5
36.3
−50.9
167.0
−43.4
28.5
−92.5
−29.5
47.0
−29.0
−31.3
−82.3
52.0
38.5
29.7
33.7
33.5
−9.8
44.0
107.6
−74.3
10.6
−18.4
−24.3
118.2
11.0
107.8
133.2
−89.8
+1.0
−5.1
+6.6
87.6
28.3
31.5
67.8
−14.5
−32.2
9.6
76.0
98.3
−168.3
112.0
−4.0
−11.0
−27.0
−44.5
53.0
−33.5
+5.6
−50.0
239.7
80.0
−148.5
63.1
−31.0
198.2
−23.5
54.0
−76.7
−8.7
70.7
−6.4
−12.0
−66.4
80.0
66.4
55.9
60.3
60.2
+13.9
72.0
136.4
−56.4
35.8
+4.0
−2.4
149.8
35.8
65.8
131.8
168.2
−73.9
25.4
+18.0
30.2
108.5
55.5
58.4
93.5
+9.2
−10.8
34.0
106.3
130.2
−158.3
142.4
+19.0
+10.5
+4.7
−24.0
79.7
−10.2
16.6
−40.3
254.5
93.7
−142.9
76.2
−20.7
213.5
−13.5
67.3
−68.7
+2.0
82.0
+5.0
−2.3
−58.3
93.8
80.6
69.0
73.9
73.9
25.9
86.0
150.3
−47.5
48.0
15.3
+8.4
165.0
48.0
77.8
143.7
186.0
−65.8
37.5
29.9
41.9
134.0
68.8
72.0
106.0
20.6
−0.1
46.3
121.7
146.0
−153.2
158.0
30.3
21.5
18.6
−13.6
92.1
+1.6
29.0
−29.5
270.6
108.4
−136.7
91.0
−9.8
230.0
−3.0
81.1
−59.9
13.0
94.4
17.7
+8.0
−48.6
109.0
96.0
83.1
88.5
88.5
38.6
101.4
166.8
−37.8
61.8
27.8
20.6
181.8
61.7
91.0
155.5
205.5
−56.8
50.4
42.0
54.3
150.3
83.6
86.7
119.8
33.4
+11.7
59.5
137.7
162.8
−147.6
173.5
42.5
33.0
32.7
−2.4
105.8
14.7
42.0
−17.3
289.1
124.6
−129.8
107.2
+3.7
247.0
+9.1
96.2
−50.0
26.0
108.1
31.8
19.0
−39.8
125.7
113.2
98.8
104.8
104.7
52.8
118.2
181.8
−26.7
77.0
41.5
33.8
199.8
76.3
105.6
168.8
226.5
−47.0
65.2
56.0
68.2
169.2
99.9
103.3
133.8
47.6
25.0
74.0
154.4
182.0
−141.3
191.0
56.0
45.8
48.0
+10.0
120.0
29.7
50.6
−9.7
300.2
135.2
−125.4
127.5
11.5
258.3
16.6
106.0
−43.4
33.5
116.7
40.6
26.0
−33.4
136.0
123.6
109.0
115.5
115.4
61.8
129.0
191.9
−19.5
86.7
50.1
42.3
211.5
85.8
114.8
177.3
239.8
−40.6
74.0
65.2
77.3
181.2
110.2
113.8
142.1
56.7
33.4
83.6
166.0
193.7
−137.3
201.8
64.1
53.8
57.9
18.1
129.5
39.0
62.0
+1.2
314.4
148.5
−119.3
131.4
22.1
273.5
27.0
118.5
−34.9
44.5
127.5
53.0
34.9
−25.1
149.8
137.3
122.3
129.2
128.4
74.1
143.2
205.0
−10.0
99.8
62.0
53.5
226.6
98.4
126.2
187.9
256.8
−32.0
86.0
76.6
89.3
196.0
124.3
127.2
152.8
69.0
45.0
96.1
180.3
209.8
−131.8
215.0
75.0
62.5
70.4
29.4
141.8
51.8
C4H10O2
−48.0
−26.2
−15.3
−3.0
+10.7
19.7
31.8
50.0
70.8
93.0
C3H8O2
−13.5
+10.2
22.0
34.3
47.8
56.4
68.0
85.3
104.3
124.4
−89.7
40.5
−117.0
−60.5
37.6
14.3
−20.0
50.0
−60.7
−112.5
−54.4
27.8
47.3
−76.7
26.5
−91.0
−73.8
67.3
−103.8
−42.2
63.8
38.8
+2.1
77.7
−41.9
−98.4
−34.3
57.3
74.0
−59.1
51.0
−75.6
−65.7
80.2
−97.7
−33.0
77.1
50.5
12.8
91.8
−32.3
−91.7
−24.3
72.1
87.3
−50.2
63.2
−67.8
−56.6
94.6
−90.0
−22.7
91.5
63.9
25.0
106.3
−21.9
−84.1
−13.1
88.0
101.8
−40.7
76.1
−59.1
−46.9
110.3
−81.8
−11.5
107.5
78.1
38.5
123.7
−10.2
−75.8
−0.9
106.0
117.7
−29.8
91.0
−49.4
−40.7
120.6
−76.4
−4.3
117.5
87.6
47.1
134.0
−2.9
−70.4
+7.2
117.8
127.6
−22.4
100.0
−43.3
−32.1
133.8
−69.3
−5.4
130.4
99.8
58.9
147.9
+7.2
−63.2
18.0
131.8
141.3
−13.0
112.0
−34.8
−19.5
153.2
−58.0
20.0
150.1
117.8
76.7
168.2
22.4
−52.0
34.1
149.8
160.2
+1.5
130.0
−22.0
−4.9
175.6
−45.5
37.1
172.5
138.0
97.0
192.2
39.8
−39.5
52.3
167.3
183.0
17.7
149.8
−7.8
+10.7
198.0
−32.0
54.3
195.0
158.2
118.5
216.0
57.4
−26.5
72.4
184.0
206.2
35.0
170.0
+7.5
Name
Formula
Epichlorohydrin
1,2-Epoxy-2-methylpropane
Erucic acid
Estragole (p-methoxy allyl benzene)
Ethane
Ethoxydimethylphenylsilane
Ethoxytrimethylsilane
Ethoxytriphenylsilane
Ethyl acetate
acetoacetate
Ethylacetylene (1-butyne)
Ethyl acrylate
α-Ethylacrylic acid
α-Ethylacrylonitrile
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Ethylamine
4-Ethylaniline
N-Ethylaniline
2-Ethylanisole
3-Ethylanisole
4-Ethylanisole
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl benzoate
benzoylacetate
bromide
α-bromoisobutyrate
n-butyrate
isobutyrate
Ethylcamphoronic anhydride
Ethyl isocaproate
carbamate
carbanilate
Ethylcetylamine
Ethyl chloride
chloroacetate
chloroglyoxylate
α-chloropropionate
trans-cinnamate
3-Ethylcumene
4-Ethylcumene
Ethyl cyanoacetate
Ethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclopentane
Ethyl dichloroacetate
N,N-diethyloxamate
N-Ethyldiphenylamine
Ethylene
Ethylene-bis-(chloroacetate)
Ethylene chlorohydrin (2-chloroethanol)
diamine (1,2-ethanediamine)
dibromide (1,2-dibromethane)
dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane)
glycol (1,2-ethanediol)
glycol diethyl ether
(1,2-diethoxyethane)
glycol dimethyl ether
(1,2-dimethoxyethane)
glycol monomethyl ether
(2-methoxyethanol)
oxide
Ethyl α-ethylacetoacetate
fluoride
formate
2-furoate
glycolate
3-Ethylhexane
2-Ethylhexyl acrylate
Ethylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethane)
fluoride (1,1-difluoroethane)
Ethyl iodide
Ethyl l-leucinate
Ethyl levulinate
Ethyl mercaptan (ethanethiol)
Ethyl methylcarbamate
Ethyl methyl ether
C3H5ClO
C4H8O
C22H42O2
C10H12O
C2H6
C10H16OSi
C5H14OSi
C20H20OSi
C4H8O2
C6H10O3
C4H6
C5H8O2
C5H8O2
C5H7N
C2H6O
C2H7N
C8H11N
C8H11N
C9H12O
C9H12O
C9H12O
C8H10
C9H10O2
C11H12O3
C2H5Br
C6H11BrO2
C6H12O2
C6H12O2
C11H16O5
C8H16O2
C3H7NO2
C9H11NO2
C18H39N
C2H5Cl
C4H7ClO2
C4H5ClO3
C5H9ClO2
C11H12O2
C11H16
C11H16
C5H7NO2
C8H16
C7H14
C4H6Cl2O2
C8H15NO3
C14H15N
C2H4
C6H8Cl2O4
C2H5ClO
C2H8N2
C2H4Br2
C2H4Cl2
C2H6O2
C6H14O2
C2H4O
C8H14O3
C2H5F
C3H6O2
C7H8O3
C4H8O3
C8H18
C11H20O2
C2H4Cl2
C2H4F2
C2H5I
C8H17NO2
C7H12O3
C2H6S
C4H9NO2
C3H8O
40
60
100
200
400
760
Temperature, °C
79.3
98.0 117.9
17.5
36.0
55.5
336.5 358.8 381.5
168.7 192.0 215.0
−110.2 −99.7 −88.6
151.5 175.0 199.5
38.1
56.3
75.7
295.0 319.5 344.0
42.0
59.3
77.1
138.0 158.2 180.8
−21.6
−6.9
+8.7
61.5
80.0
99.5
144.0 160.7 179.2
71.6
92.2 114.0
48.4
63.5
78.4
−12.3
+2.0
16.6
170.6 194.2 217.4
156.9 180.8 204.0
142.1 164.2 187.1
149.7 172.8 196.5
149.2 172.3 196.5
92.7 113.8 136.2
164.8 188.4 213.4
223.8 244.7 265.0
+4.5
21.0
38.4
119.7 141.2 163.6
79.8 100.0 121.0
71.0
90.0 110.0
248.5 272.8 298.0
117.8 139.2 160.4
144.2 164.0 184.0
203.8 220.0 237.0
283.3 313.0 342.0
−18.6
−3.9 +12.3
103.8 123.8 144.2
94.5 114.7 135.0
107.2 126.2 146.5
219.3 245.0 271.0
145.4 168.2 193.0
148.3 171.8 195.8
169.8 187.8 206.0
87.8 109.1 131.8
62.4
82.3 103.4
115.2 135.9 156.5
202.8 226.5 252.0
233.0 258.8 286.0
−123.4 −113.9 −103.7
237.3 259.5 283.5
91.8 110.0 128.8
81.0
99.0 117.2
89.8 110.1 131.5
45.7
64.0
82.4
158.5 178.5 197.3
71.8
94.1 119.5
Melting
point,
°C
−25.6
33.5
−183.2
−82.4
−45
−130
−71.2
−112
−80.6
−4
−63.5
−94.9
−34.6
−117.8
−93.3
−88.2
49
52.5
−139
−26
12
−111.3
−138.6
−169
−69
8.5
10
−35.3
−15.6
−111.3
−79
34
−96.7
−117
−105
−121
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-69
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
1-Ethylnaphthalene
Ethyl α-naphthyl ketone
(1-propionaphthone)
Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate
3-Ethylpentane
4-Ethylphenetole
2-Ethylphenol
3-Ethylphenol
4-Ethylphenol
Ethyl phenyl ether (phenetole)
Ethyl propionate
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl salicylate
3-Ethylstyrene
4-Ethylstyrene
Ethylisothiocyanate
2-Ethyltoluene
3-Ethyltoluene
4-Ethyltoluene
Ethyl trichloroacetate
Ethyltrimethylsilane
Ethyltrimethyltin
Ethyl isovalerate
2-Ethyl-1,4-xylene
4-Ethyl-1,3-xylene
5-Ethyl-1,3-xylene
Eugenol
iso-Eugenol
Eugenyl acetate
Fencholic acid
d-Fenchone
dl-Fenchyl alcohol
Fluorene
Fluorobenzene
2-Fluorotoluene
3-Fluorotoluene
4-Fluorotoluene
Formaldehyde
Formamide
Formic acid
trans-Fumaryl chloride
Furfural (2-furaldehyde)
Furfuryl alcohol
Geraniol
Geranyl acetate
Geranyl n-butyrate
Geranyl isobutyrate
Geranyl formate
Glutaric acid
Glutaric anhydride
Glutaronitrile
Glutaryl chloride
Glycerol
Glycerol dichlorohydrin
(1,3-dichloro-2-propanol)
Glycol diacetate
Glycolide (1,4-dioxane-2,6-dione)
Guaicol (2-methoxyphenol)
Heneicosane
Heptacosane
Heptadecane
Heptaldehyde (enanthaldehyde)
n-Heptane
Heptanoic acid (enanthic acid)
1-Heptanol
Heptanoyl chloride (enanthyl chloride)
2-Heptene
Heptylbenzene
Heptyl cyanide (enanthonitrile)
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachloroethane
Hexacosane
Hexadecane
1-Hexadecene
n-Hexadecyl alcohol (cetyl alcohol)
1
5
10
20
70.0
101.4
116.8
133.8
152.0
C13H12O
C9H9NO4
C7H16
C10H14O
C8H10O
C8H10O
C8H10O
C8H10O
C5H10O2
C5H12O
C9H10O3
C10H12
C10H12
C3H5NS
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C4H5Cl3O2
C5H14Si
C5H14Sn
C7H14O2
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H12O2
C10H12O2
C12H14O3
C10H16O2
C10H16O
C10H18O
C13H10
C6H5F
C7H7F
C7H7F
C7H7F
CH2O
CH3NO
CH2O2
C4H2Cl2O2
C5H4O2
C5H6O2
C10H18O
C12H20O2
C14H24O2
C14H24O2
C11H18O2
C5H8O4
C5H6O3
C5H6N2
C5H6Cl2O2
C3H8O3
C3H6Cl2O
124.0
108.1
−37.8
48.5
46.2
60.0
59.3
18.1
−28.0
−64.3
61.2
28.3
26.0
13.2
9.4
7.2
7.6
20.7
−60.6
−30.0
−6.1
25.7
26.3
22.1
78.4
86.3
101.6
101.7
28.0
45.8
−43.4
−24.2
−22.4
−21.8
155.5
140.2
−17.0
75.7
73.4
86.8
86.5
43.7
−7.2
−45.0
90.0
55.0
52.7
+10.6
34.8
32.3
32.7
45.5
−41.4
−7.6
+17.0
52.0
53.0
48.8
108.1
117.0
132.3
128.7
54.7
70.3
129.3
−22.8
−2.2
−0.3
+0.3
70.5
−20.0
+15.0
18.5
31.8
69.2
73.5
96.8
90.9
61.8
155.5
100.8
91.3
56.1
125.5
28.0
96.3
−5.0
38.5
42.6
56.0
96.8
102.7
125.2
119.6
90.3
183.8
133.3
123.7
84.0
153.8
52.2
171.0
155.0
−6.8
89.5
87.0
100.2
100.2
56.4
+3.4
−35.0
104.2
68.3
66.3
22.8
47.6
44.7
44.9
57.7
−31.8
+3.8
28.7
65.6
66.4
62.1
123.0
132.4
148.0
142.3
68.3
82.1
146.0
−12.4
+8.9
+11.0
11.8
−88.0
109.5
+2.1
51.8
54.8
68.0
110.0
117.9
139.0
133.0
104.3
196.0
149.5
140.0
97.8
167.2
64.7
188.1
173.6
+4.7
103.8
101.5
114.5
115.0
70.3
14.3
−24.0
119.3
82.8
80.8
36.1
61.2
58.2
58.5
70.6
−21.0
16.1
41.3
79.8
80.6
76.5
138.7
149.0
164.2
155.8
83.0
95.6
164.2
−1.2
21.4
23.4
24.0
−79.6
122.5
10.3
65.0
67.8
81.0
125.6
133.0
153.8
147.9
119.8
210.5
166.0
156.5
112.3
182.2
78.0
206.9
192.6
17.5
119.8
117.9
130.0
131.3
86.6
27.2
−12.0
136.7
99.2
97.3
50.8
76.4
73.3
73.6
85.5
−9.0
30.0
55.2
96.0
97.2
92.6
155.8
167.0
183.0
171.8
99.5
110.8
185.2
+11.5
34.7
37.0
37.8
−70.6
137.5
24.0
79.5
82.1
95.7
141.8
150.0
170.1
164.0
136.2
226.3
185.5
176.4
128.3
198.0
93.0
C6H10O4
C4H4O4
C7H8O2
C21H44
C27H56
C17H36
C7H14O
C7H16
C7H14O2
C7H16O
C7H13ClO
C7H14
C13H20
C7H13N
C6Cl6
C2Cl6
C26H54
C16H34
C16H32
C16H34O
38.3
64.1
103.0
79.1
188.0
248.6
145.2
32.7
−12.7
101.3
64.3
54.6
−14.1
94.6
47.8
149.3
49.8
240.0
135.2
131.7
158.3
77.1
116.6
92.0
205.4
266.8
160.0
43.0
−2.1
113.2
74.7
64.6
−3.5
110.0
61.6
166.4
73.5
257.4
149.8
146.2
177.8
90.8
132.0
106.0
223.2
284.6
177.7
54.0
+9.5
125.6
85.8
75.0
+8.3
126.0
76.3
185.7
87.6
275.8
164.7
162.0
197.8
106.1
148.6
121.6
243.4
305.7
195.8
66.3
22.3
139.5
99.8
86.4
21.5
144.0
92.6
206.0
102.3
295.2
181.3
178.8
219.8
100
200
400
760
Melting
point,
°C
164.1
180.0
204.6
230.8
258.1
−27
218.2
205.0
25.7
129.8
127.9
139.8
141.7
95.4
35.1
−4.0
147.6
109.6
107.6
59.8
86.0
82.9
83.2
94.4
−1.2
38.4
64.0
106.2
107.4
103.0
167.3
178.2
194.0
181.5
109.8
120.2
197.8
19.6
43.7
45.8
46.5
−65.0
147.0
32.4
89.0
91.5
104.0
151.5
160.3
180.2
174.0
147.2
235.5
196.2
189.5
139.1
208.0
102.0
233.5
220.3
36.9
143.5
141.8
152.0
154.2
108.4
45.2
+6.8
161.5
123.2
121.5
71.9
99.0
95.9
96.3
107.4
+9.2
50.0
75.9
120.0
121.2
116.5
182.2
194.0
209.7
194.0
123.6
132.3
214.7
30.4
55.3
57.5
58.1
−57.3
157.5
43.8
101.0
103.4
115.9
165.3
175.2
193.8
187.7
160.7
247.0
212.5
205.5
151.8
220.1
114.8
255.5
244.6
53.8
163.2
161.6
171.8
175.0
127.9
61.7
23.3
183.7
144.0
142.0
90.0
119.0
115.5
116.1
125.8
25.0
67.3
93.8
140.2
141.8
137.4
204.7
217.2
232.5
215.0
144.0
150.0
240.3
47.2
73.0
75.4
76.0
−46.0
175.5
61.4
120.0
121.8
133.1
185.6
196.3
214.0
207.6
182.6
265.0
236.5
230.0
172.4
240.0
133.3
280.2
270.6
73.0
185.7
184.5
193.3
197.4
149.8
79.8
41.6
207.0
167.2
165.0
110.1
141.4
137.8
136.4
146.0
42.8
87.6
114.0
163.1
164.4
159.6
228.3
242.3
257.4
237.8
166.8
173.2
268.6
65.7
92.8
95.4
96.1
−33.0
193.5
80.3
140.0
141.8
151.8
207.8
219.8
235.0
228.5
205.8
283.5
261.0
257.3
195.3
263.0
153.5
306.0
298.0
93.5
208.0
207.5
214.0
219.0
172.0
99.1
61.7
231.5
191.5
189.0
131.0
165.1
161.3
162.0
167.0
62.0
108.8
134.3
186.9
188.4
183.7
253.5
267.5
282.0
264.1
191.0
201.0
295.0
84.7
114.0
116.0
117.0
−19.5
210.5
100.6
160.0
161.8
170.0
230.0
243.3
257.4
251.0
230.0
303.0
287.0
286.2
217.0
290.0
174.3
115.8
158.2
131.0
255.3
318.3
207.3
74.0
30.6
148.5
108.0
93.5
30.0
154.8
103.0
219.0
112.0
307.8
193.2
190.8
234.3
128.0
173.2
144.0
272.0
333.5
223.0
84.0
41.8
160.0
119.5
102.7
41.3
170.2
116.8
235.5
124.2
323.2
208.5
205.3
251.7
147.8
194.0
162.7
296.5
359.4
247.8
102.0
58.7
179.5
136.6
116.3
58.6
193.3
137.7
258.5
143.1
348.4
231.7
226.8
280.2
168.3
217.0
184.1
323.8
385.0
274.5
125.5
78.0
199.6
155.6
130.7
78.1
217.8
160.0
283.5
163.8
374.6
258.3
250.0
312.7
190.5
240.0
205.0
350.5
410.6
303.0
155.0
98.4
221.5
175.8
145.0
98.5
244.0
184.6
309.4
185.6
399.8
287.5
274.0
344.0
60
Temperature, °C
Formula
C12H12
40
52.4
152.6
211.7
115.0
12.0
−34.0
78.0
42.4
34.2
−35.8
64.0
21.0
114.4
32.7
204.0
105.3
101.6
122.7
47
−118.6
−45
−4
46.5
−30.2
−72.6
1.3
−5.9
−95.5
−99.3
−10
295
19
5
35
113
−42.1
−80
−110.8
−92
8.2
97.5
17.9
−31
97
28.3
40.4
59.5
22.5
−42
−90.6
−10
34.6
230
186.6
56.6
18.5
4
49.3
2-70
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
Formula
n-Hexadecylamine (cetylamine)
Hexaethylbenzene
n-Hexane
1-Hexanol
2-Hexanol
3-Hexanol
1-Hexene
n-Hexyl levulinate
n-Hexyl phenyl ketone (enanthophenone)
Hydrocinnamic acid
Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid)
Hydroquinone
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
α-Hydroxybutyronitrile
4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone
3-Hydroxypropionitrile
Indene
Iodobenzene
Iodononane
2-Iodotoluene
α-Ionone
Isoprene
Lauraldehyde
Lauric acid
Levulinaldehyde
Levulinic acid
d-Limonene
Linalyl acetate
Maleic anhydride
Menthane
1-Menthol
Menthyl acetate
benzoate
formate
Mesityl oxide
Methacrylic acid
Methacrylonitrile
Methane
Methanethiol
Methoxyacetic acid
N-Methylacetanilide
Methyl acetate
acetylene (propyne)
acrylate
alcohol (methanol)
Methylamine
N-Methylaniline
Methyl anthranilate
benzoate
2-Methylbenzothiazole
α-Methylbenzyl alcohol
Methyl bromide
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
Methyl isobutyl carbinol (2-methyl4-pentanol)
n-butyl ketone (2-hexanone)
isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone)
n-butyrate
isobutyrate
caprate
caproate
caprylate
chloride
chloroacetate
cinnamate
α-Methylcinnamic acid
Methylcyclohexane
Methylcyclopentane
Methylcyclopropane
Methyl n-decyl ketone (n-dodecan-2-one)
dichloroacetate
N-Methyldiphenylamine
C16H35N
C18H30
C6H14
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H14O
C6H12
C11H20O3
C13H18O
C9H10O2
CHN
C6H6O2
C7H6O2
C4H8O3
C5H9NO
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C3H5NO
C9H8
C6H5I
C9H19I
C7H7I
C13H20O
C5H8
C12H24O
C12H24O2
C5H8O2
C5H8O3
C10H16
C12H20O2
C4H2O3
C10H20
C10H20O
C12H22O2
C17H24O2
C11H20O2
C6H10O
C4H6O2
C4H5N
CH4
CH4S
C3H6O3
C9H11NO
C3H6O2
C3H4
C4H6O2
CH4O
CH5N
C7H9N
C8H9NO2
C8H8O2
C8H7NS
C8H10O
CH3Br
C5H10
C5H10
C6H14O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C5H10O2
C5H10O2
C11H22O2
C7H14O2
C9H18O2
CH3Cl
C3H5ClO2
C10H10O2
C10H10O2
C7H14
C6H12
C4H8
C12H24O
C3H4Cl2O2
C13H13N
1
5
10
20
40
60
100
123.6
157.8
134.3
−34.5
47.2
34.8
25.7
−38.0
120.0
130.3
133.5
−55.3
153.3
153.2
98.5
65.8
69.3
46.7
87.8
44.3
50.6
96.2
65.9
108.8
−62.3
108.4
150.6
54.9
128.1
40.4
82.5
63.4
35.7
83.2
85.8
154.2
75.8
+14.1
48.5
−23.3
−199.0
−75.3
79.3
103.8
−38.6
−97.5
−23.6
−25.3
−81.3
62.8
109.0
64.4
97.5
75.2
−80.6
−72.8
−57.0
176.0
150.3
−25.0
58.2
45.0
36.7
−28.1
134.7
145.5
148.7
−47.7
163.5
169.7
110.5
77.8
81.0
58.8
102.0
58.5
64.0
109.0
79.8
123.0
−53.3
123.7
166.0
68.0
141.8
53.8
96.0
78.7
48.3
96.0
100.0
170.0
90.0
26.0
60.0
−12.5
−195.5
−67.5
92.0
118.6
−29.3
−90.5
−13.5
−16.2
−73.8
76.2
124.2
77.3
111.2
88.0
−72.8
−64.3
−47.9
195.7
168.0
−14.1
70.3
55.9
49.0
−17.2
150.2
161.0
165.0
−39.7
174.6
186.8
123.8
90.7
94.0
72.0
117.9
73.9
78.3
123.0
95.6
139.0
−43.5
140.2
183.6
82.7
154.1
68.2
111.4
95.0
62.7
110.3
115.4
186.3
105.8
37.9
72.7
−0.6
−191.8
−58.8
106.5
135.1
−19.1
−82.9
−2.7
−6.0
−65.9
90.5
141.5
91.8
125.5
102.1
−64.0
−54.8
−37.9
215.7
187.7
−2.3
83.7
67.9
62.2
−5.0
167.8
178.9
183.3
−30.9
192.0
206.0
138.0
104.8
108.2
86.7
134.1
90.7
94.4
138.1
112.4
155.6
−32.6
157.8
201.4
98.3
169.5
84.3
127.7
111.8
78.3
126.1
132.1
204.3
123.0
51.7
86.4
+12.8
−187.7
−49.2
122.0
152.2
−7.9
−74.3
+9.2
+5.0
−56.9
106.0
159.7
107.8
141.2
117.8
−54.2
−44.1
−26.7
228.8
199.7
+5.4
92.0
76.0
70.7
+2.8
179.0
189.8
194.0
−25.1
203.0
217.5
146.4
113.9
117.4
96.0
144.7
100.8
105.0
147.7
123.8
166.3
−25.4
168.7
212.7
108.4
178.0
94.6
138.1
122.0
88.6
136.1
143.2
215.8
133.8
60.4
95.3
21.5
−185.1
−43.1
131.8
164.2
−0.5
−68.8
17.3
12.1
−51.3
115.8
172.0
117.4
150.4
127.4
−48.0
−37.3
−19.4
245.8
216.0
15.8
102.8
87.3
81.8
13.0
193.6
204.2
209.0
−17.8
216.5
233.5
157.7
125.0
129.0
108.2
157.7
114.7
118.3
159.8
138.1
181.2
−16.0
184.5
227.5
121.8
190.2
108.3
151.8
135.8
102.1
149.4
156.7
230.4
148.0
72.1
106.6
32.8
−181.4
−34.8
144.5
179.8
+9.4
−61.3
28.0
21.2
−43.7
129.8
187.8
130.8
163.9
140.3
−39.4
−28.0
−9.9
+22.1
28.8
+19.7
−5.5
−13.0
93.5
30.0
61.7
−99.5
19.0
108.1
155.0
−14.0
−33.8
−80.6
106.0
26.7
134.0
33.3
38.8
30.0
+5.0
−2.9
108.0
42.0
74.9
−92.4
30.0
123.0
169.8
−3.2
−23.7
−72.8
120.4
38.1
149.7
45.4
50.0
40.8
16.7
+8.4
123.0
55.4
89.0
−84.8
41.5
140.0
185.2
+8.7
−12.8
−64.0
136.0
50.7
165.8
58.2
62.0
52.8
29.6
21.0
139.0
70.0
105.3
−76.0
54.5
157.9
201.8
22.0
−0.6
−54.2
152.4
64.7
184.0
67.0
69.8
60.4
37.4
28.9
148.6
79.7
115.3
−70.4
63.0
170.0
212.0
30.5
+7.2
−48.0
163.8
73.6
195.4
78.0
79.8
70.4
48.0
39.6
161.5
91.4
128.0
−63.0
73.5
185.8
224.8
42.1
17.9
−39.3
177.5
85.4
210.1
200
400
760
Temperature, °C
−53.9
24.4
14.6
+2.5
−57.5
90.0
100.0
102.2
−71.0
132.4
121.2
73.5
41.0
44.6
22.0
58.7
16.4
24.1
70.0
37.2
79.5
−79.8
77.7
121.0
28.1
102.0
14.0
55.4
44.0
+9.7
56.0
57.4
123.2
47.3
−8.7
25.5
−44.5
−205.9
−90.7
52.5
−57.2
−111.0
−43.7
−44.0
−95.8
36.0
77.6
39.0
70.0
49.0
−96.3
−89.1
−75.4
−0.3
+7.7
−1.4
−26.8
−34.1
63.7
+5.0
34.2
−2.9
77.4
125.7
−35.9
−53.7
−96.0
77.1
3.2
103.5
272.2 300.4 330.0
241.7 268.5 298.3
31.6
49.6
68.7
119.6 138.0 157.0
103.7 121.8 139.9
98.3 117.0 135.5
29.0
46.8
66.0
215.7 241.0 266.8
225.0 248.3 271.3
230.8 255.0 279.8
−5.3 +10.2
25.9
238.0 262.5 286.2
256.8 282.6 310.0
175.2 193.8 212.0
142.0 159.8 178.8
146.5 165.5 185.0
126.8 147.5 167.9
178.0 200.0 221.0
135.6 157.8 181.6
139.8 163.9 188.6
179.0 199.3 219.5
160.0 185.7 211.0
202.5 225.2 250.0
−1.2 +15.4
32.6
207.8 231.8 257.0
249.8 273.8 299.2
142.0 164.0 187.0
208.3 227.4 245.8
128.5 151.4 175.0
173.3 196.2 220.0
155.9 179.5 202.0
122.7 146.0 169.5
168.3 190.2 212.0
178.8 202.8 227.0
253.2 277.1 301.0
169.8 194.2 219.0
90.0 109.8 130.0
123.9 142.5 161.0
50.0
70.3
90.3
−175.5 −168.8 −161.5
−22.1
−7.9
+6.8
163.5 184.2 204.0
202.3 227.4 253.0
24.0
40.0
57.8
−49.8 −37.2 −23.3
43.9
61.8
80.2
34.8
49.9
64.7
−32.4 −19.7
−6.3
149.3 172.0 195.5
212.4 238.5 266.5
151.4 174.7 199.5
183.2 204.5 225.5
159.0 180.7 204.0
−26.5 −11.9
+3.6
−13.8
+2.5
20.2
+4.9
21.6
38.5
94.9
94.3
85.6
64.3
55.7
181.6
109.8
148.1
−51.2
90.5
209.6
245.0
59.6
34.0
−26.0
199.0
103.2
232.8
113.5
111.0
102.0
83.1
73.6
202.9
129.8
170.0
−38.0
109.5
235.0
266.8
79.6
52.3
−11.3
222.5
122.6
257.0
131.7
127.5
119.0
102.3
92.6
224.0
150
193.0
−24.0
130.3
263.0
288.0
100.9
71.8
+4.5
246.5
143.0
282.0
Melting
point,
°C
130
−95.3
−51.6
−98.5
48.5
−13.2
170.3
115.5
79
−47
−2
−28.5
−146.7
44.5
48
33.5
−96.9
58
42.5
54.5
−59
15
−182.5
−121
102
−98.7
−102.7
−97.8
−93.5
−57
24
−12.5
15.4
−93
−135
−133
−56.9
−84.7
−84.7
−18
−40
−97.7
−31.9
33.4
−126.4
−142.4
−7.6
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-71
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm* (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
1
5
10
20
40
130.0
−13.2
−52.1
−28.0
−1.8
−1.4
−137.0
−57.0
125.4
33.7
152.0
+1.3
+2.6
+1.5
+6.7
65.0
66.0
−19.5
−18.1
−55.0
117.9
66.4
−10.0
145.7
146.3
152.3
95.5
166.8
161.6
−41.7
−39.8
38.0
+16.8
43.6
30.0
−96.5
−21.5
89.3
38.4
−54.3
+8.0
−1.0
104.0
81.6
34.0
42.0
145.5
−2.4
−43.3
−17.7
+9.5
+9.9
−131.6
−48.6
141.8
45.3
168.7
12.3
13.3
12.4
17.8
76.7
77.8
−9.1
−7.8
−45.8
133.2
79.7
+1.0
160.8
161.5
168.5
108.9
184.3
178.0
−32.1
−30.1
49.6
27.6
55.5
42.2
−81.9
−11.8
103.8
50.6
−45.4
17.9
+8.3
119.0
95.3
47.1
55.1
161.3
+9.7
−33.4
−6.5
21.7
22.3
−125.9
−39.2
157.7
58.1
186.0
24.4
25.4
24.5
30.4
89.3
90.4
+2.3
+3.6
−35.6
149.0
93.7
11.0
177.8
178.4
185.7
123.1
202.0
196.4
−21.4
−19.4
61.6
38.8
67.7
55.8
−73.4
−1.0
120.2
64.1
−35.4
28.5
18.3
134.0
110.0
61.8
69.2
179.8
23.3
−22.3
+6.0
35.2
36.2
−119.1
−28.7
177.5
72.3
204.8
37.9
38.9
38.0
44.0
102.7
104.0
14.9
16.4
−24.2
166.0
109.5
25.5
195.8
196.8
203.8
139.0
151.5
+9.8
−8.3
117.0
+2.9
−77.7
40.0
132.0
174.1
74.2
184.0
189.7
125.5
128.6
137.7
141.6
91.8
135.7
151.5
177.6
117.7
127.4
71.6
+1.5
167
−7.9
76.8
128.0
167.3
21.6
+5.4
131.8
14.0
−70.0
53.2
148.3
190.8
85.8
196.8
202.8
142.0
145.5
153.8
157.6
107.2
150.4
167.8
194.4
133.4
142.8
84.9
12.5
188
+2.8
90.4
142.0
184.6
34.5
20.4
147.8
26.4
−61.3
67.0
166.2
207.6
101.7
211.2
216.9
158.0
161.8
171.6
175.8
123.7
167.7
185.5
213.2
150.0
159.0
99.3
24.8
210
14.1
105.8
155.8
60
100
200
400
760
191.4
31.6
−15.7
14.0
43.9
45.0
−115.0
−21.9
189.9
81.8
216.3
46.6
47.6
46.6
52.8
111.5
112.8
23.0
24.5
−16.9
176.8
119.3
34.5
207.5
208.6
214.7
148.6
206.0
42.3
−6.3
25.0
55.7
57.1
−109.0
−12.9
205.0
93.7
231.5
58.3
59.4
58.3
64.6
122.6
123.8
34.1
35.6
−7.0
190.8
133.0
47.0
222.6
223.8
229.8
161.0
228.2
58.5
+8.0
41.6
73.6
75.3
−99.9
+0.8
229.1
111.8
254.5
76.0
77.1
76.1
82.3
139.5
140.0
50.8
52.4
+8.0
253.3
79.0
24.1
60.0
94.0
96.2
−89.5
16.0
255.5
131.7
279.8
96.2
97.4
96.3
102.2
156.6
156.6
69.8
71.6
25.3
278.0
98.6
40.7
79.6
115.6
118.3
−78.2
32.0
282.5
151.5
306.5
117.6
118.9
117.7
122.5
175.5
174.3
90.0
91.9
42.4
153.4
63.0
245.3
246.7
251.6
181.2
175.8
82.0
269.8
270.5
275.8
202.3
197.7
101.0
295.8
295.5
301.0
224.0
214.3
−9.7
−7.3
74.7
51.3
81.2
70.7
−63.8
+11.0
138.0
79.4
−24.3
39.8
29.6
150.8
126.2
77.8
85.0
226.7
−1.9
+0.1
83.4
58.8
89.8
80.1
−57.7
18.7
149.3
88.8
−17.4
47.3
36.2
161.7
136.7
88.3
95.0
242.0
+8.1
10.5
94.2
69.2
100.0
93.0
−49.3
29.0
164.2
101.6
−8.1
56.8
45.5
176.2
150.0
102.2
108.6
265.8
24.1
26.5
111.3
85.0
116.1
112.3
−36.7
44.2
187.4
120.5
+6.0
71.0
59.0
197.8
172.6
121.8
128.7
291.7
41.6
44.2
129.8
102.6
133.2
133.8
−22.2
61.8
212.7
141.7
22.5
86.8
73.8
211.7
197.5
143.0
151.2
319.5
60.3
63.3
147.9
121.2
150.2
155.5
−6.9
79.8
238.5
163.0
39.1
103.3
88.9
246.5
223.2
165.4
175.0
203.7
49.0
38.2
165.7
39.8
−51.7
82.6
186.0
223.5
119.3
225.0
231.5
177.8
181.7
191.5
195.7
142.1
186.0
204.2
234.2
168.8
177.7
115.4
38.0
235
27.5
122.1
172.8
215.0
58.1
47.5
176.6
48.2
−45.3
92.6
198.3
237.2
130.2
234.5
241.3
190.0
193.7
203.8
208.1
154.7
197.8
216.5
245.9
180.7
189.5
125.8
46.5
251
35.5
132.6
181.7
230.5
70.4
59.3
191.5
59.8
−37.1
106.0
214.5
250.5
145.5
245.8
252.7
206.0
209.8
220.0
224.3
169.5
213.0
232.1
261.8
196.2
204.3
139.9
57.8
254.4
89.8
77.5
214.0
77.3
−24.1
126.0
240.4
272.3
167.7
263.5
270.3
229.6
234.0
244.9
249.7
193.8
236.3
255.3
284.5
220.0
227.4
161.2
74.8
279.8
110.8
97.8
238.3
96.7
−10.1
148.3
267.9
294.6
193.2
281.4
289.5
255.8
260.6
272.2
277.4
219.8
260.0
280.2
310.2
246.8
252.1
185.8
94.0
307.0
132.9
119.0
262.5
116.7
+5.3
171.5
297.8
318.0
217.9
300.0
308.5
282.5
288.0
300.8
306.1
247.3
284.5
305.7
336.0
273.5
278.3
210.6
114.0
46.6
146.4
194.1
63.5
167.6
213.0
82.0
191.0
233.5
101.2
214.5
253.0
Temperature, °C
Name
Formula
Methyl n-dodecyl ketone (2-tetradecanone)
Methylene bromide (dibromomethane)
chloride (dichloromethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)
2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane
3-Methyl-3-ethylpentane
Methyl fluoride
formate
α-Methylglutaric anhydride
Methyl glycolate
2-Methylheptadecane
2-Methylheptane
3-Methylheptane
4-Methylheptane
2-Methyl-2-heptene
6-Methyl-3-hepten-2-ol
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol
2-Methylhexane
3-Methylhexane
Methyl iodide
laurate
levulinate
methacrylate
myristate
α-naphthyl ketone (1-acetonaphthone)
β-naphthyl ketone (2-acetonaphthone)
n-nonyl ketone (undecan-2-one)
palmitate
n-pentadecyl ketone (2-heptdecanone)
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylpentane
2-Methyl-1-pentanol
2-Methyl-2-pentanol
Methyl n-pentyl ketone (2-heptanone)
phenyl ether (anisole)
2-Methylpropene
Methyl propionate
4-Methylpropiophenone
2-Methylpropionyl bromide
Methyl propyl ether
n-propyl ketone (2-pentanone)
isopropyl ketone (3-Methyl-2-butanone)
2-Methylquinoline
Methyl salicylate
α-Methyl styrene
4-Methyl styrene
Methyl n-tetradecyl ketone
(2-hexadecanone)
thiocyanate
isothiocyanate
undecyl ketone (2-tridecanone)
isovalerate
Monovinylacetylene (butenyne)
Myrcene
Myristaldehyde
Myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid)
Naphthalene
1-Naphthoic acid
2-Naphthoic acid
1-Naphthol
2-Naphthol
1-Naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine
Nicotine
2-Nitroaniline
3-Nitroaniline
4-Nitroaniline
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Nitrobenzene
Nitroethane
Nitroglycerin
Nitromethane
2-Nitrophenol
2-Nitrophenyl acetate
C14H28O
CH2Br2
CH2Cl2
C4H8O
C8H18
C8H18
CH3F
C2H4O2
C6H8O3
C3H6O3
C18H38
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H16
C8H16O
C8H16O
C7H16
C7H16
CH3I
C13H26O2
C6H10O3
C5H8O2
C15H30O2
C12H10O
C12H10O
C11H22O
C17H34O2
C17H34O
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14O
C6H14O
C7H14O
C7H8O
C4H8
C4H8O2
C10H12O
C4H7BrO
C4H10O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C10H9N
C8H8O3
C9H10
C9H10
99.3
−35.1
−70.0
−48.3
−24.0
−23.9
−147.3
−74.2
93.8
+9.6
119.8
−21.0
−19.8
−20.4
−16.1
41.6
41.9
−40.4
−39.0
C16H32O
C2H3NS
C2H3NS
C13H26O
C6H12O2
C4H4
C10H16
C14H28O
C14H28O2
C10H8
C11H8O2
C11H8O2
C10H8O
C10H8O
C10H9N
C10H9N
C10H14N2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C7H5NO3
C7H5NO3
C6H5NO2
C2H5NO2
C3H5N3O9
CH3NO2
C6H5NO3
C8H7NO4
109.8
−14.0
−34.7
86.8
−19.2
−93.2
14.5
99.0
142.0
52.6
156.0
160.8
94.0
87.8
39.8
−30.5
115.0
115.6
120.2
68.2
134.3
129.6
−60.9
−59.0
15.4
−4.5
19.3
+5.4
−105.1
−42.0
59.6
13.5
−72.2
−12.0
−19.9
75.3
54.0
7.4
16.0
104.3
108.0
61.8
104.0
119.3
142.4
85.8
96.2
44.4
−21.0
127
−29.0
49.3
100.0
Melting
point,
°C
−52.8
−96.7
−85.9
−114.5
−90
−99.8
−109.5
−120.8
−121.1
−118.2
−64.4
5
18.5
55.5
15
30
−154
−118
−103
−37.3
−140.3
−87.5
−77.8
−92
−1
−8.3
−23.2
−51
35.5
28.5
23.5
57.5
80.2
160.5
184
96
122.5
50
111.5
71.5
114
146.5
40.9
58
+5.7
−90
11
−29
45
2-72
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
1-Nitropropane
2-Nitropropane
2-Nitrotoluene
3-Nitrotoluene
4-Nitrotoluene
4-Nitro-1,3-xylene (4-nitro-m-xylene)
Nonacosane
Nonadecane
n-Nonane
1-Nonanol
2-Nonanone
Octacosane
Octadecane
n-Octane
n-Octanol (1-octanol)
2-Octanone
n-Octyl acrylate
iodide (1-Iodooctane)
Oleic acid
Palmitaldehyde
Palmitic acid
Palmitonitrile
Pelargonic acid
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachloroethane
Pentachloroethylbenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Pentacosane
Pentadecane
1,3-Pentadiene
1,4-Pentadiene
Pentaethylbenzene
Pentaethylchlorobenzene
n-Pentane
iso-Pentane (2-methylbutane)
neo-Pentane (2,2-dimethylpropane)
2,3,4-Pentanetriol
1-Pentene
α-Phellandrene
Phenanthrene
Phenethyl alcohol (phenyl cellosolve)
2-Phenetidine
Phenol
2-Phenoxyethanol
2-Phenoxyethyl acetate
Phenyl acetate
Phenylacetic acid
Phenylacetonitrile
Phenylacetyl chloride
Phenyl benzoate
4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one
Phenyl isocyanate
isocyanide
Phenylcyclohexane
Phenyl dichlorophosphate
m-Phenylene diamine
(1,3-phenylenediamine)
Phenylglyoxal
Phenylhydrazine
N-Phenyliminodiethanol
1-Phenyl-1,3-pentanedione
2-Phenylphenol
4-Phenylphenol
3-Phenyl-1-propanol
Phenyl isothiocyanate
Phorone
iso-Phorone
Phosgene (carbonyl chloride)
Phthalic anhydride
Phthalide
Phthaloyl chloride
2-Picoline
Pimelic acid
α-Pinene
β-Pinene
1
5
10
20
40
C3H7NO2
−9.6
C3H7NO2
−18.8
C7H7NO2
50.0
C7H7NO2
50.2
C7H7NO2
53.7
C8H9NO2
65.6
C29H60
234.2
C19H40
133.2
C9H20
+1.4
C9H20O
59.5
C9H18O
32.1
C28H58
226.5
C18H38
119.6
C8H18
−14.0
C8H18O
54.0
C8H16O
23.6
C11H20O2
58.5
C8H17I
45.8
C18H34O2
176.5
C16H32O
121.6
C16H32O2
153.6
C16H31N
134.3
C9H18O2
108.2
C6HCl5
98.6
C2HCl5
+1.0
C8H5Cl5
96.2
C6HCl5O
C25H52
194.2
C15H32
91.6
C5H8
−71.8
C5H8
−83.5
C16H26
86.0
C16H25Cl
90.0
C5H12
−76.6
C5H12
−82.9
C5H12
−102.0
C5H12O3
155.0
C5H10
−80.4
C10H16
20.0
C14H10
118.2
C8H10O2
58.2
C8H11NO
67.0
C6H6O
40.1
C8H10O2
78.0
C10H12O3
82.6
C8H8O2
38.2
C8H8O2
97.0
C8H7N
60.0
C8H7ClO
48.0
C13H10O2
106.8
C10H10O
81.7
C7H5NO
10.6
C7H5N
12.0
C12H16
67.5
C6H5Cl2O2P
66.7
+13.5
+4.1
79.1
81.0
85.0
95.0
269.8
166.3
25.8
86.1
59.0
260.3
152.1
+8.3
76.5
48.4
87.7
74.8
208.5
154.6
188.1
168.3
126.0
129.7
27.2
130.0
25.3
15.8
93.8
96.0
100.5
109.8
286.4
183.5
38.0
99.7
72.3
277.4
169.6
19.2
88.3
60.9
102.0
90.0
223.0
171.8
205.8
185.8
137.4
144.3
39.8
148.0
230.0
121.0
−53.8
−66.2
120.0
123.8
−62.5
−65.8
−85.4
189.3
−63.3
45.7
154.3
85.9
94.7
62.5
106.6
113.5
64.8
127.0
89.0
75.3
141.5
112.2
36.0
37.0
96.5
95.9
248.2
135.4
−45.0
−57.1
135.8
140.7
−50.1
−57.0
−76.7
204.5
−54.5
58.0
173.0
100.0
108.6
73.8
121.2
128.0
78.0
141.3
103.5
89.0
157.8
127.4
48.5
49.7
111.3
110.0
37.9
28.2
109.6
112.8
117.7
125.8
303.6
200.8
51.2
113.8
87.2
295.4
187.5
31.5
101.0
74.3
117.8
105.9
240.0
190.0
223.8
204.2
149.8
160.0
53.9
166.0
192.2
266.1
150.2
−34.8
−47.7
152.4
158.1
−40.2
−47.3
−67.2
220.5
−46.0
72.1
193.7
114.8
123.7
86.0
136.0
144.5
92.3
156.0
119.4
103.6
177.0
143.8
62.5
63.4
126.4
125.9
51.8
41.8
126.3
130.7
136.0
143.3
323.2
220.0
66.0
129.0
103.4
314.2
207.4
45.1
115.2
89.8
135.6
123.8
257.2
210.0
244.4
223.8
163.7
178.5
69.9
186.2
211.2
285.6
167.7
−23.4
−37.0
171.9
178.2
−29.2
−36.5
−56.1
239.6
−34.1
87.8
215.8
130.5
139.9
100.1
152.2
162.3
108.1
173.6
136.3
119.8
197.6
161.3
77.7
78.3
144.0
143.4
C6H8N2
C8H6O2
C6H8N2
C10H15NO2
C11H12O2
C12H10O
C12H10O
C9H12O
C7H5NS
C9H14O
C9H14O
CCl2O
C8H4O3
C8H6O2
C8H4Cl2O2
C6H7N
C7H12O4
C10H16
C10H16
71.8
145.0
98.0
100.0
131.2
75.0
101.6
179.2
128.5
131.6
74.7
47.2
42.0
38.0
−92.9
96.5
95.5
86.3
−11.1
163.4
−1.0
+4.2
102.4
75.6
68.3
66.7
−77.0
121.3
127.7
118.3
+12.6
196.2
+24.6
30.0
147.0
87.8
115.8
195.8
144.0
146.2
176.2
116.0
89.8
81.5
81.2
−69.3
134.0
144.0
134.2
24.4
212.0
37.3
42.3
163.8
100.7
131.5
213.4
159.9
163.3
193.8
131.2
115.5
95.6
96.8
−60.3
151.7
161.3
151.0
37.4
229.3
51.4
58.1
182.5
115.5
148.2
233.0
178.0
180.3
213.0
147.4
122.5
111.3
114.5
−50.3
172.0
181.0
170.0
51.2
247.0
66.8
71.5
60
200
400
760
60.5
50.3
137.6
142.5
147.9
153.8
334.8
232.8
75.5
139.0
113.8
326.8
219.7
53.8
123.8
99.0
145.6
135.4
269.8
222.6
256.0
236.6
172.3
190.1
80.0
199.0
223.4
298.4
178.4
−16.5
−30.0
184.2
191.0
−22.2
−29.6
−49.0
249.8
−27.1
97.6
229.9
141.2
149.8
108.4
163.2
174.0
118.1
184.5
147.7
129.8
210.8
172.6
87.7
88.0
154.2
153.6
72.3
62.0
151.5
156.9
163.0
168.5
350.0
248.0
88.1
151.3
127.4
341.8
236.0
65.7
135.2
111.7
159.1
150.0
286.0
239.5
271.5
251.5
184.4
205.5
93.5
216.0
239.6
314.0
194.0
−6.7
−20.6
200.0
208.0
−12.6
−20.2
−39.1
263.5
−17.7
110.6
249.0
154.0
163.5
121.4
176.5
189.2
131.6
198.2
161.8
143.5
227.8
187.8
100.6
101.0
169.3
168.0
90.2
80.0
173.7
180.3
186.7
191.7
373.2
271.8
107.5
170.5
148.2
364.8
260.6
83.6
152.0
130.4
180.2
173.3
309.8
264.1
298.7
277.1
203.1
227.0
114.0
241.8
261.8
339.0
216.1
+8.0
−6.7
224.1
230.3
+1.9
−5.9
−23.7
284.5
−3.4
130.6
277.1
175.0
184.0
139.0
197.6
211.3
151.2
219.5
184.2
163.8
254.0
211.0
120.8
120.8
191.3
189.8
110.6
99.8
197.7
206.8
212.5
217.5
397.2
299.8
128.2
192.1
171.2
388.9
288.0
104.0
173.8
151.0
204.0
199.3
334.7
292.3
326.0
304.5
227.5
251.6
137.2
269.3
285.0
365.4
242.8
24.7
+8.3
250.2
257.2
18.5
+10.5
−7.1
307.0
+12.8
152.0
308.0
197.5
207.0
160.0
221.0
235.0
173.5
243.0
208.5
186.0
283.5
235.4
142.7
142.3
214.6
213.0
131.6
120.3
222.3
231.9
238.3
244.0
421.8
330.0
150.8
213.5
195.0
412.5
317.0
125.6
195.2
172.9
227.0
225.5
360.0
321.0
353.8
332.0
253.5
276.0
160.5
299.0
309.3
390.3
270.5
42.1
26.1
277.0
285.0
36.1
27.8
+9.5
327.2
30.1
175.0
340.2
219.5
228.0
181.9
245.3
259.7
195.9
265.5
233.5
210.0
314.0
261.0
165.6
165.0
240.0
239.5
−108
−93
−4.1
15.5
51.9
+2
63.8
32
−53.7
−5
−19
61.6
28
−56.8
−15.4
−16
194.0
124.2
158.7
245.3
189.8
192.2
225.3
156.8
133.3
121.4
125.6
−44.0
185.3
193.5
182.2
59.9
258.2
76.8
81.2
209.9
136.2
173.5
260.6
204.5
205.9
240.9
170.3
147.7
134.0
140.6
−35.6
202.3
210.0
197.8
71.4
272.0
90.1
94.0
233.0
153.8
195.4
284.5
226.7
227.9
263.2
191.2
169.6
153.5
163.3
−22.3
228.0
234.5
222.0
89.0
294.5
110.2
114.1
259.0
173.5
218.2
311.3
251.2
251.8
285.5
212.8
194.0
175.3
188.7
−7.6
256.8
261.8
248.3
108.4
318.5
132.3
136.1
285.5
193.5
243.5
337.8
276.5
275.0
308.0
235.0
218.5
197.2
215.2
+8.3
284.5
290.0
275.8
128.8
342.1
155.0
158.3
62.8
73
19.5
Temperature, °C
Formula
99.8
Melting
point,
°C
100
−45.9
14
34
64.0
31
12.5
85.5
−22
188.5
53.3
10
−129.7
−159.7
−16.6
99.5
40.6
11.6
−6.7
76.5
−23.8
70.5
41.5
+7.5
56.5
164.5
−21.0
28
−104
130.8
73
88.5
−70
103
−55
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-73
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
Piperidine
Piperonal
Propane
Propenylbenzene
Propionamide
Propionic acid
anhydride
Propionitrile
Propiophenone
n-Propyl acetate
iso-Propyl acetate
n-Propyl alcohol (1-propanol)
iso-Propyl alcohol (2-propanol)
n-Propylamine
Propylbenzene
Propyl benzoate
n-Propyl bromide (1-bromopropane)
iso-Propyl bromide (2-bromopropane)
n-Propyl n-butyrate
isobutyrate
iso-Propyl isobutyrate
Propyl carbamate
n-Propyl chloride (1-chloropropane)
iso-Propyl chloride (2-chloropropane)
iso-Propyl chloroacetate
Propyl chloroglyoxylate
Propylene
Propylene glycol (1,2-Propanediol)
Propylene oxide
n-Propyl formate
iso-Propyl formate
4,4′-iso-Propylidenebisphenol
n-Propyl iodide (1-iodopropane)
iso-Propyl iodide (2-iodopropane)
n-Propyl levulinate
iso-Propyl levulinate
Propyl mercaptan (1-propanethiol)
2-iso-Propylnaphthalene
iso-Propyl β-naphthyl ketone
(2-isobutyronaphthone)
2-iso-Propylphenol
3-iso-Propylphenol
4-iso-Propylphenol
Propyl propionate
4-iso-Propylstyrene
Propyl isovalerate
Pulegone
Pyridine
Pyrocatechol
Pyrocaltechol diacetate
(1,2-phenylene diacetate)
Pyrogallol
Pyrotartaric anhydride
Pyruvic acid
Quinoline
iso-Quinoline
Resorcinol
Safrole
Salicylaldehyde
Salicylic acid
Sebacic acid
Selenophene
Skatole
Stearaldehyde
Stearic acid
Stearyl alcohol (1-octadecanol)
Styrene
Styrene dibromide [(1,2-dibromoethyl)
benzene]
Suberic acid
Succinic anhydride
Succinimide
Succinyl chloride
α-Terpineol
Terpenoline
1
5
10
20
87.0
−128.9
17.5
65.0
4.6
20.6
−35.0
50.0
−26.7
−38.3
−15.0
−26.1
−64.4
6.3
54.6
−53.0
−61.8
−1.6
−6.2
−16.3
52.4
−68.3
−78.8
+3.8
9.7
−131.9
45.5
−75.0
−43.0
−52.0
193.0
−36.0
−43.3
59.7
48.0
−56.0
76.0
−7.0
117.4
−115.4
43.8
91.0
28.0
45.3
−13.6
77.9
−5.4
−17.4
+5.0
−7.0
−46.3
31.3
83.8
−33.4
−42.5
+22.1
+16.8
+5.8
77.6
−50.0
−61.1
28.1
32.3
−120.7
70.8
−57.8
−22.7
−32.7
224.2
−13.5
−22.1
86.3
74.5
−36.3
107.9
+3.9
132.0
−108.5
57.0
105.0
39.7
57.7
−3.0
92.2
+5.0
−7.2
14.7
+2.4
−37.2
43.4
98.0
−23.3
−32.8
34.0
28.3
17.0
90.0
−41.0
−52.0
40.2
43.5
−112.1
83.2
−49.0
−12.6
−22.7
240.8
−2.4
−11.7
99.9
88.0
−26.3
123.4
15.8
148.0
−100.9
71.5
119.0
52.0
70.4
+8.8
107.6
16.0
+4.2
25.3
12.7
−27.1
56.8
114.3
−12.4
−22.0
47.0
40.6
29.0
103.2
−31.0
−42.0
53.9
55.6
−104.7
96.4
−39.3
−1.7
−12.1
255.5
+10.0
0.0
114.0
102.4
−15.4
140.3
29.2
165.7
−92.4
87.7
134.8
65.8
85.6
22.0
124.3
28.8
17.0
36.4
23.8
−16.0
71.6
131.8
−0.3
−10.1
61.5
54.3
42.4
117.7
−19.5
−31.0
68.7
68.8
−96.5
111.2
−28.4
+10.8
−0.2
273.0
23.6
+13.2
130.1
118.1
−3.2
159.0
60
100
200
400
760
37.7
177.0
−87.0
97.8
144.3
74.1
94.5
30.1
135.0
37.0
25.1
43.5
30.5
−9.0
81.1
143.3
+7.5
−2.5
70.3
63.0
51.4
126.5
−12.1
−23.5
78.0
77.2
−91.3
119.9
−21.3
18.8
+7.5
282.9
32.1
21.6
140.6
127.8
+4.6
171.4
49.0
191.7
−79.6
111.7
156.0
85.8
107.2
41.4
149.3
47.8
35.7
52.8
39.5
+0.5
94.0
157.4
18.0
+8.0
82.6
73.9
62.3
138.3
−2.5
−13.7
90.3
88.0
−84.1
132.0
−12.0
29.5
17.8
297.0
43.8
32.8
154.0
141.8
15.3
187.6
66.2
214.3
−68.4
132.0
174.2
102.5
127.8
58.2
170.2
64.0
51.7
66.8
53.0
15.0
113.5
180.1
34.0
23.8
101.0
91.8
80.2
155.8
+12.2
+1.3
108.8
104.7
−73.3
149.7
+2.1
45.3
33.6
317.5
61.8
50.0
175.6
161.6
31.5
211.8
85.7
238.5
−55.6
154.7
194.0
122.0
146.0
77.7
194.2
82.0
69.8
82.0
67.8
31.5
135.7
205.2
52.0
41.5
121.7
112.0
100.0
175.8
29.4
18.1
128.0
123.0
−60.9
168.1
17.8
62.6
50.5
339.0
81.8
69.5
198.0
185.2
49.2
238.5
106.0
263.0
−42.1
179.0
213.0
141.1
167.0
97.1
218.0
101.8
89.0
97.8
82.5
48.5
159.2
231.0
71.0
60.0
142.7
133.9
120.5
195.0
46.4
36.5
148.6
150.0
−47.7
188.2
34.5
81.3
68.3
360.5
102.5
89.5
221.2
208.2
67.4
266.0
Temperature, °C
Formula
C5H11N
C8H6O3
C3H8
C9H10
C3H7NO
C3H6O2
C6H10O3
C3H5N
C9H10O
C5H10O2
C5H10O2
C3H8O
C3H8O
C3H9N
C9H12
C10H12O2
C3H7Br
C3H7Br
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C7H14O2
C4H9NO2
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C5H9ClO2
C5H7ClO3
C3H6
C3H8O2
C3H6O
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C15H16O2
C3H7I
C3H7I
C8H14O3
C8H14O3
C3H8S
C13H14
40
C14H14O
C9H12O
C9H12O
C9H12O
C6H12O2
C11H14
C8H16O2
C10H16O
C5H5N
C6H6O2
133.2
56.6
62.0
67.0
−14.2
34.7
+8.0
58.3
−18.9
165.4
83.8
90.3
94.7
+8.0
62.3
32.8
82.5
+2.5
104.0
181.0
97.0
104.1
108.0
19.4
76.0
45.1
94.0
13.2
118.3
197.7
111.7
119.8
123.4
31.6
91.2
58.0
106.8
24.8
134.0
215.6
127.5
136.2
139.8
45.0
108.0
72.8
121.7
38.0
150.6
227.0
137.7
146.6
149.7
53.8
118.4
82.3
130.2
46.8
161.7
242.3
150.3
160.2
163.3
65.2
132.8
95.0
143.1
57.8
176.0
264.0
170.1
182.0
184.0
82.7
153.9
113.9
162.5
75.0
197.7
288.2
192.6
205.0
206.1
102.0
178.0
135.0
189.8
95.6
221.5
313.0
214.5
228.0
228.2
122.4
202.5
155.9
221.0
115.4
245.5
C10H10O4
C6H6O3
C5H6O3
C3H4O3
C9H7N
C9H7N
C6H6O2
C10H10O2
C7H6O2
C7H6O3
C10H18O4
C4H4Se
C9H9N
C18H36O
C18H36O2
C18H36O
C8H8
98.0
69.7
21.4
59.7
63.5
108.4
63.8
33.0
113.7
183.0
−39.0
95.0
140.0
173.7
150.3
−7.0
129.8
151.7
99.7
45.8
89.6
92.7
138.0
93.0
60.1
136.0
215.7
−16.0
124.2
174.6
209.0
185.6
+18.0
145.7
167.7
114.2
57.9
103.8
107.8
152.1
107.6
73.8
146.2
232.0
−4.0
139.6
192.1
225.0
202.0
30.8
161.8
185.3
130.0
70.8
119.8
123.7
168.0
123.0
88.7
156.8
250.0
+9.1
154.3
210.6
243.4
220.0
44.6
179.8
204.2
147.8
85.3
136.7
141.6
185.3
140.1
105.2
172.2
268.2
24.1
171.9
230.8
263.3
240.4
59.8
191.6
216.3
158.6
94.1
148.1
152.0
195.8
150.3
115.7
182.0
279.8
33.8
183.6
244.2
275.5
252.7
69.5
206.5
232.0
173.8
106.5
163.2
167.6
209.8
165.1
129.4
193.4
294.5
47.0
197.4
260.0
291.0
269.4
82.0
228.7
255.3
196.1
124.7
186.2
190.0
230.8
186.2
150.0
210.0
313.2
66.7
218.8
285.0
316.5
293.5
101.3
253.3
281.5
221.0
144.7
212.3
214.5
253.4
210.0
173.7
230.5
332.8
89.8
242.5
313.8
343.0
320.3
122.5
278.0
309.0
247.4
165.0
237.7
240.5
276.5
233.0
196.5
256.0
352.3
114.3
266.2
342.5
370.0
349.5
145.2
C8H8Br2
C8H14O4
C4H4O3
C4H5NO2
C4H4Cl2O2
C10H18O
C10H16
86.0
172.8
92.0
115.0
39.0
52.8
32.3
115.6
205.5
115.0
143.2
65.0
80.4
58.0
129.8
219.5
128.2
157.0
78.0
94.3
70.6
145.2
238.2
145.3
174.0
91.8
109.8
84.8
161.8
254.6
163.0
192.0
107.5
126.0
100.0
172.2
265.4
174.0
203.0
117.2
136.3
109.8
186.3
279.8
189.0
217.4
130.0
150.1
122.7
207.8
300.5
212.0
240.0
149.3
171.2
142.0
230.0
322.8
237.0
263.5
170.0
194.3
163.5
254.0
345.5
261.0
287.5
192.5
217.5
185.0
Melting
point,
°C
−9
37
−187.1
−30.1
79
−22
−45
−91.9
21
−92.5
−127
−85.8
−83
−99.5
−51.6
−109.9
−89.0
−95.2
−122.8
−117
−185
−112.1
−92.9
−98.8
−90
−112
15.5
26
61
−76
−42
105
133
13.6
−15
24.6
110.7
11.2
−7
159
134.5
95
63.5
69.3
58.5
−30.6
142
119.6
125.5
17
35
2-74
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-8
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Continued )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
Formula
1,1,1,2-Tetrabromoethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane
Tetraisobutylene
Tetracosane
1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4-ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-xylene
Tetradecane
Tetradecylamine
Tetradecyltrimethylsilane
Tetraethoxysilane
1,2,3,4-Tetraethylbenzene
Tetraethylene glycol
Tetraethylene glycol chlorohydrin
Tetraethyllead
Tetraethylsilane
Tetralin
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane
Tetramethylene dibromide
(1,4-dibromobutane)
Tetramethyllead
Tetramethyltin
Tetrapropylene glycol monoisopropyl ether
Thioacetic acid (mercaptoacetic acid)
Thiodiglycol (2,2′-thiodiethanol)
Thiophene
Thiophenol (benzenethiol)
α-Thujone
Thymol
Tiglaldehyde
Tiglic acid
Tiglonitrile
Toluene
Toluene-2,4-diamine
2-Toluic nitrile (2-tolunitrile)
4-Toluic nitrile (4-tolunitrile)
2-Toluidine
3-Toluidine
4-Toluidine
2-Tolyl isocyanide
4-Tolylhydrazine
Tribromoacetaldehyde
1,1,2-Tribromobutane
1,2,2-Tribromobutane
2,2,3-Tribromobutane
1,1,2-Tribromoethane
1,2,3-Tribromopropane
Triisobutylamine
Triisobutylene
2,4,6-Tritertbutylphenol
Trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic anhydride
Trichloroacetyl bromide
2,4,6-Trichloroaniline
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,3-Trichlorobutane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
C2H2Br4
C2H2Br4
C16H32
C24H50
C6H2Cl4
C6H2Cl4
C6H2Cl4
C2Cl4F2
C2H2Cl4
C2H2Cl4
C8H6Cl4
C2Cl4
C6H2Cl4O
C8H6Cl4
C14H30
C14H31N
C17H38Si
C8H20O4Si
C14H22
C8H18O5
C8H17ClO4
C8H20Pb
C8H20Si
C10H12
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C8H18
C4H8Br2
C4H12Pb
C4H12Sn
C15H32O5
C2H4O2S
C4H10O2S
C4H4S
C6H6S
C10H16O
C10H14O
C5H8O
C5H8O2
C5H7N
C7H8
C7H10N2
C8H7N
C8H7N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C7H9N
C8H7N
C7H10N2
C2HBr3O
C4H7Br3
C4H7Br3
C4H7Br3
C2H3Br3
C3H5Br3
C12H27N
C12H24
C18H30O
C2HCl3O2
C4Cl6O3
C2BrCl3O
C6H4Cl3N
C6H3Cl3
C6H3Cl3
C6H3Cl3
C4H7Cl3
C2H3Cl3
C2H3Cl3
C2HCl3
CCl3F
C6H3Cl3O
C6H3Cl3O
1
5
10
20
58.0
65.0
63.8
183.8
68.5
58.2
83.3
95.5
93.7
219.6
99.6
89.0
95.7
110.0
108.5
237.6
114.7
104.1
108.5
126.0
124.5
255.3
131.2
121.6
−37.5
−16.3
−3.8
77.0
−20.6
100.0
94.4
76.4
102.6
120.0
16.0
65.7
153.9
110.1
38.4
−1.0
38.0
42.6
40.6
45.0
−17.4
−16.0
+7.4
+20.7
110.0
+2.4
130.3
125.0
106.0
135.8
150.7
40.3
96.2
183.7
141.8
63.6
+23.9
65.3
68.7
65.8
65.0
+3.2
−5.0
19.3
33.0
126.0
13.8
145.3
140.3
120.7
152.0
166.2
52.6
111.6
197.1
156.1
74.8
36.3
79.0
81.8
77.8
74.6
13.5
32.0
−29.0
−51.3
116.6
60.0
42.0
−40.7
18.6
38.3
64.3
−25.0
52.0
−25.5
−26.7
106.5
36.7
42.5
44.0
41.0
42.0
25.2
82.4
18.5
45.0
41.0
38.2
32.6
47.5
32.3
18.0
95.2
51.0
56.2
−7.4
134.0
40.0
38.4
58.8
−6.8
−31.0
147.8
87.7
96.0
−20.8
43.7
65.7
92.8
−1.6
77.8
−2.4
−4.4
137.2
64.0
71.3
69.3
68.0
68.2
51.0
110.0
45.0
73.5
69.0
66.0
58.0
75.8
57.4
44.0
126.1
76.0
85.3
+16.7
157.8
70.0
67.3
63.8
27.2
−32.0
−2.0
−22.8
−67.6
102.1
105.9
72.4
+4.4
−20.6
163.0
101.5
128.0
−10.9
56.0
79.3
107.4
+10.0
90.2
+9.2
+6.4
151.7
77.9
85.8
81.4
82.0
81.8
64.0
123.8
58.0
87.8
83.2
79.8
70.6
90.0
69.8
56.5
142.0
88.2
99.6
29.3
170.0
85.6
81.7
78.0
40.0
−21.9
+8.3
−12.4
−59.0
117.3
120.2
40
60
100
200
400
760
Temperature, °C
+0.5
−52.0
−24.0
−43.8
−84.3
72.0
76.5
Melting
point,
°C
+6.7
32.1
46.2
143.7
26.3
161.0
156.0
135.6
170.0
183.5
65.8
127.7
212.3
172.6
88.0
50.0
93.8
95.8
91.0
88.0
24.6
123.2
144.0
142.2
276.3
149.2
140.0
146.0
19.8
46.7
60.8
162.1
40.1
179.1
174.2
152.7
189.0
201.5
81.1
145.8
228.0
190.0
102.4
65.3
110.4
111.5
105.8
104.2
36.8
132.0
155.1
152.6
288.4
160.0
152.0
157.7
28.1
56.0
70.0
175.0
49.2
190.0
185.8
164.0
200.2
213.3
90.7
156.7
237.8
200.5
111.7
74.8
121.3
121.8
115.4
114.8
44.5
144.0
170.0
167.5
305.2
175.7
168.0
173.5
38.6
68.0
83.2
191.6
61.3
205.2
200.5
178.5
215.7
227.8
103.6
172.4
250.0
214.7
123.8
88.0
135.3
135.7
128.3
128.1
54.8
161.5
192.5
190.0
330.5
198.0
193.7
196.0
55.0
87.2
102.2
215.3
79.8
227.2
223.0
201.8
239.8
250.0
123.5
196.0
268.4
236.5
142.0
108.0
157.2
155.7
149.9
149.5
70.2
181.0
217.5
214.6
358.0
225.5
220.0
220.5
73.1
108.2
124.0
243.0
100.0
250.4
248.3
226.8
264.6
275.0
146.2
221.4
288.0
258.2
161.8
130.2
181.8
180.0
173.7
172.1
87.4
200.0
243.5
240.0
386.4
254.0
246.0
245.0
92.0
130.5
145.9
270.0
120.8
275.0
273.5
252.5
291.2
300.0
168.5
248.0
307.8
281.5
183.0
153.0
207.2
204.4
197.9
195.9
106.3
87.6
16.6
−9.3
179.8
115.8
165.0
0.0
69.7
93.7
122.6
23.2
103.8
22.1
18.4
167.9
93.0
101.7
95.1
96.7
95.8
78.2
138.6
72.1
103.2
98.6
94.6
84.2
105.8
83.0
70.0
158.0
101.8
114.3
42.1
182.6
101.8
97.2
93.7
55.0
−10.8
21.6
−1.0
−49.7
134.0
135.8
104.0
30.3
+3.5
197.7
131.8
210.0
+12.5
84.2
110.0
139.8
37.0
119.0
36.7
31.8
185.7
110.0
109.5
110.0
113.5
111.5
94.0
154.1
87.8
120.2
116.0
111.8
100.0
122.8
97.8
86.7
177.4
116.3
131.2
57.2
195.8
119.8
114.8
110.8
71.5
+1.6
35.2
+11.9
−39.0
151.5
152.2
115.1
39.2
11.7
209.0
142.0
240.5
20.1
93.9
120.2
149.8
45.8
127.8
46.0
40.3
196.2
120.8
130.0
119.8
123.8
121.5
104.0
165.0
97.5
131.6
127.0
122.2
110.0
134.0
107.3
96.7
188.0
125.9
141.8
66.7
204.5
131.5
125.7
121.8
82.0
9.5
44.0
20.0
−32.3
162.5
163.5
128.7
50.8
22.8
223.3
154.0
285
30.5
106.6
134.0
164.1
57.7
140.5
58.2
51.9
211.5
135.0
145.2
133.0
136.7
133.7
117.7
178.0
110.2
146.0
141.8
136.3
123.5
148.0
119.7
110.0
203.0
137.8
155.2
79.5
214.6
146.0
140.0
136.0
96.2
20.0
55.7
31.4
−23.0
178.0
177.8
149.8
68.8
39.8
245.0
173.8
89.0
58.5
268.3
197.5
110.0
78.0
292.7
−20
−27.5
46.5
125.8
154.2
185.5
75.4
158.0
77.8
69.5
232.8
156.0
167.3
153.0
157.6
154.0
137.8
198.0
130.0
167.8
163.5
157.8
143.5
170.0
138.0
130.2
226.2
155.4
176.2
98.4
229.8
168.2
162.0
157.7
118.0
36.2
73.3
48.0
−9.1
201.5
199.0
64.7
146.7
177.8
209.2
95.5
179.2
99.7
89.5
256.0
180.0
193.0
176.2
180.6
176.9
159.9
219.5
151.6
192.0
188.0
182.2
165.4
195.0
157.8
153.0
250.6
175.2
199.8
120.2
246.4
193.5
187.7
183.0
143.0
54.6
93.0
67.0
+6.8
226.5
222.5
84.4
168.0
201.0
231.8
116.4
198.5
122.0
110.6
280.0
205.2
217.6
199.7
203.3
200.4
183.5
242.0
174.0
216.2
213.8
206.5
188.4
220.0
179.0
179.0
276.3
195.6
223.0
143.0
262.0
218.5
213.0
208.4
169.0
74.1
113.9
86.7
23.7
251.8
246.0
−38.3
51.1
46.5
54.5
139
26.5
−68.7
−36
−19.0
69.5
5.5
11.6
−136
−31.0
−6.2
−24.0
79.5
−102.2
−16.5
51.5
64.5
−95.0
99
−13
29.5
−16.3
−31.5
44.5
65.5
−26
16.5
−22
57
78
52.5
17
63.5
−30.6
−36.7
−73
62
68.5
VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-8
2-75
Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm (Concluded )
Pressure, mm Hg
Compound
Name
Tri-2-chlorophenylthiophosphate
1,1,1-Trichloropropane
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Tricosane
Tridecane
Tridecanoic acid
Triethoxymethylsilane
Triethoxyphenylsilane
1,2,4-Triethylbenzene
1,3,4-Triethylbenzene
Triethylborine
Triethyl camphoronate
citrate
Triethyleneglycol
Triethylheptylsilane
Triethyloctylsilane
Triethyl orthoformate
phosphate
Triethylthallium
Trifluorophenylsilane
Trimethallyl phosphate
2,3,5-Trimethylacetophenone
Trimethylamine
2,4,5-Trimethylaniline
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane
Trimethyl citrate
Trimethyleneglycol (1,3-propanediol)
1,2,4-Trimethyl-5-ethylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-ethylbenzene
2,2,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone
Trimethyl phosphate
2,4,5-Trimethylstyrene
2,4,6-Trimethylstyrene
Trimethylsuccinic anhydride
Triphenylmethane
Triphenylphosphate
Tripropyleneglycol
Tripropyleneglycol monobutyl ether
Tripropyleneglycol monoisopropyl ether
Tritolyl phosphate
Undecane
Undecanoic acid
10-Undecenoic acid
Undecan-2-ol
n-Valeric acid
iso-Valeric acid
γ-Valerolactone
Valeronitrile
Vanillin
Vinyl acetate
2-Vinylanisole
3-Vinylanisole
4-Vinylanisole
Vinyl chloride (1-chloroethylene)
cyanide (acrylonitrile)
fluoride (1-fluoroethylene)
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethene)
4-Vinylphenetole
2-Xenyl dichlorophosphate
2,4-Xyaldehyde
2-Xylene (2-xylene)
3-Xylene (3-xylene)
4-Xylene (4-xylene)
2,4-Xylidine
2,6-Xylidine
1
5
10
20
217.2
231.2
246.7
261.7
−7.0
33.7
−49.4
206.3
98.3
166.3
+22.8
98.8
74.2
76.0
+4.2
46.0
−40.3
223.0
104.0
181.0
34.6
112.6
88.5
90.2
−148.0
166.0
144.0
158.1
114.6
120.6
40.5
82.1
51.7
+0.8
149.8
122.3
−73.8
109.0
55.9
50.7
47.4
−18.8
160.4
100.6
84.6
80.5
+3.9
−4.3
+6.9
+7.1
46.4
67.8
91.6
79.7
97.4
197.0
249.8
140.5
147.0
127.3
198.0
73.9
149.0
156.3
112.8
79.8
71.3
79.8
30.0
154.0
−18.0
81.0
83.0
85.7
−83.7
−20.3
−132.2
−51.2
105.6
187.0
99.0
32.1
28.3
27.3
93.0
87.0
16.2
59.3
−30.0
242.0
120.2
195.8
47.2
127.2
104.0
105.8
−140.6
183.6
171.1
174.0
130.3
137.7
53.4
97.8
67.7
12.3
169.8
137.5
−65.0
123.7
69.9
64.5
61.0
−7.5
177.2
115.5
99.7
96.0
16.0
+7.5
19.2
19.3
57.6
83.0
107.1
94.8
113.8
206.8
269.7
155.8
161.8
143.7
213.2
85.6
166.0
172.0
127.5
93.1
84.0
95.2
43.3
170.5
−7.0
94.7
97.2
100.0
−75.7
−9.0
−125.4
−41.7
120.3
205.0
114.0
45.1
41.1
40.1
107.6
102.7
29.9
74.0
−18.5
261.3
137.7
212.4
61.7
143.5
121.7
122.6
−131.4
201.8
190.4
191.3
148.0
155.7
67.5
115.7
85.4
25.4
192.0
154.2
−55.2
139.8
85.4
79.8
76.1
+5.2
194.2
131.0
106.0
113.2
29.5
20.7
33.0
32.9
69.8
100.0
124.2
111.8
131.0
215.5
290.3
173.7
179.8
161.4
229.7
104.4
185.6
188.7
143.7
107.8
98.0
101.9
57.8
188.7
+5.3
110.0
112.5
116.0
−66.8
+3.8
−118.0
−31.1
136.3
223.8
129.7
59.5
55.3
54.4
123.8
120.2
60
100
200
400
760
271.5
283.8
302.8
322.0
341.3
38.3
83.6
−11.2
273.8
148.2
222.0
70.4
153.2
132.2
133.4
−125.2
213.5
202.5
201.5
158.2
168.0
76.0
126.3
95.7
33.2
207.0
165.7
−48.8
149.5
95.3
89.5
85.8
13.3
205.5
141.1
126.3
123.8
38.1
29.1
41.8
41.6
77.3
110.0
135.5
122.3
142.2
221.2
305.2
184.6
190.2
173.2
239.8
115.2
197.2
199.5
153.7
116.6
107.3
122.4
66.9
199.8
13.0
119.8
122.3
126.1
−61.1
11.8
−113.0
−24.0
146.4
236.0
139.8
68.8
64.4
63.5
133.7
131.5
50.0
96.1
−1.7
289.8
162.5
236.0
82.7
167.5
146.8
147.7
−116.0
228.6
217.8
214.6
174.0
184.3
88.0
141.6
112.1
44.2
225.7
179.7
−40.3
162.0
108.8
102.8
98.9
24.4
219.6
153.4
140.3
137.9
49.9
40.7
53.8
53.4
87.6
124.0
149.8
136.8
156.5
228.4
322.5
199.0
204.4
187.8
252.2
128.1
212.5
213.5
167.2
128.3
118.9
136.5
78.6
214.5
23.3
132.3
135.3
139.7
−53.2
22.8
−106.2
−15.0
159.8
251.5
152.2
81.3
76.8
75.9
146.8
146.0
67.7
115.6
+13.5
313.5
185.0
255.2
101.0
188.0
168.3
168.3
−101.0
250.8
242.2
235.2
196.0
208.0
106.0
163.7
136.0
60.1
255.0
201.3
−27.0
182.3
129.0
122.7
118.6
41.2
241.3
172.8
160.3
158.4
67.8
58.1
72.0
71.3
102.2
145.0
171.8
157.8
179.8
239.7
349.8
220.2
224.4
209.7
271.8
149.3
237.8
232.8
187.7
146.0
136.2
157.7
97.7
237.3
38.4
151.0
154.0
159.0
−41.3
38.7
−95.4
−1.0
180.0
275.3
172.3
100.2
95.5
94.6
166.4
168.0
87.5
137.0
30.2
339.8
209.4
276.5
121.8
210.5
193.7
193.2
−81.0
276.0
267.5
256.6
221.0
235.0
125.7
187.0
163.5
78.7
288.5
224.3
−12.5
203.7
152.0
145.4
141.0
60.4
264.2
193.8
184.5
183.5
88.2
78.0
92.7
91.8
118.4
167.8
196.1
182.3
205.5
249.8
379.2
244.3
247.0
232.8
292.7
171.9
262.8
254.0
209.8
165.0
155.2
182.3
118.7
260.0
55.5
172.1
175.8
182.0
−28.0
58.3
−84.0
+14.8
202.8
301.5
194.1
121.7
116.7
115.9
188.3
193.7
108.2
158.0
47.6
366.5
234.0
299.0
143.5
233.5
218.0
217.5
−56.2
301.0
294.0
278.3
247.0
262.0
146.0
211.0
192.1
98.3
324.0
247.5
+2.9
234.5
176.1
169.2
164.7
80.9
287.0
214.2
208.1
208.0
109.8
99.2
114.8
113.5
135.0
192.7
221.2
207.0
231.0
259.2
413.5
267.2
269.5
256.6
313.0
195.8
290.0
275.0
232.0
184.4
175.1
207.5
140.8
285.0
72.5
194.0
197.5
204.5
−13.8
78.5
−72.2
31.7
225.0
328.5
215.5
144.4
139.1
138.3
211.5
217.9
Temperature, °C
Formula
C18H12Cl3O3 188.2
PS
C3H5Cl3
−28.8
C3H5Cl3
+9.0
C2Cl3F3
−68.0
C23H48
170.0
C13H28
59.4
C13H26O2
137.8
C7H18O3Si
−1.5
C12H20O3Si
71.0
C12H18
46.0
C12H18
47.9
C6H15B
C15H26O6
C12H20O7
107.0
C6H14O4
114.0
C13H30Si
70.0
C14H32Si
73.7
C7H16O3
+5.5
C6H15O4P
39.6
C6H15Tl
+9.3
C6H5F3Si
−31.0
C12H21PO4
93.7
C11H14O
79.0
C3H9N
−97.1
C9H13N
68.4
C9H12
16.8
C9H12
13.6
C9H12
9.6
C7H16
C9H14O7
106.2
C3H8O2
59.4
C11H16
43.7
C11H16
38.8
C8H18
−29.0
C8H18
−36.5
C8H18
−25.8
C8H18
−26.3
C8H16O
14.7
C3H9O4P
26.0
C11H14
48.1
C11H14
37.5
C7H10O3
53.5
C19H16
169.7
C18H15O4P
193.5
C9H20O4
96.0
C13H28O4
101.5
C12H26O4
82.4
C21H21O4P
154.6
C11H24
32.7
C11H22O2
101.4
C11H20O2
114.0
C11H24O
71.1
C5H10O2
42.2
C5H10O2
34.5
C5H8O2
37.5
C5H9N
−6.0
C8H8O3
107.0
C4H6O2
−48.0
C9H10O
41.9
C9H10O
43.4
C9H10O
45.2
C2H3Cl
−105.6
C3H3N
−51.0
C2H3F
−149.3
C2H2Cl2
−77.2
C10H12O
64.0
C12H9Cl2PO 138.2
C9H10O
59.0
C8H10
−3.8
C8H10
−6.9
C8H10
−8.1
C8H11N
52.6
C8H11N
44.0
40
150.2
138.7
144.0
99.8
104.8
29.2
67.8
37.6
−9.7
131.0
108.0
−81.7
95.9
42.9
38.3
34.7
146.2
87.2
71.2
67.0
−7.1
−15.0
−3.9
−4.1
36.0
53.7
77.0
65.7
82.6
188.4
230.4
125.7
131.6
112.4
184.2
59.7
133.1
142.8
99.0
67.7
59.6
65.8
+18.1
138.4
−28.0
68.0
69.9
72.0
−90.8
−30.7
−138.0
−60.0
91.7
171.1
85.9
+20.2
+16.8
+15.5
79.8
72.6
Melting
point,
°C
−77.7
−14.7
−35
47.7
−6.2
41
135
−63.0
−117.1
67
−25.5
−44.1
−44.8
−25.0
78.5
−112.3
−107.3
−101.5
−109.2
93.4
49.4
−25.6
29.5
24.5
−34.5
−37.6
81.5
−153.7
−82
−160.5
−122.5
75
−25.2
−47.9
+13.3
2-76
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
UNITS CONVERSIONS
To convert cubic feet to cubic meters, multiply by 0.02832.
To convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by
14.504.
To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
°F = 9⁄5°C + 32.
To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch,
multiply by 0.01934.
TABLE 2-9
Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl*
log10 pmm = A − B/T, (T in K), which, however, agrees only approximately with the table. The table is more nearly correct.
Partial pressure of H2O, mmHg, °C
% HCl
A
B
0°
5°
10°
15°
20°
25°
30°
35°
40°
45°
50°
60°
6
10
14
18
20
8.99156
8.99864
8.97075
8.98014
8.97877
2282
2295
2300
2323
2334
4.18
3.84
3.39
2.87
2.62
6.04
5.52
4.91
4.21
3.83
8.45
7.70
6.95
5.92
5.40
11.7
10.7
9.65
8.26
7.50
15.9
14.6
13.1
11.3
10.3
21.8
20.0
18.0
15.4
14.1
29.1
26.8
24.1
20.6
19.0
39.4
35.5
31.9
27.5
25.1
50.6
47.0
42.1
36.4
33.3
66.2
61.5
55.3
47.9
43.6
86.0
80.0
72.0
62.5
57.0
139
130
116
102
93.5
22
24
26
28
30
9.02708
8.96022
9.01511
8.97611
9.00117
2363
2356
2390
2395
2422
2.33
2.05
1.76
1.50
1.26
3.40
3.04
2.60
2.24
1.90
4.82
4.31
3.71
3.21
2.73
6.75
6.03
5.21
4.54
3.88
9.30
8.30
7.21
6.32
5.41
12.6
11.4
9.95
8.75
7.52
17.1
15.4
13.5
11.8
10.2
22.8
20.4
18.0
15.8
13.7
30.2
27.1
24.0
21.1
18.4
39.8
35.7
31.7
27.9
24.3
52.0
46.7
41.5
36.5
32.0
32
34
36
38
40
42
9.03317
9.07143
9.11815
9.20783
9.33923
9.44953
2453
2487
2526
2579
2647
2709
1.04
0.85
0.68
0.53
0.41
0.31
1.57
1.29
1.03
0.81
0.63
0.48
2.27
1.87
1.50
1.20
0.94
0.72
3.25
2.70
2.19
1.75
1.37
1.06
4.55
3.81
3.10
2.51
2.00
1.56
6.37
5.35
4.41
3.60
2.88
2.30
11.7
9.95
8.33
6.92
5.68
4.60
15.7
13.5
11.4
9.52
7.85
6.45
21.0
18.1
15.4
13.0
10.7
8.90
27.7
24.0
20.4
17.4
14.5
12.1
8.70
7.32
6.08
5.03
4.09
3.28
70°
80°
90°
100° 110°
220
204
185
162
150
333
310
273
248
230
492
463
425
374
345
715
677
625
550
510
960
892
783
729
85.6
77.0
69.0
60.7
53.5
138
124
112
99.0
87.5
211
194
173
154
136
317
290
261
234
207
467
426
387
349
310
670
611
555
499
444
46.5
40.5
34.8
29.6
25.0
21.2
76.5
66.5
57.0
49.1
42.1
35.8
120
104
90.0
77.5
67.3
57.2
184
161
140
120
105
89.2
275
243
212
182
158
135
396
355
311
266
230
195
*Accuracy, ca. 2 percent for solutions of 15 to 30 percent HCl between 0 and 100°; for solutions of > 30 percent HCl the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and ca. 15 percent at the higher temperatures. Below 15 percent HCl, the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and higher strengths to ca. 15
to 20 percent at the lower strengths and perhaps 15 to 20 percent at the higher temperatures and lower strengths.
TABLE 2-10
Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl*
log10 pmm = A − B/T, (T in K), which, however, agrees only approximately with the table. The table is more nearly correct. mmHg, °C
%
HCl
A
2
4
6
8
10
11.8037
11.6400
11.2144
11.0406
10.9311
4736
0.0000117 0.000023 0.000044 0.000084 0.000151 0.000275 0.00047 0.00083 0.00140 0.00380 0.0100 0.0245 0.058 0.132 0.280
4471 0.000018 0.000036 .000069
.000131 .00024
.00044
.00077
.00134
.0023
.00385 .0064
.0165
.0405 .095
.21
.46
.93
4202 .000066 .000125 .000234
.000425 .00076
.00131
.00225
.0038
.0062
.0102
.0163
.040
.094
.206
.44
.92 1.78
4042 .000118 .000323 .000583
.00104
.00178
.0031
.00515
.0085
.0136
.022
.0344
.081
.183
.39
.82 1.64 3.10
3908 .00042
.00075
.00134
.00232
.00395
.0067
.0111
.0178
.0282
.045
.069
.157
.35
.73
1.48 2.9
5.4
12
14
16
18
20
10.7900
10.6954
10.6261
10.4957
10.3833
3765
3636
3516
3376
3245
22
24
26
28
30
10.3172
10.2185
10.1303
10.0115
9.8763
3125 .0734
2995 .175
2870 .41
2732 1.0
2593 2.4
.119
.277
.64
1.52
3.57
.187
.43
.98
2.27
5.23
.294
.66
1.47
3.36
7.60
.45
1.00
2.17
4.90
10.6
.68
1.49
3.20
7.05
15.1
1.02
2.17
4.56
9.90
21.0
32
34
36
38
40
9.7523
9.6061
9.5262
9.4670
9.2156
2457
2316
2229
2094
1939
5.7
13.1
29.0
63.0
130
8.3
18.8
41.0
87.0
176
11.8
26.4
56.4
117
233
16.8
36.8
78
158
307
23.5
50.5
105.5
210
399
32.5
68.5
142
277
515
44.5
92
188
360
627
42
44
46
8.9925 1800 253
8.8621 1681 510
940
332
655
430
840
560
709
900
B
0°
.00099
.0024
.0056
.0135
.0316
5°
.00175
.00415
.0095
.0225
.052
10°
.00305
.0071
.016
.037
.084
15°
.0052
.0118
.0265
.060
.132
20°
.0088
.0196
.0428
.095
.205
25°
.0145
.0316
.0685
.148
.32
30°
.0234
.050
.106
.228
.48
35°
.037
.078
.163
.345
.72
40°
45°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
110°
.058
.121
.247
.515
1.06
.091
.185
.375
.77
1.55
.136
.275
.55
1.11
2.21
.305
.60
1.17
2.3
4.4
.66
1.25
2.40
4.55
8.5
1.34
2.50
4.66
8.6
15.6
2.65
4.8
8.8
15.7
28.1
5.1
9.0
16.1
28
49
9.3
16.0
28
48
83
1.50
3.14
6.50
13.8
28.6
2.18
4.5
9.2
19.1
39.4
3.14
6.4
12.7
26.4
53
4.42
8.9
17.5
35.7
71
8.6
16.9
32.5
64
124
16.3
31.0
58.5
112
208
29.3
54.5
100
188
340
52
94
169
309
542
90
157
276
493
845
146
253
436
760
60.0
122
246
465
830
81
161
322
598
107
211
416
758
141
273
535
955
238
450
860
390
720
623
970
*Accuracy, ca. 2 percent for solutions of 15 to 30 percent HCl between 0 and 100°; for solutions of > 30 percent HCl the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and ca. 15
percent at the higher temperatures. Below 15 percent HCl, the accuracy is ca. 5 percent at the lower temperatures and higher strengths to ca. 15 to 20 percent at the lower strengths and
perhaps 15 to 20 percent at the higher temperatures and lower strengths.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
FIG. 2-1 Vapor pressures of H3PO4 aqueous: partial pressure of H2O vapor.
(Courtesy of Victor Chemical Works, Stauffer Chemical Company; measurements by W. H. Woodstock.)
TABLE 2-11
g SO2 /
100 g H2O
Temperature, ∞C
10
20
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.02
0.38
1.15
2.10
3.17
0.04
0.66
1.91
3.44
5.13
0.07
1.07
3.03
5.37
7.93
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.50
1.00
4.34
5.57
8.17
10.9
25.8
6.93
8.84
12.8
17.0
39.5
8.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
FIG. 2-2 Vapor pressures of H3PO4 aqueous: weight of H2O in saturated air.
(Courtesy of Victor Chemical Works, Stauffer Chemical Company; measurements by W. H. Woodstock.)
Partial Pressures of H2O and SO2 over Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide*
Partial pressures of H2O and SO2, mmHg, °C
0
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
2-77
10.6
13.5
19.4
25.6
58.4
30
40
50
60
90
120
0.12
1.68
4.62
8.07
11.8
0.19
2.53
6.80
11.7
17.0
0.29
3.69
9.71
16.5
23.8
0.43
5.24
13.5
22.7
32.6
1.21
12.9
31.7
52.2
73.7
2.82
27.0
63.9
104
145
15.7
19.8
28.3
37.1
83.7
58.6
93.2
129
165
202
88.5
139
192
245
299
129
202
277
353
430
183
285
389
496
602
275
351
542
735
407
517
796
585
741
818
22.5
28.2
40.1
52.3
117
31.4
39.2
55.3
72.0
159
42.8
53.3
74.7
96.8
212
95.8
118
164
211
454
253
393
535
679
824
342
530
720
453
700
955
*Extracted with permission from J. Chem Eng. Data 8, 1963: 333–336. Copyright 1963 American Chemical Society.
186
229
316
404
856
2-78
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-12
°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions*
Weight percent, H2SO4
10.0
.582E−02
.117E−01
.223E−01
.404E−01
.703E−01
.117
.189
.296
.449
.664
20.0
.534E−02
.107E−01
.205E−01
.373E−01
.649E−01
.109
.175
.275
.417
.617
30.0
.448E−02
.909E−02
.174E−01
.319E−01
.558E−01
.939E−01
.152
.239
.365
.542
40.0
.326E−02
.670E−02
.130E−01
.241E−01
.427E−01
.725E−01
.119
.188
.290
.434
50.0
60.0
.193E−02
.405E−02
.802E−02
.151E−01
.272E−01
.470E−01
.782E−01
.126
.196
.298
.836E−03
.180E−02
.367E−02
.710E−02
.131E−01
.232E−01
.395E−01
.651E−01
.104
.161
75.0
80.0
85.0
.207E−03
.467E−03
.995E−03
.201E−02
.387E−02
.715E−02
.127E−01
.217E−01
.360E−01
.578E−01
70.0
.747E−04
.175E−03
.388E−03
.811E−03
.162E−02
.309E−02
.565E−02
.997E−02
.170E−01
.281E−01
.197E−04
.490E−04
.115E−04
.253E−03
.531E−03
.106E−02
.204E−02
.376E−02
.668E−02
.115E−01
.343E−05
.952E−05
.245E−04
.589E−04
.133E−03
.286E−03
.584E−03
.114E−02
.213E−02
.383E−02
.905E−01
.138
.206
.301
.481
.605
.837
1.138
1.525
2.017
.452E−01
.708E−01
.108
.162
.236
.339
.478
.662
.902
1.212
.192E−01
.312E−01
.493E−01
.760E−01
.115
.170
.246
.350
.489
.673
.666E−02
.112E−01
.183E−01
.291E−01
.451E−01
.682E−01
.101
.147
.208
.291
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.957
1.349
1.863
2.524
3.361
4.404
5.685
7.236
9.093
11.289
.891
1.258
1.740
2.361
3.149
4.132
5.342
6.810
8.571
10.658
.786
1.113
1.544
2.101
2.810
3.697
4.793
6.127
7.731
9.640
.634
.904
1.264
1.732
2.333
3.090
4.031
5.185
6.584
8.259
.441
.638
.903
1.253
1.708
2.289
3.021
3.930
5.045
6.397
.244
.360
.519
.734
1.020
1.392
1.870
2.475
3.233
4.169
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
13.861
16.841
20.264
24.160
28.561
33.494
38.984
45.055
51.726
59.015
13.107
15.951
19.225
22.960
27.188
31.939
37.240
43.116
49.590
56.681
11.887
14.505
17.529
20.992
24.927
29.364
34.334
39.865
45.984
52.715
10.245
12.576
15.287
18.414
21.992
26.056
30.642
35.784
41.514
47.865
8.020
9.948
12.217
14.864
17.929
21.452
25.472
30.030
35.168
40.926
5.312
6.696
8.354
10.322
12.641
15.351
18.496
22.121
26.274
31.003
2.632
3.395
4.331
5.466
6.831
8.458
10.382
12.640
15.269
18.311
1.606
2.101
2.714
3.467
4.381
5.480
6.788
8.333
10.142
12.242
.913
1.220
1.609
2.096
2.699
3.435
4.326
5.395
6.663
8.155
.401
.542
.724
.952
1.237
1.587
2.012
2.525
3.136
3.857
300 66.934
310 75.495
320 84.705
330 94.567
340 105.083
350 116.251
64.407
72.781
81.816
91.518
101.894
112.946
60.081
68.100
76.792
86.172
96.252
107.043
54.868
62.553
70.947
80.077
89.969
100.646
47.346
54.470
62.337
70.988
80.463
90.802
36.360
42.395
49.164
56.721
65.123
74.426
21.808
25.804
30.343
35.473
41.240
47.692
14.665
17.438
20.591
24.153
28.154
32.622
9.897
11.912
14.227
16.867
19.855
23.217
4.701
5.680
6.806
8.093
9.551
11.193
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-12
2-79
Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions (Concluded )
Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
.518E−06
.159E−05
.448E−05
.117E−04
.285E−04
.652E−04
.141E−03
.290E−03
.569E−03
.107E−02
.242E−06
.762E−06
.220E−05
.587E−05
.146E−04
.341E−04
.754E−04
.158E−03
.316E−03
.606E−03
.107E−06
.344E−06
.101E−05
.275E−05
.696E−05
.166E−04
.372E−04
.795E−04
.162E−03
.315E−03
.401E−07
.130E−06
.390E−06
.108E−05
.278E−05
.672E−05
.154E−04
.334E−04
.691E−04
.137E−03
.218E−07
.713E−07
.215E−06
.598E−06
.155E−05
.379E−05
.875E−05
.192E−04
.400E−04
.801E−04
.980E−08
.323E−07
.978E−07
.275E−06
.720E−06
.177E−05
.413E−05
.912E−05
.192E−04
.388E−04
.569E−08
.188E−07
.572E−07
.161E−06
.424E−06
.105E−05
.245E−05
.544E−05
.115E−04
.234E−04
.268E−08
.888E−08
.271E−07
.766E−07
.202E−06
.503E−06
.118E−05
.263E−05
.559E−05
.114E−04
.775E−09
.258E−08
.789E−08
.224E−07
.595E−07
.149E−06
.350E−06
.784E−06
.168E−05
.343E−05
.196E−09
.655E−09
.201E−08
.575E−08
.153E−07
.384E−07
.910E−07
.205E−06
.439E−06
.903E−06
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.194E−02
.338E−02
.571E−02
.938E−02
.150E−01
.233E−01
.354E−01
.526E−01
.766E−01
.110
.112E−02
.198E−02
.341E−02
.569E−02
.923E−02
.146E−01
.225E−01
.340E−01
.502E−01
.729E−01
.590E−03
.107E−02
.186E−02
.315E−02
.519E−02
.832E−02
.130E−01
.199E−01
.298E−01
.438E−01
.261E−03
.479E−03
.851E−03
.146E−02
.245E−02
.399E−02
.633E−02
.983E−02
.149E−01
.222E−01
.154E−03
.285E−03
.511E−03
.886E−03
.149E−02
.245E−02
.393E−02
.614E−02
.941E−02
.141E−01
.752E−04
.141E−03
.254E−03
.445E−03
.757E−03
.125E−02
.202E−02
.319E−02
.492E−02
.744E−02
.455E−04
.855E−04
.155E−03
.278E−03
.467E−03
.776E−03
.126E−02
.199E−02
.309E−02
.469E−02
.223E−04
.420E−04
.766E−04
.135E−03
.232E−03
.387E−03
.629E−03
.999E−03
.155E−02
.236E−02
.674E−05
.128E−04
.233E−04
.414E−04
.711E−04
.119E−03
.194E−03
.309E−03
.482E−03
.735E−03
.178E−05
.339E−05
.623E−05
.111E−04
.191E−04
.321E−04
.526E−04
.840E−04
.131E−03
.201E−03
.631E−01
.894E−01
.125
.171
.232
.310
.409
.534
.689
.880
.325E−01
.467E−01
.660E−01
.918E−01
.126
.170
.227
.300
.391
.505
.208E−01
.300E−01
.427E−01
.598E−01
.825E−01
.112
.151
.200
.263
.341
.110E−01
.161E−01
.230E−01
.325E−01
.451E−01
.618E−01
.835E−01
.111
.147
.192
.698E−02
.102E−01
.147E−01
.208E−01
.290E−01
.398E−01
.540E−01
.723E−01
.957E−01
.125
.352E−02
.516E−02
.743E−02
.105E−01
.147E−01
.202E−01
.274E−01
.366E−01
.485E−01
.634E−01
.110E−02
.161E−02
.232E−02
.329E−02
.460E−02
.633E−02
.858E−02
.115E−01
.152E−01
.199E−01
.300E−03
.442E−03
.638E−03
.906E−03
.127E−02
.174E−02
.237E−02
.317E−02
.420E−02
.548E−02
.248
.316
.400
.502
.624
.770
.162
.208
.264
.331
.413
.511
.820E−01
.105
.133
.167
.208
.256
.257E−01
.328E−01
.415E−01
.520E−01
.646E−01
.795E−01
.708E−02
.905E−02
.114E−01
.143E−01
.178E−01
.218E−01
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
.154
.213
.290
.389
.514
.673
.870
1.112
1.407
1.763
.104
.146
.201
.273
.366
.485
.635
.822
1.052
1.335
300
310
320
330
340
350
2.190
2.696
3.292
3.990
4.801
5.738
1.676
2.088
2.578
3.159
3.843
4.641
1.112
1.394
1.732
2.133
2.608
3.164
.646
.817
1.025
1.274
1.571
1.922
.437
.556
.701
.875
1.083
1.331
2-80
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-13
Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions*
Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
.644E−29
.149E−27
.278E−26
.426E−25
.549E−24
.602E−23
.573E−22
.477E−21
.352E−20
.233E−19
.103E−27
.223E−26
.394E−25
.577E−24
.714E−23
.757E−22
.699E−21
.567E−20
.410E−19
.266E−18
.205E−26
.395E−25
.626E−24
.832E−23
.941E−22
.921E−21
.789E−20
.599E−19
.408E−18
.250E−17
.688E−25
.113E−23
.156E−22
.181E−21
.181E−20
.158E−19
.122E−18
.843E−18
.524E−17
.296E−16
.368E−23
.522E−22
.621E−21
.630E−20
.555E−19
.429E−18
.294E−17
.181E−16
.101E−15
.516E−15
.341E−21
.415E−20
.426E−19
.376E−18
.288E−17
.195E−16
.118E−15
.643E−15
.319E−14
.145E−13
.784E−19
.796E−18
.685E−17
.509E−16
.331E−15
.191E−14
.985E−14
.461E−13
.197E−12
.775E−12
.174E−17
.158E−16
.121E−15
.808E−15
.473E−14
.246E−13
.116E−12
.492E−12
.192E−11
.693E−11
.531E−16
.417E−15
.280E−14
.164E−13
.851E−13
.395E−12
.165E−11
.634E−11
.223E−10
.731E−10
.229E−14
.141E−13
.767E−13
.371E−12
.162E−11
.643E−11
.234E−10
.791E−10
.249E−09
.734E−09
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.139E−18
.756E−18
.377E−17
.174E−16
.743E−16
.297E−15
.111E−14
.393E−14
.131E−13
.415E−13
.157E−17
.844E−17
.418E−16
.191E−15
.815E−15
.325E−14
.122E−13
.430E−13
.144E−12
.458E−12
.140E−16
.719E−16
.340E−15
.150E−14
.615E−14
.237E−13
.862E−13
.296E−12
.967E−12
.301E−11
.153E−15
.730E−15
.323E−14
.133E−13
.517E−13
.188E−12
.649E−12
.212E−11
.622E−11
.197E−10
.242E−14
.105E−13
.424E−13
.160E−12
.569E−12
.191E−11
.608E−11
.184E−10
.532E−10
.147E−09
.606E−13
.236E−12
.858E−12
.293E−11
.943E−11
.287E−10
.833E−10
.231E−09
.610E−09
.155E−08
.283E−11
.961E−11
.307E−10
.922E−10
.262E−09
.710E−09
.183E−08
.453E−08
.107E−07
.246E−07
.232E−10
.729E−10
.215E−09
.601E−09
.159E−08
.403E−08
.974E−08
.226E−07
.505E−07
.109E−06
.223E−09
.641E−09
.174E−08
.446E−08
.109E−07
.256E−07
.575E−07
.125E−06
.260E−06
.527E−06
.204E−08
.538E−08
.135E−07
.324E−07
.745E−07
.165E−06
.351E−06
.725E−06
.145E−05
.282E−05
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
.125E−12
.362E−12
.100E−11
.265E−11
.678E−11
.167E−10
.399E−10
.920E−10
.206E−09
.449E−09
.139E−11
.404E−11
.112E−10
.301E−10
.777E−10
.193E−09
.466E−09
.109E−08
.247E−08
.545E−08
.893E−11
.254E−10
.695E−10
.183E−09
.465E−09
.114E−08
.272E−08
.628E−08
.141E−07
.308E−07
.561E−10
.154E−09
.405E−09
.103E−08
.253E−08
.602E−08
.139E−07
.312E−07
.683E−07
.145E−06
.391E−09
.100E−08
.246E−08
.587E−08
.135E−07
.303E−07
.660E−07
.140E−06
.288E−06
.580E−06
.379E−08
.894E−08
.204E−07
.450E−07
.965E−07
.201E−06
.408E−06
.807E−06
.156E−05
.295E−05
.542E−07
.116E−06
.240E−06
.482E−06
.944E−06
.180E−05
.336E−05
.612E−05
.109E−04
.191E−04
.228E−06
.462E−06
.911E−06
.175E−05
.328E−05
.600E−05
.108E−04
.189E−04
.326E−04
.553E−04
.103E−05
.198E−05
.368E−05
.668E−05
.119E−04
.206E−04
.352E−04
.590E−04
.973E−04
.158E−03
.534E−05
.986E−05
.178E−04
.314E−04
.543E−04
.923E−04
.154E−03
.253E−03
.408E−03
.649E−03
300
310
320
330
340
350
.953E−09
.197E−08
.397E−08
.782E−08
.151E−07
.285E−07
.117E−07
.245E−07
.502E−07
.100E−06
.196E−06
.376E−06
.657E−07
.136E−06
.277E−06
.551E−06
.107E−05
.204E−05
.302E−06
.614E−06
.122E−05
.237E−05
.452E−05
.846E−05
.114E−05
.220E−05
.414E−05
.766E−05
.139E−04
.246E−04
.546E−05
.990E−05
.176E−04
.308E−04
.529E−04
.893E−04
.329E−04
.556E−04
.923E−04
.151E−03
.243E−03
.387E−03
.921E−04
.151E−03
.245E−03
.391E−03
.617E−03
.963E−03
.253E−03
.398E−03
.621E−03
.956E−03
.145E−02
.219E−02
.102E−02
.158E−02
.242E−02
.367E−02
.550E−02
.815E−02
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-13
2-81
Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions (Concluded )
Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
.671E−13
.345E−12
.159E−11
.664E−11
.254E−10
.897E−10
.294E−09
.904E−09
.261E−08
.712E−08
.216E−12
.107E−11
.475E−11
.192E−10
.709E−10
.242E−09
.771E−09
.230E−08
.643E−08
.171E−07
.677E−12
.326E−11
.141E−10
.557E−10
.201E−09
.669E−09
.207E−08
.602E−08
.165E−07
.426E−07
.240E−11
.114E−10
.482E−10
.186E−09
.655E−09
.214E−08
.647E−08
.184E−07
.492E−07
.124E−06
.500E−11
.234E−10
.986E−10
.376E−09
.131E−08
.424E−08
.127E−07
.357E−07
.946E−07
.237E−06
.124E−10
.578E−10
.241E−09
.911E−09
.315E−08
.101E−07
.299E−07
.833E−07
.218E−06
.541E−06
.224E−10
.104E−09
.433E−09
.163E−08
.562E−08
.179E−07
.528E−07
.146E−06
.381E−06
.940E−06
.502E−10
.232E−09
.961E−09
.360E−08
.123E−07
.391E−07
.115E−06
.316E−06
.820E−06
.201E−05
.182E−09
.839E−09
.346E−08
.129E−07
.440E−07
.139E−06
.405E−06
.111E−05
.286E−05
.698E−05
.755E−09
.347E−08
.142E−07
.528E−07
.179E−06
.560E−06
.163E−05
.444E−05
.114E−04
.276E−04
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.184E−07
.456E−07
.108E−06
.244E−06
.533E−06
.112E−05
.229E−05
.453E−05
.870E−05
.163E−04
.430E−07
.103E−06
.238E−06
.526E−06
.112E−05
.230E−05
.459E−05
.886E−05
.166E−04
.304E−04
.105E−06
.247E−06
.555E−06
.120E−05
.250E−05
.504E−05
.983E−05
.186E−04
.343E−04
.615E−04
.300E−06
.689E−06
.152E−05
.321E−05
.656E−05
.129E−04
.247E−04
.459E−04
.829E−04
.146E−03
.565E−06
.128E−05
.280E−05
.586E−05
.118E−04
.231E−04
.438E−04
.806E−04
.144E−03
.252E−03
.127E−05
.287E−05
.619E−05
.128E−04
.257E−04
.497E−04
.932E−04
.170E−03
.301E−03
.520E−03
.220E−05
.494E−05
.106E−04
.219E−04
.435E−04
.837E−04
.156E−03
.283E−03
.499E−03
.859E−03
.470E−05
.105E−04
.224E−04
.459E−04
.910E−04
.174E−03
.324E−03
.586E−03
.103E−02
.177E−02
.162E−04
.359E−04
.764E−04
.156E−03
.308E−03
.588E−03
.109E−02
.196E−02
.343E−02
.587E−02
.638E−04
.141E−03
.298E−03
.606E−03
.119E−02
.226E−02
.416E−02
.746E−02
.130E−01
.222E−01
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
.297E−04
.528E−04
.919E−04
.157E−03
.261E−03
.428E−03
.690E−03
.109E−02
.170E−02
.261E−02
.543E−04
.946E−04
.161E−03
.269E−03
.441E−03
.708E−03
.112E−02
.174E−02
.266E−02
.401E−02
.108E−03
.185E−03
.309E−03
.508E−03
.819E−03
.130E−02
.202E−02
.309E−02
.466E−02
.694E−02
.251E−03
.422E−03
.694E−03
.112E−02
.178E−02
.276E−02
.423E−02
.638E−02
.948E−02
.139E−01
.429E−03
.714E−03
.117E−02
.187E−02
.293E−02
.453E−02
.688E−02
.103E−01
.152E−01
.221E−01
.878E−03
.145E−02
.235E−02
.373E−02
.582E−02
.891E−02
.134E−01
.200E−01
.293E−01
.423E−01
.144E−02
.237E−02
.383E−02
.605E−02
.939E−02
.143E−01
.215E−01
.319E−01
.465E−01
.670E−01
.296E−02
.486E−02
.781E−02
.123E−01
.191E−01
.291E−01
.437E−01
.646E−01
.943E−01
.136
.981E−02
.161E−01
.258E−01
.405E−01
.627E−01
.955E−01
.143
.212
.309
.444
.370E−01
.603E−01
.965E−01
.152
.234
.356
.532
.786
1.144
1.646
300
310
320
330
340
350
.395E−02
.589E−02
.868E−02
.126E−01
.181E−01
.258E−01
.595E−02
.873E−02
.126E−01
.181E−01
.255E−01
.357E−01
.102E−01
.148E−01
.211E−01
.299E−01
.418E−01
.578E−01
.201E−01
.287E−01
.405E−01
.565E−01
.780E−01
.107
.318E−01
.451E−01
.632E−01
.877E−01
.120
.164
.604E−01
.852E−01
.119
.164
.224
.303
.953E−01
.134
.186
.256
.348
.470
.193
.272
.378
.520
.708
.956
.632
.889
1.236
1.703
2.323
3.142
100.0
2.339
3.289
4.575
6.303
8.603
11.640
TABLE 2-14
Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid*
Weight Percent, H2SO4
°C
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
.576E−21
.634E−20
.588E−19
.468E−18
.324E−17
.197E−16
.107E−15
.526E−15
.235E−14
.960E−14
.843E−20
.874E−19
.769E−18
.584E−17
.389E−16
.229E−15
.121E−14
.581E−14
.254E−13
.102E−12
.141E−18
.131E−17
.104E−16
.721E−16
.441E−15
.241E−14
.119E−13
.535E−13
.221E−12
.844E−12
.344E−17
.276E−16
.193E−15
.119E−14
.649E−14
.320E−13
.144E−12
.592E−12
.225E−11
.798E−11
.109E−15
.769E−15
.474E−14
.259E−13
.127E−12
.562E−12
.228E−11
.851E−11
.295E−10
.956E−10
.438E−14
.273E−13
.149E−12
.725E−12
.317E−11
.126E−10
.462E−10
.156E−09
.492E−09
.145E−08
.249E−12
.135E−11
.649E−11
.278E−10
.108E−09
.380E−09
.124E−08
.373E−08
.105E−07
.279E−07
.200E−11
.101E−10
.447E−10
.178E−09
.643E−09
.212E−08
.646E−08
.183E−07
.485E−07
.121E−06
.161E−10
.743E−10
.305E−09
.113E−08
.379E−08
.117E−07
.334E−07
.888E−07
.222E−06
.522E−06
.121E−09
.490E−09
.179E−08
.594E−08
.181E−07
.513E−07
.135E−06
.336E−06
.786E−06
.175E−05
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.353E−13
.127E−12
.418E−12
.129E−11
.375E−11
.103E−10
.272E−10
.682E−10
.164E−09
.378E−09
.381E−12
.132E−11
.432E−11
.132E−10
.385E−10
.106E−09
.279E−09
.702E−09
.170E−08
.394E−08
.300E−11
.997E−11
.312E−10
.924E−10
.259E−09
.694E−09
.178E−08
.436E−08
.103E−07
.234E−07
.264E−10
.824E−10
.243E−09
.678E−09
.181E−08
.460E−08
.112E−07
.264E−07
.599E−07
.131E−06
.291E−09
.835E−09
.227E−08
.589E−08
.146E−07
.346E−07
.789E−07
.174E−06
.369E−06
.760E−06
.402E−08
.106E−07
.264E−07
.631E−07
.144E−06
.316E−06
.670E−06
.137E−05
.271E−05
.521E−05
.698E−07
.166E−06
.375E−06
.814E−06
.169E−05
.340E−05
.659E−05
.124E−04
.225E−04
.400E−04
.287E−06
.644E−06
.138E−05
.285E−05
.565E−05
.108E−04
.200E−04
.359E−04
.627E−04
.107E−03
.117E−05
.249E−05
.508E−05
.995E−05
.188E−04
.343E−04
.608E−04
.104E−03
.175E−03
.286E−03
.371E−05
.752E−05
.147E−04
.277E−04
.503E−04
.889E−04
.152E−03
.255E−03
.416E−03
.663E−03
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
.842E−09
.181E−08
.376E−08
.758E−08
.148E−07
.283E−07
.526E−07
.954E−07
.169E−06
.294E−06
.883E−08
.191E−07
.401E−07
.817E−07
.162E−06
.312E−06
.588E−06
.108E−05
.194E−05
.342E−05
.514E−07
.109E−06
.226E−06
.455E−06
.889E−06
.170E−05
.316E−05
.577E−05
.103E−04
.180E−04
.278E−06
.573E−06
.115E−05
.224E−05
.427E−05
.793E−05
.144E−04
.257E−04
.450E−04
.771E−04
.152E−05
.295E−05
.559E−05
.103E−04
.186E−04
.329E−04
.569E−04
.965E−04
.161E−03
.263E−03
.975E−05
.178E−04
.316E−04
.549E−04
.935E−04
.156E−03
.255E−03
.411E−03
.650E−03
.101E−02
.691E−04
.117E−03
.193E−03
.311E−03
.494E−03
.770E−03
.118E−02
.178E−02
.265E−02
.389E−02
.177E−03
.288E−03
.459E−03
.717E−03
.110E−02
.166E−02
.247E−02
.362E−02
.524E−02
.750E−02
.457E−03
.715E−03
.110E−02
.166E−02
.245E−02
.358E−02
.516E−02
.733E−02
.103E−01
.143E−01
.104E−02
.159E−02
.239E−02
.354E−02
.515E−02
.740E−02
.105E−01
.147E−01
.203E−01
.278E−01
300
310
320
330
340
350
.500E−06
.834E−06
.137E−05
.220E−05
.349E−05
.544E−05
.591E−05
.100E−04
.167E−04
.273E−04
.440E−04
.698E−04
.309E−04
.522E−04
.865E−04
.141E−03
.227E−03
.360E−03
.130E−03
.215E−03
.352E−03
.565E−03
.895E−03
.140E−02
.424E−03
.672E−03
.105E−02
.162E−02
.246E−02
.369E−02
.156E−02
.236E−02
.352E−02
.519E−02
.757E−02
.109E−01
.563E−02
.805E−02
.114E−01
.159E−01
.221E−01
.303E−01
.106E−01
.148E−01
.205E−01
.281E−01
.382E−01
.516E−01
.196E−01
.266E−01
.359E−01
.480E−01
.636E−01
.836E−01
.376E−01
.504E−01
.670E−01
.883E−01
.116
.150
°C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
.534E−09
.200E−08
.677E−08
.211E−07
.607E−07
.163E−06
.411E−06
.976E−06
.220E−05
.473E−05
.803E−09
.296E−08
.993E−08
.306E−07
.870E−07
.231E−06
.575E−06
.135E−05
.302E−05
.642E−05
.112E−08
.409E−08
.136E−07
.415E−07
.117E−06
.309E−06
.765E−06
.179E−05
.396E−05
.835E−05
.148E−08
.540E−08
.179E−07
.543E−07
.153E−06
.400E−06
.985E−06
.229E−05
.504E−05
.106E−04
.167E−08
.609E−08
.201E−07
.611E−07
.171E−06
.449E−06
.110E−05
.256E−05
.562E−05
.118E−04
.187E−08
.679E−08
.224E−07
.680E−07
.191E−06
.498E−06
.122E−05
.283E−05
.622E−05
.130E−04
.196E−08
.714E−08
.236E−07
.714E−07
.200E−06
.523E−06
.128E−05
.297E−05
.652E−05
.136E−04
.206E−08
.750E−08
.247E−07
.749E−07
.210E−06
.548E−06
.134E−05
.310E−05
.681E−05
.143E−04
.217E−08
.788E−08
.260E−07
.786E−07
.220E−06
.574E−06
.140E−05
.325E−05
.712E−05
.149E−04
.228E−08
.827E−08
.273E−07
.824E−07
.230E−06
.600E−06
.147E−05
.339E−05
.743E−05
.155E−04
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.973E−05
.192E−04
.366E−04
.672E−04
.120E−03
.207E−03
.348E−03
.572E−03
.917E−03
.144E−02
.131E−04
.256E−04
.482E−04
.879E−04
.155E−03
.266E−03
.444E−03
.723E−03
.115E−02
.179E−02
.169E−04
.328E−04
.614E−04
.111E−03
.195E−03
.332E−03
.550E−03
.889E−03
.140E−02
.217E−02
.213E−04
.412E−04
.767E−04
.138E−03
.241E−03
.408E−03
.673E−03
.108E−02
.170E−02
.262E−02
.237E−04
.457E−04
.849E−04
.153E−03
.266E−03
.449E−03
.740E−03
.119E−02
.186E−02
.286E−02
.261E−04
.503E−04
.935E−04
.168E−03
.292E−03
.493E−03
.810E−03
.130E−02
.204E−02
.312E−02
.274E−04
.527E−04
.977E−04
.175E−03
.304E−03
.514E−03
.844E−03
.135E−02
.212E−02
.325E−02
.285E−04
.549E−04
.102E−03
.182E−03
.316E−03
.534E−03
.876E−03
.140E−02
.220E−02
.336E−02
.298E−04
.572E−04
.106E−03
.190E−03
.329E−03
.554E−03
.909E−03
.145E−02
.227E−02
.348E−02
.310E−04
.595E−04
.110E−03
.197E−03
.341E−03
.574E−03
.941E−03
.150E−02
.235E−02
.359E−02
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
.221E−02
.333E−02
.494E−02
.719E−02
.103E−01
.146E−01
.203E−01
.279E−01
.380E−01
.510E−01
.273E−02
.408E−02
.601E−02
.869E−02
.124E−01
.174E−01
.240E−01
.329E−01
.444E−01
.592E−01
.329E−02
.490E−02
.715E−02
.103E−01
.146E−01
.203E−01
.279E−01
.380E−01
.510E−01
.676E−01
.395E−02
.585E−02
.850E−02
.122E−01
.171E−01
.238E−01
.326E−01
.441E−01
.589E−01
.778E−01
.431E−02
.637E−02
.924E−02
.132E−01
.186E−01
.257E−01
.352E−01
.475E−01
.633E−01
.835E−01
.470E−02
.693E−02
.100E−01
.143E−01
.201E−01
.278E−01
.380E−01
.513E−01
.683E−01
.900E−01
.488E−02
.720E−02
.104E−01
.149E−01
.209E−01
.289E−01
.394E−01
.531E−01
.706E−01
.930E−01
.505E−02
.744E−02
.108E−01
.153E−01
.215E−01
.297E−01
.405E−01
.545E−01
.725E−01
.954E−01
.522E−02
.768E−02
.111E−01
.158E−01
.221E−01
.305E−01
.416E−01
.560E−01
.744E−01
.978E−01
.538E−02
.791E−02
.114E−01
.162E−01
.227E−01
.314E−01
.427E−01
.574E−01
.762E−01
.100
300
310
320
330
340
350
.678E−01
.892E−01
.116
.150
.192
.243
.782E−01
.102
.132
.170
.216
.272
.888E−01
.115
.149
.190
.240
.301
.102
.132
.169
.214
.270
.337
.109
.141
.180
.228
.287
.358
.117
.151
.193
.245
.307
.383
.121
.156
.199
.252
.317
.394
.124
.160
.204
.258
.328
.402
.127
.164
.209
.263
.330
.410
.130
.167
.213
.269
.386
.417
Weight percent, H2SO4
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, CA, 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical
Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
2-82
TABLE 2-15
Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions*
Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10.0
.582E−02
.117E−01
.223E−01
.404E−01
.703E−01
.117
.189
.296
.449
.664
20.0
.534E−02
.107E−01
.205E−01
.373E−01
.649E−01
.109
.175
.275
.417
.617
30.0
.448E−02
.909E−02
.174E−01
.319E−01
.558E−01
.939E−01
.152
.239
.365
.542
40.0
.326E−02
.670E−02
.130E−01
.241E−01
.427E−01
.725E−01
.119
.188
.290
.434
50.0
.193E−02
.405E−02
.802E−02
.151E−01
.272E−01
.470E−01
.782E−01
.126
.196
.298
60.0
.836E−03
.180E−02
.367E−02
.710E−02
.131E−01
.232E−01
.395E−01
.651E−01
.104
.161
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
.207E−03
.467E−03
.995E−03
.201E−02
.387E−02
.715E−02
.127E−01
.217E−01
.360E−01
.578E−01
.747E−04
.175E−03
.388E−03
.811E−03
.162E−02
.309E−02
.565E−02
.997E−01
.170E−01
.281E−01
.197E−04
.490E−04
.115E−03
.253E−03
.531E−03
.106E−02
.204E−02
.376E−02
.668E−02
.115E−01
.343E−05
.952E−05
.245E−04
.589E−04
.134E−03
.286E−03
.584E−03
.114E−02
.213E−02
.383E−02
.905E−01
.138
.206
.301
.431
.605
.837
1.138
1.525
2.017
.452E−01
.708E−01
.108
.162
.236
.339
.478
.662
.902
1.212
.192E−01
.312E−01
.493E−01
.760E−01
.115
.170
.246
.350
.489
.673
.666E−02
.112E−01
.183E−01
.291E−01
.451E−01
.683E−01
.101
.147
.209
.292
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.957
1.349
1.863
2.524
3.361
4.404
5.685
7.236
9.093
11.289
.891
1.258
1.740
2.361
3.149
4.132
5.342
6.810
8.571
10.658
.786
1.113
1.544
2.101
2.810
3.697
4.793
6.127
7.731
9.640
.634
.904
1.264
1.732
2.333
3.090
4.031
5.185
6.584
8.259
.441
.638
.903
1.253
1.708
2.289
3.021
3.930
5.045
6.397
.244
.360
.519
.734
1.020
1.392
1.870
2.475
3.233
4.169
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
13.861
16.841
20.264
24.160
28.561
33.494
38.984
45.055
51.726
59.015
13.107
15.951
19.225
22.960
27.188
31.939
37.240
43.116
49.590
56.681
11.887
14.505
17.529
20.992
24.927
29.364
34.334
39.865
45.984
52.715
10.245
12.576
15.287
18.414
21.992
26.056
30.642
35.784
41.514
47.866
8.020
9.948
12.217
14.864
17.929
21.452
25.472
30.030
35.168
40.926
5.312
6.696
8.354
10.322
12.641
15.351
18.496
22.122
26.275
31.004
2.633
3.396
4.331
5.466
6.832
8.459
10.384
12.642
15.272
18.315
1.606
2.101
2.715
3.468
4.382
5.481
6.791
8.337
10.147
12.250
.913
1.221
1.610
2.098
2.701
3.439
4.332
5.402
6.673
8.170
.402
.544
.726
.956
1.242
1.594
2.023
2.540
3.157
3.886
300
310
320
330
340
350
66.934
75.495
84.705
94.567
105.083
116.251
64.407
72.781
81.816
91.518
101.894
112.947
60.081
68.101
76.792
86.172
96.252
107.043
54.869
62.553
70.947
80.078
89.970
100.647
47.347
54.470
62.338
70.990
80.466
90.806
36.361
42.398
49.168
56.727
65.130
74.437
21.814
25.812
30.355
35.489
41.262
47.723
14.675
17.453
20.611
24.182
28.193
32.674
9.916
11.939
14.264
16.916
19.920
23.303
4.740
5.732
6.876
8.185
9.672
11.351
Weight percent, H2SO4
°C
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
.518E−06
.159E−05
.449E−05
.117E−04
.385E−04
.653E−04
.141E−03
.291E−03
.571E−03
.107E−02
.243E−06
.765E−06
.221E−05
.590E−05
.147E−04
.344E−04
.759E−04
.159E−03
.319E−03
.612E−03
.109E−06
.348E−06
.102E−05
.279E−05
.708E−05
.169E−04
.380E−04
.813E−04
.166E−03
.324E−03
.416E−07
.136E−06
.407E−06
.113E−05
.293E−05
.712E−05
.164E−04
.357E−04
.742E−04
.148E−03
.235E−07
.774E−07
.235E−06
.659E−06
.173E−05
.425E−05
.987E−05
.218E−04
.458E−04
.921E−04
.117E−07
.391E−07
.121E−06
.344E−06
.914E−06
.228E−05
.538E−05
.120E−04
.257E−04
.524E−04
.768E−08
.261E−07
.812E−07
.234E−06
.630E−06
.159E−05
.379E−05
.856E−05
.184E−04
.390E−04
.479E−08
.166E−07
.528E−07
.155E−06
.425E−06
.109E−05
.264E−05
.605E−05
.132E−04
.277E−04
.313E−08
.113E−07
.373E−07
.114E−06
.323E−06
.861E−06
.216E−05
.514E−05
.117E−04
.253E−04
.323E−08
.124E−07
.435E−07
.141E−06
.425E−06
.120E−05
.319E−05
.804E−05
.193E−04
.441E−04
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
.195E−02
.340E−02
.575E−02
.944E−02
.151E−01
.235E−01
.357E−01
.532E−01
.775E−01
.111
.113E−02
.201E−02
.346E−02
.578E−02
.939E−02
.149E−01
.230E−01
.347E−01
.514E−01
.747E−01
.607E−03
.110E−02
.192E−02
.327E−02
.539E−02
.866E−02
.136E−01
.208E−01
.312E−01
.460E−01
.283E−03
.521E−03
.929E−03
.161E−02
.270E−02
.441E−02
.703E−02
.110E−01
.167E−01
.250E−01
.178E−03
.332E−03
.598E−03
.104E−02
.177E−02
.293E−02
.471E−02
.741E−02
.114E−01
.172E−01
.103E−03
.194E−03
.354E−03
.626E−03
.107E−02
.180E−02
.293E−02
.466E−02
.726E−02
.111E−01
.751E−04
.143E−03
.263E−03
.470E−03
.815E−03
.137E−02
.226E−02
.363E−02
.571E−02
.880E−02
.555E−04
.107E−03
.201E−03
.363E−03
.639E−03
.109E−02
.183E−02
.299E−02
.478E−02
.749E−02
.527E−04
.106E−03
.206E−03
.387E−03
.708E−03
.126E−02
.219E−02
.372E−02
.619E−02
.101E−01
.966E−04
.204E−03
.414E−03
.314E−03
.155E−02
.287E−02
.516E−02
.905E−02
.155E−01
.260E−01
.665E−01
.944E−01
.132
.182
.247
.331
.439
.575
.744
.954
.367E−01
.530E−01
.752E−01
.105
.145
.197
.264
.351
.460
.597
.255E−01
.371E−01
.531E−01
.749E−01
.104
.143
.193
.258
.341
.446
.166E−01
.245E−01
.354E−01
.505E−01
.710E−01
.985E−01
.135
.153
.245
.324
.133E−01
.198E−01
.289E−01
.417E−01
.592E−01
.830E−01
.115
.157
.213
.285
.115E−01
.175E−01
.260E−01
.382E−01
.553E−01
.790E−01
.112
.156
.215
.295
.161E−01
.253E−01
.392E−01
.596E−01
.895E−01
.132
.193
.279
.398
.562
.427E−01
.687E−01
.109
.169
.258
.389
.577
.846
1.225
1.751
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
.156
.216
.295
.396
.525
.688
.881
1.141
1.447
1.817
.107
.150
.207
.282
.379
.503
.660
.856
1.099
1.398
300
310
320
330
340
350
2.261
2.791
3.417
4.153
5.011
6.006
1.761
2.199
2.723
3.347
4.084
4.949
1.211
1.524
1.901
2.353
2.889
3.523
.767
.977
1.234
1.545
1.919
2.366
.578
.742
.944
1.191
1.491
1.852
.425
.553
.713
.911
1.156
1.456
.379
.498
.649
.840
1.078
1.374
.399
.536
.714
.944
1.239
1.614
.785
1.085
1.486
2.018
2.718
3.631
2.476
3.465
4.800
6.586
8.957
12.079
*Vermeulen, Dong, Robinson, Nguyen, and Gmitro, AIChE meeting, Anaheim, Calif., 1982; and private communication from Prof. Theodore Vermeulen, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of California, Berkeley.
2-83
2-84
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-16
Partial Pressures of HNO3 and H2O over Aqueous Solutions of HNO3
mmHg
Percentages are weight % HNO3 in solution.
20%
°C
25%
H2O
HNO3
HNO3
30%
H2O
HNO3
35%
H2O
0
5
10
15
20
4.1
5.7
8.0
10.9
15.2
3.8
5.4
7.6
10.3
14.2
3.6
5.0
7.1
9.7
13.2
25
30
35
40
45
20.6
27.6
36.5
47.5
62
19.2
25.7
33.8
44
57.5
17.8
23.8
31.1
41
53
0.09
0.11
.17
40%
HNO3
H2O
45%
HNO3
H2O
3.3
4.6
6.5
8.9
12.0
16.2
21.7
28.3
37.7
48
0.09
.13
.20
.28
0.12
.17
.25
.36
.52
50%
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
3.0
4.2
5.8
8.0
10.8
H2O
0.10
.15
2.6
3.6
5.0
6.9
9.4
0.12
.18
.27
2.1
3.0
4.2
5.8
7.9
14.6
19.5
25.5
33.5
43
.23
.33
.48
.68
.96
12.7
16.9
22.3
29.3
38.0
.39
.56
.80
1.13
1.57
10.7
14.4
19.0
25.0
32.5
49.5
62.5
80
100
126
2.18
2.95
4.05
5.46
7.25
42.5
54
70
88
110
50
55
60
65
70
0.09
.13
.19
.27
80
100
128
162
200
.13
.18
.28
.40
.54
75
94
121
151
187
.25
.35
.51
.71
1.00
69
87
113
140
174
.42
.59
.85
1.18
1.63
63
79
102
127
159
.75
1.04
1.48
2.05
2.80
56
71
90
114
143
1.35
1.83
2.54
3.47
4.65
75
80
85
90
95
.38
.53
.74
1.01
1.37
250
307
378
458
555
.77
1.05
1.44
1.95
2.62
234
287
352
426
517
1.38
1.87
2.53
3.38
4.53
217
267
325
393
478
2.26
3.07
4.15
5.50
7.32
198
243
297
359
436
3.80
5.10
6.83
9.0
11.7
178
218
268
325
394
6.20
8.15
10.7
13.7
17.8
158
195
240
292
355
9.6
12.5
16.3
20.9
26.8
138
170
211
258
315
100
105
110
115
120
1.87
2.50
675
800
3.50
4.65
628
745
6.05
7.90
580
690
530
631
755
15.5
20.0
25.7
32.5
480
573
688
810
23.0
29.2
37.0
46
430
520
625
740
34.2
43.0
54.5
67
84
383
463
560
665
785
°C
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
H2O
0
5
10
15
20
0.14
.21
.31
.45
1.8
2.5
3.5
4.9
6.7
0.19
.28
.41
.59
.84
1.5
2.1
3.0
4.1
5.6
0.41
.60
.86
1.21
1.68
1.3
1.8
2.6
3.5
4.9
0.79
1.12
1.58
2.18
3.00
1.1
1.6
2.2
3.0
4.1
25
30
35
40
45
.66
.93
1.30
1.82
2.50
9.1
12.2
16.1
21.3
28.0
1.21
1.66
2.28
3.10
4.20
7.7
10.3
13.6
18.1
23.7
2.32
3.17
4.26
5.70
7.55
6.6
8.8
11.6
15.5
20.0
4.10
5.50
7.30
9.65
12.6
5.5
7.4
9.8
12.8
16.7
50
55
60
65
70
3.41
4.54
6.15
8.18
10.7
36.3
46
60
76
95
5.68
7.45
9.9
13.0
16.8
31
39
51
64
81
10.0
12.8
16.8
21.7
27.5
26.0
33.0
43.0
54.5
68
16.5
21.0
27.1
34.5
43.3
21.8
27.3
35.3
44.5
56
75
80
85
90
95
13.9
18.0
23.0
29.4
37.3
120
148
182
223
272
21.8
27.5
34.8
43.7
55.0
102
126
156
192
233
35.0
43.5
54.5
67.5
83.5
100
105
110
115
120
125
47
58.5
73
90
110
331
400
485
575
685
69.5
84.5
103
126
156
187
285
345
417
495
590
700
55%
60%
9.7
12.7
16.5
65%
103
124
152
181
218
260
70%
80%
HNO3
90%
100%
H2O
HNO3
H2O
HNO3
2
3
4
6
8
1.2
1.7
2.4
5.5
8
11
15
20
10.5
14
18.5
24.5
32
3.2
4
5.5
7
9.5
27
36
47
62
80
1
1.3
1.8
2.4
3
57
77
102
133
170
11
15
22
30
42
41
52
67
85
106
12
15
20
25
31
103
127
157
192
232
4
5
6.5
8
10
215
262
320
385
460
540
625
720
820
86
106
131
160
195
54.5
67.5
83
103
125
70
86
107
130
158
130
158
192
230
278
38
48
60
73
89
282
338
405
480
570
13
16
20
24
29
238
288
345
410
490
580
152
183
221
262
312
372
192
231
278
330
393
469
330
392
465
545
640
108
129
155
185
219
675
790
35
42
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-17 Partial Pressures of H2O and HBr over Aqueous
Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55°C
mmHg
20°C
%
HBr
HBr
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
25°C
H2O
0.09
.23
.71
2.2
6.8
21
6.2
4.5
3.3
2.4
1.7
1.3
HBr
50°C
H2O
0.0016
.0022
.0033
.0061
.011
.023
.048
.10
.13
.37
1.1
3.2
9.3
27
HBr
8.2
6.1
4.5
3.3
2.4
1.9
1.3
3.2
7.2
17
40
91
TABLE 2-20 Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions
of CH3COOH
Percentages of weight % acetic acid in the solution
mmHg
55°C
H2O
HBr
30.2
24.3
19.3
16.0
13.3
10.4
H2O
2.0
4.6
10.2
23.0
51
115
260
2-85
°C
25%
50%
75%
20
25
30
35
40
16.3
22.1
29.6
39.4
51.7
15.7
21.4
28.8
38.3
50.2
15.3
20.8
27.8
36.6
48.1
45
50
55
60
65
67.0
87.2
110
141
178
65.0
85.0
107
138
172
62.0
80.1
102
130
162
70
75
80
85
90
223
277
342
419
510
216
269
331
407
497
203
251
310
376
458
95
100
618
743
602
725
550
666
38
31
25
21
18
14
11.4
TABLE 2-18 Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions
of HI at 25°C
mmHg
%HI
pHI
4
0.00064
46
0.0010
48
0.0022
50
0.0050
52
0.013
54
0.035
56
0.10
TABLE 2-19 Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric
Acid-Nitric Acid
For these data reference must be made to the graphs of International Critical
Tables, vol. 3, pp. 306–308.
TABLE 2-21
FIG. 2-3 Vapor pressure of aqueous diethylene glycol solutions. (Courtesy of
Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp.)
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3*
Pressures are in pounds per square inch absolute
Molal concentration of ammonia in the solutions in percentages
(Weight concentration of ammonia in the solution in percentages)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
t,
°F
(0)
32
40
50
60
70
0.09 0.084
.12 .115
.18 .17
.26 .24
.36 .34
0.079
.108
.16
.23
.32
0.074
.101
.15
.21
.30
0.070
.095
.14
.20
.28
0.065
.089
.13
.19
.26
0.060
.083
.12
.17
.25
0.056
.076
.11
.16
.23
0.051
.070
.10
.15
.21
0.047
.064
.094
.13
.19
0.042
.058
.085
.12
.17
0.038
.052
.076
.11
.15
0.034
.046
.068
.097
.14
0.030
.040
.059
.085
.12
0.025
.035
.051
.073
.10
0.021
.029
.042
.061
.086
0.017
.023
.034
.049
.069
0.013
.015
.025
.037
.052
0.008
.012
.017
.024
.034
0.004
.006
.008
.012
.017
80
90
100
110
120
.51 .48
.70 .66
.95 .90
1.27 1.20
1.69 1.60
.45
.63
.85
1.14
1.51
.42
.58
.79
1.07
1.42
.40
.55
.74
1.00
1.33
.37
.51
.69
.93
1.24
.34
.47
.64
.86
1.15
.32
.44
.59
.80
1.06
.29
.40
.55
.73
.97
.27
.37
.50
.67
.89
.24
.33
.45
.60
.80
.22
.30
.41
.54
.72
.19
.26
.36
.48
.64
.17
.23
.31
.42
.56
.14
.20
.27
.36
.48
.12
.16
.22
.30
.40
.096
.13
.18
.24
.32
.072
.10
.13
.18
.24
.048
.066
.090
.120
.160
.024
.033
.045
.061
.081
130
140
150
160
170
2.22
2.89
3.72
4.74
5.99
2.10
2.73
3.51
4.48
5.66
1.98
2.57
3.31
4.22
5.34
1.86
2.42
3.11
3.97
5.02
1.74
2.26
2.91
3.71
4.70
1.62
2.11
2.72
3.46
4.38
1.51
1.96
2.52
3.22
4.07
1.39
1.81
2.33
2.97
3.75
1.28
1.66
2.14
2.73
3.45
1.17
1.52
1.95
2.49
3.15
1.05
1.37
1.76
2.25
2.84
.95
1.23
1.59
2.02
2.56
.84
1.10
1.41
1.80
2.28
.74
.96
1.24
1.58
1.99
.63
.82
1.06
1.35
1.71
.53
.69
.88
1.12
1.42
.42
.55
.71
.90
1.13
.32
.41
.53
.67
1.85
.210
.270
.350
.450
.570
.100
.140
.180
.220
.300
180 7.51 7.10
190 9.34 8.83
200 11.53 10.90
210 14.12 13.35
220 17.19 16.25
6.69
8.32
10.27
12.58
15.32
6.30
7.82
9.65
11.82
14.39
5.89
7.32
9.04
11.07
13.48
5.49
6.83
8.43
10.32
12.57
5.10
6.34
7.83
9.59
11.67
4.71
5.86
7.23
8.86
10.78
4.33
5.38
6.64
8.13
9.90
3.94
4.91
6.06
7.42
9.03
3.57
4.44
5.48
6.71
8.17
3.21
3.99
4.93
6.04
7.31
2.85
3.55
4.38
5.34
2.50
3.10
3.81
2.14
2.65
1.77
1.42
1.06
230 20.78 19.64
240 24.97 23.60
250 29.83 28.20
18.51
22.25
26.58
17.40
20.91
25.00
16.29
19.58
23.39
15.19
18.26
21.82
14.11
16.95
20.25
13.03
15.66
18.71
11.97
14.38
17.18
10.91
13.12
15.67
9.87
11.86
(4.74) (9.50) (14.29) (19.10) (23.94) (28.81) (33.71) (38.64) (43.59) (48.57) (53.58) (58.62) (63.69) (68.79) (73.91) (79.07) (84.26) (89.47) (94.72)
*Wilson, Univ. Ill., Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 146.
TABLE 2-22
Mole Percentages of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3*
Molal concentration of ammonia in the solutions in percentages
(Weight concentration of ammonia in the solutions in percentages)
t,
°F
0
(0)
5
(4.74)
10
(9.50)
15
(14.29)
20
(19.10)
25
(23.94)
30
(28.81)
35
(33.71)
40
(38.64)
45
(43.59)
50
(48.57)
55
(53.58)
60
(58.62)
65
(63.69)
70
(68.79)
75
(73.91)
80
(79.07)
85
(84.26)
90
(89.47)
95
(94.72)
32
40
50
60
70
100
100
100
100
100
24.3
25.3
26.6
27.9
29.1
13.2
14.1
15.2
16.2
17.4
7.63
8.15
9.09
9.50
10.30
4.43
4.73
5.24
5.69
6.14
2.50
2.74
3.03
3.42
3.65
1.43
1.59
1.78
1.97
2.27
0.856
.943
1.060
1.210
1.390
0.514
.581
.652
.777
.873
0.335
.372
.434
.481
.569
0.216
.248
.290
.331
.383
0.151
.172
.202
.238
.266
0.109
.124
.148
.172
.205
0.0816
.0914
.1095
.1290
.1510
0.0585
.0706
.0838
.0986
.112
0.0457
.0533
.0630
.0754
.0882
0.0345
.0395
.0477
.0566
.0656
0.0249
.0243
.0332
.0406
.0474
0.0146
.0185
.0215
.0251
.0296
0.00689
.00879
.00959
.01125
.0135
80
90
100
110
120
100
100
100
100
100
31.6
32.7
34.4
35.9
37.5
18.5
20.0
21.0
22.2
23.4
11.20
12.00
12.90
13.80
14.70
6.89
7.40
7.92
8.59
9.22
4.08
4.47
4.85
5.29
5.75
2.45
2.73
3.00
3.30
3.63
1.550
1.730
1.890
2.110
2.320
.978
1.100
1.250
1.370
1.520
.659
.742
.834
.932
1.044
.444
.505
.574
.644
.714
.323
.366
.420
.466
.529
.230
.267
.307
.347
.395
.1750
.2020
.2290
.2640
.3020
.130
.157
.179
.208
.233
.103
.115
.135
.157
.180
.0772
.0884
.104
.118
.135
.0528
.0647
.0714
.0846
.0970
.0351
.0408
.0473
.0540
.0619
.0167
.0194
.0226
.0262
.0300
130
140
150
160
170
100
100
100
100
100
39.0
40.7
42.3
44.1
45.6
24.5
25.8
27.1
28.3
29.6
15.60
16.50
17.50
18.40
19.40
9.85
10.50
11.20
11.90
12.70
6.18
6.69
7.19
7.69
8.22
3.95
4.28
4.63
5.01
5.38
2.550
2.790
3.080
3.300
3.580
1.690
1.860
2.040
2.230
2.430
1.160
1.286
1.410
1.550
1.700
.811
.906
1.004
1.110
1.220
.596
.663
.741
.818
.904
.444
.501
.558
.617
.689
.3430
.3840
.4320
.4800
.5300
.263
.297
.334
.372
.414
.205
.232
.257
.287
.320
.154
.175
.197
.218
.242
.1117
.124
.140
.154
.174
.0703
.0786
.0892
.1005
.112
.0339
.0385
.0439
.0499
.0567
180
190
200
210
220
100
100
100
100
100
47.3
48.7
50.4
52.1
53.7
30.9
32.2
33.4
34.7
36.1
20.40
21.40
22.30
23.40
24.40
13.40
14.10
14.90
15.70
16.40
8.76
9.31
9.88
10.45
11.05
5.78
6.18
6.59
7.03
7.48
3.870
4.160
4.470
4.780
5.100
2.640
2.860
3.080
3.310
3.560
1.850
2.020
2.190
2.360
2.540
1.340
1.460
1.580
1.720
1.860
.994
1.087
1.187
1.272
1.390
.756
.830
.907
.983
.5860
.6420
.7010
.456
.501
.352
.268
.192
230
240
250
100
100
100
55.2
56.8
58.4
37.3
38.6
39.8
25.40
26.50
27.50
17.30
18.00
18.80
11.63
12.24
12.88
7.91
8.36
8.82
5.440
5.780
6.120
3.810
4.060
4.340
2.730
2.920
3.120
2.000
2.150
*Wilson, Univ. Ill., Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 146.
2-86
100
(100.00)
0.00
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-23
2-87
Partial Pressures of NH3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH3*
Pressures are in pounds per square inch absolute
Molal concentration of ammonia in the solutions in percentages
(Weight concentration of ammonia in the solutions in percentages)
t,
°F
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
(4.74) (9.50) (14.29) (19.10) (23.94) (28.81) (33.71) (38.64) (43.59) (48.57) (53.58) (58.62) (63.69) (68.79) (73.91) (79.07) (84.26) (89.47) (94.72)
32
40
50
60
70
0.26
.33
.47
.62
.83
0.52
.66
.89
1.19
1.52
0.90
1.14
1.50
2.00
2.60
1.51
1.92
2.53
3.21
4.28
2.67
3.16
4.16
5.36
6.87
4.27
5.13
6.63
8.48
10.76
6.54
7.98
10.24
13.06
16.33
8.93
11.98
15.24
19.15
23.84
14.13
17.14
21.56
26.92
33.20
19.36
23.33
29.17
36.14
44.25
25.12
30.15
37.46
46.12
56.29
31.13
37.15
45.86
56.22
68.32
36.74
43.69
53.79
65.81
79.42
42.69
49.56
60.82
73.99
89.26
45.92
54.40
66.63
80.90
97.42
49.26
58.31
71.26
86.44
104.01
52.13
61.62
75.22
91.04
109.55
54.89
64.77
79.05
95.67
114.83
58.01
68.31
83.40
100.65
120.61
80
90
100
110
120
1.04
1.36
1.72
2.14
2.67
1.98
2.52
3.20
4.00
4.95
3.34
4.25
5.34
6.65
8.21
5.45
6.88
8.60
10.64
13.09
8.69
10.89
13.53
16.65
20.30
13.52
16.76
20.68
25.21
30.54
20.29
25.04
30.57
37.01
44.56
29.40
35.94
43.57
52.43
62.62
40.69
49.45
59.49
71.20
84.44
53.84
64.99
77.85
92.59
109.40
67.97
81.61
97.27
115.16
135.48
82.36
98.35
116.81
137.62
161.44
95.52
113.79
134.70
158.42
185.14
107.06
127.22
150.23
176.18
205.81
116.42
138.18
162.94
190.85
222.28
124.20
147.02
173.22
203.02
236.05
130.57
154.46
181.97
212.71
247.14
136.35
161.74
190.13
222.22
258.24
143.70
169.73
199.17
232.79
270.02
130
140
150
160
170
3.28
3.97
4.78
5.68
6.75
6.09
7.41
8.92
10.70
12.67
10.05
12.21
14.70
17.57
20.85
15.93
19.23
23.09
27.45
32.41
24.58
29.43
35.09
41.56
48.89
36.74
43.77
51.91
61.03
71.48
53.16
62.97
74.28
86.91
101.09
74.27
87.53
102.51
119.37
138.30
99.69
116.72
136.15
157.71
181.95
128.45
149.93
173.64
200.45
230.36
158.45
184.17
212.91
244.98
280.54
188.16
218.18
251.24
288.38
329.42
215.14
248.70
286.00
327.82
373.61
238.70
275.33
316.24
361.75
411.59
257.87
297.12
340.82
389.08
442.28
272.88
314.45
360.39
411.30
466.67
286.08
328.99
376.57
429.73
487.85
298.46
342.93
392.45
447.35
507.63
311.80
358.46
409.62
466.38
528.50
180 7.90
190 9.23
200 10.70
210 12.26
220 14.02
14.96
17.55
20.45
23.68
27.15
24.56
28.78
33.49
38.76
44.61
38.13
44.49
51.58
59.65
68.43
57.19
66.49
76.90
88.48
101.24
83.07
96.22
110.85
126.83
144.74
116.97
134.89
154.58
176.24
200.46
159.37
182.72
208.56
236.97
268.30
208.66
238.39
270.94
307.08
346.07
263.43
299.86
340.02
383.99
431.43
319.89
363.11
410.17
462.36
518.19
374.25
424.15
478.62
537.56
424.10
479.40
539.79
466.26
526.15
500.63
528.08
551.24
230 15.95
240 17.92
250 20.12
31.09
35.40
40.09
51.06
58.00
65.74
78.14
89.02
100.69
115.45
130.94
147.66
164.17
185.79
209.37
226.67
255.26
286.89
302.53
339.72
380.42
389.29
435.78
486.73
483.53
540.44
*Wilson, Univ. Ill., Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 146.
TABLE 2-24
Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH3*
Pressures are in pounds per square inch absolute
Molal concentration of ammonia in the solutions in percentages
(Weight concentration of ammonia in the solutions in percentages)
t,
°F
0
(0)
5
(4.74)
10
(9.50)
15
(14.29)
20
(19.10)
25
(23.94)
30
(28.81)
35
(33.71)
40
(38.64)
45
(43.59)
50
(48.57)
55
(53.58)
60
(58.62)
65
(63.69)
70
(68.79)
75
(73.91)
80
(79.07)
85
(84.26)
90
(89.47)
95
(94.72)
100
(100.00)
32
40
50
60
70
0.09
.12
.18
.26
.36
0.34
.45
.64
.86
1.17
0.60
.77
1.05
1.42
1.84
0.97
1.24
1.65
2.21
2.90
1.58
2.01
2.67
3.51
4.56
2.60
3.25
4.29
5.55
7.13
4.20
5.21
6.75
8.65
11.01
6.54
8.06
10.35
13.22
16.56
9.93
12.05
15.34
19.30
24.05
14.18
17.20
21.65
27.05
33.39
19.40
23.39
29.26
36.26
44.42
25.16
30.20
37.54
46.23
56.44
31.16
37.20
45.93
56.32
68.46
36.77
43.73
53.85
65.90
79.54
42.72
49.60
60.87
74.06
89.36
45.94
54.43
66.67
80.96
97.51
49.28
58.33
71.29
86.49
104.08
52.14
61.64
75.25
91.08
109.60
54.90
64.78
79.07
95.69
114.86
58.01
68.32
83.41
100.66
120.63
62.29
73.32
89.19
107.6
128.8
80
90
100
110
120
.51
.70
.95
1.27
1.69
1.52
2.02
2.62
3.34
4.27
2.43
3.15
4.05
5.14
6.46
3.76
4.83
6.13
7.72
9.63
5.85
7.43
9.34
11.64
14.42
9.06
11.40
14.22
17.58
21.54
13.86
17.23
21.32
26.07
31.69
20.61
25.48
31.16
37.81
45.62
29.69
36.34
44.12
53.16
63.59
40.96
49.82
59.99
71.87
85.33
54.08
65.32
78.30
93.19
110.2
68.19
81.91
97.68
115.7
136.2
82.55
98.61
117.17
138.10
162.08
95.69
114.02
135.01
158.84
185.70
107.20
127.42
150.50
176.54
206.29
116.54
138.34
163.16
191.15
222.68
124.30
147.15
173.40
203.26
236.37
130.64
154.56
182.10
212.89
247.38
136.40
161.81
190.22
222.34
258.40
143.72
169.76
199.22
232.85
270.1
153.0
180.6
211.9
247.0
286.4
130
140
150
160
170
2.22
2.89
3.72
4.74
5.99
5.38
6.70
8.29
10.16
12.41
8.07
9.98
12.23
14.92
18.01
11.91
14.63
17.81
21.54
25.87
17.67
21.49
26.00
31.16
37.11
26.20
31.54
37.81
45.02
53.27
38.25
45.73
54.43
64.25
75.55
54.55
64.78
76.61
89.88
104.84
75.55
89.19
104.65
122.10
141.75
100.86
118.24
138.1
160.2
185.1
129.5
151.3
175.4
202.7
233.2
159.0
185.4
214.5
247.0
283.1
189.00
219.28
252.65
290.18
331.7
215.88
249.66
287.24
329.4
375.6
239.33
276.15
317.3
363.1
413.3
258.40
297.81
341.7
390.2
443.7
273.3
315.0
361.1
412.2
467.8
286.4
329.4
377.1
430.4
488.7
298.67
343.2
392.8
447.8
508.2
311.9
358.6
409.8
466.6
528.8
330.3
379.1
432.2
492.8
558.4
180
190
200
210
220
7.51
9.34
11.53
14.12
17.19
15.00
18.06
21.60
25.61
30.27
21.65
25.87
30.72
36.26
42.47
30.86
36.60
43.14
50.58
59.00
44.02
51.81
60.62
70.72
81.91
62.68
73.32
85.33
98.80
113.81
88.17
102.56
118.68
136.42
156.41
121.68
140.75
161.81
185.10
211.24
163.7
188.1
215.2
245.1
278.2
212.6
243.3
277.0
314.5
355.1
267.0
304.3
345.5
390.7
439.6
323.1
367.1
415.1
468.4
525.5
377.1
427.7
483.0
542.9
426.6
482.5
543.6
468.4
528.8
502.4
529.5
552.3
230
240
250
20.78
24.97
29.83
35.59
41.52
48.32
49.60
57.65
66.67
68.46
78.91
90.74
94.43
108.60
124.08
130.64
149.20
169.48
178.28
202.74
229.62
239.70
270.92
305.60
314.5
354.1
397.6
400.2
448.9
502.4
493.4
552.3
*Wilson, Univ. Ill., Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 146.
2-88
VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-25 Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions
of Sodium Carbonate
mmHg
%Na2CO3
t, °C
0
5
10
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
4.5
9.2
17.5
31.8
55.3
92.5
149.5
239.8
355.5
526.0
760.0
4.5
9.0
17.2
31.2
54.2
90.7
146.5
235
348
516
746
8.8
16.8
30.4
53.0
88.7
143.5
230.5
342
506
731
16.3
29.6
57.6
86.5
139.9
225
334
494
715
20
28.8
50.2
84.1
136.1
219
325
482
697
25
27.8
48.4
81.2
131.6
211.5
315
467
676
30
26.4
46.1
77.5
125.7
202.5
301
447
648
2-89
TABLE 2-26 Partial Pressures of H2O and CH3OH over
Aqueous Solutions of Methyl Alcohol*
39.9°C
Mole
fraction
CH3OH
PH2O,
mmHg
PCH3OH ,
mmHg
0
14.99
17.85
21.07
27.31
31.06
40.1
47.0
55.8
68.9
86.0
100.0
54.7
39.2
38.5
37.2
35.8
34.9
32.8
31.5
27.3
20.7
10.1
0
0
66.1
75.5
85.2
100.6
108.8
127.7
141.6
158.4
186.6
225.2
260.7
59.4°C
Mole
fraction
CH3OH
PH2O,
mmHg
PCH3OH ,
mmHg
0
22.17
27.40
33.24
39.80
47.08
55.5
69.2
78.5
85.9
100.0
145.4
106.9
102.2
96.6
91.7
84.8
76.9
57.8
43.8
30.1
0
0
210.1
240.2
272.1
301.9
335.6
373.7
439.4
486.6
526.9
609.3
*International Critical Tables, vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, p. 290.
TABLE 2-27
Conc.
g NaOH/
100 g H2O
0
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
500
700
1000
2000
4000
8000
Partial Pressures of H2O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide
mmHg
Temperature, °C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
200
250
300
350
4.6
4.4
4.2
3.6
2.9
2.2
17.5
16.9
16.0
13.9
11.3
8.7
6.3
4.4
3.0
2.0
1.3
0.9
55.3
53.2
50.6
44.2
36.6
28.7
20.7
15.5
10.9
7.6
5.2
3.6
1.7
149.5
143.5
137.0
120.5
101.0
81.0
62.5
47.0
34.5
24.5
17.5
12.5
6.3
3.0
1.5
355.5
341.5
325.5
288.5
246.0
202.0
160.5
124.0
94.0
70.5
53.0
38.5
20.5
11.0
6.0
3.5
2.0
0.5
0.1
760.0
730.0
697.0
621.0
537.0
450.0
368.0
294.0
231.0
179.0
138.0
105.0
61.0
35.5
20.5
12.0
7.0
2.0
0.5
1,489
1,430
1,365
1,225
1,070
920
770
635
515
415
330
262
164
102
63
40
25
8
2.7
0.9
4,633
4,450
4,260
3,860
3,460
3,090
2,690
2,340
2,030
1,740
1,490
1,300
915
765
470
340
245
110
50
23
11
11,647
11,200
10,750
9,800
8,950
8,150
7,400
6,750
6,100
5,500
5,000
4,500
3,650
2,980
2,430
1,980
1,620
985
610
380
240
100
29,771
28,600
27,500
25,300
23,300
21,500
19,900
18,400
17,100
15,800
14,700
13,650
11,800
10,300
8,960
7,830
6,870
5,000
3,690
2,750
2,080
1,210
440
64,200
61,800
59,300
54,700
50,800
47,200
44,100
41,200
38,700
36,300
34,200
32,200
28,800
25,900
23,300
21,200
19,200
15,400
12,500
10,300
8,600
6,100
3,300
1,470
150
123,600
118,900
114,100
105,400
98,000
91,600
85,800
80,700
76,000
71,900
68,100
64,600
58,600
53,400
49,000
45,100
41,800
35,000
29,800
25,700
22,400
17,500
11,500
6,800
1,760
120
7
2-90
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES
CHART FOR GASES AT HIGH PRESSURES
The accompanying figure is useful in determining the water-vapor
content of air at high pressure in contact with liquid water.
Water content of air, °C = (°F − 32) × 5⁄ 9. (Landsbaum, Dadds, and Stutzman. Reprinted from vol. 47, January 1955 issue of Ind. Eng. Chem. [p. 192].
Copyright 1955 by the American Chemical Society and reproduced by permission of the copyright owner.)
FIG. 2-4
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
2-91
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
To convert kilograms per cubic meter to pounds per cubic foot,
multiply by 0.06243.
°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
TABLE 2-28
Density (kg/m3) of Water from 0 to 100°C*
ρ, kg/m3
t, °C
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
1
2
3
4
999.839
999.898
999.940
999.964
999.972
999.846
999.903
999.943
999.966
999.972
999.852
999.908
999.946
999.967
999.972
999.859
999.913
999.949
999.968
999.971
999.865
999.917
999.952
999.969
999.971
999.871
999.921
999.954
999.970
999.970
999.877
999.925
999.956
999.971
999.969
999.882
999.929
999.959
999.971
999.968
999.888
999.933
999.961
999.972
999.967
999.893
999.936
999.962
999.972
999.965
5
6
7
8
9
999.964
999.940
999.901
999.848
999.781
999.962
999.937
999.897
999.842
999.773
999.960
999.934
999.892
999.836
999.765
999.958
999.930
999.887
999.829
999.758
999.956
999.926
999.882
999.823
999.750
999.954
999.923
999.877
999.816
999.742
999.951
999.919
999.871
999.809
999.734
999.949
999.915
999.866
999.802
999.725
999.946
999.910
999.860
999.795
999.717
999.943
999.906
999.854
999.788
999.708
10
11
12
13
14
999.699
999.605
999.497
999.377
999.244
999.691
999.595
999.486
999.364
999.230
999.682
999.584
999.474
999.351
999.216
999.672
999.574
999.462
999.338
999.202
999.663
999.563
999.451
999.325
999.188
999.654
999.553
999.439
999.312
999.173
999.644
999.542
999.426
999.299
999.159
999.635
999.531
999.414
999.285
999.144
999.625
999.520
999.402
999.272
999.129
999.615
999.509
999.389
999.258
999.114
15
16
17
18
19
999.099
998.943
998.775
998.595
998.405
999.084
998.926
998.757
998.577
998.385
999.069
998.910
998.740
998.558
998.366
999.054
999.894
998.722
998.539
998.346
999.038
998.877
998.704
998.520
998.326
999.022
998.860
998.686
998.502
998.306
999.007
998.843
998.668
998.482
998.286
998.991
998.826
998.650
998.463
998.265
998.975
998.809
998.632
998.444
998.245
998.958
998.792
998.614
998.425
998.224
20
21
22
23
24
998.204
997.992
997.770
997.538
997.296
998.183
997.971
997.747
997.515
997.272
998.162
997.949
997.725
997.491
997.247
998.141
997.927
997.702
997.467
997.222
998.120
997.905
997.679
997.443
997.197
998.099
997.883
997.656
997.419
997.172
998.078
997.860
997.632
997.394
997.146
998.057
997.838
997.609
997.370
997.121
998.035
997.816
997.585
997.345
997.096
998.014
997.793
997.562
997.321
997.070
25
26
27
28
29
997.045
996.783
996.513
996.233
995.945
997.019
996.757
996.485
996.205
995.915
996.993
996.730
996.458
996.176
995.886
996.967
996.703
996.430
996.148
995.856
996.941
996.676
996.402
996.119
995.827
996.915
996.649
996.374
996.090
995.797
996.889
996.622
996.346
996.061
995.767
996.863
996.595
996.318
996.032
995.737
996.836
996.568
996.290
996.003
995.707
996.810
996.540
996.262
995.974
995.677
30
31
32
33
34
995.647
995.341
995.026
994.703
994.371
995.617
995.310
994.997
994.670
994.338
995.586
995.278
994.962
994.637
994.304
995.556
995.247
994.930
994.604
994.270
995.526
995.216
994.898
994.571
994.236
995.495
995.184
994.865
994.538
994.202
995.464
995.153
994.833
994.505
994.168
995.433
995.121
994.801
994.472
994.134
995.403
995.090
994.768
994.438
994.100
995.372
995.058
994.735
994.405
994.066
35
36
37
38
39
994.032
993.684
993.328
992.965
992.594
993.997
993.648
993.292
992.928
992.557
993.963
993.613
993.256
992.891
992.519
993.928
993.578
993.220
992.855
992.481
993.893
993.543
993.184
992.818
992.444
993.859
993.507
993.148
992.780
992.406
993.824
993.471
993.111
992.743
992.368
993.789
993.436
993.075
992.706
992.330
993.754
993.400
993.038
992.669
992.292
993.719
993.364
993.002
992.631
992.254
40
41
42
43
44
992.215
991.830
991.436
991.036
990.628
992.177
991.791
991.396
990.995
990.587
992.139
991.751
991.357
990.955
990.546
992.100
991.712
991.317
990.914
990.504
992.062
992.673
991.277
990.873
990.463
992.023
991.634
991.237
990.833
990.421
991.985
991.594
991.197
990.792
990.380
991.946
991.555
991.157
990.751
990.338
991.907
991.515
991.116
990.710
990.297
992.868
991.476
991.076
990.669
990.255
45
46
47
48
49
990.213
989.792
989.363
988.928
988.485
990.171
989.749
989.320
988.884
988.441
990.129
989.706
989.276
988.840
988.396
990.087
989.664
989.233
988.796
988.352
990.045
989.621
989.190
988.752
988.307
990.003
989.578
989.146
988.707
988.262
989.961
989.535
989.103
988.663
988.217
989.919
989.492
989.059
988.619
988.172
989.876
989.449
989.015
988.574
988.127
989.834
989.406
988.971
988.530
988.082
*From “Water: Density at Atmospheric Pressure and Temperatures from 0 to 100°C,” Tables of Standard Handbook Data, Standartov, Moscow, 1978. To conserve
space, only a few tables of density values are given. The reader is reminded that density values may be found as the reciprocal of the specific volume values tabulated
in the “Thermodynamic Properties: Tables” subsection.
2-92
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-28
Density (kg/m3) of Water from 0 to 100°C (Concluded )
ρ, kg/m3
t, °C
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
50
51
52
53
54
988.037
987.581
987.120
986.652
986.177
987.992
987.536
987.073
986.604
986.129
987.946
987.490
987.027
986.557
986.081
987.901
987.444
986.980
986.510
986.033
987.844
987.398
986.933
986.463
985.985
987.810
987.351
986.886
986.415
985.937
987.764
987.305
986.840
986.368
985.889
987.719
987.259
986.793
986.320
985.841
987.673
987.213
986.746
986.272
985.793
987.627
987.166
986.699
986.225
985.745
55
56
57
58
59
985.696
985.219
984.716
984.217
983.712
985.648
985.160
984.666
984.167
983.661
985.599
985.111
984.617
984.116
983.610
985.551
985.062
984.567
984.066
983.559
985.502
985.013
984.517
984.016
983.508
985.454
984.963
984.467
983.965
983.457
985.405
984.914
984.417
983.914
983.406
985.356
984.865
984.367
983.864
983.354
985.307
984.815
984.317
983.813
983.303
985.258
984.766
984.267
983.762
983.252
60
61
62
63
64
983.200
982.683
982.160
981.631
981.097
983.149
982.631
982.108
981.578
981.043
983.097
982.579
982.055
981.525
980.989
983.046
982.527
982.002
981.472
980.935
982.994
982.475
981.949
981.418
980.881
982.943
982.422
981.897
981.365
980.827
982.891
982.370
981.844
981.311
980.773
982.839
982.318
981.791
981.258
980.719
982.787
982.265
981.738
981.204
980.665
982.735
982.213
981.685
981.151
980.611
65
66
67
68
69
980.557
980.011
979.459
978.902
978.339
980.502
979.956
979.403
978.846
978.283
980.443
979.901
979.348
978.790
978.226
980.393
979.846
979.293
978.734
978.170
980.339
979.791
979.237
978.678
978.113
980.284
979.736
979.181
978.621
978.056
980.230
979.680
979.126
978.565
977.999
980.175
979.625
979.070
978.509
977.942
980.120
979.570
979.014
978.452
977.885
980.065
979.515
978.958
978.396
977.828
70
71
72
73
74
977.771
977.198
976.619
976.035
975.445
977.714
977.140
976.561
975.976
975.386
977.657
977.082
976.503
975.917
975.327
977.600
977.025
976.444
975.858
975.267
977.543
976.967
976.386
975.800
975.208
977.485
976.909
976.327
975.741
975.148
977.428
976.851
976.269
975.682
975.089
977.370
976.793
976.211
975.623
975.029
977.313
976.735
976.152
975.564
974.970
977.255
976.677
976.093
975.504
974.910
75
76
77
78
79
974.850
974.250
973.645
973.025
972.419
974.791
974.190
973.584
972.974
972.358
974.731
974.130
973.524
972.912
972.296
974.671
974.069
973.463
972.851
972.234
974.611
974.009
973.402
972.789
972.172
974.551
973.948
973.341
972.728
972.110
974.491
973.888
973.280
972.666
972.048
974.431
973.827
973.218
972.605
971.986
974.371
973.767
973.157
972.543
971.923
974.311
973.706
973.096
972.481
971.861
80
81
82
83
84
971.799
971.173
970.543
969.907
969.267
971.737
971.110
970.479
969.843
969.202
971.674
971.048
970.416
969.772
969.138
971.612
970.985
970.353
969.715
969.073
971.549
970.922
970.289
969.652
969.009
971.487
970.859
970.226
969.587
968.944
971.424
970.796
970.162
969.523
968.880
971.361
970.732
970.098
969.459
968.815
971.299
970.669
970.035
969.395
968.751
971.236
970.606
969.971
969.331
968.686
85
86
87
88
89
968.621
967.971
967.316
966.656
965.991
968.556
967.906
967.250
966.589
965.924
968.491
967.840
967.184
966.523
965.857
968.427
967.775
967.118
966.457
965.790
968.362
967.709
967.052
966.390
965.723
968.297
967.641
966.986
966.324
965.656
969.232
967.578
966.920
966.257
965.589
968.166
967.513
966.854
966.191
965.522
968.101
967.447
966.788
966.124
965.455
968.036
967.381
966.722
966.057
965.388
90
91
92
93
94
965.321
964.647
963.967
963.284
962.595
965.254
954.579
963.899
963.215
962.526
965.187
964.511
963.831
963.146
962.457
965.119
964.443
963.763
963.077
962.387
965.052
964.376
963.694
963.009
962.318
964.984
964.308
963.626
962.940
962.249
964.917
964.240
963.558
962.871
962.180
964.849
964.172
963.489
962.802
962.110
964.782
964.104
963.421
962.733
962.041
964.714
964.036
963.352
962.664
961.971
95
96
97
98
99
961.902
961.204
960.501
959.794
959.082
961.832
961.134
960.431
959.723
959.010
961.762
961.064
960.360
959.652
958.939
961.693
960.993
960.289
959.581
958.867
961.693
960.923
960.219
959.510
958.796
961.553
960.853
960.148
959.438
958.724
961.483
960.783
960.077
959.367
958.653
961.414
960.712
960.006
959.296
958.581
961.344
960.642
959.936
959.225
958.509
961.274
960.572
959.865
959.153
958.431
100
958.365
DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
TABLE 2-29
2-93
Density (kg/m3) of Mercury from 0 to 350°C*
Density, kg /m3
t, °C
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
10
20
30
40
13595.08
13570.44
13545.87
13521.36
13496.92
0
13592.61
13567.98
13543.41
13518.91
13494.48
1
13590.14
13565.52
13540.96
13516.47
13492.04
13587.68
13563.06
13538.51
13514.02
13489.60
13585.21
13560.60
13536.06
13511.58
13487.16
13582.75
13558.14
13533.61
13509.13
13484.72
13580.29
13555.69
13531.16
13506.69
13482.29
13577.82
13553.23
13528.71
13504.25
13479.85
13575.36
13550.78
13526.26
13501.80
13477.41
13572.90
13548.32
13523.81
13499.36
13474.98
50
60
70
80
90
13472.54
13448.22
13423.96
13399.75
13375.59
13470.11
13445.80
13421.54
13397.34
13373.18
13467.67
13443.37
13419.12
13394.92
13370.77
13465.24
13440.94
13416.69
13392.50
13368.36
13462.81
13438.51
13414.27
13390.08
13365.94
13460.38
13436.09
13411.85
13387.67
13363.53
13457.94
13433.66
13409.43
13385.25
13361.12
13455.51
13431.23
13407.01
13382.84
13358.71
13453.08
13428.81
13404.59
13380.42
13356.30
13450.65
13426.39
13402.17
13378.01
13353.89
100
110
120
130
140
13351.5
13327.4
13303.4
13279.4
13255.4
13349.1
13325.0
13301.0
13277.0
13253.0
13346.7
13322.6
13298.6
13274.6
13250.6
13344.3
13320.2
13296.2
13272.2
13248.2
13341.9
13317.8
13293.8
13269.8
13245.8
13339.4
13315.4
13291.4
13267.4
13243.4
13337.0
13313.0
13288.9
13265.0
13241.0
13334.6
13310.6
13286.6
13262.6
13238.7
13332.2
13308.2
13284.2
13260.2
13236.3
13329.8
13305.8
13281.8
13257.8
13233.9
150
160
170
180
190
13231.5
13207.6
13183.7
13159.8
13136.0
13229.1
13205.2
13181.3
13157.4
13133.6
13226.7
13202.8
13178.9
13155.0
13131.2
13224.3
13200.4
13176.5
13152.6
13128.3
13221.9
13198.0
13174.1
13150.3
13126.4
13219.5
13195.6
13171.7
13147.9
13124.0
13217.1
13193.2
13169.4
13145.5
13121.7
13214.7
13190.8
13167.0
13143.1
13119.3
13212.4
13188.5
13164.6
13140.7
13116.9
13210.0
13186.1
13162.2
13138.3
13114.5
200
210
220
230
240
13112.1
13088.3
13064.5
13040.6
13016.8
13109.7
13085.9
13062.1
13038.3
13014.5
13107.4
13083.5
13059.7
13035.9
13012.1
13105.0
13081.1
13057.3
13033.5
13009.7
13102.6
13078.8
13054.9
13031.1
13007.3
13100.2
13076.4
13052.6
13028.7
13004.9
13097.8
13074.0
13050.2
13026.4
13002.5
13095.4
13071.6
13047.8
13024.0
13000.2
13093.1
13069.2
13045.4
13021.6
12997.8
13090.7
13066.8
13043.0
13019.2
12995.4
250
260
270
280
290
12993.0
12969.2
12945.4
12921.5
12897.7
12990.6
12966.8
12943.0
12919.1
12895.3
12988.3
12964.4
12940.6
12916.7
12892.9
12985.9
12962.0
12938.2
12914.4
12890.5
12983.5
12959.7
12935.8
12912.0
12888.1
12981.1
12957.3
12933.4
12909.6
12885.7
12978.7
12954.9
12931.1
12907.2
12883.3
12976.3
12952.5
12928.7
12904.8
12880.9
12974.0
12950.1
12926.3
12902.4
12878.5
12971.6
12947.7
12923.9
12900.0
12876.2
300
310
320
330
340
12873.8
12849.9
12825.9
12801.9
12777.8
12871.4
12847.5
12823.5
12799.5
12775.4
12869.0
12845.1
12821.1
12797.1
12773.0
12866.6
12842.7
12818.7
12794.7
12770.6
12864.2
12840.3
12816.3
12792.3
12768.2
12861.8
12837.9
12813.9
12789.9
12765.8
12859.4
12835.5
12811.5
12787.5
12763.4
12857.0
12833.1
12809.1
12785.1
12761.0
12854.6
12830.7
12806.7
12782.7
12758.6
12852.2
12828.3
12804.3
12780.2
12756.1
350
12753.7
*From “Mercury—Density and Thermal Expansion at Atmospheric Pressure and Temperatures from 0 to 350°C,” Tables of Standard Handbook Data, Standartov,
Moscow, 1978. The density values obtainable from those cited for the specific volume of the saturated liquid in the “Thermodynamic Properties” subsection show
minor differences. No attempt was made to adjust either set.
TABLE 2-30
Cmpd.
no.
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
C4
Tmin, K
Density at Tmin
Tmax, K
Density at Tmax
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
74828
74840
74986
106978
109660
110543
142825
111659
111842
124185
16.043
30.070
44.097
58.123
72.150
86.177
100.204
114.231
128.258
142.285
2.9214
1.9122
1.3757
1.0677
0.84947
0.70824
0.61259
0.53731
0.48387
0.42831
0.28976
0.27937
0.27453
0.27188
0.26726
0.26411
0.26211
0.26115
0.26147
0.25745
190.56
305.32
369.83
425.12
469.7
507.6
540.2
568.7
594.6
617.7
0.28881
0.29187
0.29359
0.28688
0.27789
0.27537
0.28141
0.28034
0.28281
0.28912
90.69
90.35
85.47
134.86
143.42
177.83
182.57
216.38
219.66
243.51
28.18
21.64
16.583
12.62
10.474
8.747
7.6998
6.6558
6.007
5.3811
190.56
305.32
369.83
425.12
469.7
507.6
540.2
568.7
594.6
617.7
10.082
6.845
5.011
3.927
3.178
2.682
2.337
2.058
1.851
1.664
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
n-Eicosane
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
C20H42
1120214
112403
629505
629594
629629
544763
629787
593453
629925
112958
156.312
170.338
184.365
198.392
212.419
226.446
240.473
254.500
268.527
282.553
0.39
0.35541
0.3216
0.30545
0.28445
0.26807
0.2545
0.23864
0.22451
0.21624
0.25678
0.25511
0.2504
0.2535
0.25269
0.25287
0.254
0.25272
0.25133
0.25287
639
658
675
693
708
723
736
747
758
768
0.2913
0.29368
0.3071
0.30538
0.30786
0.31143
0.31072
0.31104
0.3133
0.31613
247.57
263.57
267.76
279.01
283.07
291.31
295.13
301.31
305.04
309.58
4.9362
4.5132
4.2035
3.8924
3.6471
3.4187
3.2241
3.0466
2.8933
2.7496
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
75285
78784
79298
107835
565593
560214
540841
58.123
72.150
86.177
86.177
100.204
114.231
114.231
1.0463
0.9079
0.76929
0.73335
0.7229
0.6028
0.5886
0.27294
0.2761
0.27524
0.2687
0.28614
0.27446
0.27373
408.14
460.43
499.98
497.5
537.35
573.5
543.96
0.27301
0.28673
0.27691
0.28361
0.2713
0.2741
0.2846
113.54
113.25
145.19
119.55
160.00
172.22
165.78
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
74851
115071
106989
590181
624646
109671
592416
592767
28.054
42.081
56.108
56.108
56.108
70.134
84.161
98.188
2.0961
1.4094
1.0972
1.1609
1.1426
0.9038
0.7389
0.63734
0.27657
0.26465
0.2649
0.27104
0.27095
0.26648
0.26147
0.26319
282.34
365.57
419.95
435.58
428.63
464.78
504.03
537.29
0.29147
0.295
0.29043
0.2816
0.2854
0.2905
0.2902
0.27375
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1-Octene
1-Nonene
1-Decene
2-Methylpropene
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene1
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
C4H8
C5H10
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
111660
124118
872059
115117
563462
513359
590192
106990
78795
112.215
126.242
140.269
56.108
70.134
70.134
54.092
54.092
68.119
0.5871
0.4945
0.44244
1.1454
0.91619
0.93322
1.187
1.2384
0.95673
0.27005
0.26108
0.25838
0.2725
0.26752
0.27251
0.26114
0.2725
0.26488
566.65
593.25
616.4
417.9
465
471
452
425.17
484
45
46
47
48
49
50
Acetylene
Methylacetylene
Dimethylacetylene
3-Methyl-1-butyne
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C5H8
C5H8
74862
74997
503173
598232
627190
627214
26.038
40.065
54.092
68.119
68.119
68.119
2.4091
1.6086
1.1717
0.94575
0.8491
0.92099
0.27223
0.26448
0.25895
0.26008
0.2352
0.25419
51
52
53
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
3-Hexyne1
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
693027
764352
928494
82.145
82.145
82.145
0.84427
0.76277
0.78045
0.27185
0.25248
0.26065
2-94
Name
639
658
675
693
708
723
736
747
758
768
1.519
1.393
1.284
1.205
1.126
1.060
1.002
0.944
0.893
0.855
12.575
10.776
9.0343
9.2041
7.8746
7.0934
6.9163
408.14
460.43
499.98
497.5
537.35
573.5
543.96
3.833
3.288
2.795
2.729
2.526
2.196
2.150
104.00
87.89
87.80
134.26
167.62
107.93
133.39
154.27
23.326
18.143
14.326
13.895
13.1
11.543
9.6388
8.1759
282.34
365.57
419.95
435.58
428.63
464.78
504.03
537.29
7.579
5.326
4.142
4.283
4.217
3.392
2.826
2.422
0.27187
0.27319
0.28411
0.28186
0.28164
0.26031
0.3065
0.28813
0.28571
171.45
191.78
206.89
132.81
135.58
139.39
136.95
164.25
127.27
7.1247
6.333
5.7131
13.506
11.332
11.218
15.123
14.061
12.205
566.65
593.25
616.4
417.9
465
471
452
425.17
484
2.174
1.894
1.712
4.203
3.425
3.425
4.546
4.545
3.612
308.32
402.39
473.2
463.2
481.2
519
0.28477
0.279
0.27289
0.30807
0.353
0.31077
192.40
170.45
240.91
183.45
167.45
163.83
23.692
19.027
13.767
11.519
12.532
12.24
308.32
402.39
473.2
463.2
481.2
519
8.850
6.082
4.525
3.636
3.610
3.623
516.2
549
544
0.2771
0.31611
0.28571
141.25
183.65
170.05
10.23
10.133
10.021
516.2
549
544
3.106
3.021
2.994
54
55
56
1-Heptyne
1-Octyne
Vinylacetylene2
C7H12
C8H14
C4H4
628717
629050
689974
96.172
110.199
52.076
0.67366
0.59229
1.2703
0.26003
0.26118
0.26041
559
585
454
0.29804
0.29357
0.297
192.22
193.55
173.15
8.4987
7.478
15.664
559
585
454
2.591
2.268
4.878
57
58
59
60
61
62
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
287923
96377
1640897
110827
108872
590669
70.134
84.161
98.188
84.161
98.188
112.215
1.124
0.84798
0.7193
0.8908
0.735
0.55873
0.28859
0.27042
0.26936
0.27396
0.27041
0.25143
511.76
532.79
569.52
553.58
572.19
591.15
0.2506
0.28276
0.2777
0.2851
0.2927
0.27758
179.28
130.73
134.71
279.69
146.58
239.66
11.883
10.492
9.018
9.3797
9.018
7.3417
511.76
532.79
569.52
553.58
572.19
591.15
3.895
3.136
2.670
3.252
2.718
2.222
63
64
65
66
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Cyclopentene
1-Methylcyclopentene
Cyclohexene
C8H16
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
1678917
142290
693890
110838
112.215
68.119
82.145
82.145
0.61587
1.1035
0.88824
0.92997
0.26477
0.27035
0.26914
0.27056
609.15
507
542
560.4
0.28054
0.28699
0.27874
0.28943
161.84
138.13
146.62
169.67
7.8679
13.47
10.98
11.16
609.15
507
542
560.4
2.326
4.082
3.300
3.437
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Propylbenzene
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
71432
108883
95476
108383
106423
100414
103651
78.114
92.141
106.167
106.167
106.167
106.167
120.194
1.0162
0.8488
0.69883
0.69555
0.6816
0.6952
0.57695
0.2655
0.26655
0.26113
0.26204
0.25963
0.26037
0.25395
562.16
591.8
630.33
617.05
616.23
617.2
638.32
0.28212
0.2878
0.27429
0.27602
0.2768
0.2844
0.283
278.68
178.18
247.98
225.30
286.41
178.15
183.15
11.421
10.495
8.6285
8.6505
8.1616
9.0568
7.8942
562.16
591.8
630.33
617.05
616.23
617.2
638.32
3.828
3.184
2.676
2.654
2.625
2.670
2.272
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Naphthalene6
Biphenyl
Styrene
m-Terphenyl
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H14
C10H8
C12H10
C8H8
C18H14
95636
98828
108678
99876
91203
92524
100425
92068
120.194
120.194
120.194
134.221
128.174
154.211
104.152
230.309
0.60394
0.604
0.59879
0.51036
0.61674
0.5039
0.7397
0.30826
0.25955
0.25912
0.25916
0.25383
0.25473
0.25273
0.2603
0.23669
649.13
631.1
637.36
653.15
748.35
789.26
636
924.85
0.27716
0.2914
0.27968
0.28816
0.27355
0.281
0.3009
0.29678
229.33
177.14
228.42
205.25
333.15
342.20
242.54
360.00
7.6895
7.9496
7.6154
6.8779
7.7543
6.4395
9.1088
4.5223
649.13
631.1
637.36
653.15
748.35
789.26
636
924.85
2.327
2.331
2.311
2.011
2.421
1.994
2.842
1.302
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Methanol
Ethanol
1-Propanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
2-Propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C3H8O
C4H10O
67561
64175
71238
71363
78922
67630
75650
32.042
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
60.096
74.123
2.288
1.648
1.235
0.965
0.966
1.24
0.9212
0.2685
0.27627
0.27136
0.2666
0.26064
0.27342
0.2544
512.64
513.92
536.78
563.05
536.05
508.3
506.21
0.2453
0.2331
0.24
0.24419
0.2746
0.2353
0.276
175.47
159.05
146.95
184.51
158.45
185.28
298.97
27.912
19.413
15.231
12.016
12.57
14.547
10.555
512.64
513.92
536.78
563.05
536.05
508.3
506.21
8.521
5.965
4.551
3.620
3.706
4.535
3.621
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
1-Pentanol
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
1-Hexanol
1-Heptanol
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Propylene glycol
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C6H14O
C7H16O
C6H12O
C2H6O2
C3H8O2
71410
137326
123513
111273
111706
108930
107211
57556
88.150
88.150
88.150
102.177
116.203
100.161
62.068
76.095
0.8164
0.82046
0.837
0.70617
0.60481
0.8243
1.3151
1.0923
0.2673
0.26829
0.27375
0.26901
0.2632
0.26546
0.25125
0.26106
586.15
565
577.2
611.35
631.9
650
719.7
626
0.2506
0.2322
0.22951
0.2479
0.273
0.2848
0.2187
0.20459
195.56
203.00
155.95
228.55
239.15
296.60
260.15
213.15
10.057
10.017
10.204
8.4506
7.421
9.4693
18.31
14.363
586.15
565
577.2
611.35
631.9
650
719.7
626
3.054
3.058
3.058
2.625
2.298
3.105
5.234
4.184
97
98
99
100
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
C6H6O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
108952
95487
108394
106445
94.113
108.140
108.140
108.140
1.3798
1.0861
0.9061
1.1503
0.31598
0.30624
0.28268
0.31861
694.25
697.55
705.85
704.65
0.32768
0.30587
0.2707
0.30104
314.06
304.19
285.39
307.93
11.244
9.5751
9.6115
9.4494
694.25
697.55
705.85
704.65
4.367
3.547
3.205
3.610
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
Dimethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl-n-propyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl-n-butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ether1
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Diethyl ether
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C4H10O
115106
540670
557175
598538
628284
625445
1634044
60297
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
88.150
88.150
88.150
74.123
1.5693
1.2635
1.0124
1.0318
0.8281
0.8252
0.82157
0.9554
0.2679
0.27878
0.27942
0.28478
0.27245
0.27282
0.27032
0.26847
400.1
437.8
476.3
464.5
510
497
497.1
466.7
0.2882
0.2744
0.2555
0.2444
0.2827
0.2857
0.2829
0.2814
131.65
160.00
133.97
127.93
157.48
150.00
164.55
156.85
18.95
13.995
11.696
11.568
9.8068
9.7673
9.7682
11.487
400.1
437.8
476.3
464.5
510
497
497.1
466.7
5.858
4.532
3.623
3.623
3.040
3.025
3.039
3.559
2-95
TABLE 2-30
Cmpd.
no.
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Continued )
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
C4
Tmin, K
Density at Tmin
Tmax, K
Density at Tmax
109
110
111
112
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Methyl phenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
C5H12O
C5H12O
C7H8O
C12H10O
628320
625547
100663
101848
88.150
88.150
108.140
170.211
0.7908
0.82049
0.77488
0.52133
0.266
0.26994
0.26114
0.26218
500.23
489
645.6
766.8
0.292
0.30381
0.28234
0.31033
145.65
140.00
235.65
300.03
9.8474
9.9117
9.6675
6.2648
500.23
489
645.6
766.8
2.973
3.040
2.967
1.988
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Formaldehyde3
Acetaldehyde
1-Propanal
1-Butanal
1-Pentanal
1-Hexanal
1-Heptanal
1-Octanal
1-Nonanal
1-Decanal
CH2O
C2H4O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C8H16O
C9H18O
C10H20O
50000
75070
123386
123728
110623
66251
111717
124130
124196
112312
30.026
44.053
58.080
72.107
86.134
100.161
114.188
128.214
142.241
156.268
1.9415
1.6994
1.296
1.0361
0.83871
0.71899
0.62649
0.56833
0.49587
0.46802
0.22309
0.26167
0.26439
0.26731
0.26252
0.26531
0.26376
0.26939
0.26135
0.27146
408
466
504.4
537.2
566.1
591
617
638.1
658
674.2
0.28571
0.2913
0.29471
0.28397
0.29444
0.27628
0.29221
0.26975
0.30736
0.26869
181.15
150.15
170.00
176.75
182.00
217.15
229.80
246.00
255.15
267.15
30.945
21.499
15.929
12.589
10.534
8.7243
7.6002
6.6637
6.0165
5.3834
408
466
504.4
537.2
566.1
591
617
638.1
658
674.2
8.703
6.494
4.902
3.876
3.195
2.710
2.375
2.110
1.897
1.724
123
124
125
126
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C5H10O
67641
78933
107879
563804
58.080
72.107
86.134
86.134
1.2332
0.93767
0.90411
0.8374
0.25886
0.25035
0.27207
0.26204
508.2
535.5
561.08
553
0.2913
0.29964
0.30669
0.2857
178.45
186.48
196.29
181.15
15.683
12.663
10.398
10.565
508.2
535.5
561.08
553
4.764
3.745
3.323
3.196
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Pentanone
Methyl isopropyl
ketone1
2-Hexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
3-Methyl-2-pentanone1
3-Pentanone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diisopropyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl phenyl ketone
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C6H10O
C8H8O
591786
108101
565617
96220
565695
565800
108941
98862
100.161
100.161
100.161
86.134
100.161
114.188
98.145
120.151
0.70659
0.71791
0.6969
0.71811
0.66469
0.56213
0.8663
0.64417
0.26073
0.26491
0.2587
0.24129
0.24527
0.23385
0.26941
0.24863
587.05
571.4
573
560.95
567
576
653
709.5
0.2963
0.28544
0.2857
0.27996
0.34305
0.2618
0.2977
0.28661
217.35
189.15
167.15
234.18
200.00
204.81
242.00
292.81
8.7505
8.8579
9.1722
10.102
9.0933
8.7779
10.081
8.5581
587.05
571.4
573
560.95
567
576
653
709.5
2.710
2.710
2.694
2.976
2.710
2.404
3.216
2.591
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
n-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Benzoic acid1
Acetic anhydride
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C7H6O2
C4H6O3
64186
64197
79094
107926
79312
65850
108247
46.026
60.053
74.079
88.106
88.106
122.123
102.090
1.938
1.4486
1.1041
0.89213
0.88575
0.71587
0.86852
0.24225
0.25892
0.25659
0.25938
0.25736
0.24812
0.25187
588
591.95
600.81
615.7
605
751
606
0.24435
0.2529
0.26874
0.24909
0.26265
0.2857
0.31172
281.45
289.81
252.45
267.95
227.15
395.45
200.15
26.806
17.492
13.933
11.087
11.42
8.8935
11.643
588
591.95
600.81
615.7
605
751
606
8.000
5.595
4.303
3.440
3.442
2.885
3.448
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Methyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Ethyl formate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl propionate
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
107313
79209
554121
623427
109944
141786
105373
60.053
74.079
88.106
102.133
74.079
88.106
102.133
1.525
1.13
0.9147
0.76983
1.1343
0.8996
0.7405
0.2634
0.2593
0.2594
0.26173
0.26168
0.25856
0.25563
487.2
506.55
530.6
554.5
508.4
523.3
546
0.2806
0.2764
0.2774
0.26879
0.2791
0.278
0.2795
174.15
175.15
185.65
187.35
193.55
189.60
199.25
18.811
14.475
11.678
9.7638
14.006
11.478
9.6317
487.2
506.55
530.6
554.5
508.4
523.3
546
5.790
4.358
3.526
2.941
4.335
3.479
2.897
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Ethyl n-butyrate
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate
Vinyl acetate
C6H12O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H8O2
C9H10O2
C4H6O2
105544
110747
109604
123864
93583
93890
108054
116.160
88.106
102.133
116.160
136.150
150.177
86.090
0.63566
0.915
0.73041
0.669
0.53944
0.4883
0.9591
0.25613
0.26134
0.25456
0.26028
0.23519
0.23878
0.2593
571
538
549.73
579.15
693
698
519.13
0.27829
0.28
0.27666
0.309
0.2676
0.28487
0.27448
175.15
180.25
178.15
199.65
260.75
238.45
180.35
8.4912
11.59
9.7941
8.3747
8.2133
7.2924
12.287
571
538
549.73
579.15
693
698
519.13
2.482
3.501
2.869
2.570
2.294
2.045
3.699
156
157
158
159
160
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Ethylamine
Diethylamine
CH5N
C2H7N
C3H9N
C2H7N
C4H11N
74895
124403
75503
75047
109897
31.057
45.084
59.111
45.084
73.138
1.39
1.5436
1.0116
1.1477
0.85379
0.21405
0.27784
0.25683
0.23182
0.25675
430.05
437.2
433.25
456.15
496.6
0.2275
0.2572
0.2696
0.26053
0.27027
179.69
180.96
156.08
192.15
223.35
25.378
16.964
13.144
17.588
10.575
430.05
437.2
433.25
456.15
496.6
6.494
5.556
3.939
4.951
3.325
2-96
Name
Formula
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
Triethylamine
n-Propylamine
di-n-Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Diisopropylamine
Aniline
N-Methylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C6H7N
C7H9N
C8H11N
121448
107108
142847
75310
108189
62533
100618
121697
101.192
59.111
101.192
59.111
101.192
93.128
107.155
121.182
0.7035
0.9195
0.659
1.2801
0.6181
1.0405
0.6527
0.4923
0.27386
0.23878
0.26428
0.2828
0.25786
0.2807
0.24324
0.22868
535.15
496.95
550
471.85
523.1
699
701.55
687.15
0.2872
0.2461
0.2766
0.2972
0.271
0.29236
0.25374
0.2335
158.45
188.36
210.15
177.95
176.85
267.13
216.15
275.60
8.2843
13.764
7.9929
13.561
8.0541
11.176
9.7244
7.9705
535.15
496.95
550
471.85
523.1
699
701.55
687.15
2.569
3.851
2.494
4.527
2.397
3.707
2.683
2.153
169
170
171
172
Ethylene oxide
Furan
Thiophene
Pyridine
C2H4O
C4H4O
C4H4S
C5H5N
75218
110009
110021
110861
44.053
68.075
84.142
79.101
1.836
1.1339
1.2875
0.9815
0.26024
0.24741
0.28195
0.24957
469.15
490.15
579.35
619.95
0.2696
0.2612
0.3077
0.29295
160.65
187.55
234.94
231.51
23.477
15.702
13.431
13.193
469.15
490.15
579.35
619.95
7.055
4.583
4.566
3.933
173
174
CH3NO
C3H7NO
75127
68122
45.041
73.095
1.2486
0.89615
0.20352
0.23478
771
649.6
0.25178
0.28091
275.60
212.72
25.488
13.954
771
649.6
6.135
3.817
175
176
177
178
179
180
Formamide5
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Acetamide
N-Methylacetamide
Acetonitrile
Propionitrile
n-Butyronitrile
Benzonitrile
C2H5NO
C3H7NO
C2H3N
C3H5N
C4H7N
C7H5N
60355
79163
75058
107120
109740
100470
59.068
73.095
41.053
55.079
69.106
103.123
1.016
0.88268
1.3064
1.0224
0.87533
0.73136
0.21845
0.23568
0.22597
0.23452
0.24331
0.24793
761
718
545.5
564.4
582.25
699.35
0.26116
0.27379
0.28678
0.2804
0.28586
0.2841
353.33
301.15
229.32
180.26
161.25
260.40
16.936
13.012
20.628
16.027
13.047
10.009
761
718
545.5
564.4
582.25
699.35
4.651
3.745
5.781
4.360
3.598
2.950
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
n-Propyl mercaptan
n-Butyl mercaptan
Isobutyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
CH4S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
74931
75081
107039
109795
513440
513531
75183
624895
352932
48.109
62.136
76.163
90.189
90.189
90.189
62.136
76.163
90.189
1.9323
1.3047
1.0714
0.89458
0.88801
0.89137
1.4029
1.067
0.82413
0.28018
0.2694
0.27214
0.27463
0.27262
0.27365
0.27991
0.27101
0.26333
469.95
499.15
536.6
570.1
559
554
503.04
533
557.15
0.28523
0.27866
0.29481
0.28512
0.29522
0.2953
0.2741
0.29363
0.27445
150.18
125.26
159.95
157.46
128.31
133.02
174.88
167.23
169.20
21.564
16.242
12.716
10.585
10.851
10.761
15.556
12.672
10.476
469.95
499.15
536.6
570.1
559
554
503.04
533
557.15
6.897
4.843
3.937
3.257
3.257
3.257
5.012
3.937
3.130
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Fluoromethane
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Bromomethane
Fluoroethane
Chloroethane
Bromoethane
CH3F
CH3Cl
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3Br
C2H5F
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
593533
74873
67663
56235
74839
353366
75003
74964
34.033
50.488
119.377
153.822
94.939
48.060
64.514
108.966
2.1854
1.817
1.0841
0.99835
1.6762
1.6525
2.176
1.1908
0.24725
0.25877
0.2581
0.274
0.26141
0.27099
0.3377
0.25595
317.42
416.25
536.4
556.35
467
375.31
460.35
503.8
0.27558
0.2833
0.2741
0.287
0.28402
0.2442
0.3361
0.29152
131.35
175.43
209.63
250.33
179.47
129.95
134.80
154.55
29.526
22.347
13.702
10.843
20.64
19.785
16.934
15.833
317.42
416.25
536.4
556.35
467
375.31
460.35
503.8
8.839
7.022
4.200
3.644
6.412
6.098
6.444
4.653
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
1,1-Dichloropropane1
1,2-Dichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C2H3Cl
C6H5F
C6H5Cl
C6H5Br
540545
75296
78999
78875
75014
462066
108907
108861
78.541
78.541
112.986
112.986
62.499
96.104
112.558
157.010
1.087
1.1202
0.91064
0.89833
1.5115
1.0146
0.8711
0.8226
0.26832
0.27669
0.26561
0.26142
0.2707
0.27277
0.26805
0.26632
503.15
489
560
572
432
560.09
632.35
670.15
0.28055
0.27646
0.28571
0.2868
0.2716
0.28291
0.2799
0.2821
150.35
155.97
200.00
172.71
119.36
230.94
227.95
242.43
13.328
12.855
11.03
11.526
18.481
11.374
10.385
9.9087
503.15
489
560
572
432
560.09
632.35
670.15
4.051
4.049
3.429
3.436
5.584
3.720
3.250
3.089
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
Air
Hydrogen
Helium-44
Neon
Argon
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Hydrazine
H2
He
Ne
Ar
F2
Cl2
Br2
O2
N2
NH3
N2H4
132259100
1333740
7440597
7440019
7440371
7782414
7782505
7726956
7782447
7727379
7664417
302012
28.951
2.016
4.003
20.180
39.948
37.997
70.905
159.808
31.999
28.014
17.031
32.045
2.8963
5.414
7.2475
7.3718
3.8469
4.2895
2.23
2.1872
3.9143
3.2091
3.5383
1.0516
0.26733
0.34893
0.41865
0.3067
0.2881
0.28587
0.27645
0.29527
0.28772
0.2861
0.25443
0.16613
132.45
33.19
5.2
44.4
150.86
144.12
417.15
584.15
154.58
126.2
405.65
653.15
0.27341
0.2706
0.24096
0.2786
0.29783
0.28776
0.2926
0.3295
0.2924
0.2966
0.2888
0.1898
59.15
13.95
2.20
24.56
83.78
53.48
172.12
265.85
54.35
63.15
195.41
274.69
33.279
38.487
37.115
61.796
35.491
44.888
24.242
20.109
40.77
31.063
43.141
31.934
132.45
33.19
5.2
44.4
150.86
144.12
417.15
584.15
154.58
126.2
405.65
653.15
10.834
15.516
17.312
24.036
13.353
15.005
8.067
7.408
13.605
11.217
13.907
6.330
2-97
TABLE 2-30
Cmpd.
no.
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Concluded )
Name
Nitrous oxide
Nitric oxide
Cyanogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide1
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Water7
Formula
N2O
NO
C2N2
CO
CO2
CS2
HF
HCl
HBr
HCN
H2S
SO2
SO3
H2O
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
C1
C2
C3
C4
Tmin, K
10024972
10102439
460195
630080
124389
75150
7664393
7647010
10035106
74908
7783064
7446095
7446119
7732185
44.013
30.006
52.036
28.010
44.010
76.143
20.006
36.461
80.912
27.026
34.082
64.065
80.064
18.015
2.781
5.246
1.0761
2.897
2.768
1.7968
2.5635
3.342
2.832
1.3413
2.7672
2.106
1.4969
5.459
0.27244
0.3044
0.20984
0.27532
0.26212
0.28749
0.1766
0.2729
0.2832
0.18589
0.27369
0.25842
0.19013
0.30542
309.57
180.15
400.15
132.92
304.21
552
461.15
324.65
363.15
456.65
373.53
430.75
490.85
647.13
0.2882
0.242
0.20635
0.2813
0.2908
0.3226
0.3733
0.3217
0.28571
0.28206
0.29015
0.2895
0.4359
0.081
182.30
109.50
245.25
68.15
216.58
161.11
189.79
158.97
185.15
259.83
187.68
197.67
289.95
273.16
Density at Tmin
27.928
44.487
18.513
30.18
26.828
19.064
60.203
34.854
27.985
27.202
29.13
25.298
24.241
55.583
Tmax, K
Density at Tmax
309.57
180.15
400.15
132.92
304.21
552
461.15
324.65
363.15
456.65
373.53
430.75
490.85
333.15
10.208
17.234
5.128
10.522
10.560
6.250
14.516
12.246
10.000
7.216
10.111
8.150
7.873
54.703
All substances are listed in alphabetical order in Table 2-6a. Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical Property Data, AIChE, New York, NY; and from Thermodynamics Research Center, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Thermodynamics Research Center Hydrocarbon Project, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (extant 1994).
Temperatures are in kelvins. Liquid densities are in kmol/m3. Density formulas: kmol/m3 × (mol. wt./1E+03) = g/cm3; kmol/m3 × (mol. wt./1.601846E+01) = lb/ft3.
C
The liquid density equation is C1/C2[1 + (1 − T/C3) 4] unless otherwise noted.
1
The modified Rackett equation, density = (Pc /RTc)/ZRA1 + [1 − (T/Tc)]2/7, was used. See Spencer, C. F., and R. P. Danner, “Improved Equation for Prediction of Saturated Liquid Density,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 17, 236
(1972).
2
Decomposes violently on heating. Forms explosive peroxides with air or oxygen. Polymerizes under pressure and heat.
3
For the hypothetical pure liquid.
4
Exhibits superfluid properties below 2.2 K.
5
Coefficients are hypothetical above the decomposition temperature.
6
Lower limit is for the undercooled liquid.
7
For the temperature range 333.15 to 403.15 K, use the coefficients: C1 = 4.9669E+00, C2 = 2.7788E−01, C3 = 6.4713E+02, C4 = 1.8740E−01. For the temperature range 403.15 to 647.13 K, use C1 = 4.3910E+00,
C2 = 2.4870E−01, C3 = 6.4713E+02, C4 = 2.5340E−01.
2-98
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS
2-99
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS
UNITS AND UNITS CONVERSIONS
Densities are given in grams per cubic centimeter. To convert to
pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43. °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
For more detailed data on densities see International Critical Tables:
tabular index, vol. 3, p. 1; abrasives, vol. 2, p. 87; air, moist, vol. 1, p.
71; building stones, vol. 2, p. 52; clays, vol. 2, p. 56; coals, vol. 2, p. 135;
compounds, vol. 1. pp. 106, 176, 313, 341; elements, vol. 1, pp. 102,
340; fibers, vol. 2, p. 237; gases and vapors, vol. 3, pp. 3, 345; glass, vol.
2, p. 93; liquids and vitreous solids, vol. 3, p. 22; vol. 1, pp. 102, 340;
vol. 2, pp. 456, 463; vol. 3, pp. 20, 35; liquid coolants and saturated
TABLE 2-31
Aluminum Sulfate [Al2(SO4)3]
d 15
4
%
d 15
4
1
2
4
8
12
1.0093
1.0195
1.0404
1.0837
1.1293
16
20
24
26
1.1770
1.2272
1.2803
1.3079
0°C
5°C
10°C
20°C
25°C
d 15
4
%
0.9943 0.9954 0.9959 0.9958 0.9955 0.9939 0.993 32 0.889
.9906 .9915 .9919 .9917 .9913 .9895 .988 36 .877
.9834 .9840 .9842 .9837 .9832 .9811 .980 40 .865
0.970 .9701 .9701 .9695 .9686 .9677 .9651 .964 45 .849
.958 .9576 .9571 .9561 .9548 .9534 .9501 .948 50 .832
.947 .9461 .9450 .9435 .9420 .9402 .9362 .934 60 .796
.9353 .9335 .9316 .9296 .9275 .9229
70 .755
.9249 .9226 .9202 .9179 .9155 .9101
80 .711
.9150 .9122 .9094 .9067 .9040 .8980
90 .665
.9101 .9070 .9040 .9012 .8983 .8920
100 .618
TABLE 2-33 Ammonium
Acetate* (CH3COONH4)
TABLE 2-34 Ammonium
Bichromate [(NH4)2Cr2O7]
%
d425
%
d412
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
45
0.9992
1.0013
1.0055
1.0136
1.0216
1.0294
1.0368
1.0439
1.0507
1.0540
1.0618
1.0691
1.0760
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
1.0051
1.0108
1.0223
1.0463
1.0715
1.0981
1.1263
*For data at 16°C for 3(1)52
percent see Atack Handbook of
Chemical Data, p. 33, Reinhold,
New York, 1957.
TABLE 2-35
%
°C
d 4t
3.80
10.52
19.75
28.04
20
13
13.7
19.6
1.0219
1.0627
1.1189
1.1707
Ammonia (NH3)
% −15°C −10°C −5°C
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
TABLE 2-36 Ammonium
Chromate [(NH4)2CrO4]
%
TABLE 2-32
vapors are available from WADC-TR-59-598, 1959; plastics are collected in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber
Publishing Co.: solid helium, neon, argon, fluorine, and methane data
are given by Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960; temperatures of
maximum solubility, vol. 3, p. 107; metals, vol. 2, p. 463; oils, fats, and
waxes, vol. 2, p. 201; orthobaric, vol. 3, pp. 202, 228, 237, 244; petroleums, vol. 2, pp. 137, 144; plastics, vol. 2, p. 296; porcelains, vol. 2,
pp. 68, 75; refrigerating brines, vol. 2, p. 327; rubber, vol. 2, pp. 255,
259; soaps, vol. 5, p. 447; metallic solid solutions, vol. 2, p. 358; solids,
vol. 3, pp. 43, 45; vol. 2, p. 456; vol. 3, p. 21; solutions and mixtures,
vol. 3, pp. 17, 51, 95, 104, 107, 111, 125, 130; woods, vol. 2, p. 1. Also
see the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., 40th ed., etc.
TABLE 2-37
Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)
%
0°C
10°C
25°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
1.0043
1.0088
1.0178
1.0358
1.0539
1.0721
1.0905
1.1090
1.1277
1.1371
1.1862
1.2380
1.0039
1.0082
1.0168
1.0340
1.0515
1.0691
1.0870
1.1051
1.1234
1.1327
1.1810
1.2320
1.0011
1.0051
1.0132
1.0297
1.0464
1.0633
1.0806
1.0982
1.1161
1.1252
1.1727
1.2229
0.9961
1.0000
1.0079
1.0238
1.0400
1.0565
1.0734
1.0907
1.1082
1.1171
1.1640
1.2136
0.9870
.9908
.9985
1.0142
1.0301
1.0462
1.0627
1.0796
1.0968
1.1055
1.1515
1.2006
0.9755
.9793
.9869
1.0024
1.0181
1.0342
1.0506
1.0673
1.0844
1.0931
1.1385
1.1868
TABLE 2-38
Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
35
40
50
1.0061
1.0124
1.0248
1.0495
1.0740
1.0980
1.1215
1.1448
1.1677
1.2072
1.2350
1.2899
1.0041
1.0101
1.0220
1.0456
1.0691
1.0924
1.1154
1.1383
1.1609
1.2800
1.2277
1.2825
0.9980
1.0039
1.0155
1.0387
1.0619
1.0849
1.1077
1.1304
1.1529
1.1919
1.2196
1.2745
0.9777
.9836
.9953
1.0187
1.0421
1.0653
1.0883
1.1111
1.1338
1.1731
1.2011
1.2568
0.9644
.9705
.9826
1.0066
1.0303
1.0539
1.0772
1.1003
1.1232
1.1629
1.1910
1.2466
Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
30°C
50°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
1.0033
1.0067
1.0135
1.0266
1.0391
1.0510
1.0625
1.0736
1.0029
1.0062
1.0126
1.0251
1.0370
1.0485
1.0596
1.0705
1.0013
1.0045
1.0107
1.0227
1.0344
1.0457
1.0567
1.0674
0.9987
1.0018
1.0077
1.0195
1.0310
1.0422
1.0532
1.0641
0.9910
.9940
.9999
1.0116
1.0231
1.0343
1.0454
1.0564
0.9749
.9780
.9842
.9963
1.0081
1.0198
1.0312
1.0426
0.9617
.9651
.9718
.9849
.9975
1.0096
1.0213
1.0327
TABLE 2-39
Arsenic Acid (H3A3O4)
%
d 15
4
%
d 15
4
1
2
6
10
16
1.0057
1.0124
1.0398
1.0681
1.1128
20
30
40
50
60
70
1.1447
1.2331
1.3370
1.4602
1.6070
1.7811
2-100
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-40
Barium Chloride (BaCl2)
TABLE 2-46
Chromic Acid (CrO3)
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
%
d 15
4
%
d 15
4
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
26
1.0181
1.0368
1.0760
1.1178
1.1627
1.2105
1.0159
1.0341
1.0721
1.1128
1.1564
1.2031
1.2531
1.2793
1.0096
1.0275
1.0648
1.1047
1.1478
1.1938
1.2430
1.2688
1.0004
1.0181
1.0551
1.0948
1.1373
1.1828
1.2316
1.2571
0.9890
1.0066
1.0434
1.0827
1.1249
1.1702
1.2186
1.2440
0.9755
.9931
1.0299
1.0692
1.1113
1.1563
1.2045
1.2298
1
2
6
10
16
1.006
1.014
1.045
1.076
1.127
20
26
30
40
50
60
1.163
1.220
1.260
1.371
1.505
1.663
TABLE 2-41
TABLE 2-47
d 18
4
%
d 18
4
2
4
8
12
16
1.0154
1.0326
1.0683
1.1061
1.1468
20
25
30
40
50
1.1904
1.2488
1.3124
1.4590
1.6356
TABLE 2-42
% −5°C
2
4
8
12
16
20
25
30
35
40
Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]
%
1.0708
1.1083
1.1471
1.1874
Chromium Chloride (CrCl3)
d 18
4
%
Violet
Green
Equilibrium mixture of
violet and green
1
2
4
8
12
14
1.0076
1.0166
1.0349
1.0724
1.1114
1.1316
1.0071
1.0157
1.0332
1.0691
1.1065
1.0075
1.0165
1.0347
1.0722
1.1111
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
0°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
60°C
1.0171
1.0346
1.0703
1.1072
1.1454
1.1853
1.2376
1.2922
1.0148
1.0316
1.0659
1.1015
1.1386
1.1775
1.2284
1.2816
1.3373
1.3957
1.0120
1.0286
1.0626
1.0978
1.1345
1.1730
1.2236
1.2764
1.3316
1.3895
1.0084
1.0249
1.0586
1.0937
1.1301
1.1684
1.2186
1.2709
1.3255
1.3826
0.9994
1.0158
1.0492
1.0840
1.1202
1.1581
1.2079
1.2597
1.3137
1.3700
80°C 100°C 120°C* 140°C
0.9881
1.0046
1.0382
1.0730
1.1092
1.1471
1.1965
1.2478
1.3013
1.3571
0.9748
.9915
1.0257
1.0610
1.0973
1.1352
1.1846
1.2359
1.2893
1.3450
0.9596
.9765
1.0111
1.0466
1.0835
1.1219
0.9428
.9601
.9954
1.0317
1.0691
1.1080
TABLE 2-48
Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO3)2]
%
d 20
4
%
d 20
4
1
2
4
8
1.007
1.015
1.032
1.069
12
16
20
25
1.107
1.147
1.189
1.248
*Corrected to atmospheric pressure.
TABLE 2-43 Calcium
Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]
TABLE 2-44 Calcium
Hypochlorite* (CaOCl2)
TABLE 2-49
(CuSO4)
Copper Sulfate
TABLE 2-50 Cuprous
Chloride (Cu2Cl2)
%
d 15
4
d 425
% total salt
d 15
4
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
0.05
.10
.15
0.99979
1.00044
1.00110
0.99773
.99838
.99904
2
4
6
8
10
12
1.0169
1.0345
1.0520
1.0697
1.0876
1.1060
1
4
8
12
16
18
1.0104
1.0429
1.0887
1.1379
1.0086
1.0401
1.084
1.1308
1.180
1.206
1.0024
1.0332
1.0764
1.1222
1
4
8
12
16
20
1.0095
1.0387
1.0788
1.1208
1.1653
1.2121
1.0072
1.036
1.0754
1.1165
1.1595
1.2052
1.002
1.0305
1.0682
1.107
1.151
1.1953
*CaOCl2 = 89.15%
CaCl2 = 7.31%
Ca(ClO3)2 = 0.26%
Ca(OH)2 = 2.92%.
TABLE 2-45
Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]
TABLE 2-51
Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)
%
6°C
18°C
25°C
30°C
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
30°C
2*
4
8
12
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
68*
1.0157
1.0316
1.0641
1.0979
1.1330
1.1694
1.2168
1.0137
1.0291
1.0608
1.0937
1.1279
1.1636
1.2106
1.260
1.311
1.365
1.422
1.747
1.0120
1.0272
1.0585
1.0911
1.1250
1.1602
1.2065
1.0105
1.0256
1.0565
1.0887
1.1224
1.1575
1.2032
1.741
1.736
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1.0086
1.0174
1.0347
1.0703
1.1088
1.1475
1.1870
1.2400
1.2970
1.3605
1.4280
1.0084
1.0168
1.0341
1.0692
1.1071
1.1449
1.1847
1.2380
1.2950
1.3580
1.4235
1.4920
1.5610
1.0068
1.0152
1.0324
1.0669
1.1040
1.1418
1.1820
1.2340
1.2910
1.3530
1.4175
1.4850
1.5510
1.0040
1.0122
1.0292
1.0636
1.1006
1.1386
1.1786
1.2290
1.2850
1.3475
1.4115
*Supercooled tetrahydrate (m.p. 41.4°C).
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-52
[Fe2(SO4)3]
Ferric Sulfate
TABLE 2-53
[Fe(NO3)3]
17.5
%
d4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
30
40
50
60
1.0072
1.0157
1.0327
1.0670
1.1028
1.1409
1.1811
1.3073
1.4487
1.6127
1.7983
TABLE 2-54 Ferrous
Sulfate (FeSO4)
%
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
Ferric Nitrate
d4
d4
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
25
1.0065
1.0144
1.0304
1.0636
1.0989
1.1359
1.1748
1.2281
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
100
1.020
1.040
1.080
1.119
1.159
1.198
1.235
1.258
1.259
1.178
1.089
1.0005
1.017
1.035
1.070
1.101
1.130
1.155
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
1.0022
1.0058
1.0131
1.0204
1.0277
1.0351
1.0425
1.0499
1.0574
1.0649
1.0725
1.0802
1.0880
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
1.0959
1.1040
1.1122
1.1327
1.1536
1.1749
1.1966
1.2188
1.2416
1.2897
1.3406
1.3931
1.4465
4
10
25
20°C
%
d4
d4
d4
1.0090
1.0380
1.0790
1.1235
1.1690
1.2150
1.00068
1.00275
1.00645
1.0085
1.0375
1.0785
1.1220
1.1675
1.2135
1.0002
1.0022
1.0062
1.0082
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
65.0
1.0073
1.0146
1.0295
1.0448
1.0604
1.0764
1.0928
1.1097
1.1272
1.1453
1.1640
1.1832
1.2030
1.2235
1.2446
1.2663
1.3877
1.5305
1.6950
1.7854
1.0068
1.0139
1.0285
1.0435
1.0589
1.0747
1.0910
1.1078
1.1251
1.1430
1.1615
1.1806
1.2003
1.2206
1.2415
1.2630
1.3838
1.5257
1.6892
1.7792
1.0041
1.0111
1.0255
1.0402
1.0552
1.0707
1.0867
1.1032
1.1202
1.1377
1.1557
1.1743
1.1935
1.2134
1.2340
1.2552
1.3736
1.5127
1.6731
1.7613
15
1
2
4
8
12
16
82
90
100
0.998
.996
.993
.984
.971
.956
.752
.724
.691
TABLE 2-57
18
%
18
18°C
d4
18
d4
15°C
%
0
%
TABLE 2-55 Hydrogen
Bromide (HBr)
TABLE 2-56 Hydrogen
Cyanide (HCN)
TABLE 2-59 Hydrogen
Peroxide (H2O2)
TABLE 2-58 Hydrogen
Fluoride (HF)
20
2-101
TABLE 2-60
Hydrofluosilic Acid (H2SiF6)
17.5
%
1
2
4
8
12
1.0080
1.0161
1.0324
1.0661
1.1011
TABLE 2-61
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
−5°C
0°C
10°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
1.0048
1.0104
1.0213
1.0321
1.0428
1.0536
1.0645
1.0754
1.0864
1.0975
1.1087
1.1200
1.1314
1.1426
1.1537
1.1648
1.0052
1.0106
1.0213
1.0319
1.0423
1.0528
1.0634
1.0741
1.0849
1.0958
1.1067
1.1177
1.1287
1.1396
1.1505
1.1613
1.0048
1.0100
1.0202
1.0303
1.0403
1.0504
1.0607
1.0711
1.0815
1.0920
1.1025
1.1131
1.1238
1.1344
1.1449
1.1553
1.0032
1.0082
1.0181
1.0279
1.0376
1.0474
1.0574
1.0675
1.0776
1.0878
1.0980
1.1083
1.1187
1.1290
1.1392
1.1493
1.1593
1.1691
1.1789
1.1885
1.1980
0.9970
1.0019
1.0116
1.0211
1.0305
1.0400
1.0497
1.0594
1.0692
1.0790
1.0888
1.0986
1.1085
1.1183
1.1280
1.1376
0.9881
.9930
1.0026
1.0121
1.0215
1.0310
1.0406
1.0502
1.0598
1.0694
1.0790
1.0886
1.0982
1.1076
1.1169
1.1260
0.9768
0.9819
0.9919
1.0016
1.0111
1.0206
1.0302
1.0398
1.0494
1.0590
1.0685
1.0780
1.0874
1.0967
1.1058
1.1149
0.9636
.9688
.9791
.9892
.9992
1.0090
1.0188
1.0286
1.0383
1.0479
1.0574
1.0668
1.0761
1.0853
1.0942
1.1030
d4
16
20
25
30
34
1.1373
1.1748
1.2235
1.2742
1.3162
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
2
4
8
12
16
20
25
30
1.0168
1.0338
1.0683
1.1035
1.1395
1.1764
1.2246
1.2754
1.0146
1.0311
1.0646
1.0989
1.1342
1.1706
1.2184
1.2688
1.0084
1.0248
1.0580
1.0921
1.1272
1.1635
1.2111
1.2614
0.9995
1.0159
1.0493
1.0836
1.1188
1.1552
1.2031
1.2535
0.9883
1.0050
1.0388
1.0735
1.1092
1.1460
1.1942
1.2451
0.9753
.9923
1.0269
1.0622
1.0984
1.1359
1.1847
1.2360
TABLE 2-62
%
17.5
%
d4
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)
%
0°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
80°C
2
4
8
12
16
20
26
1.0210
1.0423
1.0858
1.1309
1.1777
1.2264
1.3032
1.0186
1.0392
1.0816
1.1256
1.1717
1.2198
1.2961
1.0158
1.0362
1.0782
1.1220
1.1679
1.2159
1.2922
1.0123
1.0326
1.0743
1.1179
1.1637
1.2117
1.2879
1.0081
1.0283
1.0700
1.1135
1.1592
1.2072
1.2836
1.0032
1.0234
1.0650
1.1083
0.9916
1.0118
1.0534
1.0968
TABLE 2-63
Nickel Chloride
(NiCl2)
18
TABLE 2-64
Nickel Nitrate
[Ni(NO3)2]
20
TABLE 2-65
Nickel Sulfate
(NiSO4 )
18
%
d4
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
30
1.0082
1.0179
1.0375
1.0785
1.1217
1.1674
1.2163
1.353
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
30
35
1.0065
1.0150
1.0325
1.0688
1.1070
1.1480
1.191
1.311
1.377
1
2
4
8
12
16
18
1.0091
1.0198
1.0415
1.0852
1.1325
1.1825
1.2090
2-102
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-66
%
Nitric Acid (HNO3)
0°C
5°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
3
4
1.0058
1.0117
1.0176
1.0236
1.00572
1.01149
1.01730
1.02315
1.00534
1.01099
1.01668
1.02240
1.00464
1.01018
1.01576
1.02137
1.00364
1.00909
1.01457
1.02008
1.00241
1.00778
1.01318
1.01861
1.0009
1.0061
1.0114
1.0168
0.9973
1.0025
1.0077
1.0129
0.9931
.9982
1.0033
1.0084
0.9882
.9932
.9982
1.0033
0.9767
.9816
.9865
.9915
0.9632
.9681
.9730
.9779
5
6
7
8
9
1.0296
1.0357
1.0418
1.0480
1.0543
1.02904
1.03497
1.0410
1.0471
1.0532
1.02816
1.03397
1.0399
1.0458
1.0518
1.02702
1.03272
1.0385
1.0443
1.0502
1.02563
1.03122
1.0369
1.0427
1.0485
1.02408
1.02958
1.0352
1.0409
1.0466
1.0222
1.0277
1.0333
1.0389
1.0446
1.0182
1.0235
1.0289
1.0344
1.0399
1.0136
1.0188
1.0241
1.0295
1.0349
1.0084
1.0136
1.0188
1.0241
1.0294
.9965
1.0015
1.0066
1.0117
1.0169
.9829
.9879
.9929
.9980
1.0032
10
11
12
13
14
1.0606
1.0669
1.0733
1.0797
1.0862
1.0594
1.0656
1.0718
1.0781
1.0845
1.0578
1.0639
1.0700
1.0762
1.0824
1.0561
1.0621
1.0681
1.0742
1.0803
1.0543
1.0602
1.0661
1.0721
1.0781
1.0523
1.0581
1.0640
1.0699
1.0758
1.0503
1.0560
1.0618
1.0676
1.0735
1.0455
1.0511
1.0567
1.0624
1.0681
1.0403
1.0458
1.0513
1.0568
1.0624
1.0347
1.0401
1.0455
1.0509
1.0564
1.0221
1.0273
1.0326
1.0379
1.0432
1.0083
1.0134
1.0186
1.0238
1.0289
15
16
17
18
19
1.0927
1.0992
1.1057
1.1123
1.1189
1.0909
1.0973
1.1038
1.1103
1.1168
1.0887
1.0950
1.1014
1.1078
1.1142
1.0865
1.0927
1.0989
1.1052
1.1115
1.0842
1.0903
1.0964
1.1026
1.1088
1.0818
1.0879
1.0940
1.1001
1.1062
1.0794
1.0854
1.0914
1.0974
1.1034
1.0739
1.0797
1.0855
1.0913
1.0972
1.0680
1.0737
1.0794
1.0851
1.0908
1.0619
1.0675
1.0731
1.0787
1.0843
1.0485
1.0538
1.0592
1.0646
1.0700
1.0341
1.0393
1.0444
1.0496
1.0547
20
21
22
23
24
1.1255
1.1322
1.1389
1.1457
1.1525
1.1234
1.1300
1.1366
1.1433
1.1501
1.1206
1.1271
1.1336
1.1402
1.1469
1.1178
1.1242
1.1306
1.1371
1.1437
1.1150
1.1213
1.1276
1.1340
1.1404
1.1123
1.1185
1.1247
1.1310
1.1374
1.1094
1.1155
1.1217
1.1280
1.1343
1.1031
1.1090
1.1150
1.1210
1.1271
1.0966
1.1024
1.1083
1.1142
1.1201
1.0899
1.0956
1.1013
1.1070
1.1127
1.0754
1.0808
1.0862
1.0917
1.0972
1.0598
1.0650
1.0701
1.0753
1.0805
25
26
27
28
29
1.1594
1.1663
1.1733
1.1803
1.1874
1.1569
1.1638
1.1707
1.1777
1.1847
1.1536
1.1603
1.1670
1.1738
1.1807
1.1503
1.1569
1.1635
1.1702
1.1770
1.1469
1.1534
1.1600
1.1666
1.1733
1.1438
1.1502
1.1566
1.1631
1.1697
1.1406
1.1469
1.1533
1.1597
1.1662
1.1332
1.1394
1.1456
1.1519
1.1582
1.1260
1.1320
1.1381
1.1442
1.1503
1.1185
1.1244
1.1303
1.1362
1.1422
1.1027
1.1083
1.1139
1.1195
1.1251
1.0857
1.0910
1.0963
1.1016
1.1069
30
31
32
33
34
1.1945
1.2016
1.2088
1.2160
1.2233
1.1917
1.1988
1.2059
1.2131
1.2203
1.1876
1.1945
1.2014
1.2084
1.2155
1.1838
1.1906
1.1974
1.2043
1.2113
1.1800
1.1867
1.1934
1.2002
1.2071
1.1763
1.1829
1.1896
1.1963
1.2030
1.1727
1.1792
1.1857
1.1922
1.1988
1.1645
1.1708
1.1772
1.1836
1.1901
1.1564
1.1625
1.1687
1.1749
1.1812
1.1482
1.1542
1.1602
1.1662
1.1723
1.1307
1.1363
1.1419
1.1476
1.1533
1.1122
1.1175
1.1228
1.1281
1.1335
35
36
37
38
39
1.2306
1.2375
1.2444
1.2513
1.2581
1.2275
1.2344
1.2412
1.2479
1.2546
1.2227
1.2294
1.2361
1.2428
1.2494
1.2183
1.2249
1.2315
1.2381
1.2446
1.2140
1.2205
1.2270
1.2335
1.2399
1.2098
1.2163
1.2227
1.2291
1.2354
1.2055
1.2119
1.2182
1.2245
1.2308
1.1966
1.2028
1.2089
1.2150
1.2210
1.1876
1.1936
1.1995
1.2054
1.2112
1.1784
1.1842
1.1899
1.1956
1.2013
1.1591
1.1645
1.1699
1.1752
1.1805
1.1390
1.1440
1.1490
1.1540
1.1589
40
41
42
43
44
1.2649
1.2717
1.2786
1.2854
1.2922
1.2613
1.2680
1.2747
1.2814
1.2880
1.2560
1.2626
1.2692
1.2758
1.2824
1.2511
1.2576
1.2641
1.2706
1.2771
1.2463
1.2527
1.2591
1.2655
1.2719
1.2417
1.2480
1.2543
1.2606
1.2669
1.2370
1.2432
1.2494
1.2556
1.2618
1.2270
1.2330
1.2390
1.2450
1.2510
1.2170
1.2229
1.2287
1.2345
1.2403
1.2069
1.2126
1.2182
1.2238
1.2294
1.1858
1.1911
1.1963
1.2015
1.2067
1.1638
1.1687
1.1735
1.1783
1.1831
45
46
47
48
49
1.2990
1.3058
1.3126
1.3194
1.3263
1.2947
1.3014
1.3080
1.3147
1.3214
1.2890
1.2955
1.3021
1.3087
1.3153
1.2836
1.2901
1.2966
1.3031
1.3096
1.2783
1.2847
1.2911
1.2975
1.3040
1.2732
1.2795
1.2858
1.2921
1.2984
1.2680
1.2742
1.2804
1.2867
1.2929
1.2570
1.2630
1.2690
1.2750
1.2811
1.2461
1.2519
1.2577
1.2635
1.2693
1.2350
1.2406
1.2462
1.2518
1.2575
1.2119
1.2171
1.2223
1.2275
1.2328
1.1879
1.1927
1.1976
1.2024
1.2073
50
51
52
53
54
1.3327
1.3391
1.3454
1.3517
1.3579
1.3277
1.3339
1.3401
1.3462
1.3523
1.3215
1.3277
1.3338
1.3399
1.3459
1.3157
1.3218
1.3278
1.3338
1.3397
1.3100
1.3160
1.3219
1.3278
1.3336
1.3043
1.3102
1.3160
1.3218
1.3275
1.2987
1.3045
1.3102
1.3159
1.3215
1.2867
1.2923
1.2978
1.3033
1.3087
1.2748
1.2802
1.2856
1.2909
1.2961
1.2628
1.2680
1.2731
1.2782
1.2833
1.2377
1.2425
1.2473
1.2521
1.2568
1.2118
1.2163
1.2208
1.2252
1.2296
55
56
57
58
59
1.3640
1.3700
1.3759
1.3818
1.3875
1.3583
1.3642
1.3700
1.3757
1.3813
1.3518
1.3576
1.3634
1.3691
1.3747
1.3455
1.3512
1.3569
1.3625
1.3680
1.3393
1.3449
1.3505
1.3560
1.3614
1.3331
1.3386
1.3441
1.3495
1.3548
1.3270
1.3324
1.3377
1.3430
1.3482
1.3141
1.3194
1.3246
1.3298
1.3348
1.3013
1.3064
1.3114
1.3164
1.3213
1.2883
1.2932
1.2981
1.3029
1.3077
1.2615
1.2661
1.2706
1.2751
1.2795
1.2339
1.2382
1.2424
1.2466
1.2507
60
61
62
63
64
1.3931
1.3986
1.4039
1.4091
1.3868
1.3922
1.3975
1.4027
1.4078
1.3801
1.3855
1.3907
1.3958
1.4007
1.3734
1.3787
1.3838
1.3888
1.3936
1.3667
1.3719
1.3769
1.3818
1.3866
1.3600
1.3651
1.3700
1.3748
1.3795
1.3533
1.3583
1.3632
1.3679
1.3725
1.3398
1.3447
1.3494
1.3540
1.3261
1.3308
1.3354
1.3398
1.3124
1.3169
1.3213
1.3255
1.2839
1.2881
1.2922
1.2962
1.2547
1.2587
1.2625
1.2661
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS
Nitric Acid (HNO3) (Concluded )
TABLE 2-66
%
0°C
5°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
65
66
67
68
69
1.4128
1.4177
1.4224
1.4271
1.4317
1.4055
1.4103
1.4150
1.4196
1.4241
1.3984
1.4031
1.4077
1.4122
1.4166
1.3913
1.3959
1.4004
1.4048
1.4091
1.3841
1.3887
1.3932
1.3976
1.4019
1.3770
1.3814
1.3857
1.3900
1.3942
70
71
72
73
74
1.4362
1.4406
1.4449
1.4491
1.4532
1.4285
1.4328
1.4371
1.4413
1.4454
1.4210
1.4252
1.4294
1.4335
1.4376
1.4134
1.4176
1.4218
1.4258
1.4298
1.4061
1.4102
1.4142
1.4182
1.4221
1.3983
1.4023
1.4063
1.4103
1.4142
75
76
77
78
79
1.4573
1.4613
1.4652
1.4690
1.4727
1.4494
1.4533
1.4572
1.4610
1.4647
1.4415
1.4454
1.4492
1.4529
1.4565
1.4337
1.4375
1.4413
1.4450
1.4486
1.4259
1.4296
1.4333
1.4369
1.4404
1.4180
1.4217
1.4253
1.4288
1.4323
80
81
82
83
84
1.4764
1.4800
1.4835
1.4869
1.4903
1.4683
1.4718
1.4753
1.4787
1.4820
1.4601
1.4636
1.4670
1.4704
1.4737
1.4521
1.4555
1.4589
1.4622
1.4655
1.4439
1.4473
1.4507
1.4540
1.4572
1.4357
1.4391
1.4424
1.4456
1.4487
85
86
87
88
89
1.4936
1.4968
1.4999
1.5029
1.5058
1.4852
1.4883
1.4913
1.4942
1.4970
1.4769
1.4799
1.4829
1.4858
1.4885
1.4686
1.4716
1.4745
1.4773
1.4800
1.4603
1.4633
1.4662
1.4690
1.4716
1.4518
1.4548
1.4577
1.4605
1.4631
90
91
92
93
94
1.5085
1.5111
1.5136
1.5156
1.5177
1.4997
1.5023
1.5048
1.5068
1.5088
1.4911
1.4936
1.4960
1.4979
1.4999
1.4826
1.4850
1.4873
1.4892
1.4912
1.4741
1.4766
1.4789
1.4807
1.4826
1.4656
1.4681
1.4704
1.4722
1.4741
95
96
97
98
99
100
1.5198
1.5220
1.5244
1.5278
1.5327
1.5402
1.5109
1.5130
1.5152
1.5187
1.5235
1.5310
1.5019
1.5040
1.5062
1.5096
1.5144
1.5217
1.4932
1.4952
1.4974
1.5008
1.5056
1.5129
1.4846
1.4867
1.4889
1.4922
1.4969
1.5040
1.4761
1.4781
1.4802
1.4835
1.4881
1.4952
TABLE 2-67
15
%
d4
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
1.0050
1.0109
1.0228
1.0348
1.0471
1.0597
1.0726
1.0589
1.0995
1.1135
1.1279
1.1428
1.1581
1.1738
2-103
Perchloric Acid (HClO4)
20
d4
TABLE 2-69
40°C
50°C
d4
%
d4
d4
d4
°C
1%
2%
4%
1.0020
1.0070
1.0169
1.0270
1.0372
1.0475
0.9933
0.9986
0.9906
1.0205
1.0320
1.0440
1.0560
1.0680
1.0810
1.0940
1.1070
1.1205
1.1345
1.1490
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1.1900
1.2067
1.2239
1.2418
1.2603
1.2794
1.2991
1.3521
1.4103
1.4733
1.5389
1.6059
1.6736
1.1851
1.2013
1.2183
1.2359
1.2542
1.2732
1.2927
1.3450
1.4018
1.4636
1.5298
1.5986
1.6680
1.1645
1.1800
1.1960
1.2130
1.2310
1.2490
1.2680
1.3180
1.3730
1.4320
1.4950
1.5620
1.6290
0
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
80
100
1.0066
1.0064
1.0058
1.0049
1.0024
0.9990
.9949
.9901
.9786
.9653
1.0134
1.0132
1.0125
1.0117
1.0092
1.0058
1.0017
0.9969
.9855
.9722
1.0270
1.0268
1.0260
1.0252
1.0228
1.0195
1.0154
1.0106
0.9993
.9860
1.1697
50
15
20
50
80°C
100°C
6%
8%
10%
1.0396
1.0534
1.0674
Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3)
d4
25
60°C
TABLE 2-70 Potassium
Bromide (KBr)
TABLE 2-68
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
°C
2%
6%
14%
0
10
20
30
40
1.0113
1.0109
1.0092
1.0065
1.0029
1.0339
1.0330
1.0309
1.0279
1.0241
1.0811
1.0792
1.0764
1.0728
1.0685
20%
26%
35%
50%
75%
1.1192
1.1167 1.1567 1.221 1.341
1.1134 1.1529 1.216 1.335 1.579
1.1094 1.1484 1.211 1.329 1.572
1.1048
100%
1.870
1.862
%
d 20
4
1
2
6
12
20
30
40
1.0054
1.0127
1.0426
1.0903
1.1601
1.2593
1.3746
2-104
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-71
Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)
TABLE 2-77
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
45
50
1.0094
1.0189
1.0381
1.0768
1.1160
1.1562
1.1977
1.2405
1.2846
1.3071
1.3646
1.4244
1.4867
1.5517
1.0089
1.0182
1.0369
1.0746
1.1131
1.1530
1.1941
1.2366
1.2804
1.3028
1.3600
1.4195
1.4815
1.5462
1.0072
1.0163
1.0345
1.0715
1.1096
1.1490
1.1898
1.2320
1.2756
1.2979
1.3548
1.4141
1.4759
1.5404
1.0010
1.0098
1.0276
1.0640
1.1013
1.1399
1.1801
1.2219
1.2652
1.2873
1.3440
1.4029
1.4644
1.5285
0.9919
1.0005
1.0180
1.0538
1.0906
1.1290
1.1690
1.2106
1.2538
1.2759
1.3324
1.3913
1.4528
1.5169
0.9803
.9889
1.0063
1.0418
1.0786
1.1170
1.1570
1.1986
1.2418
1.2640
1.3206
1.3795
1.4408
1.5048
0.9670
.9756
.9951
1.0291
1.0663
1.1049
1.1451
1.1869
1.2301
1.2522
1.3089
1.3678
1.4290
1.4928
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
1.00654
1.01326
1.02677
1.05419
1.08221
1.00615
1.01262
1.02566
1.05226
1.07963
1.00447
1.01075
1.02344
1.04940
1.07620
1.10392
1.13261
1.16233
0.99825
1.00430
1.01652
1.04152
1.06740
1.09432
1.12240
1.15175
0.9890
.9949
1.0068
1.0313
1.0567
1.0831
1.1106
1.1391
0.9776
.9834
.9951
1.0192
1.0442
1.0703
1.0974
1.1256
0.9641
.9699
.9816
1.0056
1.0304
1.0562
1.0831
1.1110
TABLE 2-72 Potassium
Chromate (K2Cr O4)
TABLE 2-73
(KClO3)
Potassium Chlorate
%
d4
d4
°C
1%
2%
3%
4%
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
1.0073
1.0155
1.0321
1.0659
1.1009
1.0066
1.0147
1.0311
1.0647
1.0999
1.1366
1.1748
1.2147
1.2566
1.2784
0
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
1.0061
1.0059
1.0045
1.0020
0.9986
.9895
.9781
.9646
1.0124
1.0122
1.0109
1.0085
1.0051
0.9959
.9845
.9709
1.0189
1.0187
1.0174
1.0151
1.0116
1.0024
0.9910
.9774
1.0256
1.0254
1.0241
1.0218
1.0183
1.0091
0.9977
.9840
15
TABLE 2-74
18
Potassium Chloride (KCl)
%
0°C
20°C
25°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
1.00661
1.01335
1.02690
1.05431
1.08222
1.11068
1.13973
1.00462
1.01103
1.02391
1.05003
1.07679
1.10434
1.13280
1.16226
1.00342
1.00977
1.02255
1.04847
1.07506
1.10245
1.13072
1.15995
0.99847
1.00471
1.01727
1.04278
1.06897
1.09600
1.12399
1.15299
1.18304
0.9894
.9956
1.0080
1.0333
1.0592
1.0861
1.1138
1.1425
1.1723
0.9780
.9842
.9966
1.0219
1.0478
1.0746
1.1024
1.1311
1.1609
0.9646
.9708
.9634
1.0888
1.0350
1.0619
1.0897
1.1185
1.1483
%
110°C
120°C
130°C
140°C
3.79
7.45
13.62
0.9733
.9978
1.0388
0.9663
.9899
1.0313
0.9583
.9827
1.0238
0.9502
.9745
1.0159
TABLE 2-75 Potassium
Chrome Alum [K2Cr2(SO4)4]
TABLE 2-78 Potassium
Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
20
d 15
4
%
d 15
4
1
2
6
10
14
20
30
40
50
1.007
1.016
1.052
1.089
1.129
1.193
1.315
1.456
1.615
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
51.7
1.0083
1.0175
1.0359
1.0544
1.0730
1.0918
1.1396
1.1884
1.2387
1.2905
1.3440
1.3991
1.4558
1.5143
1.5355 (sat’d. soln.)
20
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
6
8
10
1.0052
1.0122
1.0264
1.0408
1.0554
1.0703
1
2
4
6
8
10
1.0063
1.0145
1.0310
1.0477
1.0646
1.0817
TABLE 2-80 Potassium
Sulfite (K2SO3)
15
TABLE 2-81 Sodium
Acetate (NaC2H3O2)
20
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
26
1.0073
1.0155
1.0322
1.0667
1.1026
1.1402
1.1793
1.2197
1.2404
1
2
4
8
12
18
20
26
28
1.0033
1.0084
1.0186
1.0392
1.0598
1.0807
1.1021
1.1351
1.1462
TABLE 2-82 Sodium
Arsenate (Na3AsO4)
17
TABLE 2-83 Sodium
Bichromate (Na2Cr2O7)
15
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
8
10
12
1.0097
1.0207
1.0431
1.0892
1.1130
1.1373
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
45
50
1.006
1.013
1.027
1.056
1.084
1.112
1.140
1.166
1.193
1.207
1.244
1.279
1.312
1.342
TABLE 2-76 Potassium
Hydroxide (KOH)
%
TABLE 2-79 Potassium
Sulfate (K2SO4)
TABLE 2-84 Sodium
Bromide (NaBr)
17
TABLE 2-85 Sodium
Formate (HCOONa)
25
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
8
10
12
20
30
40
1.0060
1.0139
1.0298
1.0631
1.0803
1.0981
1.1745
1.2841
1.4138
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
1.003
1.009
1.022
1.048
1.074
1.100
1.127
1.155
1.184
1.199
1.236
1.274
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-86
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
TABLE 2-90
2-105
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
%
0°C
15°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
4
8
12
14
16
18
20
24
28
30
1.0109
1.0219
1.0439
1.0878
1.1319
1.1543
1.0103
1.0210
1.0423
1.0850
1.1284
1.1506
1.0086
1.0190
1.0398
1.0816
1.1244
1.1463
1.0058
1.0159
1.0363
1.0775
1.1200
1.1417
1.1636
1.1859
1.2086
1.2552
1.3031
1.3274
1.0022
1.0122
1.0323
1.0732
1.1150
1.1365
0.9929
1.0027
1.0223
1.0625
1.1039
1.1251
0.9814
.9910
1.0105
1.0503
1.0914
1.1125
0.9683
.9782
.9980
1.0380
1.0787
1.0996
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
50
1.0124
1.0244
1.0482
1.0943
1.1399
1.1849
1.2296
1.2741
1.3182
1.3614
1.4030
1.4435
1.4825
1.5210
1.5400
1.01065
1.02198
1.04441
1.08887
1.13327
1.17761
1.22183
1.26582
1.3094
1.3520
1.3933
1.4334
1.4720
1.5102
1.5290
1.0095
1.0207
1.0428
1.0869
1.1309
1.1751
1.2191
1.2629
1.3064
1.3490
1.3900
1.4300
1.4685
1.5065
1.5253
1.0033
1.0139
1.0352
1.0780
1.1210
1.1645
1.2079
1.2512
1.2942
1.3362
1.3768
1.4164
1.4545
1.4922
1.5109
0.9941
1.0045
1.0254
1.0676
1.1101
1.1531
1.1960
1.2388
1.2814
1.3232
1.3634
1.4027
1.4405
1.4781
1.4967
0.9824
.9929
1.0139
1.0560
1.0983
1.1408
1.1833
1.2259
1.2682
1.3097
1.3498
1.3889
1.4266
1.4641
1.4827
0.9693
.9797
1.0009
1.0432
1.0855
1.1277
1.1700
1.2124
1.2546
1.2960
1.3360
1.3750
1.4127
1.4503
1.4690
TABLE 2-87
Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3)
18
18
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1.0053
1.0121
1.0258
1.0397
1.0538
1.0681
1.0827
1.0977
1.1131
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
1.1288
1.1449
1.1614
1.1782
1.1953
1.2128
1.2307
1.2491
1.2680
TABLE 2-88
TABLE 2-91
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
%
0°C
10°C
25°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
26
1.00747
1.01509
1.03038
1.06121
1.09244
1.12419
1.15663
1.18999
1.20709
1.00707
1.01442
1.02920
1.05907
1.08946
1.12056
1.15254
1.18557
1.20254
1.00409
1.01112
1.02530
1.05412
1.08365
1.11401
1.14533
1.17776
1.19443
0.99908
1.00593
1.01977
1.04798
1.07699
1.10688
1.13774
1.16971
1.18614
0.9900
.9967
1.0103
1.0381
1.0667
1.0962
1.1268
1.1584
1.1747
0.9785
.9852
.9988
1.0264
1.0549
1.0842
1.1146
1.1463
1.1626
0.9651
.9719
.9855
1.0134
1.0420
1.0713
1.1017
1.1331
1.1492
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
45
1.0071
1.0144
1.0290
1.0587
1.0891
1.1203
1.1526
1.1860
1.2204
1.2380
1.2834
1.3316
1.0049
1.0117
1.0254
1.0532
1.0819
1.1118
1.1429
1.1752
1.2085
1.2256
1.2701
1.3175
1.3683
0.9986
1.0050
1.0180
1.0447
1.0724
1.1013
1.1314
1.1629
1.1955
1.2122
1.2560
1.3027
1.3528
0.9894
.9956
1.0082
1.0340
1.0609
1.0892
1.1187
1.1496
1.1816
1.1980
1.2413
1.2875
1.3371
0.9779
.9840
.9964
1.0218
1.0481
1.0757
1.1048
1.1351
1.1667
1.1830
1.2258
1.2715
1.3206
0.9644
.9704
.9826
1.0078
1.0340
1.0614
1.0901
1.1200
1.1513
1.1674
1.2100
1.2555
1.3044
TABLE 2-89 Sodium
Chromate (Na2CrO4)
TABLE 2-93
TABLE 2-92 Sodium
Nitrite (NaNO2)
18
15
%
d4
%
d4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
26
1.0074
1.0164
1.0344
1.0718
1.1110
1.1518
1.1942
1.2383
1.2611
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
1.0058
1.0125
1.0260
1.0535
1.0816
1.1103
1.1394
Sodium Silicates
Concentration, %
1
2
4
8
10
14
Na2O/3.9SiO2
Na2O/3.36SiO2
Na2O/2.40SiO2
Na2O/2.44SiO2
Na2O/2.06SiO2
Na2O/1.69SiO2
20
24
30
36
40
45
50
1.445
1.450
1.520
1.594
20
Formula
d4
1.006
1.006
1.007
1.014
1.014
1.016
1.030
1.030
1.034
1.063
1.065
1.071
1.080
1.083
1.090
1.116
1.120
1.130
1.172
1.179
1.211
1.222
1.275
1.290
1.365
1.007
1.007
1.016
1.017
1.035
1.036
1.073
1.077
1.093
1.098
1.134
1.141
1.200
1.210
1.247
1.259
1.309
1.321
1.337
1.387
1.397
1.424
2-106
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-94
%
0°C
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
1.0094
1.0189
1.0381
1.0773
1.1174
1.1585
1.2008
1.2443
TABLE 2-95 Sodium
Sulfide (Na2S)
Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)
20°C
30°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1.0073
1.0164
1.0348
1.0724
1.1109
1.1586
1.1915
1.2336
1.0046
1.0135
1.0315
1.0682
1.1062
1.1456
1.1865
1.2292
1.0010
1.0098
1.0276
1.0639
1.1015
1.1406
1.1813
1.2237
0.9919
1.0007
1.0184
1.0544
1.0915
1.1299
1.1696
0.9805
.9892
1.0068
1.0426
1.0795
1.1176
1.1569
0.9671
.9758
.9934
1.0292
1.0661
1.1042
TABLE 2-96 Sodium
Sulfite (Na2SO3)
TABLE 2-97 Sodium
Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
%
d 18
4
%
d 19
4
%
d 20
4
1
2
4
8
12
16
18
1.0098
1.0211
1.0440
1.0907
1.1388
1.1885
1.2140
1
2
4
8
12
16
18
1.0078
1.0172
1.0363
1.0751
1.1146
1.1549
1.1755
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
1.0065
1.0148
1.0315
1.0654
1.1003
1.1365
1.1740
1.2128
1.2532
1.2739
1.3273
1.3827
TABLE 2-98
Sodium Thiosulfate
Pentahydrate
(Na2S2O3⋅5H2O)
%
d 19
4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
40
50
1.0052
1.0105
1.0211
1.0423
1.0639
1.0863
1.1087
1.1322
1.1558
1.1676
1.2297
1.2954
TABLE 2-99 Stannic
Chloride (SnCl4)
%
d 15
4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1.007
1.015
1.031
1.064
1.099
1.135
1.173
1.212
1.255
1.278
1.337
1.403
1.475
1.555
1.644
1.742
1.851
1.971
TABLE 2-100
Stannous Chloride
(SnCl2)
%
d 15
4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1.0068
1.0146
1.0306
1.0638
1.0986
1.1353
1.1743
1.2159
1.2603
1.2837
1.3461
1.4145
1.4897
1.5729
1.6656
1.7695
1.8865
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-101
%
2-107
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
0°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
1
2
3
4
1.0074
1.0147
1.0219
1.0291
1.0068
1.0138
1.0206
1.0275
1.0060
1.0129
1.0197
1.0264
1.0051
1.0118
1.0184
1.0250
1.0038
1.0104
1.0169
1.0234
1.0022
1.0087
1.0152
1.0216
0.9986
1.0050
1.0113
1.0176
0.9944
1.0006
1.0067
1.0129
0.9895
.9956
1.0017
1.0078
0.9779
.9839
.9900
.9961
0.9645
.9705
.9766
.9827
5
6
7
8
9
1.0364
1.0437
1.0511
1.0585
1.0660
1.0344
1.0414
1.0485
1.0556
1.0628
1.0332
1.0400
1.0469
1.0539
1.0610
1.0317
1.0385
1.0453
1.0522
1.0591
1.0300
1.0367
1.0434
1.0502
1.0571
1.0281
1.0347
1.0414
1.0481
1.0549
1.0240
1.0305
1.0371
1.0437
1.0503
1.0192
1.0256
1.0321
1.0386
1.0451
1.0140
1.0203
1.0266
1.0330
1.0395
1.0022
1.0084
1.0146
1.0209
1.0273
.9888
.9950
1.0013
1.0076
1.0140
10
11
12
13
14
1.0735
1.0810
1.0886
1.0962
1.1039
1.0700
1.0773
1.0846
1.0920
1.0994
1.0681
1.0753
1.0825
1.0898
1.0971
1.0661
1.0731
1.0802
1.0874
1.0947
1.0640
1.0710
1.0780
1.0851
1.0922
1.0617
1.0686
1.0756
1.0826
1.0897
1.0570
1.0637
1.0705
1.0774
1.0844
1.0517
1.0584
1.0651
1.0719
1.0788
1.0460
1.0526
1.0593
1.0661
1.0729
1.0338
1.0403
1.0469
1.0536
1.0603
1.0204
1.0269
1.0335
1.0402
1.0469
15
16
17
18
19
1.1116
1.1194
1.1272
1.1351
1.1430
1.1069
1.1145
1.1221
1.1298
1.1375
1.1045
1.1120
1.1195
1.1271
1.1347
1.1020
1.1094
1.1168
1.1243
1.1318
1.0994
1.1067
1.1141
1.1215
1.1290
1.0968
1.1040
1.1113
1.1187
1.1261
1.0914
1.0985
1.1057
1.1129
1.1202
1.0857
1.0927
1.0998
1.1070
1.1142
1.0798
1.0868
1.0938
1.1009
1.1081
1.0671
1.0740
1.0809
1.0879
1.0950
1.0537
1.0605
1.0674
1.0744
1.0814
20
21
22
23
24
1.1510
1.1590
1.1670
1.1751
1.1832
1.1453
1.1531
1.1609
1.1688
1.1768
1.1424
1.1501
1.1579
1.1657
1.1736
1.1394
1.1471
1.1548
1.1626
1.1704
1.1365
1.1441
1.1517
1.1594
1.1672
1.1335
1.1410
1.1486
1.1563
1.1640
1.1275
1.1349
1.1424
1.1500
1.1576
1.1215
1.1288
1.1362
1.1437
1.1512
1.1153
1.1226
1.1299
1.1373
1.1448
1.1021
1.1093
1.1166
1.1239
1.1313
1.0885
1.0957
1.1029
1.1102
1.1176
25
26
27
28
29
1.1914
1.1996
1.2078
1.2160
1.2243
1.1848
1.1929
1.2010
1.2091
1.2173
1.1816
1.1896
1.1976
1.2057
1.2138
1.1783
1.1862
1.1942
1.2023
1.2104
1.1750
1.1829
1.1909
1.1989
1.2069
1.1718
1.1796
1.1875
1.1955
1.2035
1.1653
1.1730
1.1808
1.1887
1.1966
1.1588
1.1665
1.1742
1.1820
1.1898
1.1523
1.1599
1.1676
1.1753
1.1831
1.1388
1.1463
1.1539
1.1616
1.1693
1.1250
1.1325
1.1400
1.1476
1.1553
30
31
32
33
34
1.2326
1.2409
1.2493
1.2577
1.2661
1.2255
1.2338
1.2421
1.2504
1.2588
1.2220
1.2302
1.2385
1.2468
1.2552
1.2185
1.2267
1.2349
1.2432
1.2515
1.2150
1.2232
1.2314
1.2396
1.2479
1.2115
1.2196
1.2278
1.2360
1.2443
1.2046
1.2126
1.2207
1.2289
1.2371
1.1977
1.2057
1.2137
1.2218
1.2300
1.1909
1.1988
1.2068
1.2148
1.2229
1.1771
1.1849
1.1928
1.2008
1.2088
1.1630
1.1708
1.1787
1.1866
1.1946
35
36
37
38
39
1.2746
1.2831
1.2917
1.3004
1.3091
1.2672
1.2757
1.2843
1.2929
1.3016
1.2636
1.2720
1.2805
1.2891
1.2978
1.2599
1.2684
1.2769
1.2855
1.2941
1.2563
1.2647
1.2732
1.2818
1.2904
1.2526
1.2610
1.2695
1.2780
1.2866
1.2454
1.2538
1.2622
1.2707
1.2793
1.2383
1.2466
1.2550
1.2635
1.2720
1.2311
1.2394
1.2477
1.2561
1.2646
1.2169
1.2251
1.2334
1.2418
1.2503
1.2027
1.2109
1.2192
1.2276
1.2361
40
41
42
43
44
1.3179
1.3268
1.3357
1.3447
1.3538
1.3103
1.3191
1.3280
1.3370
1.3461
1.3065
1.3153
1.3242
1.3332
1.3423
1.3028
1.3116
1.3205
1.3294
1.3384
1.2991
1.3079
1.3167
1.3256
1.3346
1.2953
1.3041
1.3129
1.3218
1.3308
1.2880
1.2967
1.3055
1.3144
1.3234
1.2806
1.2893
1.2981
1.3070
1.3160
1.2732
1.2819
1.2907
1.2996
1.3086
1.2589
1.2675
1.2762
1.2850
1.2939
1.2446
1.2532
1.2619
1.2707
1.2796
45
46
47
48
49
1.3630
1.3724
1.3819
1.3915
1.4012
1.3553
1.3646
1.3740
1.3835
1.3931
1.3515
1.3608
1.3702
1.3797
1.3893
1.3476
1.3569
1.3663
1.3758
1.3854
1.3437
1.3530
1.3624
1.3719
1.3814
1.3399
1.3492
1.3586
1.3680
1.3775
1.3325
1.3417
1.3510
1.3604
1.3699
1.3251
1.3343
1.3435
1.3528
1.3623
1.3177
1.3269
1.3362
1.3455
1.3549
1.3029
1.3120
1.3212
1.3305
1.3399
1.2886
1.2976
1.3067
1.3159
1.3253
50
51
52
53
54
1.4110
1.4209
1.4310
1.4412
1.4515
1.4029
1.4128
1.4228
1.4329
1.4431
1.3990
1.4088
1.4188
1.4289
1.4391
1.3951
1.4049
1.4148
1.4248
1.4350
1.3911
1.4009
1.4109
1.4209
1.4310
1.3872
1.3970
1.4069
1.4169
1.4270
1.3795
1.3893
1.3991
1.4091
1.4191
1.3719
1.3816
1.3914
1.4013
1.4113
1.3644
1.3740
1.3837
1.3936
1.4036
1.3494
1.3590
1.3687
1.3785
1.3884
1.3348
1.3444
1.3540
1.3637
1.3735
55
56
57
58
59
1.4619
1.4724
1.4830
1.4937
1.5045
1.4535
1.4640
1.4746
1.4852
1.4959
1.4494
1.4598
1.4703
1.4809
1.4916
1.4453
1.4557
1.4662
1.4768
1.4875
1.4412
1.4516
1.4621
1.4726
1.4832
1.4372
1.4475
1.4580
1.4685
1.4791
1.4293
1.4396
1.4500
1.4604
1.4709
1.4214
1.4317
1.4420
1.4524
1.4629
1.4137
1.4239
1.4342
1.4446
1.4551
1.3984
1.4085
1.4187
1.4290
1.4393
1.3834
1.3934
1.4035
1.4137
1.4240
60
61
62
63
64
1.5154
1.5264
1.5375
1.5487
1.5600
1.5067
1.5177
1.5287
1.5398
1.5510
1.5024
1.5133
1.5243
1.5354
1.5465
1.4983
1.5091
1.5200
1.5310
1.5421
1.4940
1.5048
1.5157
1.5267
1.5378
1.4898
1.5006
1.5115
1.5225
1.5335
1.4816
1.4923
1.5031
1.5140
1.5250
1.4735
1.4842
1.4950
1.5058
1.5167
1.4656
1.4762
1.4869
1.4977
1.5086
1.4497
1.4602
1.4708
1.4815
1.4923
1.4344
1.4449
1.4554
1.4660
1.4766
2-108
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-101
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) (Concluded )
%
0°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
65
66
67
68
69
1.5714
1.5828
1.5943
1.6059
1.6176
1.5623
1.5736
1.5850
1.5965
1.6081
1.5578
1.5691
1.5805
1.5920
1.6035
1.5533
1.5646
1.5760
1.5874
1.5989
1.5490
1.5602
1.5715
1.5829
1.5944
1.5446
1.5558
1.5671
1.5785
1.5899
1.5361
1.5472
1.5584
1.5697
1.5811
1.5277
1.5388
1.5499
1.5611
1.5724
1.5195
1.5305
1.5416
1.5528
1.5640
1.5031
1.5140
1.5249
1.5359
1.5470
1.4873
1.4981
1.5089
1.5198
1.5307
70
71
72
73
74
1.6293
1.6411
1.6529
1.6648
1.6768
1.6198
1.6315
1.6433
1.6551
1.6670
1.6151
1.6268
1.6385
1.6503
1.6622
1.6105
1.6221
1.6338
1.6456
1.6574
1.6059
1.6175
1.6292
1.6409
1.6526
1.6014
1.6130
1.6246
1.6363
1.6480
1.5925
1.6040
1.6155
1.6271
1.6387
1.5838
1.5952
1.6067
1.6182
1.6297
1.5753
1.5867
1.5981
1.6095
1.6209
1.5582
1.5694
1.5806
1.5919
1.6031
1.5417
1.5527
1.5637
1.5747
1.5857
75
76
77
78
79
1.6888
1.7008
1.7128
1.7247
1.7365
1.6789
1.6908
1.7026
1.7144
1.7261
1.6740
1.6858
1.6976
1.7093
1.7209
1.6692
1.6810
1.6927
1.7043
1.7158
1.6644
1.6761
1.6878
1.6994
1.7108
1.6597
1.6713
1.6829
1.6944
1.7058
1.6503
1.6619
1.6734
1.6847
1.6959
1.6412
1.6526
1.6640
1.6751
1.6862
1.6322
1.6435
1.6547
1.6657
1.6766
1.6142
1.6252
1.6361
1.6469
1.6575
1.5966
1.6074
1.6181
1.6286
1.6390
80
81
82
83
84
1.7482
1.7597
1.7709
1.7815
1.7916
1.7376
1.7489
1.7599
1.7704
1.7804
1.7323
1.7435
1.7544
1.7649
1.7748
1.7272
1.7383
1.7491
1.7594
1.7693
1.7221
1.7331
1.7437
1.7540
1.7639
1.7170
1.7279
1.7385
1.7487
1.7585
1.7069
1.7177
1.7281
1.7382
1.7479
1.6971
1.7077
1.7180
1.7279
1.7375
1.6873
1.6978
1.7080
1.7179
1.7274
1.6680
1.6782
1.6882
1.6979
1.7072
1.6493
1.6594
1.6692
1.6787
1.6878
85
86
87
88
89
1.8009
1.8095
1.8173
1.8243
1.8306
1.7897
1.7983
1.8061
1.8132
1.8195
1.7841
1.7927
1.8006
1.8077
1.8141
1.7786
1.7872
1.7951
1.8022
1.8087
1.7732
1.7818
1.7897
1.7968
1.8033
1.7678
1.7763
1.7842
1.7914
1.7979
1.7571
1.7657
1.7736
1.7809
1.7874
1.7466
1.7552
1.7632
1.7705
1.7770
1.7364
1.7449
1.7529
1.7602
1.7669
1.7161
1.7245
1.7324
1.7397
1.7464
1.6966
1.7050
1.7129
1.7202
1.7269
90
91
92
93
94
1.8361
1.8410
1.8453
1.8490
1.8520
1.8252
1.8302
1.8346
1.8384
1.8415
1.8198
1.8248
1.8293
1.8331
1.8363
1.8144
1.8195
1.8240
1.8279
1.8312
1.8091
1.8142
1.8188
1.8227
1.8260
1.8038
1.8090
1.8136
1.8176
1.8210
1.7933
1.7986
1.8033
1.8074
1.8109
1.7829
1.7883
1.7932
1.7974
1.8011
1.7729
1.7783
1.7832
1.7876
1.7914
1.7525
1.7581
1.7633
1.7681
1.7331
1.7388
1.7439
1.7485
95
96
97
98
99
100
1.8544
1.8560
1.8569
1.8567
1.8551
1.8517
1.8439
1.8457
1.8466
1.8463
1.8445
1.8409
1.8388
1.8406
1.8414
1.8411
1.8393
1.8357
1.8337
1.8355
1.8364
1.8361
1.8342
1.8305
1.8286
1.8305
1.8314
1.8310
1.8292
1.8255
1.8236
1.8255
1.8264
1.8261
1.8242
1.8205
1.8137
1.8157
1.8166
1.8163
1.8145
1.8107
1.8040
1.8060
1.8071
1.8068
1.8050
1.8013
1.7944
1.7965
1.7977
1.7976
1.7958
1.7922
%
d 5.96
4
%
d 13.00
4
d 18.00
4
0.005
.01
.02
.03
.04
1.000 0140
1.000 0576
1.000 1434
1.000 2276
1.000 3104
0.05
.1
.2
.3
.4
0.999 810
1.000 185
1.000 912
1.001 623
1.002 326
0.999 028
.999 400
1.000 119
1.000 820
1.001 512
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
1.000 3920
1.000 4726
1.000 5523
1.000 6313
1.000 7098
.5
.6
.8
1.0
1.2
1.003 023
1.003 716
1.005 090
1.006 452
1.007 807
1.002 197
1.002 877
1.004 227
1.005 570
1.006 909
.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
1.000 7880
1.001 1732
1.001 5514
1.001 9254
1.002 2961
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
1.009 159
1.010 510
1.011 860
1.013 209
1.014 557
1.008 247
1.009 583
1.010 918
1.012 252
1.013 586
.35
.40
.45
.50
1.002 6639
1.003 0292
1.003 3923
1.003 7534
2.4
1.015 904
1.014 919
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-102
Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2)
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
2
4
8
12
16
1.0188
1.0381
1.0777
1.1186
1.1609
1.0167
1.0354
1.0738
1.1135
1.1544
1.0102
1.0285
1.0660
1.1046
1.1445
1.0008
1.0187
1.0554
1.0932
1.1320
0.9890
1.0065
1.0422
1.0789
1.1169
0.9751
0.9921
1.0270
1.0629
1.1000
20
30
40
50
60
65
1.2043
1.3288
1.477
1.661
1.891
2.026
1.1965
1.3170
1.462
1.643
1.869
2.002
1.1855
1.3030
1.445
1.623
1.845
1.976
1.1720
1.2868
1.427
1.602
1.822
1.951
1.1560
1.2688
1.406
1.579
1.797
1.924
1.1382
1.2489
1.385
1.555
1.771
1.898
TABLE 2-103
TABLE 2-104
[Zn(NO3)2]
Zinc Nitrate
TABLE 2-105
(ZnSO4)
2-109
Zinc Sulfate
%
18°C
%
18°C
%
20°C
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1.0154
1.0322
1.0496
1.0675
1.0859
1.1048
1.1244
1.1445
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1.1652
1.1865
1.2427
1.3029
1.3678
1.4378
1.5134
1.5944
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1.019
1.0403
1.0620
1.0842
1.1071
1.1308
1.1553
1.1806
Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)
%
0°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
80°C
100°C
2
4
8
12
16
1.0192
1.0384
1.0769
1.1159
1.1558
1.0167
1.0350
1.0715
1.1085
1.1468
1.0099
1.0274
1.0624
1.0980
1.1350
1.0003
1.0172
1.0508
1.0853
1.1212
0.9882
1.0044
1.0369
1.0704
1.1055
0.9739
.9894
1.0211
1.0541
1.0888
20
30
40
50
60
70
1.1970
1.3062
1.4329
1.5860
1.1866
1.2928
1.4173
1.5681
1.749
1.962
1.1736
1.2778
1.4003
1.5495
1.1590
1.2614
1.3824
1.5300
1.1428
1.2438
1.3637
1.5097
1.1255
1.2252
1.3441
1.4892
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS*
UNITS AND UNITS CONVERSIONS
From International Critical Tables, vol. 3, pp. 115–129. All compositions are in weight percent in vacuo. All density values are d4t = g/mL
in vacuo.
Unless otherwise noted, densities are given in grams per cubic centimeter. To convert to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43.
°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32
TABLE 2-106
*For gasoline and aircraft fuels see Hibbard, NACA Res. Mem. E56I21
(declassified 1958).
Formic Acid (HCOOH)
%
0°C
15°C
20°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C
20°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C
20°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C
20°C
30°C
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999
1.0028
1.0059
1.0090
1.0120
0.9991
1.0019
1.0045
1.0072
1.0100
0.9982
1.0019
1.0044
1.0070
1.0093
0.9957
0.9980
1.0004
1.0028
1.0053
25
26
27
28
29
1.0706
1.0733
1.0760
1.0787
1.0813
1.0627
1.0652
1.0678
1.0702
1.0726
1.0609
1.0633
1.0656
1.0681
1.0705
1.0540
1.0564
1.0587
1.0609
1.0632
50
51
52
53
54
1.1349
1.1374
1.1399
1.1424
1.1448
1.1225
1.1248
1.1271
1.1294
1.1318
1.1207
1.1223
1.1244
1.1269
1.1295
1.1098
1.1120
1.1142
1.1164
1.1186
75
76
77
78
79
1.1953
1.1976
1.1999
1.2021
1.2043
1.1794
1.1816
1.1837
1.1859
1.1881
1.1769
1.1785
1.1801
1.1818
1.1837
1.1636
1.1656
1.1676
1.1697
1.1717
5
6
7
8
9
1.0150
1.0179
1.0207
1.0237
1.0266
1.0124
1.0151
1.0177
1.0204
1.0230
1.0115
1.0141
1.0170
1.0196
1.0221
1.0075
1.0101
1.0125
1.0149
1.0173
30
31
32
33
34
1.0839
1.0866
1.0891
1.0916
1.0941
1.0750
1.0774
1.0798
1.0821
1.0844
1.0729
1.0753
1.0777
1.0800
1.0823
1.0654
1.0676
1.0699
1.0721
1.0743
55
56
57
58
59
1.1472
1.1497
1.1523
1.1548
1.1573
1.1341
1.1365
1.1388
1.1411
1.1434
1.1320
1.1342
1.1361
1.1381
1.1401
1.1208
1.1230
1.1253
1.1274
1.1295
80
81
82
83
84
1.2065
1.2088
1.2110
1.2132
1.2154
1.1902
1.1924
1.1944
1.1965
1.1985
1.1806
1.1876
1.1896
1.1914
1.1929
1.1737
1.1758
1.1778
1.1798
1.1817
10
11
12
13
14
1.0295
1.0324
1.0351
1.0379
1.0407
1.0256
1.0281
1.0306
1.0330
1.0355
1.0246
1.0271
1.0296
1.0321
1.0345
1.0197
1.0221
1.0244
1.0267
1.0290
35
36
37
38
39
1.0966
1.0993
1.1018
1.1043
1.1069
1.0867
1.0892
1.0916
1.0940
1.0964
1.0847
1.0871
1.0895
1.0919
1.0940
1.0766
1.0788
1.0810
1.0832
1.0854
60
61
62
63
64
1.1597
1.1621
1.1645
1.1669
1.1694
1.1458
1.1481
1.1504
1.1526
1.1549
1.1424
1.1448
1.1473
1.1493
1.1517
1.1317
1.1338
1.1360
1.1382
1.1403
85
86
87
88
89
1.2176
1.2196
1.2217
1.2237
1.2258
1.2005
1.2025
1.2045
1.2064
1.2084
1.1953
1.1976
1.1994
1.2012
1.2028
1.1837
1.1856
1.1875
1.1893
1.1910
15
16
17
18
19
1.0435
1.0463
1.0491
1.0518
1.0545
1.0380
1.0405
1.0430
1.0455
1.0480
1.0370
1.0393
1.0417
1.0441
1.0464
1.0313
1.0336
1.0358
1.0381
1.0404
40
41
42
43
44
1.1095
1.1122
1.1148
1.1174
1.1199
1.0988
1.1012
1.1036
1.1060
1.1084
1.0963
1.0990
1.1015
1.1038
1.1062
1.0876
1.0898
1.0920
1.0943
1.0965
65
66
67
68
69
1.1718
1.1742
1.1766
1.1790
1.1813
1.1572
1.1595
1.1618
1.1640
1.1663
1.1543
1.1565
1.1584
1.1604
1.1628
1.1425
1.1446
1.1467
1.1489
1.1510
90
91
92
93
94
1.2278
1.2297
1.2316
1.2335
1.2354
1.2102
1.2121
1.2139
1.2157
1.2174
1.2044
1.2059
1.2078
1.2099
1.2117
1.1927
1.1945
1.1961
1.1978
1.1994
20
21
22
23
24
1.0571
1.0598
1.0625
1.0652
1.0679
1.0505
1.0532
1.0556
1.0580
1.0604
1.0488
1.0512
1.0537
1.0561
1.0585
1.0427
1.0451
1.0473
1.0496
1.0518
45
46
47
48
49
1.1224
1.1249
1.1274
1.1299
1.1324
1.1109
1.1133
1.1156
1.1179
1.1202
1.1085
1.1108
1.1130
1.1157
1.1185
1.0987
1.1009
1.1031
1.1053
1.1076
70
71
72
73
74
1.1835
1.1858
1.1882
1.1906
1.1929
1.1685
1.1707
1.1729
1.1751
1.1773
1.1655
1.1677
1.1702
1.1728
1.1752
1.1531
1.1552
1.1573
1.1595
1.1615
95
96
97
98
99
1.2372
1.2390
1.2408
1.2425
1.2441
1.2191
1.2208
1.2224
1.2240
1.2257
1.2140
1.2158
1.2170
1.2183
1.2202
1.2008
1.2022
1.2036
1.2048
1.2061
100
1.2456
1.2273
1.2212
1.2073
2-110
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-107
%
Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
0°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
40°C
%
0°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
40°C
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999
1.0016
1.0033
1.0051
1.0070
0.9997
1.0013
1.0029
1.0044
1.0060
0.9991
1.0006
1.0021
1.0036
1.0051
0.9982
.9996
1.0012
1.0025
1.0040
0.9971
.9987
1.0000
1.0013
1.0027
0.9957
.9971
.9984
.9997
1.0011
0.9922
.9934
.9946
.9958
.9970
50
51
52
53
54
1.0729
1.0738
1.0748
1.0757
1.0765
1.0654
1.0663
1.0671
1.0679
1.0687
1.0613
1.0622
1.0629
1.0637
1.0644
1.0575
1.0582
1.0590
1.0597
1.0604
1.0534
1.0542
1.0549
1.0555
1.0562
1.0492
1.0499
1.0506
1.0512
1.0518
1.0408
1.0414
1.0421
1.0427
1.0432
5
6
7
8
9
1.0088
1.0106
1.0124
1.0142
1.0159
1.0076
1.0092
1.0108
1.0124
1.0140
1.0066
1.0081
1.0096
1.0111
1.0126
1.0055
1.0069
1.0083
1.0097
1.0111
1.0041
1.0055
1.0068
1.0081
1.0094
1.0024
1.0037
1.0050
1.0063
1.0076
.9982
.9994
1.0006
1.0018
1.0030
55
56
57
58
59
1.0774
1.0782
1.0790
1.0798
1.0805
1.0694
1.0701
1.0708
1.0715
1.0722
1.0651
1.0658
1.0665
1.0672
1.0678
1.0611
1.0618
1.0624
1.0631
1.0637
1.0568
1.0574
1.0580
1.0586
1.0592
1.0525
1.0531
1.0536
1.0542
1.0547
1.0438
1.0443
1.0448
1.0453
1.0458
10
11
12
13
14
1.0177
1.0194
1.0211
1.0228
1.0245
1.0156
1.0171
1.0187
1.0202
1.0217
1.0141
1.0155
1.0170
1.0184
1.0199
1.0125
1.0139
1.0154
1.0168
1.0182
1.0107
1.0120
1.0133
1.0146
1.0159
1.0089
1.0102
1.0115
1.0127
1.0139
1.0042
1.0054
1.0065
1.0077
1.0088
60
61
62
63
64
1.0813
1.0820
1.0826
1.0833
1.0838
1.0728
1.0734
1.0740
1.0746
1.0752
1.0684
1.0690
1.0696
1.0701
1.0706
1.0642
1.0648
1.0653
1.0658
1.0662
1.0597
1.0602
1.0607
1.0612
1.0616
1.0552
1.0557
1.0562
1.0566
1.0571
1.0462
1.0466
1.0470
1.0473
1.0477
15
16
17
18
19
1.0262
1.0278
1.0295
1.0311
1.0327
1.0232
1.0247
1.0262
1.0276
1.0291
1.0213
1.0227
1.0241
1.0255
1.0269
1.0195
1.0209
1.0223
1.0236
1.0250
1.0172
1.0185
1.0198
1.0210
1.0223
1.0151
1.0163
1.0175
1.0187
1.0198
1.0099
1.0110
1.0121
1.0132
1.0142
65
66
67
68
69
1.0844
1.0850
1.0856
1.0860
1.0865
1.0757
1.0762
1.0767
1.0771
1.0775
1.0711
1.0716
1.0720
1.0725
1.0729
1.0666
1.0671
1.0675
1.0678
1.0682
1.0621
1.0624
1.0628
1.0631
1.0634
1.0575
1.0578
1.0582
1.0585
1.0588
1.0480
1.0483
1.0486
1.0489
1.0491
20
21
22
23
24
1.0343
1.0358
1.0374
1.0389
1.0404
1.0305
1.0319
1.0333
1.0347
1.0361
1.0283
1.0297
1.0310
1.0323
1.0336
1.0263
1.0276
1.0288
1.0301
1.0313
1.0235
1.0248
1.0260
1.0272
1.0283
1.0210
1.0222
1.0233
1.0244
1.0256
1.0153
1.0164
1.0174
1.0185
1.0195
70
71
72
73
74
1.0869
1.0874
1.0877
1.0881
1.0884
1.0779
1.0783
1.0786
1.0789
1.0792
1.0732
1.0736
1.0738
1.0741
1.0743
1.0685
1.0687
1.0690
1.0693
1.0694
1.0637
1.0640
1.0642
1.0644
1.0645
1.0590
1.0592
1.0594
1.0595
1.0596
1.0493
1.0495
1.0496
1.0497
1.0498
25
26
27
28
29
1.0419
1.0434
1.0449
1.0463
1.0477
1.0375
1.0388
1.0401
1.0414
1.0427
1.0349
1.0362
1.0374
1.0386
1.0399
1.0326
1.0338
1.0349
1.0361
1.0372
1.0295
1.0307
1.0318
1.0329
1.0340
1.0267
1.0278
1.0289
1.0299
1.0310
1.0205
1.0215
1.0225
1.0234
1.0244
75
76
77
78
79
1.0887
1.0889
1.0891
1.0893
1.0894
1.0794
1.0796
1.0797
1.0798
1.0798
1.0745
1.0746
1.0747
1.0747
1.0747
1.0696
1.0698
1.0699
1.0700
1.0700
1.0647
1.0648
1.0648
1.0648
1.0648
1.0597
1.0598
1.0598
1.0598
1.0597
1.0499
1.0499
1.0499
1.0498
1.0497
30
31
32
33
34
1.0491
1.0505
1.0519
1.0532
1.0545
1.0440
1.0453
1.0465
1.0477
1.0489
1.0411
1.0423
1.0435
1.0446
1.0458
1.0384
1.0395
1.0406
1.0417
1.0428
1.0350
1.0361
1.0372
1.0382
1.0392
1.0320
1.0330
1.0341
1.0351
1.0361
1.0253
1.0262
1.0272
1.0281
1.0289
80
81
82
83
84
1.0895
1.0895
1.0895
1.0895
1.0893
1.0798
1.0797
1.0796
1.0795
1.0793
1.0747
1.0745
1.0743
1.0741
1.0738
1.0700
1.0699
1.0698
1.0696
1.0693
1.0647
1.0646
1.0644
1.0642
1.0638
1.0596
1.0594
1.0592
1.0589
1.0585
1.0495
1.0493
1.0490
1.0487
1.0483
35
36
37
38
39
1.0558
1.0571
1.0584
1.0596
1.0608
1.0501
1.0513
1.0524
1.0535
1.0546
1.0469
1.0480
1.0491
1.0501
1.0512
1.0438
1.0449
1.0459
1.0469
1.0479
1.0402
1.0412
1.0422
1.0432
1.0441
1.0371
1.0380
1.0390
1.0399
1.0408
1.0298
1.0306
1.0314
1.0322
1.0330
85
86
87
88
89
1.0891
1.0887
1.0883
1.0877
1.0872
1.0790
1.0787
1.0783
1.0778
1.0773
1.0735
1.0731
1.0726
1.0721
1.0715
1.0689
1.0685
1.0680
1.0675
1.0668
1.0635
1.0630
1.0626
1.0620
1.0613
1.0582
1.0576
1.0571
1.0564
1.0557
1.0479
1.0473
1.0467
1.0460
1.0453
40
41
42
43
44
1.0621
1.0633
1.0644
1.0656
1.0667
1.0557
1.0568
1.0578
1.0588
1.0598
1.0522
1.0532
1.0542
1.0551
1.0561
1.0488
1.0498
1.0507
1.0516
1.0525
1.0450
1.0460
1.0469
1.0477
1.0486
1.0416
1.0425
1.0433
1.0441
1.0449
1.0338
1.0346
1.0353
1.0361
1.0368
90
91
92
93
94
1.0865
1.0857
1.0848
1.0838
1.0826
1.0766
1.0758
1.0749
1.0739
1.0727
1.0708
1.0700
1.0690
1.0680
1.0667
1.0661
1.0652
1.0643
1.0632
1.0619
1.0605
1.0597
1.0587
1.0577
1.0564
1.0549
1.0541
1.0530
1.0518
1.0506
1.0445
1.0436
1.0426
1.0414
1.0401
45
46
47
48
49
1.0679
1.0689
1.0699
1.0709
1.0720
1.0608
1.0618
1.0627
1.0636
1.0645
1.0570
1.0579
1.0588
1.0597
1.0605
1.0534
1.0542
1.0551
1.0559
1.0567
1.0495
1.0503
1.0511
1.0518
1.0526
1.0456
1.0464
1.0471
1.0479
1.0486
1.0375
1.0382
1.0389
1.0395
1.0402
95
96
97
98
99
1.0813
1.0798
1.0780
1.0759
1.0730
1.0714
1.0652
1.0632
1.0611
1.0590
1.0567
1.0605
1.0588
1.0570
1.0549
1.0524
1.0551
1.0535
1.0516
1.0495
1.0468
1.0491
1.0473
1.0454
1.0431
1.0407
1.0386
1.0368
1.0348
1.0325
1.0299
100
1.0697
1.0545
1.0498
1.0440
1.0380
1.0271
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-108
TABLE 2-109
2-111
Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4)
%
d 17.5
4
%
d 17.5
4
1
2
4
1.0035
1.0070
1.0140
8
10
12
1.0280
1.0350
1.0420
Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH)*
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
15°C
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
15°C
%
0°C
10°C
20°C
15°C
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999
.9981
.9963
.9946
.9930
0.9997
.9980
.9962
.9945
.9929
15.56°C
0.9990
.9973
.9955
.9938
.9921
0.9982
.9965
.9948
.9931
.9914
0.99913
.99727
.99543
.99370
.99198
35
36
37
38
39
0.9534
.9520
.9505
.9490
.9475
0.9484
.9469
.9453
.9437
.9420
15.56°C
0.9456
.9440
.9422
.9405
.9387
0.9433
.9416
.9398
.9381
.9363
0.94570
.94404
.94237
.94067
.93894
70
71
72
73
74
0.8869
.8847
.8824
.8801
.8778
0.8794
.8770
.8747
.8724
.8699
15.56°C
0.8748
.8726
.8702
.8678
.8653
0.8715
.8690
.8665
.8641
.8616
0.87507
.87271
.87033
.86792
.86546
5
6
7
8
9
.9914
.9899
.9884
.9870
.9856
.9912
.9896
.9881
.9865
.9849
.9904
.9889
.9872
.9857
.9841
.9896
.9880
.9863
.9847
.9831
.99029
.98864
.98701
.98547
.98394
40
41
42
43
44
.9459
.9443
.9427
.9411
.9395
.9403
.9387
.9370
.9352
.9334
.9369
.9351
.9333
.9315
.9297
.9345
.9327
.9309
.9290
.9272
.93720
.93543
.93365
.93185
.93001
75
76
77
78
79
.8754
.8729
.8705
.8680
.8657
.8676
.8651
.8626
.8602
.8577
.8629
.8604
.8579
.8554
.8529
.8592
.8567
.8542
.8518
.8494
.86300
.86051
.85801
.85551
.85300
10
11
12
13
14
.9842
.9829
.9816
.9804
.9792
.9834
.9820
.9805
.9791
.9778
.9826
.9811
.9796
.9781
.9766
.9815
.9799
.9784
.9768
.9754
.98241
.98093
.97945
.97802
.97660
45
46
47
48
49
.9377
.9360
.9342
.9324
.9306
.9316
.9298
.9279
.9260
.9240
.9279
.9261
.9242
.9223
.9204
.9252
.9234
.9214
.9196
.9176
.92815
.92627
.92436
.92242
.92048
80
81
82
83
84
.8634
.8610
.8585
.8560
.8535
.8551
.8527
.8501
.8475
.8449
.8503
.8478
.8452
.8426
.8400
.8469
.8446
.8420
.8394
.8366
.85048
.84794
.84536
.84274
.84009
15
16
17
18
19
.9780
.9769
.9758
.9747
.9736
.9764
.9751
.9739
.9726
.9713
.9752
.9738
.9723
.9709
.9695
.9740
.9725
.9710
.9696
.9681
.97518
.97377
.97237
.97096
.96955
50
51
52
53
54
.9287
.9269
.9250
.9230
.9211
.9221
.9202
.9182
.9162
.9142
.9185
.9166
.9146
.9126
.9106
.9156
.9135
.9114
.9094
.9073
.91852
.91653
.91451
.91248
.91044
85
86
87
88
89
.8510
.8483
.8456
.8428
.8400
.8422
.8394
.8367
.8340
.8314
.8374
.8347
.8320
.8294
.8267
.8340
.8314
.8286
.8258
.8230
.83742
.83475
.83207
.82937
.82667
20
21
22
23
24
.9725
.9714
.9702
.9690
.9678
.9700
.9687
.9673
.9660
.9646
.9680
.9666
.9652
.9638
.9624
.9666
.9651
.9636
.9622
.9607
.96814
.96673
.96533
.96392
.96251
55
56
57
58
59
.9191
.9172
.9151
.9131
.9111
.9122
.9101
.9080
.9060
.9039
.9086
.9065
.9045
.9024
.9002
.9052
.9032
.9010
.8988
.8968
.90839
.90631
.90421
.90210
.89996
90
91
92
93
94
.8374
.8347
.8320
.8293
.8266
.8287
.8261
.8234
.8208
.8180
.8239
.8212
.8185
.8157
.8129
.8202
.8174
.8146
.8118
.8090
.82396
.82124
.81849
.81568
.81285
25
26
27
28
29
.9666
.9654
.9642
.9629
.9616
.9632
.9618
.9604
.9590
.9575
.9609
.9595
.9580
.9565
.9550
.9592
.9576
.9562
.9546
.9531
.96108
.95963
.95817
.95668
.95518
60
61
62
63
64
.9090
.9068
.9046
.9024
.9002
.9018
.8998
.8977
.8955
.8933
.8980
.8958
.8936
.8913
.8890
.8946
.8924
.8902
.8879
.8856
.89781
.89563
.89341
.89117
.88890
95
96
97
98
99
.8240
.8212
.8186
.8158
.8130
.8152
.8124
.8096
.8068
.8040
.8101
.8073
.8045
.8016
.7987
.8062
.8034
.8005
.7976
.7948
.80999
.80713
.80428
.80143
.79859
30
31
32
33
34
.9604
.9590
.9576
.9563
.9549
.9560
.9546
.9531
.9516
.9500
.9535
.9521
.9505
.9489
.9473
.9515
.9499
.9483
.9466
.9450
.95366
.95213
.95056
.94896
.94734
65
66
67
68
69
.8980
.8958
.8935
.8913
.8891
.8911
.8888
.8865
.8842
.8818
.8867
.8844
.8820
.8797
.8771
.8834
.8811
.8787
.8763
.8738
.88662
.88433
.88203
.87971
.87739
100
.8102
.8009
.7959
.7917
.79577
*It should be noted that the values for 100 percent do not agree with some data available elsewhere, e.g., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1957. Also, see Atack, Handbook of Chemical Data, Reinhold, New York, 1957.
2-112
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-110
Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH)*
%
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
%
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
0
1
2
3
4
0.99973
785
602
426
258
0.99913
725
542
365
195
0.99823
636
453
275
103
0.99708
520
336
157
.98984
0.99568
379
194
014
.98839
0.99406
217
031
.98849
672
0.99225
034
.98846
663
485
50
51
52
53
54
0.92126
.91943
723
502
279
0.91776
555
333
110
.90885
0.91384
160
.90936
711
485
0.90985
760
534
307
079
0.90580
353
125
.89896
667
0.90168
.89940
710
479
248
0.89750
519
288
056
.88823
5
6
7
8
9
098
.98946
801
660
524
032
.98877
729
584
442
.98938
780
627
478
331
817
656
500
346
193
670
507
347
189
031
501
335
172
009
.97846
311
142
.97975
808
641
55
56
57
58
59
055
.90831
607
381
154
659
433
207
.89980
752
258
031
.89803
574
344
.89850
621
392
162
.88931
437
206
.88975
744
512
016
.88784
552
319
085
589
356
122
.87888
653
10
11
12
13
14
393
267
145
026
.97911
304
171
041
.97914
790
187
047
.97910
775
643
043
.97897
753
611
472
.97875
723
573
424
278
685
527
371
216
063
475
312
150
.96989
829
60
61
62
63
64
.89927
698
468
237
006
523
293
062
.88830
597
113
.88882
650
417
183
699
446
233
.87998
763
278
044
.87809
574
337
.87851
615
379
142
.86905
417
180
.86943
705
466
15
16
17
18
19
800
692
583
473
363
669
552
433
313
191
514
387
259
129
.96997
334
199
062
.96923
782
133
.96990
844
697
547
.96911
760
607
452
294
670
512
352
189
023
65
66
67
68
69
.88774
541
308
074
.87839
364
130
.87895
660
424
.87948
713
477
241
004
527
291
054
.86817
579
100
.86863
625
387
148
667
429
190
.85950
710
227
.85987
747
407
266
20
21
22
23
24
252
139
024
.96907
787
068
.96944
818
689
558
864
729
592
453
312
639
495
348
199
048
395
242
087
.95929
769
134
.95973
809
643
476
.95856
687
516
343
168
70
71
72
73
74
602
365
127
.86888
648
187
.86949
710
470
229
.86766
527
287
047
.85806
340
100
.85859
618
376
.85908
667
426
184
.84941
470
228
.84986
743
500
025
.84783
540
297
053
25
26
27
28
29
665
539
406
268
125
424
287
144
.95996
844
168
020
.95867
710
548
.95895
738
576
410
241
607
442
272
098
.94922
306
133
.94955
774
590
.94991
810
625
438
248
75
76
77
78
79
408
168
.85927
685
442
.85988
747
505
262
018
564
322
079
.84835
590
134
.84891
647
403
158
698
455
211
.83966
720
257
013
.83768
523
277
.83809
564
319
074
.82827
30
31
32
33
34
.95977
823
665
502
334
686
524
357
186
011
382
212
038
.94860
679
067
.94890
709
525
337
741
557
370
180
.93986
403
214
021
.93825
626
055
.93860
662
461
257
80
81
82
83
84
197
.84950
702
453
203
.84772
525
277
028
.83777
344
096
.83848
599
348
.83911
664
415
164
.82913
473
224
.82974
724
473
029
.82780
530
279
027
578
329
079
.81828
576
35
36
37
38
39
162
.94986
805
620
431
.94832
650
464
273
079
494
306
114
.93919
720
146
.93952
756
556
353
790
591
390
186
.92979
425
221
016
.92808
597
051
.92843
634
422
208
85
86
87
88
89
.83951
697
441
181
.82919
525
271
014
.82754
492
095
.82840
583
323
062
660
405
148
.81888
626
220
.81965
708
448
186
.81774
519
262
003
.80742
322
067
.80811
552
291
40
41
42
43
44
238
042
.93842
639
433
.93882
682
478
271
062
518
314
107
.92897
685
148
.92940
729
516
301
770
558
344
128
.91910
385
170
.91952
733
513
.91992
774
554
332
108
90
91
92
93
94
654
386
114
.81839
561
227
.81959
688
413
134
.81797
529
257
.80983
705
362
094
.80823
549
272
.80922
655
384
111
.79835
478
211
.79941
669
393
028
.79761
491
220
.78947
45
46
47
48
49
226
017
.92806
593
379
.92852
640
426
211
.91995
472
257
041
.91823
604
085
.91868
649
429
208
692
472
250
028
.90805
291
069
.90845
621
396
.90884
660
434
207
.89979
95
96
97
98
99
278
.80991
698
399
094
.80852
566
274
.79975
670
424
138
.79846
547
243
.79991
706
415
117
.78814
555
271
.78981
684
382
114
.78831
542
247
.77946
670
388
100
.77806
507
100
.79784
360
.78934
506
075
641
203
*For data from −78° to 78°C, see p. 2-142, Table 2N-5, American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957.
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-111
%
alcohol
by
weight
2-113
Densities of Mixtures of C2H5OH and H2O at 20°C
g/mL
Tenths of %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
0.99823
636
453
275
103
804
618
435
257
087
785
599
417
240
070
766
581
399
222
053
748
562
381
205
037
729
544
363
188
020
710
525
345
171
003
692
507
327
154
*987
5
6
7
8
9
.98938
780
627
478
331
922
765
612
463
316
906
749
597
449
301
890
734
582
434
287
874
718
567
419
273
859
703
553
404
258
843
688
538
389
244
827
673
523
374
229
10
11
12
13
14
187
047
.97910
775
643
172
033
896
761
630
158
019
883
748
617
144
006
869
735
604
130
*992
855
722
591
117
*978
842
709
578
103
*964
828
696
565
089
*951
815
683
552
15
16
17
18
19
514
387
259
129
.96997
501
374
246
116
984
488
361
233
103
971
475
349
220
089
957
462
336
207
076
944
450
323
194
063
931
438
310
181
050
917
425
297
168
037
904
412
284
155
024
891
20
21
22
23
24
864
729
592
453
312
850
716
578
439
297
837
702
564
425
283
823
688
551
411
269
810
675
537
396
254
796
661
523
382
240
783
647
509
368
225
769
634
495
354
211
756
620
481
340
196
25
26
27
28
29
168
020
.95867
710
548
153
005
851
694
532
139
*990
836
678
516
124
*975
820
662
499
109
*959
805
646
483
094
*944
789
630
466
080
*929
773
613
450
30
31
32
33
34
382
212
038
.94860
679
365
195
020
842
660
349
178
003
824
642
332
161
*985
806
624
315
143
*967
788
605
298
126
*950
770
587
35
36
37
38
39
494
306
114
.93919
720
475
287
095
899
700
456
268
075
879
680
438
249
056
859
660
419
230
036
840
640
40
41
42
43
44
518
314
107
.92897
685
498
294
086
876
664
478
273
065
855
642
458
253
044
834
621
45
46
47
48
49
472
257
041
.91823
604
450
236
019
801
582
429
214
*997
780
560
408
193
*976
758
538
Tenths of %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
50
51
52
53
54
0.91384
160
.90936
711
485
361
138
914
689
463
339
116
891
666
440
317
093
869
644
417
295
071
846
621
395
272
049
824
598
372
250
026
801
576
349
228 206 183
004 *981 *959
779 756 734
553 531 508
327 304 281
796
642
493
345
201
55
56
57
58
59
258
031
.89803
574
344
236
008
780
551
321
213
*985
757
528
298
190
*962
734
505
275
167
*939
711
482
252
145
*917
688
459
229
122
*894
665
436
206
099 076 054
*871 *848 *825
643 620 597
413 390 367
183 160 137
075 061
*937 *923
801 788
670 657
539 526
60
61
62
63
64
113
.88882
650
417
183
090
859
626
393
160
067
836
603
370
136
044
812
580
347
113
021
789
557
323
089
*998
766
533
300
066
*975
743
510
277
042
*951 *928 *905
720 696 673
487 463 440
253 230 206
019 *995 *972
400
272
142
010
877
65
66
67
68
69
.87948
713
477
241
004
925
689
454
218
*981
901
666
430
194
*957
878
642
406
170
*933
854
619
383
147
*909
831
595
359
123
*885
807
572
336
099
*862
784 760 737
548 524 501
312 288 265
075 052 028
*838 *814 *790
742
606
467
326
182
70
71
72
73
74
.86766
527
287
047
.85806
742
503
263
022
781
718
479
239
*998
757
694
455
215
*974
733
671
431
191
*950
709
647
407
167
*926
685
623
383
143
*902
661
599 575 551
339 335 311
119 095 071
*878 *854 *830
636 612 588
065
*914
757
597
433
050 035
*898 *883
742 726
581 565
416 400
75
76
77
78
79
564
322
079
.84835
590
540
297
055
811
566
515
273
031
787
541
491 467 443 419 394 370 346
249 225 200 176 152 128 103
006 *982 *958 *933 *909 *884 *860
762 738 713 689 664 640 615
517 492 467 443 418 393 369
281
108
*932
752
568
264
091
*914
734
550
247 230
074 056
*896 *878
715 697
531 512
80
81
82
83
84
344
096
.83848
599
348
319
072
823
574
323
294
047
798
549
297
270
022
773
523
272
245
*997
748
498
247
220
*972
723
473
222
196
*947
698
448
196
171 146 121
*923 *898 *873
674 649 624
423 398 373
171 146 120
400
211
017
820
620
382
192
*997
800
599
363
172
*978
780
579
344 325
153 134
*958 *939
760 740
559 539
85
86
87
88
89
095
.82840
583
323
062
070
815
557
297
035
044
789
531
271
009
019
763
505
245
*983
*994
738
479
219
*956
*968
712
453
193
*930
*943
686
427
167
*903
*917 *892 *866
660 635 609
401 375 349
140 114 088
*877 *850 *824
437
232
023
812
600
417
212
002
791
579
396
191
*981
770
557
376
170
*960
749
536
356 335
149 129
*939 *918
728 707
515 493
90
91
92
93
94
.81797
529
257
.80983
705
770
502
230
955
677
744
475
203
928
649
717
448
175
900
621
690
421
148
872
593
664
394
120
844
565
637
366
093
817
537
386
171
*954
736
516
365
150
*932
714
494
343
128
*910
692
472
322
106
*889
670
450
300 279
085 063
*867 *845
648 626
428 406
95
96
97
98
99
424
138
.79846
547
243
395
109
816
517
213
367
080
787
487
182
338
051
757
456
151
310 281 253 224 195 166
022 *993 *963 *934 *905 *875
727 698 668 638 608 578
426 396 365 335 305 274
120 089 059 028 *997 *966
100
.78934
*Indicates change in the first two decimal places.
8
%
alcohol
by
weight
9
673 655
489 471
310 292
137 120
*971 *954
811
658
508
360
215
610
339
066
789
509
8
583
312
038
761
480
9
556
285
010
733
452
2-114
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-112
%
alcohol
by
volume
at 60°F
0
1
2
3
4
Specific Gravity (60°/60°F [(15.56°/15.56°C)]) of Mixtures by Volume of C2H5OH and H2O
Tenths of %
0
1
1.00000 *985
0.99850 835
703 688
559 545
419 405
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
*970
820
674
531
391
*955
806
659
516
378
*940
791
645
502
364
*925
776
630
488
350
*910
761
616
474
336
*895
747
602
460
323
*880
732
587
446
309
865
717
573
432
296
176 163
047 035
*923 *911
803 791
684 672
%
alcohol
by
volume
at 60°F
Tenths of %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
50
51
52
53
54
0.93426
230
031
.92830
626
407
210
011
810
605
387
190
*991
789
585
368
171
*971
769
564
348
151
*951
749
544
328
131
*931
728
523
309
111
*911
708
502
55
56
57
58
59
419
210
.91999
784
565
398
189
978
762
543
377
168
956
741
521
357
147
935
719
499
336
126
914
697
477
315
105
892
675
455
294
084
871
653
433
7
8
9
289 270 250
091 071 051
*890 *870 *850
688 667 647
482 461 440
5
6
7
8
9
282
150
022
.98899
779
269
137
009
887
767
255
124
*997
875
755
242
111
*984
863
743
228
098
*972
851
731
215
085
*960
838
720
202
073
*947
826
708
189
060
*935
814
696
10
11
12
13
14
661
544
430
319
210
649
532
419
308
200
637
521
408
297
190
625
509
396
286
179
614
498
385
275
168
602
487
374
264
157
590
475
363
254
147
579
464
352
243
136
567
452
341
232
125
556
441
330
221
115
60
61
62
63
64
344
120
.90893
664
434
322
097
870
641
411
299
075
847
618
388
277
052
825
595
365
255
030
802
572
341
232
007
779
549
318
210
*984
756
526
295
15
16
17
18
19
104
.97998
895
794
694
093
988
885
784
684
083
977
875
774
674
072
967
864
764
664
062
956
854
754
654
051
946
844
744
645
040
936
834
734
635
030
925
824
724
625
019
915
814
714
615
009
905
804
704
605
65
66
67
68
69
202
.89967
729
489
245
179
943
705
465
220
155
920
681
441
196
132
896
657
416
171
108
872
633
392
147
085
848
609
368
122
061
825
585
343
098
038
801
561
319
073
014 *991
777 753
537 513
295 270
048 024
20
21
22
23
24
596
496
395
293
189
586
486
385
283
179
576
476
375
272
168
566
466
365
262
158
556
456
354
252
147
546
446
344
241
137
536
436
334
231
126
526
425
324
221
116
516
415
313
210
105
506
405
303
200
095
70
71
72
73
74
.88999
751
499
244
.87987
974
725
474
218
961
950
700
448
193
935
925
675
423
167
910
900
650
397
141
884
875
625
372
116
858
850
600
346
090
832
825
574
321
064
806
801
549
296
039
780
25
26
27
28
29
084
.96978
870
760
648
073
967
859
749
637
063
957
848
738
625
052
946
837
727
614
042
935
826
715
603
031
924
815
704
591
020
914
804
693
580
010
903
793
682
568
*999 *988
892 881
782 771
671 659
557 546
75
76
77
78
79
728
465
199
.86929
656
702
439
172
902
629
676
412
145
875
601
650
386
118
847
574
623
359
092
820
546
597
332
065
793
518
571
306
038
766
491
545 518 492
279 252 226
011 *984 *957
738 711 684
463 435 408
30
31
32
33
34
534
418
296
170
041
522
406
284
157
028
511
394
271
144
015
499
382
259
132
002
488
370
246
119
*988
476
358
234
106
*975
464
346
221
093
*962
453
334
209
080
*948
441 429
321 309
196 183
067 054
*935 *921
80
81
82
83
84
380
100
.85817
531
240
352
072
789
502
211
324
044
760
473
181
296
015
732
444
152
269
*987
703
415
122
241
*959
674
386
093
213
*931
646
357
063
185 157 129
*902 *874 *846
617 588 560
328 299 270
033 004 *974
35
36
37
38
39
.95908
770
628
482
332
894
756
614
467
317
881
742
599
452
302
867
728
585
437
286
854
714
570
423
271
840
700
556
408
256
826
685
541
393
240
812
671
526
378
225
784
643
497
347
194
85
86
87
88
89
.84944
642
336
025
.83707
914
612
305
*994
675
884
581
274
*962
643
854
551
243
*930
610
824
520
212
*899
578
794
490
181
*867
545
764
459
150
*835
513
734 703 673
428 398 367
119 088 056
*803 *771 *739
480 447 415
40
41
42
43
44
178
020
.94858
693
524
162
004
842
676
507
147
*988
825
660
490
131
*972
809
643
473
115
*956
792
626
455
100
*940
776
609
438
084
*923
759
592
421
068
*907
743
575
403
052 036
*891 *875
726 710
558 541
386 369
90
91
92
93
94
382
049
.82705
351
.81984
349
015
670
315
947
315
*981
635
279
909
282
*947
600
243
871
249
*913
565
206
834
216
*879
529
170
796
183
*845
494
133
757
150 116 083
*810 *776 *741
458 423 387
096 059 022
719 681 642
45
46
47
48
49
351
174
.93993
808
619
334
156
975
789
600
316
138
956
771
581
298
120
938
752
562
281
102
920
733
543
263
084
901
714
523
245
066
883
695
504
228
048
864
676
485
95
96
97
98
99
603
206
.80792
356
.79889
564
165
750
311
841
525
125
707
265
792
486
084
664
219
743
446
042
620
173
693
407
001
577
127
643
367
*960
533
080
593
327 287 247
*918 *876 *834
489 445 401
033 *985 *937
543 492 441
100
389
*Indicates change in first two decimal places.
798
657
512
362
209
210
030
845
657
465
192
011
827
638
446
273
062
849
631
410
252
041
827
610
388
231
020
806
588
366
188 165 143
*962 *939 *916
733 710 687
503 480 457
272 249 225
776
524
270
013
754
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
2-115
TABLE 2-113 n-Propyl Alcohol (C3H7OH)
%
0°C
15°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C
30°C
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999
.9982
.9967
.9952
.9939
0.9991
.9974
.9960
.9944
.9929
0.9957
.9940
.9924
.9908
.9893
20
21
22
23
24
0.9789
.9776
.9763
.9748
.9733
0.9723
.9705
.9688
.9670
.9651
0.9643
.9622
.9602
.9583
.9563
40
41
42
43
44
0.9430
.9411
.9391
.9371
.9352
0.9331
.9310
.9290
.9269
.9248
0.9226
.9205
.9184
.9164
.9143
60
61
62
63
64
0.9033
.9013
.8994
.8974
.8954
0.8922
.8902
.8882
.8861
.8841
0.8807
.8786
.8766
.8745
.8724
80
81
82
83
84
0.8634
.8614
.8594
.8574
.8554
0.8516
.8496
.8475
.8454
.8434
0.8394
.8373
.8352
.8332
.8311
5
6
7
8
9
.9926
.9914
.9904
.9894
.9883
.9915
.9902
.9890
.9877
.9864
.9877
.9862
.9848
.9834
.9819
25
26
27
28
29
.9717
.9700
.9682
.9664
.9646
.9633
.9614
.9594
.9576
.9556
.9543
.9522
.9501
.9481
.9460
45
46
47
48
49
.9332
.9311
.9291
.9272
.9252
.9228
.9207
.9186
.9165
.9145
.9122
.9100
.9079
.9057
.9036
65
66
67
68
69
.8934
.8913
.8894
.8874
.8854
.8820
.8800
.8779
.8759
.8739
.8703
.8682
.8662
.8641
.8620
85
86
87
88
89
.8534
.8513
.8492
.8471
.8450
.8413
.8393
.8372
.8351
.8330
.8290
.8269
.8248
.8227
.8206
10
11
12
13
14
.9874
.9865
.9857
.9849
.9841
.9852
.9840
.9828
.9817
.9806
.9804
.9790
.9775
.9760
.9746
30
31
32
33
34
.9627
.9608
.9589
.9570
.9550
.9535
.9516
.9495
.9474
.9454
.9439
.9418
.9396
.9375
.9354
50
51
52
53
54
.9232
.9213
.9192
.9173
.9153
.9124
.9104
.9084
.9064
.9044
.9015
.8994
.8973
.8952
.8931
70
71
72
73
74
.8835
.8815
.8795
.8776
.8756
.8719
.8700
.8680
.8659
.8639
.8600
.8580
.8559
.8539
.8518
90
91
92
93
94
.8429
.8408
.8387
.8364
.8342
.8308
.8287
.8266
.8244
.8221
.8185
.8164
.8142
.8120
.8098
15
16
17
18
19
.9833
.9825
.9817
.9808
.9800
.9793
.9780
.9768
.9752
.9739
.9730
.9714
.9698
.9680
.9661
35
36
37
38
39
.9530
.9511
.9491
.9471
.9450
.9434
.9413
.9392
.9372
.9351
.9333
.9312
.9289
.9269
.9247
55
56
57
58
59
.9132
.9112
.9093
.9073
.9053
.9023
.9003
.8983
.8963
.8942
.8911
.8890
.8869
.8849
.8828
75
76
77
78
79
.8736
.8716
.8695
.8675
.8655
.8618
.8598
.8577
.8556
.8536
.8497
.8477
.8456
.8435
.8414
95
96
97
98
99
.8320
.8296
.8272
.8248
.8222
.8199
.8176
.8153
.8128
.8104
.8077
.8054
.8031
.8008
.7984
100
.8194
.8077
.7958
TABLE 2-114
Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H7OH)
%
0°C
15°C*
15°C*
20°C
30°C
%
0°C
0
1
2
3
4
0.9999
.9980
.9962
.9946
.9930
0.9991
.9973
.9956
.9938
.9922
0.99913
.9972
.9954
.9936
.9920
0.9982
.9962
.9944
.9926
.9909
0.9957
.9939
.9921
.9904
.9887
35
36
37
38
39
0.9557
.9536
.9514
.9493
.9472
5
6
7
8
9
.9916
.9902
.9890
.9878
.9866
.9906
.9892
.9878
.9864
.9851
.9904
.9890
.9875
.9862
.9849
.9893
.9877
.9862
.9847
.9833
.9871
.9855
.9839
.9824
.9809
40
41
42
43
44
.9450
.9428
.9406
.9384
.9361
10
11
12
13
14
.9856
.9846
.9838
.9829
.9821
.9838
.9826
.9813
.9802
.9790
.98362
.9824
.9812
.9800
.9788
.9820
.9808
.9797
.9876
.9776
.9794
.9778
.9764
.9750
.9735
45
46
47
48
49
15
16
17
18
19
.9814
.9806
.9799
.9792
.9784
.9779
.9768
.9756
.9745
.9730
.9777
.9765
.9753
.9741
.9728
.9765
.9754
.9743
.9731
.9717
.9720
.9705
.9690
.9675
.9658
20
21
22
23
24
.9777
.9768
.9759
.9749
.9739
.9719
.9704
.9690
.9675
.9660
.97158
.9703
.9689
.9674
.9659
.9703
.9688
.9669
.9651
.9634
25
26
27
28
29
.9727
.9714
.9699
.9684
.9669
.9643
.9626
.9608
.9590
.9570
.9642
.9624
.9605
.9586
.9568
30
31
32
33
34
.9652
.9634
.9615
.9596
.9577
.9551
.95493
.9530
.9510
.9489
.9468
15°C*
15°C*
20°C
30°C
%
0°C
15°C*
15°C*
20°C
30°C
0.9446
.9424
.9401
.9379
.9356
0.9419
.9399
.9377
.9355
.9333
0.9338
.9315
.9292
.9269
.9246
70
71
72
73
74
0.8761
.8738
.8714
.8691
.8668
0.8639
.8615
.8592
.8568
.8545
0.86346
.8611
.8588
.8564
.8541
0.8584
.8560
.8537
.8513
.8489
0.8511
.8487
.8464
.8440
.8416
.93333
.9311
.9288
.9266
.9243
.9310
.9287
.9264
.9239
.9215
.9224
.9201
.9177
.9154
.9130
75
76
77
78
79
.8644
.8621
.8598
.8575
.8551
.8521
.8497
.8474
.8450
.8426
.8517
.8493
.8470
.8446
.8422
.8464
.8439
.8415
.8391
.8366
.8392
.8368
.8344
.8321
.8297
.9338
.9315
.9292
.9270
.9247
.9220
.9197
.9174
.9150
.9127
.9191
.9165
.9141
.9117
.9093
.9106
.9082
.9059
.9036
.9013
80
81
82
83
84
.8528
.8503
.8479
.8456
.8432
.8403
.8379
.8355
.8331
.8307
.83979
.8374
.8350
.8326
.8302
.8342
.8317
.8292
.8268
.8243
.8273
.8248
.8224
.8200
.8175
50
51
52
53
54
.9224
.9201
.9178
.9155
.9132
.91043
.9081
.9058
.9035
.9011
.9069
.9044
.9020
.8996
.8971
.8990
.8966
.8943
.8919
.8895
85
86
87
88
89
.8408
.8384
.8360
.8336
.8311
.8282
.8259
.8234
.8209
.8184
.8278
.8254
.8229
.8205
.8180
.8219
.8194
.8169
.8145
.8120
.8151
.8127
.8201
.8078
.8053
.9642
.9624
.9606
.9587
.9569
55
56
57
58
59
.9109
.9086
.9063
.9040
.9017
.8988
.8964
.8940
.8917
.8893
.8946
.8921
.8896
.8874
.8850
.8871
.8847
.8823
.8800
.8777
90
91
92
93
94
.8287
.8262
.8237
.8212
.8186
.8161
.8136
.8110
.8085
.8060
.81553
.8130
.8104
.8079
.8052
.8096
.8072
.8047
.8023
.7998
.8029
.8004
.7979
.7954
.7929
.9615
.9597
.9577
.9558
.9540
.9549
.9529
.9509
.9488
.9467
60
61
62
63
64
.8994
.8970
.8947
.8924
.8901
0.8829
.8805
.8781
.88690
.8845
.8821
.8798
.8775
.8825
.8800
.8776
.8751
.8727
.8752
.8728
.8704
.8680
.8656
95
96
97
98
99
.8160
.8133
.8106
.8078
.8048
.8034
.8008
.7981
.7954
.7926
.8026
.7999
.7972
.7945
.7918
.7973
.7949
.7925
.7901
.7877
.7904
.7878
.7852
.7826
.7799
.9520
.9500
.9481
.9460
.9440
.9446
.9426
.9405
.9383
.9361
65
66
67
68
69
.8878
.8854
.8831
.8807
.8784
.8757
.8733
.8710
.8686
.8662
.8752
.8728
.8705
.8682
.8658
.8702
.8679
.8656
.8632
.8609
.8631
.8607
.8583
.8559
.8535
100
.8016
.7896
.78913
.7854
.7770
*Two different observers; see International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 120.
2-116
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-115
Glycerol*
Density
Density
Glycerol,
%
15°C
15.5°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
Glycerol,
%
15°C
15.5°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
Glycerol,
%
15°C
100
99
98
97
96
1.26415
1.26160
1.25900
1.25645
1.25385
1.26381
1.26125
1.25865
1.25610
1.25350
1.26108
1.25850
1.25590
1.25335
1.25080
1.15802
1.25545
1.25290
1.25030
1.24770
1.25495
1.25235
1.24975
1.24710
1.24450
65
64
63
62
61
1.17030
1.16755
1.16480
1.16200
1.15925
1.17000
1.16725
1.16445
1.16170
1.15895
1.16750
1.16475
1.16205
1.15930
1.15655
1.16475
1.16200
1.15925
1.15655
1.15380
1.16195
1.15925
1.15650
1.15375
1.15100
30
29
28
27
26
95
94
93
92
91
1.25130
1.24865
1.24600
1.24340
1.24075
1.25095
1.24830
1.24565
1.24305
1.24040
1.24825
1.24560
1.24300
1.24035
1.23770
1.24515
1.24250
1.23985
1.23725
1.23460
1.24190
1.23930
1.23670
1.23410
1.23150
60
59
58
57
56
1.15650
1.15370
1.15095
1.14815
1.14535
1.15615
1.15340
1.15065
1.14785
1.14510
1.15380
1.15105
1.14830
1.14555
1.14280
1.15105
1.14835
1.14560
1.14285
1.14015
1.14830
1.14555
1.14285
1.14010
1.13740
90
89
88
87
86
1.23810
1.23545
1.23280
1.23015
1.22750
1.23775
1.23510
1.23245
1.22980
1.22710
1.23510
1.23245
1.22975
1.22710
1.22445
1.23200
1.22935
1.22665
1.22400
1.22135
1.22890
1.22625
1.22360
1.22095
1.21830
55
54
53
52
51
1.14260
1.13980
1.13705
1.13425
1.13150
1.14230
1.13955
1.13680
1.13400
1.13125
1.14005
1.13730
1.13455
1.13180
1.12905
1.13740
1.13465
1.13195
1.12920
1.12650
85
84
83
82
81
1.22485
1.22220
1.21955
1.21690
1.21425
1.22445
1.22180
1.21915
1.21650
1.21385
1.22180
1.21915
1.21650
1.21380
1.21115
1.21870
1.21605
1.21340
1.21075
1.20810
1.21565
1.21300
1.21035
1.20770
1.20505
50
49
48
47
46
1.12870
1.12600
1.12325
1.12055
1.11780
1.12845
1.12575
1.12305
1.12030
1.11760
1.12630
1.12360
1.12090
1.11820
1.11550
80
79
78
77
76
1.21160
1.20885
1.20610
1.20335
1.20060
1.21120
1.20845
1.20570
1.20300
1.20025
1.20850
1.20575
1.20305
1.20030
1.19760
1.20545
1.20275
1.20005
1.19735
1.19465
1.20240
1.19970
1.19705
1.19435
1.19170
45
44
43
42
41
1.11510
1.11235
1.10960
1.10690
1.10415
1.11490
1.11215
1.10945
1.10670
1.10400
75
74
73
72
71
1.19785
1.19510
1.19235
1.18965
1.18690
1.19750
1.19480
1.19205
1.18930
1.18655
1.19485
1.19215
1.18940
1.18670
1.18395
1.19195
1.18925
1.18650
1.18380
1.18110
1.18900
1.18635
1.18365
1.18100
1.17830
40
39
38
37
36
1.10145
1.09875
1.09605
1.09340
1.09070
70
69
68
67
66
1.18415
1.18135
1.17860
1.17585
1.17305
1.18385
1.18105
1.17830
1.17555
1.17275
1.18125
1.17850
1.17575
1.17300
1.17025
1.17840
1.17565
1.17295
1.17020
1.16745
1.17565
1.17290
1.17020
1.16745
1.16470
35
34
33
32
31
1.08800
1.08530
1.08265
1.07995
1.07725
20°C
25°C
30°C
1.07455
1.07195
1.06935
1.06670
1.06410
1.07435
1.07175
1.06915
1.06655
1.06390
1.07270
1.07010
1.06755
1.06495
1.06240
1.07070
1.06815
1.06560
1.06305
1.06055
1.06855
1.06605
1.06355
1.06105
1.05855
25
24
23
22
21
1.06150
1.05885
1.05625
1.05365
1.05100
1.06130
1.05870
1.05610
1.05350
1.05090
1.05980
1.05720
1.05465
1.05205
1.04950
1.05800
1.05545
1.05290
1.05035
1.04780
1.05605
1.05350
1.05100
1.04850
1.04600
1.13470
1.13195
1.12925
1.12650
1.12380
20
19
18
17
16
1.04840
1.04590
1.04335
1.04085
1.03835
1.04825
1.04575
1.04325
1.04075
1.03825
1.04690
1.04440
1.04195
1.03945
1.03695
1.04525
1.04280
1.04035
1.03790
1.03545
1.04350
1.04105
1.03860
1.03615
1.03370
1.12375
1.12110
1.11840
1.11575
1.11310
1.12110
1.11845
1.11580
1.11320
1.11055
15
14
13
12
11
1.03580
1.03330
1.03080
1.02830
1.02575
1.03570
1.03320
1.03070
1.02820
1.02565
1.03450
1.03200
1.02955
1.02705
1.02455
1.03300
1.03055
1.02805
1.02560
1.02315
1.03130
1.02885
1.02640
1.02395
1.02150
1.11280
1.11010
1.10740
1.10470
1.10200
1.11040
1.10775
1.10510
1.10240
1.09975
1.10795
1.10530
1.10265
1.10005
1.09740
10
9
8
7
6
1.02325
1.02085
1.01840
1.01600
1.01360
1.02315
1.02075
1.01835
1.01590
1.01350
1.02210
1.01970
1.01730
1.01495
1.01255
1.02070
1.01835
1.01600
1.01360
1.01125
1.01905
1.01670
1.01440
1.01205
1.00970
1.10130
1.09860
1.09590
1.09320
1.09050
1.09930
1.09665
1.09400
1.09135
1.08865
1.09710
1.09445
1.09180
1.08915
1.08655
1.09475
1.09215
1.08955
1.08690
1.08430
5
4
3
2
1
1.01120
1.00875
1.00635
1.00395
1.00155
1.01110
1.00870
1.00630
1.00385
1.00145
1.01015
1.00780
1.00540
1.00300
1.00060
1.00890
1.00655
1.00415
1.00180
0.99945
1.00735
1.00505
1.00270
1.00035
0.99800
1.08780
1.08515
1.08245
1.07975
1.07705
1.08600
1.08335
1.08070
1.07800
1.07535
1.08390
1.08125
1.07860
1.07600
1.07335
1.08165
1.07905
1.07645
1.07380
1.07120
0
0.99913 0.99905 0.99823 0.99708 0.99568
*Bosart and Snoddy, Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, (1928): 1378.
TABLE 2-116
Density
15.5°C
Hydrazine (N2H4)
%
d 15
4
%
d 15
4
1
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
1.0002
1.0013
1.0034
1.0077
1.0121
1.0164
1.0207
1.0248
1.0286
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.0305
1.038
1.044
1.047
1.046
1.040
1.030
1.011
DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-117
2-117
Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds*
d (resp., dw, ds) = density of the solution (resp., water; resp., the pure liquid solute) in g/mL; ps (resp., pw) = wt % of solute (resp., water) in the solution; range =
range of applicability of the equation.
Section A
Name
Formula
t, °C
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
C2H4O
C2H5NO
Acetone
C3H6O
Acetonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Benzenepentacarboxylic acid
Butyl alcohol (n-)
C2H3N
C3H6O
C11H6O10
C4H10O
Butyric acid (n-)
C4H8O2
Chloral hydrate
C2H3Cl3O2
Chloroacetic acid
C2H3ClO2
Citric acid (hydrate)
C6H3O7 + H2O
Dichloroacetic acid
C2H2Cl2O2
Diethylamine hydrochloride
Ethylamine hydrochloride
C4H12ClN
C2H8ClN
Ethylene glycol
C2H6O2
Ethyl ether
tartrate
Formaldehyde
Formamide
C4H10O
C8H14O6
CH2O
CH3NO
Furfural
Isoamyl alcohol
C5H4O2
C5H12O
Isobutyl alcohol
C4H10O
Isobutyric acid
C4H8O2
Isovaleric acid
Lactic acid
Maleic acid
C5H10O2
C3H6O
C4H4O4
Malic acid
C4H6O5
Malonic acid
Methyl acetate
C3H4O4
C3H6O2
glucoside (α-)
C7H14O6
Nicotine
Nitrophenol (p-)
C10H14N2
C6H5NO3
Oxalic acid
C2H2O4
Phenol
C6H6O
Phenylglycolic acid
Picoline (α-)
(β-)
C8H8O3
C6H7N
C6H7N
Propionic acid
C3H6O2
Pyridine
Resorcinol
Succinic acid
C5H5N
C6H6O2
C4H6O4
Tartaric acid (d, l, or dl)
C4H6O6
*From “International Critical Tables,” vol. 3, pp. 111–114.
18
15
0
4
15
20
25
15
0
25
20
18
25
0
15
30
20
25
18
20
25
21
21
0
15
20
25
15
15
25
20
25
20
15
20
15
18
25
25
25
25
20
25
20
20
0
30
20
15
0
15
17.5
20
25
15
80
25
25
25
18
25
25
18
25
15
17.5
20
30
40
50
60
d = d w + Aps + Bp s2 + Cp3s
Range, ps
A
B
0– 30
0– 6
0–100
0–100
0–100
0–100
0–100
0– 16
0– 89
0– 0.6
0– 7.9
0– 10
0– 62
0– 70
0– 78
0– 90
0– 32
0– 86
0– 50
0– 30
0– 97
0– 36
0– 65
0–100
0– 6
0– 5
0– 4.5
0– 95
0– 40
22– 96
0– 8
0– 8
0– 2.5
0– 8
0– 8
0– 9
0– 9
0– 12
0– 5
0– 9
0– 40
0– 40
0– 40
0– 40
0– 20
26– 51
26– 51
0– 60
0– 1.5
0– 4
0– 4
0– 9
0– 4
0– 4
0– 5
0– 65
0– 11
0– 70
0– 60
0– 10
0– 40
0– 60
0– 52
0– 5.5
0– 15
0– 50
0– 50
0– 50
0– 50
0– 50
0– 50
+0.03255
+0.03639
−0.03856
−0.027648
−0.021009
−0.021233
−0.021171
−0.021175
−0.033729
+0.025615
−0.021651
+0.03414
+0.035135
+0.024489
+0.024455
+0.024401
+0.023648
+0.023602
+0.023824
+0.024427
+0.024427
+0.0334
+0.021193
+0.021483
+0.02133
−0.02221
−0.02221
+0.022367
+0.022518
+0.021217
+0.021827
+0.021664
+0.02155
−0.02146
−0.02169
+0.0352
+0.0345
+0.0337
+0.03253
+0.02231
+0.0234
+0.023933
+0.023736
+0.02389
+0.0340
+0.023336
+0.023151
+0.03642
+0.023216
+0.025898
+0.02494
+0.02494
+0.025264
+0.025108
+0.02111
+0.03462
+0.02207
−0.04386
−0.04683
+0.0395
+0.039245
+0.03229
+0.02201
+0.02304
+0.024482
+0.024455
+0.024432
+0.024335
+0.024265
+0.024205
+0.024155
−0.0516
+0.04171
−0.05449
−0.041193
−0.059682
−0.053529
−0.05904
−0.042024
−0.041232
−0.02117
+0.04285
+0.04131
−0.04166
+0.042802
+0.042198
+0.041887
+0.05302
+0.05552
+0.041141
+0.05537
+0.05537
+0.0676
−0.05307
+0.052992
−0.05108
+0.0448
+0.0435
+0.05358
−0.05658
+0.053199
+0.05366
+0.0421
+0.043
+0.056
+0.0438
−0.04282
+0.05186
+0.0575
+0.05957
+0.04175
+0.041066
−0.0574
+0.05996
+0.05975
+0.05454
−0.0455
−0.033185
−0.058
−0.058
−0.031996
−0.031607
−0.04283
−0.0686
+0.0423
−0.051405
−0.0513
−0.04172
−0.0599
−0.05204
+0.05519
+0.04185
+0.04185
+0.041837
+0.04185
+0.04185
+0.04185
+0.04185
C
−0.07588
+0.08272
−0.08624
−0.075327
−0.0856
+0.072984
+0.0611
−0.071291
+0.074366
+0.076549
+0.0722
+0.0717
+0.077534
+0.077534
−0.0747
−0.075248
−0.076005
+0.06542
−0.072529
+0.01544
+0.08978
−0.07687
+0.0441
+0.04254
+0.04208
−0.074167
+0.07361
−0.0828
−0.0819
2-118
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-117
Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds (Concluded )
d = d w + Aps + Bp s2 + Cp3s (Cont.)
Section A
Name
t, °C
Formula
Tetraethyl ammonium chloride
Thiourea
C8H20ClN
CH4N2S
Trichloroacetic acid
C2HCl3O2
Triethylamine hydrochloride
C6H16ClN
Trimethyl carbinol
C4H10O
Urea
CH4N2O
Urethane
Valeric acid (n-)
C3H7NO2
C5H10O2
Name
Formula
C4H10O
C4H8O2
C4H10O
Isobutyl alcohol
C4H10O
Isobutyric acid
Nicotine
Picoline (α-)
(β-)
Pyridine
Trimethyl carbinol
C4H8O2
C10H14N2
C6H7N
C6H7N
C5H5N
C4H10O
Name
Chloral hydrate
C2H3Cl3O2
Ethyl tartrate
C7H14O6
Furfural
C5H4O2
Pyridine
C5H5N
B
C
+0.056
+0.05374
+0.04153
+0.041387
+0.056119
+0.05558
−0.041908
−0.04176
−0.044802
+0.051552
+0.053712
−0.041817
−0.05245
−0.0427
+0.07122
t, °C
Range, pw
A
B
20
25
25
0
15
26
20
25
25
25
20
0–20
0–38
0– 1.1
0–14
0–16
0–80
0–40
0–30
0–40
0–40
0–20
+0.022103
+0.021854
+0.0234
+0.022437
+0.02224
+0.021808
+0.02199
+0.022715
+0.021925
+0.021157
+0.022287
−0.04113
−0.042314
+0.0336
−0.04285
−0.04129
−0.042358
−0.04331
−0.04393
−0.04352
−0.05536
+0.05275
+0.061038
−0.0869
+0.07957
+0.07887
+0.051216
+0.072573
−0.072285
+0.051379
−0.073437
d = ds + Apw + Bp 2w + Cp 3w
ds
C
+0.061253
+0.07315
+0.0625
−0.062
dt = do + At + Bt2
ps
do
Range, °C
A
B
76.60
80.95
2.00
10.00
5.00
10.00
25.00
4.62
5.69
6.56
9.34
21.20
29.50
40.40
0.9122
0.8614
1.0094
1.0476
1.0150
1.0270
1.0665
1.0125
1.0140
1.0155
1.0055
1.0115
1.0145
1.0182
0–45
0–43
7–80
7–80
15–80
15–80
15–80
22–74
22–74
22–74
11–73
14–73
12–72
9–74
−0.038
−0.037292
−0.042597
−0.047955
−0.032103
−0.032116
−0.03401
−0.03232
−0.03221
−0.03211
−0.03171
−0.03378
−0.03463
−0.03605
−0.0527
−0.0675
−0.054313
−0.054253
−0.052544
−0.062929
−0.0523
−0.05254
−0.05268
−0.05290
−0.053615
−0.05248
−0.05235
−0.05167
Formula
C3H6O
C4H10O
A
+0.031884
+0.022995
+0.02499
+0.025053
+0.025051
+0.046
−0.02117
−0.021286
+0.023213
+0.022718
+0.022702
+0.022728
+0.021278
+0.0334
0.8097
0.9534
0.7077
0.8170
0.8055
0.9425
1.0093
0.9404
0.9515
0.9776
0.7856
Section C
Allyl alcohol
Butyl alcohol (n-)
0– 63
0– 7
0– 61
10– 30
0– 94
0– 54
0–100
0–100
0– 12
0– 51
0– 35
0– 10
0– 56
0– 3
Section B
Butyl alcohol (n-)
Butyric acid (n-)
Ethyl ether
Range, ps
21
15
12.5
20
25
21
20
25
14.8
18
20
25
20
25
DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
2-119
DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
TABLE 2-118
Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids*
Water at 4°C and normal atmospheric pressure taken as unity. For more detailed data on any material, see the section dealing with the properties of that material.
Substance
Sp. gr.
Aver.
weight
lb/ft 3
Sp. gr.
Aver.
weight
lb/ft 3
Metals, Alloys, Ores
Aluminum, cast-hammered
bronze
Brass, cast-rolled
Bronze, 7.9 to 14% Sn
phosphor
2.55–2.80
7.7
8.4–8.7
7.4–8.9
8.88
165
481
534
509
554
Timber, Air-dry
Apple
Ash, black
white
Birch, sweet, yellow
Cedar, white, red
0.66–0.74
0.55
0.64–0.71
0.71–0.72
0.35
44
34
42
44
22
Copper, cast-rolled
ore, pyrites
German silver
Gold, cast-hammered
coin (U.S.)
8.8–8.95
4.1–4.3
8.58
19.25–19.35
17.18–17.2
556
262
536
1205
1073
Cherry, wild red
Chestnut
Cypress
Elm, white
Fir, Douglas
0.43
0.48
0.45–0.48
0.56
0.48–0.55
27
30
29
35
32
Iridium
Iron, gray cast
cast, pig
wrought
spiegeleisen
21.78–22.42
7.03–7.13
7.2
7.6–7.9
7.5
1383
442
450
485
468
balsam
Hemlock
Hickory
Locust
Mahogany
0.40
0.45–0.50
0.74–0.80
0.67–0.77
0.56–0.85
25
29
48
45
44
ferro-silicon
ore, hematite
ore, limonite
ore, magnetite
slag
6.7–7.3
5.2
3.6–4.0
4.9–5.2
2.5–3.0
437
325
237
315
172
Maple, sugar
white
Oak, chestnut
live
red, black
0.68
0.53
0.74
0.87
0.64–0.71
43
33
46
54
42
Lead
ore, galena
Manganese
ore, pyrolusite
Mercury
11.34
7.3–7.6
7.42
3.7–4.6
13.6
710
465
475
259
849
white
Pine, Norway
Oregon
red
Southern
white
0.77
0.55
0.51
0.48
0.61–0.67
0.43
48
34
32
30
38–42
27
8.97
8.9
21.5
10.4–10.6
7.83
7.80
7.70–7.73
7.2–7.5
6.4–7.0
19.22
555
537
1330
656
489
487
481
459
418
1200
Poplar
Redwood, California
Spruce, white, red
Teak, African
Indian
Walnut, black
Willow
0.43
0.42
0.45
0.99
0.66–0.88
0.59
0.42–0.50
27
26
28
62
48
37
28
6.9–7.2
3.9–4.2
440
253
Various Solids
Cereals, oats, bulk
barley, bulk
corn, rye, bulk
wheat, bulk
Cork
Various Liquids
Alcohol, ethyl (100%)
methyl (100%)
Acid, muriatic, 40%
nitric, 91%
sulfuric, 87%
0.789
0.796
1.20
1.50
1.80
49
50
75
94
112
0.51
0.62
0.73
0.77
0.22–0.26
26
39
45
48
15
Chloroform
Ether
Lye, soda, 66%
Oils, vegetable
mineral, lubricants
1.500
0.736
1.70
0.91–0.94
0.88–0.94
95
46
106
58
57
Cotton, flax, hemp
Fats
Flour, loose
pressed
Glass, common
1.47–1.50
0.90–0.97
0.40–0.50
0.70–0.80
2.40–2.80
93
58
28
47
162
0.861–0.867
1.0
0.9584
0.88–0.92
0.125
54
62.428
59.830
56
8
1.02–1.03
64
Ashlar Masonry
Bluestone
Granite, syenite, gneiss
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
2.3–2.6
2.4–2.7
2.1–2.8
2.4–2.8
2.0–2.6
153
159
153
162
143
Rubble Masonry
Bluestone
Granite, syenite, gneiss
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
2.2–2.5
2.3–2.6
2.0–2.7
2.3–2.7
1.9–2.5
147
153
147
156
137
Monel metal, rolled
Nickel
Platinum, cast-hammered
Silver, cast-hammered
Steel, cold-drawn
machine
tool
Tin, cast-hammered
cassiterite
Tungsten
Zinc, cast-rolled
blende
plate or crown
crystal
dint
Hay and straw, bales
Leather
2.45–2.72
2.90–3.00
3.2–4.7
0.32
0.86–1.02
161
184
247
20
59
Paper
Potatoes, piled
Rubber, caoutchouc
goods
Salt, granulated, piled
0.70–1.15
0.67
0.92–0.96
1.0–2.0
0.77
58
44
59
94
48
Saltpeter
Starch
Sulfur
Wool
1.07
1.53
1.93–2.07
1.32
67
96
125
82
Substance
Turpentine
Water, 4°C max. density
100°C
ice
snow, fresh fallen
sea water
*From Marks, Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill.
Sp. gr.
Aver.
weight
lb/ft 3
Dry Rubble Masonry
Granite, syenite, gneiss
Limestone, marble
Sandstone, bluestone
1.9–2.3
1.9–2.1
1.8–1.9
130
125
110
Brick Masonry
Hard brick
Medium brick
Soft brick
Sand-lime brick
1.8–2.3
1.6–2.0
1.4–1.9
1.4–2.2
128
112
103
112
Concrete Masonry
Cement, stone, sand
slag, etc.
cinder, etc.
2.2–2.4
1.9–2.3
1.5–1.7
144
130
100
0.64–0.72
1.5
0.85–1.00
1.4–1.9
2.08–2.25
40–45
94
53–64
103
94–135
Portland cement
Slags, bank slag
bank screenings
machine slag
slag sand
3.1–3.2
1.1–1.2
1.5–1.9
1.5
0.8–0.9
196
67–72
98–117
96
49–55
Earth, etc., Excavated
Clay, dry
damp plastic
and gravel, dry
Earth, dry, loose
dry, packed
moist, loose
moist, packed
mud, flowing
mud, packed
Riprap, limestone
1.0
1.76
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.3–1.4
63
110
100
76
95
78
96
108
115
80–85
1.4
1.7
1.4–1.7
1.6–1.9
1.89–2.16
90
105
90–105
100–120
126
1.28
1.44
0.96
1.00
1.12
1.00
80
90
60
65
70
65
Asbestos
Barytes
Basait
Bauxite
Bluestone
2.1–2.8
4.50
2.7–3.2
2.55
2.5–2.6
153
281
184
159
159
Borax
Chalk
Clay, marl
Dolomite
Feldspar, orthoclase
1.7–1.8
1.8–2.8
1.8–2.6
2.9
2.5–2.7
109
143
137
181
162
Gneiss
Granite
Greenstone, trap
Gypsum, alabaster
Hornblende
Limestone
Marble
Magnesite
Phosphate rock, apatite
Porphyry
2.7–2.9
2.6–2.7
2.8–3.2
2.3–2.8
3.0
2.1–2.86
2.6–2.86
3.0
3.2
2.6–2.9
175
165
187
159
187
155
170
187
200
172
Substance
Various Building Materials
Ashes, cinders
Cement, Portland, loose
Lime, gypsum, loose
Mortar, lime, set
Portland cement
Riprap, sandstone
Riprap, shale
Sand, gravel, dry, loose
gravel, dry, packed
gravel, wet
Excavations in Water
Clay
River mud
Sand or gravel
and clay
Soil
Stone riprap
Minerals
2-120
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-118
Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids (Concluded )
Water at 4°C and normal atmospheric pressure taken as unity. For more detailed data on any material, see the section dealing with the properties of that material.
Substance
Sp. gr.
Minerals (Cont.)
Pumice, natural
Quartz, flint
Sandstone
Serpentine
Shale, slate
Soapstone, talc
Syenite
Stone, Quarried, Piled
Basalt, granite, gneiss
Greenstone, hornblende
Limestone, marble, quartz
Sandstone
Shale
NOTE:
Aver.
weight
lb/ft3
0.37–0.90
2.5–2.8
2.0–2.6
2.7–2.8
2.6–2.9
40
165
143
171
172
2.6–2.8
2.6–2.7
169
165
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.5
96
107
95
82
92
Substance
Aver.
weight
lb/ft 3
Sp. gr.
Bituminous Substances
Asphaltum
Coal, anthracite
bituminous
lignite
peat, turf, dry
1.1–1.5
1.4–1.8
1.2–1.5
1.1–1.4
0.65–0.85
81
97
84
78
47
charcoal, pine
charcoal, oak
coke
Graphite
Paraffin
0.28–0.44
0.47–0.57
1.0–1.4
1.64–2.7
0.87–0.91
23
33
75
135
56
Substance
Sp. gr.
Aver.
weight
lb/ft3
Bituminous Substances (Cont.)
Petroleum
refined (kerosene)
benzine
gasoline
Pitch
Tar, bituminous
0.87
0.78–0.82
0.73–0.75
0.70–0.75
1.07–1.15
1.20
54
50
46
45
69
75
Coal and Coke, Piled
Coal, anthracite
bituminous, lignite
peat, turf
charcoal
coke
0.75–0.93
0.64–0.87
0.32–0.42
0.16–0.23
0.37–0.51
47–58
40–54
20–26
10–14
23–32
To convert pounds per cubic foot to kilograms per cubic meter, multiply by 16.02. °F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
TABLE 2-119
Density (kg/m3) of Selected Elements as a Function of Temperature
Element symbol
Temperature,
K*
Al
Be†
Cr
Cu
Au
Ir
Fe
Pb
Mo
Ni
Pt
Ag
Zn†
50
100
150
200
250
2736
2732
2726
2719
2710
3650
3640
3630
3620
3610
7160
7155
7150
7145
7140
9019
9009
8992
8973
8951
19,490
19,460
19,420
19,380
19,340
22,600
22,580
22,560
22,540
22,520
7910
7900
7890
7880
7870
11,570
11,520
11,470
11,430
11,380
10,260
10,260
10,250
10,250
10,250
8960
8950
8940
8930
8910
21,570
21,550
21,530
21,500
21,470
10,620
10,600
10,575
10,550
10,520
7280
7260
7230
7200
7170
300
400
500
600
800
2701
2681
2661
2639
2591
3600
3580
3555
3530
7135
7120
7110
7080
7040
8930
8885
8837
8787
8686
19,300
19,210
19,130
19,040
18,860
22,500
22,450
22,410
22,360
22,250
7860
7830
7800
7760
7690
11,330
11,230
11,130
11,010
10,430
10,240
10,220
10,210
10,190
10,160
8900
8860
8820
8780
8690
21,450
21,380
21,330
21,270
21,140
10,490
10,430
10,360
10,300
10,160
7135
7070
7000
6935
6430
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2365
2305
2255
7000
6945
6890
6760
6700
8568
8458
7920
7750
7600
18,660
18,440
17,230
16,950
22,140
22,030
21,920
21,790
21,660
7650
7620
7520
7420
7320
10,190
9,940
10,120
10,080
10,040
10,000
9,950
8610
8510
8410
8320
7690
21,010
20,870
20,720
20,570
20,400
10,010
9,850
9,170
8,980
6260
21,510
7030
9,900
7450
20,220
2000
7460
NOTE:
Above the horizontal line the condensed phase is solid; below the line, it is liquid.
*°R = 9⁄ 5 K.
†Polycrystalline form tabulated. Similar tables for an additional 45 elements appear in the Handbook of Heat Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
SOLUBILITIES
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.
To convert cubic centimeters to cubic feet, multiply by 3.532 × 10−5.
To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch,
multiply by 0.01934.
To convert grams per liter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by
6.243 × 10−2.
TABLE 2-120
Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures*
This table shows the amount of anhydrous substance that is soluble in 100 g of water at the temperature in degrees Celsius as indicated; when the name is followed by †, the value is expressed in grams of substance in 100 cm3 of saturated solution. Solid
phase gives the hydrated form in equilibrium with the saturated solution.
Solid
phase
Substance
Formula
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Aluminum chloride
sulfate
Ammonium aluminum sulfate
bicarbonate
bromide
chloride
chloroplatinate
chromate
chromium sulfate
dichromate
dihydrogen phosphite
hydrogen phosphate
iodide
magnesium phosphate
manganese phosphate
nitrate
oxalate
perchlorate†
persulfate
sulfate
thiocyanate
vanadate (meta)
Antimonious fluoride
sulfide
Arsenic oxide
Arsenious sulfide
AlCl3
Al2(SO4)3
(NH4)2Al2(SO4)4
NH4HCO3
NH4Br
NH4Cl
(NH4)2PtCl6
(NH4)2CrO4
(NH4)2Cr2(SO4)4
(NH4)2Cr2O7
NH4H2PO3
(NH4)2HPO4
NH4I
NH4MgPO4
NH4MnPO4
NH4NO3
(NH4)2C2O4
NH4ClO4†
(NH4)2S2O8
(NH4)2SO4
NH4CNS
NH4VO3
SbF3
Sb2S3
As2O5
As2S3
27
28
29
Barium acetate
acetate
carbonate
Ba(C2H3O2)2
Ba(C2H3O2)2
BaCO3
3H2O
1H2O
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
chlorate
chloride
chromate
hydroxide
iodide
iodide
nitrate
nitrite
oxalate
Ba(ClO3)2
BaCl2
BaCrO4
Ba(OH)2
BaI2
BaI2
Ba(NO3)2
Ba(NO2)2
BaC2O4
1H2O
2H2O
3H2O
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
perchlorate
sulfate
Beryllium sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
Boric acid
Boron oxide
Bromine
Cadmium chloride
chloride
chloride
cyanide
hydroxide
Ba(ClO4)2
BaSO4
BeSO4
BeSO4
BeSO4
H3BO3
B2O3
Br2
CdCl2
CdCl2
CdCl2
Cd(CN)2
Cd(OH)2
52
53
54
sulfate
Calcium acetate
acetate
CdSO4
Ca(C2H3O2)2
Ca(C2H3O2)2
6H2O
18H2O
24H2O
0°C
31.2
2.1
11.9
60.6
29.4
10°C
33.5
4.99
15.8
68
33.3
0.7
10.7825°
24II2O
171
6H2O
7H2O
1H2O
154.2
0.023
118.3
2.2
11.56
58.2
70.6
119.8
163.2
3.1
73.0
144
384.7
8H2O
6H2O
2H2O
20°C
69.8615°
36.4
7.74
21
75.5
37.2
59.5
5.17×10−5
at 18°
59
62.1
63
0.00168°
20.34
31.6
0.0002
1.67
170.2
5.0
1H2O
26.95
33.3
0.00028
2.48
185.7
7.0
0.00168°
205.8
1.15 × 10−4
2.0 × 10−4
19014.5°
13115
172.3
0.052
0
192
4.4
20.85
75.4
170
0.48
444.7
0.00017518°
65.8
4H2O
2aH2O
1H2O
2H2O
1H2O
3.57
1.5
3.4
125.1
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
100°C
46.1
14.88
52.2
20.10
59.2
26.70
66.1
73.0
80.8
89.0
109.796°
91.1
45.8
99.2
50.4
107.8
55.2
116.8
60.2
126
65.6
135.6
71.3
145.6
77.3
1.25
190.5
0.036
0
297.0
8.0
30.58
199.6
0.030
208.9
0.040
0
421.0
218.7
0.016
0.005
499.0
228.8
0.019
0.007
580.0
40.4
47.17
26031°
181.4
241.8
5.9
78.0
207.7
0.84
563.6
81.0
69.5
71.2
1.32
344.0
10.3
39.05
740.0
48.19
88.0
1.78
250.3
871.0
57.01
95.3
103.3
75.1
76.7
3.05
73.0
0.002218°
33.80
35.7
0.00037
3.89
203.1
9.2
67.5
0.002218°
289.1
2.4 × 10−4
5.04
2.2
3.20
75
0.0024
at 24.2°
41.70
38.2
0.00046
5.59
219.6
11.6
79
77
74
74
49.61
40.7
43.6
66.81
46.4
49.4
8.22
13.12
20.94
231.9
14.2
17.1
358.7
426.3
75
84.84
52.4
104.9
58.8
101.4
247.3
20.3
261.0
27.0
205.8
271.7
34.2
300
0.0024
at 24.2°
2.85 × 10−4
52
43.78
6.60
495.2
562.3
60.67
46.74
8.72
4.0
62
11.54
14.81
6.2
16.73
84.76
23.75
9.5
83
98
30.38
100
110
40.25
15.7
3.13
132.1
135.1
76.48
37.4
40.4
10.94
27
83.2
41.4
40°C
71
6H2O
4H2O
2H2O
2.66
1.1
4.22
97.59
90.01
30°C
76.00
36.0
134.5
1.715°
76.60
34.7
135.3
136.5
140.4
147.0
2.6 × 10−4
at 25°
33.8
78.54
33.2
83.68
32.7
63.13
60.77
31.1
29.7
33.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
*By N. A. Lange. Abridged from “Table of Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures” in Lange, Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961. For tables of the solubility of gases in water at various temperatures, Atack (Handbook of Chemical Data, Reinhold, New York, 1957) gives values at closer temperature intervals, usually 1 or 5°C, than are tabulated here. For materials marked by ‡, additional data are given in tables subsequent to this one. For the
solubility of various hydrocarbons in water at high pressures see J. Chem. Eng. Data, 4, 212 (1959).
2-121
TABLE 2-120
Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures (Continued )
Substance
Formula
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Calcium bicarbonate
chloride
chloride
fluoride
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate
nitrite
nitrite
oxalate
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCl2
CaCl2
CaF2
Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO2)2
Ca(NO2)2
CaC2O4
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
sulfate
Carbon dioxide, 760 mm ‡
monoxide, 760 mm ‡
Cesium chloride
nitrate
sulfate
Chlorine, 760 mm ‡
Chromic anhydride
Cuprio chloride
nitrate
nitrate
sulfate
sulfide
CaSO4
CO2
CO
CsCl
CsNO3
Cs2SO4
Cl2
CrO3
CuCl2
Cu(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2
CuSO4
CuS
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Cuprous chloride
Ferric chloride
Ferrous chloride
chloride
nitrate
sulfate
sulfate
Hydrobromic acid, 760 mm
Hydrochloric acid, 760 mm
Iodine
Lead acetate
bromide
carbonate
chloride
chromate
fluoride
nitrate
sulfate
Magnesium bromide
chloride
hydroxide
nitrate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
Manganous sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
Mercurous chloride
Molybdic oxide
Nickel chloride
nitrate
nitrate
sulfate
sulfate
Nitric oxide, 760 mm
Nitrous oxide
CuCl
FeCl3
FeCl2
FeCl2
Fe(NO3)2
FeSO4
FeSO4
HBr
HCl
I2
Pb(C2H3O2)2
PbBr2
PbCO3
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbF2
Pb(NO3)2
PbSO4
MgBr2
MgCl2
Mg(OH)2
Mg(NO3)2
MgSO4
MgSO4
MgSO4
MnSO4
MnSO4
MnSO4
MnSO4
HgCl
MoO3
NiCl2
Ni(NO3)2
Ni(NO3)2
NiSO4
NiSO4
NO
N2O
2-122
Solid
phase
6H2O
2H2O
4H2O
3H2O
0°C
16.15
59.5
0.185
102.0
10°C
65.0
0.176
115.3
20°C
16.60
74.5
0.001618°
0.165
129.3
30°C
40°C
50°C
17.05
60°C
70°C
17.50
80°C
90°C
17.95
18.40
102
0.001726°
0.153
152.6
136.8
0.141
195.9
237.5
0.128
0.116
141.7
0.106
147.0
0.094
152.7
0.085
62.07
2H2O
0.1759
0.3346
0.0044
161.4
9.33
167.1
1.46
164.9
70.7
81.8
2H2O
6H2O
3H2O
5H2O
6.7 × 10−4
at 13°
0.1928
0.2318
0.0035
174.7
14.9
173.1
0.980
73.76
95.28
17.4
74.4
81.9
64.5
6.8 × 10−4
at 25°
0.1688
0.0028
186.5
23.0
178.7
0.716
77.0
125.1
20.7
3.3 × 10−5
at 18°
1.5225°
91.8
9.5 × 10−4
at 50°
0.2090
0.1257
0.0024
197.3
33.9
184.1
0.562
132.6
80.34
14 × 10−4
at 95°
0.2097
0.0973
0.0021
208.0
47.2
189.9
0.451
174.0
83.8
25
159.8
28.5
33.3
77.3
315.1
82.5
73.0
0.0761
0.0018
218.5
64.4
194.9
0.386
182.1
87.44
0.2047
0.0576
0.0015
229.7
83.8
199.9
0.324
151.9
363.6
244.8
0.1966
0.0013
239.5
107.0
205.0
0.274
0.0010
250.0
134.0
210.3
0.219
91.2
99.2
178.8
40
207.8
55
88.7
525.8
100
0.0006
260.1
163.0
214.9
0.125
217.5
71.02
15.65
20.51
83.8
26.5
535.7
210.3
0.029
0.4554
0.6728
6H2O
6H2O
6H2O
7H2O
6H2O
1H2O
7H2O
5H2O
4H2O
1H2O
38.8
0.0028
91.0
52.8
0.060
48.3
0.0035
94.5
53.5
40.2
48.6
0.85
0.00011
0.99
7 × 10−6
0.064
56.5
0.0041
96.5
54.5
0.000918°
40.8
53.23
30.9
42.2
60.01
59.5
53.9
79.58
59.5
27.22
32
1.53
1.94
2.36
3.34
4.75
1.20
1.45
1.70
1.98
2.62
3.34
0.068
66
0.0049
99.2
40.8
45.3
62.9
64.5
67.76
66.44
0.264
68.9
75
0.0056
101.6
57.5
130
56.1
85
95
104.1
107.5
61.0
0.00757
0.1705
115
68.8
0.0007
0.476
73.3
122.2
38.8
50.4
53.5
59.5
64.2
62.9
69.0
74.0
68.3
72.6
58.17
55.0
52.0
48.0
42.5
34.0
0.687
78.3
1.206
82.2
2.055
85.2
113.7
66.0
84.74
45.6
120.2
73.0
137.0
163.1
0.00984
37.3
63.3
0.056
35.5
44.5
0.0002
0.138
64.2
96.31
43.6
67.3
0.04
55.0425°
1.15
171.5
59.6
0.078
66.55
0.00014
2H2O
6H2O
6H2O
3H2O
7H2O
6H2O
32.9
198
3H2O
105.8
165.6
50.9
221.2
82.3
0.1619
0
0
270.5
197.0
220.3
0
206.8
107.9
75.4
105.3
6H2O
7H2O
1H2O
0.077
76.68
14.3
4H2O
159
281.5
358.7
4H2O
2H2O
100°C
2.106
87.6
169.1
235.1
42.46
0.00618
0.1211
0.00517
0.00440
50.15
0.00376
54.80
0.00324
59.44
0.00267
63.17
0.00199
0.00114
76.7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Potassium acetate
acetate
alum
bicarbonate
bisulfate
bitartrate
carbonate
chlorate
chloride
chromate
dichromate
ferricyanide
hydroxide
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrite
perchlorate
permanganate
persulfate†
sulfate
thiocyanate
Silver cyanide
nitrate
sulfate
Sodium acetate
acetate
bicarbonate
carbonate
carbonate
chlorate
chloride
chromate
chromate
chromate
dichromate
dichromate
dihydrogen phosphate
dihydrogen phosphate
dihydrogen phosphate
hydrogen arsenate
hydrogen phosphate
hydrogen phosphate
hydrogen phosphate
hydrogen phosphate
hydroxide
hydroxide
hydroxide
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrite
oxalate
phosphate, tripyrophosphate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfide
sulfide
sulfide
sulfite
sulfite
tetraborate
tetraborate
vanadate (meta)
KC2H3O2
KC2H3O2
K2SO4⋅Al2(SO4)3
KHCO3
KHSO4
KHC4H4O6
K2CO3
KClO3
KCl
K2CrO4
K2Cr2O7
K3Fe(CN)6
KOH
KOH
KNO3
KNO2
KClO4
KMnO4
K2S2O8†
K2SO4
KCNS
AgCN
AgNO3
Ag2SO4
NaC2H3O2
NaC2H3O2
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
Na2CO3
NaClO8
NaCl
Na2CrO4
Na2CrO4
Na2CrO4
Na2Cr2O7
Na2Cr2O7
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4
Na2HAsO4
Na2HPO4
Na2HPO4
Na2HPO4
Na2HPO4
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaNO3
NaNO2
Na2C2O4
Na3PO4
Na4P2O7
Na2SO4
Na2SO4
Na2SO4
Na2S
Na2S
Na2S
Na2SO3
Na2SO3
Na2B4O7
Na2B4O7
NaVO8
1aH2O
aH2O
24H2O
2H2O
2H2O
1H2O
†
3H2O
10H2O
1H2O
10H2O
4H2O
216.7
3.0
22.4
36.3
0.32
105.5
3.3
27.6
58.2
5
31
97
233.9
4.0
27.7
0.40
108
5
31.0
60.0
7
36
103
255.6
5.9
33.2
51.4
0.53
110.5
7.4
34.0
61.7
12
43
112
13.3
278.8
0.75
2.83
1.62
7.35
177.0
20.9
122
0.573
36.3
119
6.9
7
170
0.695
40.8
121
8.15
12.5
31.6
298.4
1.80
6.4
4.49
11.11
217.5
2.2 × 10−5
222
0.796
46.5
123.5
9.6
21.5
79
35.7
31.70
89
35.8
50.17
101
36.0
88.7
2H2O
163.0
2H2O
1H2O
57.9
1.05
4.4
2.60
9.22
283.8
8.39
39.1
0.90
113.7
10.5
37.0
63.4
20
50
126
45.8
2.6
9.0
7.19
12.97
323.3
11.70
45.4
67.3
1.32
116.9
14
40.0
65.2
26
60
63.9
334.9
4.4
12.56
9.89
14.76
337.3
17.00
350
24.75
60.0
1.83
121.2
19.3
42.6
66.8
34
2.46
126.8
24.5
45.5
68.6
43
66
140
85.5
110.0
133.1
48.3
70.4
52
138
380.1
71.0
4.6
139.8
38.5
51.1
72.1
61
169
396.3
109.0
147.5
54.0
73.9
70
202
6.5
16.89
9
22.2
11.8
14.8
18
16.50
18.17
19.75
21.4
22.8
1.22
669
1.30
300
0.888
54.5
126
11.1
38.8
50.5
113
36.3
376
0.979
65.5
129.5
12.7
455
1.08
83
134
14.45
525
1.15
139
139.5
16.4
48.5
126
36.6
140
37.0
46.4
155
37.3
88.7
95.96
104
114.6
177.8
364.8
40.0
244.8
146
153
172
37.8
45.8
189
38.4
123.0
316.7
124.8
376.2
1.36
161
39.0
121.6
6.95
155.7
57
56.7
75.6
80
82.6104
178
246
412.8
21.8
24.1
952
1.41
170
45.5
230
39.8
125.9
426.3
12H2O
12H2O
7H2O
2H2O
69.9
85.2
106.5
138.2
15.5
3.6
26.5
7.7
37
20.8
47
158.6
7.3
1.67
179.3
65
190.3
207.3
85
225.3
82.9
88.1
92.4
102.9
246.6
51.8
80.2
102.2
4H2O
3aH2O
1H2O
42
51.5
109
119
129
145
174
104
98.4
114
104.1
124
313
12H2O
10H2O
10H2O
7H2O
9H2O
5aH2O
6H2O
7H2O
73
72.1
80
78.0
1.5
3.16
5.0
19.5
13.9
96
91.6
4.1
3.95
9.0
30
88
84.5
3.7
11
6.23
19.4
44
15.42
18.8
22.5
20
26.9
36
20
9.95
40.8
31
13.50
43
17.45
55
21.83
81
30.04
347
180
163.2
6.33
108
40.26
48.8
28.5
46.7
45.3
43.7
42.5
39.82
36.4
42.69
39.1
28.2
10.5
28.8
20.3
28
10H2O
5H2O
2H2O
1.3
1.6
2.7
15.325°
3.9
148
132.6
45.73
43.31
68.4
59.23
57.28
28.3
24.4
30.2
51.40
49.14
31.5
41
52.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
2-123
TABLE 2-120
Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures (Concluded )
Substance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sodium vanadate (meta)
Stannous chloride
sulfate
Strontium acetate
acetate
chloride
chloride
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate
sulfate
Sulfur dioxide, 760 mm †
Thallium sulfate
Thorium sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
Zinc chlorate
chlorate
nitrate
nitrate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
2-124
Formula
NaVO3
SnCl2
SnSO4
Sr(C2H3O2)2
Sr(C2H3O2)2
SrCl2
SrCl2
Sr(NO3)2
Sr(NO3)2
Sr(NO3)2
SrSO4
SO2
Tl2SO4
Th(SO4)2
Th(SO4)2
Th(SO4)2
Th(SO4)2
ZnClO3
ZnClO3
Zn(NO3)2
Zn(NO3)2
ZnSO4
ZnSO4
ZnSO4
Solid
phase
0°C
10°C
9H2O
8H2O
6H2O
4H2O
6H2O
4H2O
6H2O
3H2O
7H2O
6H2O
1H2O
36.9
43.5
43.61
42.95
47.7
41.6
52.9
52.7
40.1
64.0
70.5
0.0113
22.83
2.70
0.74
1.0
1.50
0.0114
11.29
4.87
1.38
1.62
1.90
145.0
30°C
21.1025°
269.815°
19
83.9
4H2O
aH2O
6H2O
2H2O
1H2O
4H2O
20°C
16.21
3.70
0.98
1.25
40°C
50°C
26.23
60°C
70°C
80°C
32.97
36.9
38.875°
36.24
36.10
85.9
90.5
90°C
100°C
18
39.5
58.7
88.6
0.0114
7.81
6.16
1.995
65.3
37.35
72.4
81.8
83.8
97.2
90.1
2.998
5.41
4.5
9.21
5.22
4.04
2.54
2.45
36.4
130.4
100.8
139
93.8
96
98
100
10.92
12.74
14.61
16.53
18.45
6.64
1.63
1.09
86.6
83.7
80.8
152.5
200.3
118.3
94.78
209.2
223.2
273.1
206.9
41.9
47
54.4
70.1
76.8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
SOLUBILITIES
The H in solubility tables (2-121 to 2-144) is the proportionality
constant for the expression of Henry’s law, p = Hx, where x = mole
fraction of the solute in the liquid phase; p = partial pressure of the
solute in the gas phase, expressed in atmospheres; and H = a proportionality constant expressed in units of atmospheres of solute pressure
in the gas phase per unit concentration of the solute in the liquid
phase. (The unit of concentration of the solute in the liquid phase is
moles solute per mole solution.)
TABLE 2-124
Ammonia (NH3)—Low Pressures
Weight NH3 per
100 weights H2O
0.105
0.244
0.32
0.38
0.576
0.751
1.02
Partial pressure
NH3, mm. Hg,
at 25°C
0.791
1.83
2.41
2.89
4.41
5.80
7.96
Weight NH3 per
100 weights H2O
1.31
1.53
1.71
1.98
2.11
2.58
2.75
10.31
11.91
13.46
15.75
16.94
20.86
22.38
Partial pressure
NH3, mm. Hg,
at 25°C
TABLE 2-121
Acetylene (C2H2)
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10−3 × H*
0.72
0.84
0.96
1.08
1.21
1.33
1.46
2-125
“Landolt-Börnstein Physikalische-chemische Tabellen,” Eg. I, p. 303, 1927.
Phase-equilibrium data for the binary system NH3-H2O are given by Clifford
and Hunter, J. Phys. Chem., 37, 101 (1933).
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 260, McGraw-Hill, 1928.
*H. See footnote for Table 2-122.
TABLE 2-125
TABLE 2-122
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Weight of CO2 per 100 weights of H2O*
Total
pressure,
atm
12°C 18°C 25°C 31.04°C 35°C 40°C 50°C 75°C 100°C
Air
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−4 × H*
4.32
4.88
5.49
6.07
6.64
7.20
7.71
8.23
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−4 × H*
8.70
9.11
9.46
10.1
10.5
10.7
10.8
10.7
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 257.
*H is calculated from the absorption coefficients of O2 and N2, taking into
consideration the correction for constant argon content.
25
50
75
100
150
200
300
400
500
700
7.03
7.18
7.27
7.59
3.86
6.33
6.69
6.72
7.07
7.86
8.12
7.35
7.77
5.38
6.17
6.28
7.54
2.80
4.77
5.80
5.97
6.25
6.48
2.56
4.39
5.51
5.76
6.03
6.29
2.30
4.02
5.10
5.50
5.81
6.28
7.27
7.65
7.06
7.51
6.89
7.26
1.92
3.41
4.45
5.07
5.47
5.76
6.20
6.58
1.35
2.49
3.37
4.07
4.86
5.27
5.83
6.30
1.06
2.01
2.82
3.49
4.49
5.08
5.84
6.40
7.58
7.43
7.61
*In the original, concentration is expressed in cubic centimeters of CO2
(reduced to 0°C and 1 atm) dissolved in 1 g of water.
TABLE 2-123
Weight NH3
per 100
weights H2O
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
7.5
5
4
3
2.5
2
1.6
1.2
1.0
0.5
Ammonia (NH3)
Partial pressure of NH3, mm. Hg
0°C
947
785
636
500
380
275
190
119
89.5
64
42.7
25.1
17.7
11.2
10°C
20°C
987
1450
780
1170
600
945
439
686
301
470
190
298
144
227
103.5 166
70.1 114
41.8
69.6
29.9
50.0
19.1
31.7
16.1
24.9
11.3
18.2
15.0
12.0
*Extrapolated values.
25°C 30°C
23.5
19.4
15.3
12.0
9.1
7.4
3.4
719
454
352
260
179
110
79.7
51.0
40.1
29.6
24.4
19.3
15.3
11.5
40°C
3300
2760
2130
1520
1065
692
534
395
273
167
120
76.5
60.8
45
(37.6)*
(30.0)
(24.1)
(18.3)
(15.4)
50°C 60°C
825
596
405
247
179
115
91.1
67.1
(55.7)
(44.5)
(35.5)
(26.7)
(22.2)
834
583
361
261
165
129.2
94.3
77.0
61.0
48.7
36.3
30.2
TABLE 2-126
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
10−4 × H
Partial pressure of
CO, mm Hg
17.7°C
19.0°C
900
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
4.77
4.77
4.77
4.78
4.80
4.82
4.86
4.88
4.88
4.91
4.93
4.95
4.97
4.98
5.02
5.08
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 260.
TABLE 2-127
Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)
t °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10−3 × H
0.92
1.17
1.48
1.82
2.19
2.59
3.04
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 261.
2-126
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-128
Partial
pressure
of Cl2,
mm Hg
Chlorine (Cl2)
TABLE 2-129
Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter
10°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
5
10
30
50
100
0.488
.679
1.221
1.717
2.79
0.451
.603
1.024
1.354
2.08
0.438
.575
.937
1.210
1.773
0.424
.553
.873
1.106
1.573
0.412
.532
.821
1.025
1.424
0.398
.512
.781
.962
1.313
150
200
250
300
350
3.81
4.78
5.71
2.73
3.35
3.95
4.54
5.13
2.27
2.74
3.19
3.63
4.06
1.966
2.34
2.69
3.03
3.35
1.754
2.05
2.34
2.61
2.86
1.599
1.856
2.09
2.31
2.53
400
450
500
550
600
5.71
6.26
6.85
7.39
7.97
4.48
4.88
5.29
5.71
6.12
3.69
3.98
4.30
4.60
4.91
3.11
3.36
3.61
3.84
4.08
2.74
2.94
3.14
3.33
3.52
650
700
750
800
900
8.52
9.09
9.65
10.21
6.52
6.90
7.29
7.69
8.46
5.21
5.50
5.80
6.08
6.68
4.32
4.54
4.77
4.99
5.44
3.71
3.89
4.07
4.27
4.62
9.27
10.84
13.23
17.07
21.0
7.27
8.42
10.14
13.02
15.84
5.89
6.81
8.05
10.22
12.32
4.97
5.67
6.70
8.38
10.03
18.73
21.7
24.7
27.7
30.8
14.47
16.62
18.84
20.7
23.3
11.70
13.38
15.04
16.75
18.46
Cl2.8H2O2 separates
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Partial
pressure
of Cl2,
mm Hg
70°C
80°C
90°C
1
3
5
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
100°C
110°C
5
10
30
50
100
0.383
.492
.743
.912
1.228
0.369
.470
.704
.863
1.149
0.351
.447
.671
.815
1.085
0.339
.431
.642
.781
1.034
0.326
.415
.627
.747
.987
0.316
.402
.598
.722
.950
150
200
250
300
350
1.482
1.706
1.914
2.10
2.28
1.382
1.580
1.764
1.932
2.10
1.294
1.479
1.642
1.793
1.940
1.227
1.396
1.553
1.700
1.831
1.174
1.333
1.480
1.610
1.736
1.137
1.276
1.413
1.542
1.661
400
450
500
550
600
2.47
2.64
2.80
2.97
3.13
2.25
2.41
2.55
2.69
2.83
2.08
2.22
2.35
2.47
2.59
1.965
2.09
2.21
2.32
2.43
1.854
1.972
2.08
2.19
2.29
1.773
1.880
1.986
2.09
2.19
650
700
750
800
900
3.29
3.44
3.59
3.75
4.04
2.97
3.10
3.23
3.37
3.63
2.72
2.84
2.96
3.08
3.30
2.55
2.66
2.76
2.87
3.08
2.41
2.50
2.60
2.69
2.89
2.28
2.37
2.47
2.56
2.74
1000
1200
1500
2000
2500
4.36
4.92
5.76
7.14
8.48
3.88
4.37
5.09
6.26
7.40
3.53
3.95
4.58
5.63
6.61
3.28
3.67
4.23
5.17
6.05
3.07
3.43
3.95
4.78
5.59
2.91
3.25
3.74
4.49
5.25
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
9.83
11.22
12.54
13.88
15.26
8.52
9.65
10.76
11.91
13.01
7.54
8.53
9.52
10.46
11.42
6.92
7.79
8.65
9.49
10.35
6.38
7.16
7.94
8.72
9.48
5.97
6.72
7.42
8.13
8.84
0°C
5°C
10°C
15°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
2.00
6.00
10.0
14.0
20.0
1.50
4.7
7.8
10.9
15.5
17.0
18.6
20.3
1.25
3.85
6.30
8.95
12.8
14.0
15.3
16.6
18.0
19.2
20.3
1.00
3.20
5.25
7.35
10.5
11.7
12.8
13.8
14.9
16.0
17.0
0.90
2.70
4.30
6.15
8.80
9.70
10.55
11.5
12.3
13.2
14.2
0.60
1.95
3.20
4.40
6.30
7.00
7.50
8.20
8.80
9.50
10.1
0.46
1.30
2.25
3.20
4.50
5.00
5.45
5.85
6.35
6.80
7.20
Ishi, Chem. Eng. (Japan), 22, 153 (1958).
TABLE 2-130
Ethane (C2H6)
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−4 × H
1.26
1.55
1.89
2.26
2.63
3.02
3.42
3.83
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−4 × H
4.23
4.63
5.00
5.65
6.23
6.61
6.87
6.92
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 261.
TABLE 2-131
Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter
60°C
Weight of ClO2, grams per liter of solution
Vol % of ClO2
in gas phase
0°C
1000
1200
1500
2000
2500
Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)
Ethylene (C2H4)
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10−3 × H
5.52
6.53
7.68
8.95
10.2
11.4
12.7
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 260.
TABLE 2-132
Helium (He)
t, °C
0
10
20
30
40
50
10−4 × H
12.9
12.6
12.5
12.4
12.1
11.5
See also Pray, Schweickert, and Minnich, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1146 (1952).
TABLE 2-133
Hydrogen (H2)—Temperature
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−4 × H
5.79
6.08
6.36
6.61
6.83
7.07
7.29
7.42
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−4 × H
7.51
7.60
7.65
7.65
7.61
7.55
7.51
7.45
“International Critical Tables,” vol. 3, p. 256.
See also Pray, Schweickert, and Minnich, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1146 (1952).
SOLUBILITIES
TABLE 2-134
Hydrogen (H2)—Pressure
TABLE 2-137
10−4 × H
Partial pressure
H2, mm Hg
19.5°C
900
1100
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8200
8250
23°C
7.42
7.75
7.76
7.77
7.81
7.89
8.00
8.16
8.41
7.42
7.43
7.47
7.56
7.70
7.87
2-127
Methane (CH4)
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−4 × H
2.24
2.59
2.97
3.37
3.76
4.13
4.49
4.86
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−4 × H
5.20
5.51
5.77
6.26
6.66
6.82
6.92
7.01
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 260.
TABLE 2-138
8.17
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 256.
Nitrogen (N2)—Temperature*
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−4 × H
5.29
5.97
6.68
7.38
8.04
8.65
9.24
9.85
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−4 × H
10.4
10.9
11.3
12.0
12.5
12.6
12.6
12.6
“International Critical Tables,” vol. 3, p. 256. See also Pray, Schweickert, and
Minnich, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1146 (1952).
*Atmospheric nitrogen = 98.815 vol. % N2 + 1.185 vol. % A.
TABLE 2-135
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
Weights of
HCl per 100
weights of H2O
TABLE 2-139
Partial pressure of HCl, mm Hg
0°C
78.6
66.7
56.3
47.0
38.9
31.6
25.0
19.05
13.64
8.70
4.17
2.04
10°C
510
130
29.0
5.7
1.0
0.175
.0316
.0056
.00099
.000118
.000018
Weights of
HCl per 100
weights of H2O
20°C
840
233
56.4
11.8
2.27
0.43
.084
.016
.00305
.000583
.000069
.0000117
30°C
399
105.5
23.5
4.90
1.00
0.205
.0428
.0088
.00178
.00024
.000044
Nitrogen (N2)—Pressure
627
188
44.5
9.90
2.17
0.48
.106
.0234
.00515
.00077
.000151
900
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8100
8200
80°C
535
141
35.7
8.9
2.21
0.55
.136
.0344
.0064
.00140
110°C
623
188
54.5
15.6
4.66
1.34
0.39
.095
.0245
760
253
83
28
9.3
3.10
0.93
.280
Oxygen (O2)—Temperature
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−4 × H
2.55
2.91
3.27
3.64
4.01
4.38
4.75
5.07
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
10−4 × H
5.35
5.63
5.88
6.29
6.63
6.87
6.99
7.01
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 257. Pray, Schweickert, and Minnich
[Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1146 (1952)] give H = 4.46 × 10−4 at 25°C and other values up to 343°C.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
t, °C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10−2 × H
2.68
3.15
3.67
4.23
4.83
5.45
6.09
6.76
t, °C
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
7.45
9.08
9.15
9.25
9.38
9.49
9.62
9.75
9.91
TABLE 2-141
Oxygen (O2)—Pressure
Partial pressure of
O2, mm Hg
10 × H
24.9°C
8.24
8.32
8.41
8.49
8.59
8.74
8.86
9.04
See also Goodman and Krase [Ind. Eng. Chem., 23, 401 (1931)] for values up
to 169°C and 300 atm.
TABLE 2-140
Enthalpy and phase-equilibrium data for the binary system HCl-H2O are
given by Van Nuys, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 39, 663 (1943).
−2
19.4°C
Partial pressure of HCl, mm Hg
50°C
78.6
66.7
56.3
47.0
38.9
31.6
25.0
19.05
13.64
8.70
4.17
2.04
TABLE 2-136
10−4 × H
Partial pressure of
N2, mm Hg
8.14
8.84
10.3
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 259.
11.9
13.5
14.4
14.8
800
900
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8150
8200
10−4 × H
23°C
25.9°C
4.79
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.68
4.73
4.80
4.88
4.98
4.80
4.83
4.88
4.92
4.98
5.05
5.16
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 257. See also Trans. Am. Soc. Mech.
Engrs., 76, 69 (1954) for solubility of O2 for 100°F < T < 650°F, 300 < P < 2000
lb/in2.
2-128
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-142
t, °C
0
10−3 × H 1.94
Ozone (O3)
TABLE 2-143
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2.18
2.48
2.88
3.76
4.57
5.98
8.18
40
50
12.0 27.4
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 257.
TABLE 2-144
Propylene (C3H6)
t, °C
2
6
10
14
18
10−3 × H
3.04
3.84
4.46
5.06
5.69
International Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 260.
Partial Vapor Pressure of Sulfur Dioxide over Water, mm Hg
Temperature, °C
g SO2 /
100 g H2O
0
10
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.02
0.38
1.15
2.10
3.17
0.04
0.66
1.91
3.44
5.13
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.50
1.00
4.34
5.57
8.17
10.9
25.8
6.93
8.84
12.8
17.0
39.5
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
20
0.07
1.07
3.03
5.37
7.93
10.6
13.5
19.4
25.6
58.4
30
40
50
60
90
120
0.12
1.68
4.62
8.07
11.8
0.19
2.53
6.80
11.7
17.0
0.29
3.69
9.71
16.5
23.8
0.43
5.24
13.5
22.7
32.6
1.21
12.9
31.7
52.2
73.7
2.82
27.0
63.9
104
145
15.7
19.8
28.3
37.1
83.7
58.6
93.2
129
165
202
88.5
139
192
245
299
129
202
277
353
430
183
285
389
496
602
275
351
542
735
407
517
796
585
741
818
22.5
28.2
40.1
52.3
117
31.4
39.2
55.3
72.0
159
42.8
53.3
74.7
96.8
212
95.8
118
164
211
454
253
393
535
679
824
342
530
720
453
700
955
186
229
316
404
856
Condensed from Rabe, A. E. and Harris, J. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 8 (3), 333–336, 1963. Copyright © American Chemical Society and
reproduced by permission of the copyright owner.
THERMAL EXPANSION
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversion is applicable:
2, p. 93; metals, vol. 2, p. 459; petroleums, vol. 2, p. 145; porcelains,
vol. 2, pp. 70, 78; refractory materials, vol. 2, p. 83; solid insulators,
vol. 2, p. 310.
°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
The tables given under this subject are reprinted by permission from
the Smithsonian Tables. For more detailed data on thermal expansion,
see International Critical Tables: tabular index, vol. 3, p. 1; abrasives,
vol. 2, p. 87; alloys, vol. 2, p. 463; building stones, vol. 2, p. 54; carbons,
vol. 2, p. 303; elements, vol. 1, p. 102; enamels, vol. 2, p. 115; glass, vol.
No tables of the coefficients of thermal expansion of gases are given in
this edition. The coefficient at constant pressure, 1/υ(∂υ/∂T)p, for an
ideal gas is merely the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. For
a real gas or liquid, both it and the coefficient at constant volume,
1/p (∂p/∂T)v, should be calculated either from the equation of state or
from tabulated PVT data.
THERMAL EXPANSION
TABLE 2-145
2-129
Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements*
C is the true expansion coefficient at the given temperature; M is the mean coefficient between given temperatures; where one temperature is given, the true coefficient at that temperature is indicated; α and β are coefficients in formula lt = l0(1 + αt + βt2); l0 is length at 0°C (unless otherwise indicated, when, if x is the reference
temperature, lt = lx[1 + α(t − tx) + β(t − tx)2]; lt is length at t°C).
Element
Temp. °C
C × 104
Aluminum
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Bismuth
Cadmium
Cadmium
Carbon, diamond
graphite
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Copper
Gold
Gold
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iridium
Iron, soft
cast
wrought
steel
Lead (99.9)
20
300
20
20
20
0
0
50
50
0.224
0.284
0.136
0.05
0.014
0.54
0.20⊥
0.012
0.06
20
20
200
20
0.123
0.162
0.170
0.140
40
0.417
20
0.065
40
20
20
20
0.1210
0.118
0.119
0.114
100
280
20
0.291
0.343
0.254
Magnesium
Manganese
20
0.233
Molybdenum†
20
0.053
Nickel
20
0.126
Osmium
Palladium
40
20
0.066
0.1173
Platinum
20
20
0.0887
0.0893
40
40
0
40
20
20
0.0850
0.0963
0.439
0.0763
0.1846
0.195
Potassium
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Steel, 36.4Ni
Tantalum†
20
Tellurium
Thallium
Tin
20
40
20
20
27
20‡
20‡
20
Tungsten†
Zinc
0.065
0.016
0.302
0.214
0.305
0.0444
0.643
0.125⊥
0.358
Temp. range, °C
M × 104
100
500
20
0.235
0.311
0.080⊥
20
−180, −140
−180, −140
0.103⊥
0.59
0.117⊥
20, 100
0.068
100
300
17, 100
−191, 17
0.166
0.175
0.143
0.132
−190,
0.837
17
Temp. range, °C
α × 104
β × 106
0,
500
0.22
0.009
20,
20,
100
100
0.526
0.214⊥
20,
6,
0,
500
121
625
0.086
0.121
0.161
0.0064
0.0040
0,
520
0.142
0.0022
0.0636
0.0679
0.0032
0.0011
0,
80
1070, 1720
0, 100
20, 100
20, 200
−100,
20,
0,
−190,
0,
25,
25,
0,
0,
6,
+ 20
100
100
0
100
100
500
100
0.11
0.291
0.300
0.240
0.260
0.228
0.159
0.052
0.049
0.055
0.130
50
21
0.83
0.0876
0, 100
−3, +18
0, 100
0.660
0.0249
0.197
−190,
20,
20,
−78,
0,
−17
260
340
0
100
20
0.622
0.031
0.055
0.059
0.0655
0.272⊥
20
100
−100
100
100
0.154⊥
0.045
0.656
0.639
0.141⊥
0,
0,
0,
100,
750
750
750
240
0.1158
0.1170
0.1118
0.269
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
0.011
+ 20,
500
0.2480
0.0096
20, 300
−142,
19
19, +305
0.216
0.0515
0.0501
0.0121
0.0057
0.0014
−190, + 20
+ 20, +300
500, 1000
0.1308
0.1236
0.1346
0.0166
0.0066
0.0033
−190,
0,
−190,
0,
0,
+100
1000
−100
+ 80
1000
0.1152
0.1167
0.0875
0.0890
0.0887
0.00517
0.0022
0.00314
0.00121
0.00132
−75, −112
0.0746
−75, −67
0, 875
20, 500
0,
50
260, 500
340, 500
20, 400
0.0182
0.1827
0.1939
0.72
0.144
0.136
0.0646
0.0009
95
0.2033
0.0263
−105, +502
+ 0, 400
0.0428
0.354
0.00058
0.010
8,
0,
−140,
+20,
+20,
0.00479
0.00295
*Smithsonian Tables. For more complete tabulations see Table 142, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th ed., 1954; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., pp.
2239–2245. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.; Goldsmith, and Waterman, WADC-TR-58-476, 1959; Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960, etc.
†Molybdenum, 300° to 2500°C; lt = l300[1 + 5.00 × 10−6(t − 300) + 10.5 × 10−10(t − 300)2]
Tantalum, 300° to 2800°C; lt = l300[1 + 6.60 × 10−6(t − 300) + 5.2 × 10−10(t − 300)2]
Tungsten, 300° to 2700°C; lt = l300[1 + 4.44 × 10−6(t − 300) + 4.5 × 10−10(t − 300)2]
Beryllium, 20° to 100°C; 12.3 × 10−6 per °C.
Columbium, 0° to 100°C; 7.2 × 10−6 per °C.
Tantalum, 20° to 100°C; 6.6 × 10−6 per °C.
‡Two errors in the data of zinc have been corrected. These values were taken from Grüneisen and Goens, Z. Physik., 29, 141 (1924).
2-130
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-146
Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances*
The coefficient of cubical expansion may be taken as three times the linear coefficient. In the following table, t is the temperature or range of temperature, and C, the
coefficient of expansion.
Substance
t°C
Amber
0−30
0−09
20−60
Bakelite, bleached
Brass:
Cast
0−100
Wire
0−100
Wire
0−100
71.5 Cu + 27.7 Zn +
0.3 Sn + 0.5 Pb
40
71 Cu + 29 Zn
0−100
Bronze:
3 Cu + 1 Sn
16.6−100
3 Cu + 1 Sn
16.6−350
3 Cu + 1 Sn
16.6−957
86.3 Cu + 9.7 Sn + 4 Zn
40
97.6 Cu + hard
0−80
2.2 Sn + soft
0−80
0.2 P
Caoutchouc
Caoutchouc
16.7−25.3
Celluloid
20−70
Constantan
4−29
Duralumin, 94Al
20−100
20−300
Ebonite
25.3−35.4
Fluorspar, CaF2
0−100
German silver
0−100
Gold-platinum, 2 Au + 1 Pt
0−100
Gold-copper, 2 Au + 1 Cu
0−100
Glass:
Tube
0−100
Tube
0−100
Plate
0−100
Crown (mean)
0−100
Crown (mean)
50−60
Flint
50−60
III
Jena ther- 16
0−100
mometer normal
{
}
C × 104
0.50
0.61
0.22
0.1875
0.1930
0.1783 to 0.193
0.1859
0.1906
0.1844
0.2116
0.1737
0.1782
0.1713
0.1708
0.657 to 0.686
0.770
1.00
0.1523
0.23
0.25
0.842
0.1950
0.1836
0.1523
0.1552
0.0833
0.0828
0.0891
0.0897
0.0954
0.0788
0.081
Substance
t°C
C × 104
Jena thermometer 59III
Jena thermometer 59III
Gutta percha
Ice
Iceland spar:
Parallel to axis
Perpendicular to axis
Lead tin (solder) 2 Pb
+ 1 Sn
Limestone
Magnalium
Manganin
Marble
Monel metal
0−100
−191 to +16
20
−20 to −1
0.058
0.424
1.983
0.51
0−80
0−80
0.2631
0.0544
0−100
25−100
12−39
15−100
25−100
25−600
0−16
16−38
38−49
0.2508
0.09
0.238
0.181
0.117
0.14
0.16
1.0662
1.3030
4.7707
40
0.0884
0−100
20−790
1000−1400
0.1523
0.0413
0.0553
0−80
−190 to + 16
0−80
−190 to + 16
16 to 500
16 to 1000
40
0
−160
0−100
25−100
25−600
0.0797
0.0521
0.1337
−0.0026
0.0057
0.0058
0.4040
0.691
0.300
0.1933
0.037
0.136
Paraffin
Paraffin
Paraffin
Platinum-iridium, 10 Pt
+ 1 Ir
Platinum-silver, 1 Pt +
2 Ag
Porcelain
Porcelain Bayeux
Quartz:
Parallel to axis
Parallel to axis
Perpend. to axis
Quartz glass
Quartz glass
Quartz glass
Rock salt
Rubber, hard
Rubber, hard
Speculum metal
Steel, 0.14 C, 34.5 Ni
Substance
t°C
Topas:
Parallel to lesser horizontal axis
0−100
Parallel to greater horizontal axis
0−100
Parallel to vertical axis
0−100
Tourmaline:
Parallel to longitudinal
axis
0−100
Parallel to horizontal
axis
0−100
Type metal
16.6−254
Vulcanite
0−18
Wedgwood ware
0−100
Wood:
Parallel to fiber:
Ash
0−100
Beech
2.34
Chestnut
2.34
Elm
2.34
Mahogany
2.34
Maple
2.34
Oak
2.34
Pine
2.34
Walnut
2.34
Across the fiber:
Beech
2.34
Chestnut
2.34
Elm
2.34
Mahogany
2.34
Maple
2.34
Oak
2.34
Pine
2.34
Walnut
2.34
Wax white
10−26
Wax white
26−31
Wax white
31−43
Wax white
43−57
C × 104
0.0832
0.0836
0.0472
0.0937
0.0773
0.1952
0.6360
0.0890
0.0951
0.0257
0.0649
0.0565
0.0361
0.0638
0.0492
0.0541
0.0658
0.614
0.325
0.443
0.404
0.484
0.544
0.341
0.484
2.300
3.120
4.860
15.227
*Smithsonian Tables. For a more complete tabulation see Tables 143, 144. Smithsonian Physical Tables. 9th ed., 1954, also reprinted in American Institute of Physics
Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 40th ed., pp. 2239–2245, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. For data on many solids
prior to 1926, see Gruneisen, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 10, pp. 1–52, 1926, translation available as N.A.S.A. RE 2-18-59W, 1959. For eight plastic solids below 300 K,
see Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, p. 331, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1959. For 11 other materials to 300 K, see Scott, loc. cit., p. 333. For quartz and silica, see
Cook, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 7, 285 (1956).
THERMAL EXPANSION
TABLE 2-147
Cubical Expansion of Liquids*
TABLE 2-148
If V0 is the volume at 0°, then at t° the expansion formula is Vt = V0(1 + αt +
βt2 + γ t3). The table gives values of α, β, and γ, and of C, the true coefficient of
cubical expansion at 20° for some liquids and solutions. The temperature range
of the observation is ∆t. Values for the coefficient of cubical expansion of liquids
can be derived from the tables of specific volumes of the saturated liquid given
as a function of temperature later in this section.
Liquid
Range
α × 103
β × 106
Acetic acid
Acetone
Alcohol:
Amyl
Ethyl, 30% by volume
Ethyl, 50% by volume
Ethyl, 99.3% by volume
Ethyl, 500 atm. pressure
Ethyl, 3000 atm. pressure
Methyl
Benzene
Bromine
Calcium chloride:
5.8% solution
40.9% solution
Carbon disulfide
500 atm. pressure
3000 atm. pressure
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Ether
Glycerin
Hydrochloric acid,
33.2% solution
Mercury
Olive oil
Pentane
Potassium chloride,
24.3% solution
Phenol
Petroleum, 0.8467 density
Sodium chloride, 20.6%
solution
Sodium sulfate, 24%
solution
Sulfuric acid:
10.9% solution
100.0%
Turpentine
Water
16−107
0−54
1.0630
1.3240
0.12636
3.8090
− 15−80
18−39
0−39
0.9001
0.2928
0.7450
0.6573
10.790
1.85
27−46
1.012
2.20
γ × 108
C × 108
at 20°
1.0876 1.071
− 0.87983 1.487
1.18458 0.902
−11.87
0.730
1.12
0−40
0.866
0−40
0−61
11−81
0−59
0.524
1.1342
1.17626
1.06218
18−25
17−24
−34−60
0−50
0−50
0−76
0−63
−15−38
0.07878
0.42383
1.13980
0.940
0.581
1.18384
1.10715
1.51324
0.4853
0−33
0−100
0−33
0.4460
0.18182
0.6821
1.4646
0.215
0.0078
1.1405
3.09319
− 0.539
1.6084
16−25
36−157
0.2695
0.8340
2.080
0.10732
0.4446
24−120
0.8994
1.396
0.955
0−29
0.3640
1.237
0.414
11−40
0.3599
1.258
0.410
1.3635
1.27776
1.87714
0.8741 1.199
0.80648 1.237
−0.30854 1.132
4.2742
0.8571
1.37065
0.250
0.458
1.91225 1.218
0.89881
4.66473
2.35918
0.4895
1.35135 1.236
− 1.74328 1.273
4.00512 1.656
0.505
0−30
0.2835
2.580
0−30
0.5758 −0.432
− 9−106 0.9003
1.9595
0−33 −0.06427 8.5053
0.455
0.18186
0.721
1.608
0.353
1.090
0.387
0.558
− 0.44998 0.973
− 6.7900 0.207
*Smithsonian Tables, Table 269. For a detailed discussion of mercury data,
see Cook, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 7, 285 (1956). For data on nitrogen and argon, see
Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
Bromoform1 7.7 − 50°C.
Vt = 0.34204[1 + 0.00090411(t − 7.7) + 0.0000006766(t − 7.7)2]
0.34204 in the specific volume of bromoform at 7.7°C.
Glycerin2 −62 to 0°C.
Vt = V0(1 + 4.83 × 10−4t − 0.49 × 10−6t2)
0 − 80°C.
Vt = V0(1 + 4.83 × 10−4t + 0.49 × 10−6t2)
3
Mercury 0 − 300°C.
Vt − V0[1 + 10−8(18153.8t + 0.7548t2 + 0.001533t2 + 0.00000536t4)]
1
Sherman and Sherman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50, 1119 (1928). (An obvious
error in their equation has been corrected.)
2
Samsoen, Ann. phys., (10) 9, 91 (1928).
3
Harlow, Phil. Mag., (7) 7, 674 (1929).
2-131
Cubical Expansion of Solids*
If v2 and v1 are the volumes at t2 and t1, respectively, then v2 = v1(1 + C∆t), C
being the coefficient of cubical expansion and ∆t the temperature interval.
Where only a single temperature is stated, C represents the true coefficient of
cubical expansion at that temperature.
Substance
t or ∆t
C × 104
Antimony
Beryl
Bismuth
Copper†
Diamond
Emerald
Galena
Glass, common tube
hard
Jena, borosilicate 59 III
pure silica
Gold
Ice
Iron
Lead†
Paraffin
Platinum
Porcelain, Berlin
chloride
nitrate
sulfate
Quartz
Rock salt
Rubber
Silver
Sodium
Stearic acid
Sulfur, native
Tin
Zinc†
0−100
0−100
0−100
0−100
40
40
0−100
0−100
0−100
20−100
0−80
0−100
−20 to −1
0−100
0−100
20
0−100
20
0−100
0−100
20
0−100
50−60
20
0−100
20
33.8−45.4
13.2−50.3
0−100
0−100
0.3167
0.0105
0.3948
0.4998
0.0354
0.0168
0.558
0.276
0.214
0.156
0.0129
0.4411
1.1250
0.3550
0.8399
5.88
0.265
0.0814
1.094
1.967
1.0754
0.3840
1.2120
4.87
0.5831
2.13
8.1
2.23
0.6889
0.8928
*Smithsonian Tables, Table 268.
†See additional data below.
Aluminum1
100 − 530°C.
V = V0(1 + 2.16 × 10−5t + 0.95 × 10−8t2)
1
Cadmium
130 − 270°C.
V = V0(1 + 8.04 × 10−5t + 5.9 × 10−8t2)
1
Copper
110 − 300°C.
V = V0(1 + 1.62 × 10−5t + 0.20 × 10−8t2)
Colophony2
0 − 34°C.
V = V0(1 + 2.21 × 10−4t + 0.31 × 10−6t2)
34 − 150°C.
V = V34[1 + 7.40 × 10−4(t − 34) + 5.91 × 10−6(t − 34)2]
1
Lead
100 − 280°C.
V = V0(1 + 1.60 × 10−5t + 3.2 × 10−8t2)
2
Shellac
0 − 46°C.
V = V0(1 + 2.73 × 10−4t + 0.39 × 10−6t2)
46 − 100°C.
V = V46[1 + 13.10 × 10−4(t − 46) + 0.62 × 10−6(t − 46)2]
Silica (vitreous)3
0 − 300°C.
Vt = V0[1 + 10−8(93.6t + 0.7776t2 − 0.003315t2 + 0.000005244t4)
Sugar (cane, amorphous)2 0 − 67°C.
Vt = V0(1 + 2.34 × 10−4t + 0.14 × 10−6t2)
67 − 160°C.
Vt = V67[1 + 5.02 × 10−4(t − 67) + 0.43 × 10−6(t − 67)2]
Zinc1
120 − 360°C.
Vt = V0(1 + 8.50 × 10−5t + 3.9 × 10−8t2)
1
2
3
Uffelmann, Phil. Mag., (7) 10, 633 (1930).
Samsoen, Ann. phys., (10) 9, 83 (1928).
Harlow, Phil. Mag., (7) 7, 674 (1929).
2-132
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
To convert the Joule-Thomson coefficient, µ, in degrees Celsius per
atmosphere to degrees Fahrenheit per atmosphere, multiply by 1.8.
TABLE 2-149
°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32; °R = 9⁄ 5 K
To convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by
14.504; to convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.
Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson Coefficient
Temp. range, °C
Pressure range, atm
Gas
Air
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Butane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Deuterium
Dowtherm A
Ethane
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
>200
<0
0–10
10–50
50–200
12, 15, 16
19, 35
28
39
31
26
7, 8, 28
37
17
12, 15, 19
35
15, 19, 35
19, 35
39
31
26
7, 8, 37
39
31
39
7, 8, 37
7, 8, 37
1,* 22, 24
25
17
1,* 22, 24,
25
46
45
1, 38
24, 30
17
22, 24, 25
1*
46
45
1, 38
22, 24, 25
30
6
Methane
Mixtures
Natural gas
Nitrogen
13, 28, 40
13, 40
Nitrous oxide
Pentane
Propane
Steam
26, 34, 44
41
28, 29, 42
34
43
29, 42, 47
38
24, 30
1, 38
22, 24, 25
30
6
33
13, 40
34
42, 47
33
13
33
13, 40
0–300
12, 15, 16
19, 35
28
39
31
26
7, 8, 9, 10
37
17
46
45
9, 10
38
24
6
9, 11
33
9, 10, 13
28, 40
9, 10
26, 34, 44
43
28, 29, 42
45
>300
Unclassified
3, 4, 18
2, 3
31
46
48
13
19
29, 42, 47
29, 47
*See also 14 (generalized chart); 18 (review, to 1919); 20–22; 23 (review, to 1948); 27 (review, to 1905); 32, 36, 41, 50.
REFERENCES: 1. Baehr. Z. Elektrochem., 60, 515 (1956). 2. Beattie, J. Math. Phys., 9, 11 (1930). 3. Beattie, Phys. Rev., 35,
643 (1930). 4. Bradley and Hale, Phys. Rev., 29, 258 (1909). 5. Brown and Dean, Bur. Stand. J. Res., 60, 161 (1958). 6. Budenholzer, Sage, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 29, 658 (1937). 7. Burnett, Phys. Rev., 22, 590 (1923). 8. Burnett, Univ. Wisconsin Bull.
9(6), 1926. 9. Charnley, Ph.D. thesis. University of Manchester, 1952. 10. Charnley, Isles, et al., Proc. R. Soc. (London), A217,
133 (1953). 11. Charnley, Rowlinson, et al., Proc. R. Soc. (London), A230, 354 (1955). 12. Dalton, Commun. Phys. Lab. Univ.
Leiden, no. 109c, 1909. 13. Deming and Deming, Phys. Rev., 48, 448 (1935). 14. Edmister, Pet. Refiner, 28, 128 (1949). 15.
Eucken, Clusius, et al., Z. Tech. Phys., 13, 267 (1932). 16. Eumorfopoulos and Rai, Phil. Mag., 7, 961 (1926). 17. Huang, Lin,
et al., Z. Phys., 100, 594 (1936). 18. Hoxton, Phys. Rev., 13, 438 (1919). 19. Ishkin and Kaganev, J. Tech. Phys. U.S.S.R., 26,
2323 (1956). 20. Isles, Ph.D. thesis, Leeds University. 21. Jenkin and Pye, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (London), A213, 67 (1914);
A215, 353 (1915). 22. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2362 (1946). 23. Johnston, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 70, 651 (1948).
24. Johnston, Bezman, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2367 (1946). 25. Johnston, Swanson, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 2373
(1946). 26. Kennedy, Sage, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 718 (1936). 27. Kester, Phys. Rev., 21, 260 (1905). 28. Keyes and
Collins, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 18, 328 (1932). 29. Kleinschmidt, Mech. Eng., 45, 165 (1923); 48, 155 (1926). 30. Koeppe,
Kältetechnik, 8, 275 (1956). 31. Lindsay and Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 817 (1935). 32. Noell, dissertation, Munich, 1914,
Forschungsdienst, 184, p. 1, 1916. 33. Palienko, Tr. Inst. Ispol’ z. Gaza, Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, no. 4, p. 87, 1956. 34. Pattee and
Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 511, (1934). 35. Roebuck, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 60, 537 (1925); 64, 287 (1930). 36. Roebuck, see 49 below, 37. Roebuck and Murrell, Phys. Rev., 55, 240 (1939). 38. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 37, 110
(1931); 43, 60 (1933). 39. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 46, 785 (1934). 40. Roebuck and Osterberg, Phys. Rev., 48, 450
(1935). 41. Roebuck, Murrell, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 64, 400 (1942). 42. Sage, unpublished data, California Institute of
Technology, 1959. 43. Sage and Lacy, Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 1484 (1934). 44. Sage, Kennedy, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 601
(1936). 45. Sage, Webster, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 29, 658 (1937). 46. Ullock, Gaffert, et al., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 32,
73 (1936). 47. Yang, Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 786 (1953). 48. Zelmanov, J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 3, 43 (1940). 49. Roebuck, recalculated
data. 50. Michels et al., van der Waals laboratory publications. Gunn, Cheuh, and Prausnitz, Cryogenics, 6, 324 (1966), review
equations relating the inversion temperatures and pressures. The ability of various equations of state to relate these was also
discussed by Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 9, 585 (1970); and Juris and Wenzel, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 18, 684 (1972).
Perhaps the most detailed review is that of Hendricks, Peller, and Baron. NASA Tech. Note D 6807, 1972.
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
2-133
TABLE 2-150 Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus
in Reduced Coordinates (Tr = T/Tc; Pr = P/Pc)*
Pr
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
TrL
TrU
0.782
4.984
0.800
4.916
0.818
4.847
0.838
4.777
0.859
4.706
0.880
4.633
0.903
4.550
0.953
4.401
Pr
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11.79
TrL
TrU
1.01
4.23
1.08
4.06
1.16
3.88
1.25
3.68
1.35
3.45
1.50
3.18
1.73
2.86
2.24
2.24
*Calculated from the best three-constant equation recommended by Miller,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 9, 585 (1970). TrL refers to the lower curve, and TrU,
to the upper curve.
TABLE 2-151
Joule-Thomson Data for Air*
t, °C
P, atm
1
20
60
100
140
180
200
−150
−100
−75
−50
−25
0
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
0.0450
.0185
− .0070
− .0255
− .0330
0.5895
.5700
.4820
.2775
.1360
.0655
.0440
0.4795
.4555
.3835
.2880
.1855
.1136
.0855
0.3910
.3690
.3195
.2505
.1825
.1270
.1065
0.3225
.3010
.2610
.2130
.1650
.1240
.1090
0.2745
.2580
.2200
.1820
.1450
.1100
.0950
0.2320
.2173
.1852
.1550
.1249
.0959
0.1956
.1830
.1571
.1310
.1070
.0829
0.1614
.1508
.1293
.1087
.0889
.0707
0.1355
.1258
.1062
.0884
.0726
.0580
0.0961
.0883
.0732
.0600
.0482
.0376
0.0645
.0580
.0453
.0343
.0250
.0174
0.0409
.0356
.0254
.0165
.0092
.0027
*Free of water and CO2. Extracted from Table 261, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th rev. ed., Washington, DC, 1954. These data are corrected from earlier publications. µ in °C/atm.
TABLE 2-152
P, bar
TL, K
TU, K
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Air
0
(112)*
653
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
114
641
117
629
120
617
124
606
128
594
132
582
137
568
143
555
149
541
P, bar
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
432
TL, K
TU, K
156
526
164
509
173
491
184
470
197
445
212
417
230
386
265
345
300
300
*Hypothetical low-pressure limit.
TABLE 2-153
Joule-Thomson Data for Argon*
Pressure, atm
t, °C
1
−150
−125
−100
−75
−50
20
60
100
140
180
200
1.812
1.112
0.8605
.7100
.5960
1.102
0.8485
.6895
.5720
−0.0025
.1250
.6900
.5910
.4963
−0.0277
.0415
.2820
.4225
.3970
−0.0403
.0090
.1137
.2480
.2840
−0.0595
−.0100
.0560
.1537
.2037
−0.0640
− .0165
.0395
.1215
.1860
−25
0
25
50
75
.5045
.4307
.3720
.3220
.2695
.4805
.4080
.3490
.3015
.2557
.4210
.3600
.3077
.2650
.2285
.3460
.3010
.2628
.2297
.1993
.2763
.2505
.2213
.1947
.1710
.2140
.2050
.1890
.1700
.1505
.1950
.1883
.1745
.1580
.1415
100
125
150
200
250
.2413
.2105
.1845
.1377
.0980
.2277
.1980
.1720
.1280
.0910
.1975
.1707
.1485
.1102
.0785
.1715
.1480
.1285
.0950
.0665
.1490
.1300
.1123
.0823
.0555
.1320
.1153
.0998
.0715
.0485
.1255
.1100
.0945
.0675
.0468
300
.0643
.0607
.0530
.0445
.0370
.0370
.0276
*Extracted from Table 263, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th rev. ed., Washington, DC, 1954.
These data are corrected from an earlier publication. µ in °C/atm.
2-134
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-154
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Argon
P, bar
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
TL, K
TU, K
94
765
97
755
101
744
105
736
109
726
113
716
118
705
123
694
128
683
134
671
P, bar
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
TL, K
TU, K
141
657
148
643
158
627
170
610
183
591
201
569
222
544
248
515
288
478
375
375
TABLE 2-155
Joule-Thomson Data for Carbon Dioxide*
Pressure, atm
t, °C
1
20
60
73
100
140
180
200
−75
−50
0
50
100
2.4130
1.2900
0.8950
.6490
−0.0200
− .0140
1.4020
.8950
.6375
−0.0200
− .0150
.0370
.8800
.6080
−0.0232
− .0165
.0310
.8225
.5920
−0.0228
− .0160
.0215
.5570
.5405
−0.0240
− .0183
.0115
.1720
.4320
−0.0250
− .0228
.0085
.1025
.3000
−0.0290
− .0248
.0045
.0930
.2555
125
150
200
250
300
.5600
.4890
.3770
.3075
.2650
.5450
.4695
.3575
.2885
.2425
.5160
.4430
.3400
.2625
.2080
.5068
.4380
.3325
.2565
.2002
.4750
.4155
.3150
.2420
.1872
.4130
.3760
.2890
.2235
.1700
.3230
.3102
.2600
.2045
.1540
.2915
.2910
.2455
.1975
.1505
*Extracted from Table 266, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th rev. ed., Washington, DC, 1954. These data are corrected
from an earlier publication. µ in °C/atm.
TABLE 2-156
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Carbon Dioxide*
P, bar
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
TL, K
TU, K
243
1290
251
1261
258
1233
266
1205
272
1175
283
1146
293
1111
302
1076
312
1045
P, bar
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
884
TL, K
TU, K
325
1015
338
983
351
950
365
914
383
878
403
840
441
796
496
739
608
608
*Interpolated from Vukalovich and Altunin’s interpolation of data of Price, Ind. Eng. Chem., 47, 1691
(1955). TL = lower inversion temperature, and TU = upper inversion temperature.
TABLE 2-157
P, bar
TL, K
TU, K
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Deuterium
0
(31)*
216
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
194
34
202
38
189
43
178
49
168
56
157
65
146
77
131
108
108
*Hypothetical low-pressure limit.
TABLE 2-158
P, bar
0
TL, K
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Ethane
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
249
255
262
269
275
282
290
297
306
P, bar
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
TL, K
315
325
335
345
357
370
383
398
415
432
P, bar
500
525
550
575
600
TL, K
453
477
505
545
626
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
TABLE 2-159
2-135
Joule-Thomson Data for Helium*
T, K
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
µ
−0.0574
−0.0587
−0.0594
−0.0601
−0.0608
−0.0614
−0.0619
−0.0625
T, K
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
µ
−0.0629
−0.0634
−0.0637
−0.0640
−0.0643
−0.0645
−0.0645
−0.0643
T, K
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
µ
−0.0640
−0.0636
−0.0630
−0.0622
−0.0611
−0.0587
−0.0540
*Interpolated and converted from data in Table 262, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th rev. ed., Washington, DC, 1954. These data are corrected from
those in an earlier publication. µ is in °C/atm. Below about 200 atm, little change in the coefficient with pressure occurs.
TABLE 2-160
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Normal Hydrogen
P, bar
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
164
TL, K
TU, K
(28)*
202
32
193
38
183
44
171
52
157
61
141
73
119
92
92
*Hypothetical low-pressure limit.
TABLE 2-161
P, bar
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Methane
25
TL, K
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
161
166
172
176
182
189
195
202
209
217
225
P, bar
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
534
TL, K
TU, K
234
243
254
265
277
292
309
505
331
474
365
437
400
400
TABLE 2-162
Joule-Thomson Data for Nitrogen*
Pressure, atm
t, °C
1
20
33.5
60
100
140
180
200
−150
−125
−100
−75
−50
1.2659
0.8557
.6490
.5033
.3968
1.1246
0.7948
.5958
.4671
.3734
0.1704
.7025
.5494
.4318
.3467
0.0601
.4940
.4506
.3712
.3059
0.0202
.1314
.2754
.2682
.2332
−0.0056
.0498
.1373
.1735
.1676
−0.0211
.0167
.0765
.1026
.1120
−0.0284
.0032
.0587
.0800
.0906
−25
0
25
50
75
.3224
.2656
.2217
.1855
.1555
.3013
.2494
.2060
.1709
.1421
.2854
.2377
.1961
.1621
.1336
.2528
.2088
.1729
.1449
.1191
.2001
.1679
.1400
.1164
.0941
.1506
.1316
.1105
.0915
.0740
.1101
.1015
.0874
.0732
.0583
.0932
.0891
.0779
.0666
.0543
100
125
150
200
250
.1292
.1070
.0868
.0558
.0331
.1173
.0973
.0776
.0472
.0256
.1100
.0904
.0734
.0430
.0230
.0975
.0786
.0628
.0372
.0160
.0768
.0621
.0482
.0262
.0071
.0582
.0459
.0348
.0168
.0009
.0462
.0347
.0248
.0094
−.0037
.0419
.0326
.0228
.0070
−.0058
300
.0140
.0096
.0050
−.0013
−.0075
−.0129
−.0160
−.0171
*Extracted from Table 264, Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th rev. ed., Washington, DC, 1954. These
data are corrected from an earlier publication. µ in °C/atm.
TABLE 2-163
Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Propane
P, bar
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
TL, K
(296)*
303
311
318
327
336
345
355
365
374
389
403
P, bar
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
541
TL, K
418
435
452
473
495
521
551
586
628
686
780
*Hypothetical low-pressure limit.
2-136
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
CRITICAL CONSTANTS
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Other data and estimation techniques for the elements are contained
in Gates and Thodos, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 6 (1960):50–54; and
Ohse and von Tippelskirch, High Temperatures—High Pressures, 9
TABLE 2-164
Cmpd.
no.
(1977):367–385. For inorganic substances see Mathews, Chem. Rev.,
72 (1972):71–100; for organics see Kudchaker, Alani, and Zwolinski,
Chem. Rev., 68 (1968):659–735; and for fluorocarbons see Advances
in Fluorine Chemistry, App. B, Butterworth. Washington, 1963, pp.
173–175.
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc × 1E-06
Pa
Vc,
m3/Kmol
Zc
Acentric
factor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
74828
74840
74986
106978
109660
110543
142825
111659
111842
124185
16.043
30.070
44.097
58.123
72.150
86.177
100.204
114.231
128.258
142.285
190.564
305.32
369.83
425.12
469.7
507.6
540.2
568.7
594.6
617.7
4.59
4.85
4.21
3.77
3.36
3.04
2.72
2.47
2.31
2.09
0.099
0.146
0.200
0.255
0.315
0.373
0.428
0.486
0.540
0.601
0.286
0.279
0.273
0.272
0.271
0.269
0.259
0.254
0.252
0.245
0.011
0.098
0.149
0.197
0.251
0.304
0.346
0.396
0.446
0.488
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
n-Eicosane
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
C20H42
1120214
112403
629505
629594
629629
544763
629787
593453
629925
112958
156.312
170.338
184.365
198.392
212.419
226.446
240.473
254.500
268.527
282.553
639
658
675
693
708
723
736
747
758
768
1.95
1.82
1.68
1.57
1.47
1.41
1.34
1.26
1.21
1.17
0.658
0.718
0.779
0.830
0.888
0.943
0.998
1.059
1.119
1.169
0.242
0.239
0.233
0.226
0.222
0.221
0.219
0.214
0.215
0.215
0.530
0.577
0.617
0.643
0.685
0.721
0.771
0.806
0.851
0.912
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
75285
78784
79298
107835
565593
560214
540841
58.123
72.150
86.177
86.177
100.204
114.231
114.231
408.14
460.43
499.98
497.5
537.35
573.5
543.96
3.62
3.37
3.13
3.02
2.88
2.81
2.56
0.261
0.304
0.358
0.366
0.396
0.455
0.465
0.278
0.268
0.269
0.267
0.255
0.268
0.264
0.177
0.226
0.246
0.279
0.292
0.289
0.301
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
74851
115071
106989
590181
624646
109671
592416
592767
28.054
42.081
56.108
56.108
56.108
70.134
84.161
98.188
282.34
365.57
419.95
435.58
428.63
464.78
504.03
537.29
5.03
4.63
4.04
4.24
4.08
3.56
3.14
2.82
0.132
0.188
0.241
0.233
0.237
0.295
0.354
0.413
0.283
0.286
0.279
0.273
0.272
0.271
0.265
0.261
0.086
0.137
0.190
0.204
0.216
0.236
0.280
0.330
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1-Octene
1-Nonene
1-Decene
2-Methylpropene
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
C4H8
C5H10
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
111660
124118
872059
115117
563462
513359
590192
106990
78795
112.215
126.242
140.269
56.108
70.134
70.134
54.092
54.092
68.119
566.65
593.25
616.4
417.9
465
471
452
425.17
484
2.57
2.33
2.21
3.98
3.45
3.38
4.36
4.30
3.85
0.460
0.528
0.584
0.238
0.292
0.292
0.220
0.220
0.277
0.251
0.249
0.252
0.272
0.261
0.252
0.255
0.268
0.265
0.377
0.417
0.478
0.192
0.237
0.272
0.166
0.192
0.158
45
46
47
48
49
50
Acetylene
Methylacetylene
Dimethylacetylene
3-Methyl-1-butyne
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C5H8
C5H8
74862
74997
503173
598232
627190
627214
26.038
40.065
54.092
68.119
68.119
68.119
308.32
402.39
473.2
463.2
481.2
519
6.15
5.62
4.87
4.20
4.17
4.02
0.113
0.164
0.221
0.275
0.277
0.276
0.271
0.276
0.274
0.300
0.289
0.257
0.188
0.216
0.239
0.308
0.290
0.174
51
52
53
54
55
56
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
3-Hexyne
1-Heptyne
1-Octyne
Vinylacetylene
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C4H4
693027
764352
928494
628717
629050
689974
82.145
82.145
82.145
96.172
110.199
52.076
516.2
549
544
559
585
454
3.64
3.53
3.54
3.13
2.82
4.89
0.322
0.331
0.334
0.386
0.441
0.205
0.273
0.256
0.261
0.260
0.256
0.265
0.335
0.221
0.219
0.272
0.323
0.109
CRITICAL CONSTANTS
TABLE 2-164
2-137
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued )
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc × 1E-06
Pa
287923
96377
1640897
110827
108872
590669
1678917
142290
693890
110838
70.134
84.161
98.188
84.161
98.188
112.215
112.215
68.119
82.145
82.145
511.76
532.79
569.52
553.58
572.19
591.15
609.15
507
542
560.4
4.50
3.78
3.40
4.10
3.48
2.94
3.04
4.81
4.13
4.39
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
71432
108883
95476
108383
106423
100414
103651
78.114
92.141
106.167
106.167
106.167
106.167
120.194
562.16
591.8
630.33
617.05
616.23
617.2
638.32
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Styrene
m-Terphenyl
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H14
C10H8
C12H10
C8H8
C18H14
95636
98828
108678
99876
91203
92524
100425
92068
120.194
120.194
120.194
134.221
128.174
154.211
104.152
230.309
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Methanol
Ethanol
1-Propanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
2-Propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C3H8O
C4H10O
67561
64175
71238
71363
78922
67630
75650
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
1-Pentanol
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
1-Hexanol
1-Heptanol
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Propylene glycol
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C6H14O
C7H16O
C6H12O
C2H6O2
C3H8O2
97
98
99
100
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
C6H6O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Dimethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl n-propyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl n-butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ether
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Diethyl ether
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Methyl phenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1-Propanal
1-Butanal
1-Pentanal
1-Hexanal
1-Heptanal
1-Octanal
1-Nonanal
1-Decanal
Cmpd.
no.
Name
Zc
Acentric
factor
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Cyclopentene
1-Methylcyclopentene
Cyclohexene
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C8H16
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
0.257
0.319
0.374
0.308
0.368
0.450
0.430
0.245
0.303
0.291
0.272
0.272
0.269
0.274
0.269
0.269
0.258
0.279
0.278
0.274
0.196
0.230
0.271
0.212
0.236
0.233
0.246
0.196
0.232
0.216
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Propylbenzene
4.88
4.10
3.74
3.53
3.50
3.60
3.20
0.261
0.314
0.374
0.377
0.381
0.375
0.440
0.273
0.262
0.267
0.259
0.260
0.263
0.265
0.209
0.262
0.311
0.325
0.320
0.301
0.344
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
649.13
631.1
637.36
653.15
748.35
789.26
636
924.85
3.25
3.18
3.11
2.80
3.99
3.86
3.82
3.53
0.430
0.429
0.433
0.497
0.413
0.502
0.352
0.768
0.259
0.260
0.254
0.256
0.265
0.295
0.254
0.352
0.380
0.322
0.397
0.366
0.296
0.367
0.295
0.561
32.042
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
60.096
74.123
512.64
513.92
536.78
563.05
536.05
508.3
506.21
8.14
6.12
5.12
4.34
4.20
4.79
3.99
0.117
0.168
0.220
0.276
0.270
0.221
0.276
0.224
0.240
0.252
0.256
0.254
0.250
0.262
0.566
0.643
0.617
0.585
0.574
0.670
0.613
71410
137326
123513
111273
111706
108930
107211
57556
88.150
88.150
88.150
102.177
116.203
100.161
62.068
76.095
586.15
565
577.2
611.35
631.9
650
719.7
626
3.87
3.87
3.90
3.46
3.18
4.25
7.71
6.04
0.327
0.327
0.327
0.381
0.435
0.322
0.191
0.239
0.260
0.270
0.266
0.259
0.263
0.253
0.246
0.277
0.592
0.678
0.586
0.572
0.592
0.371
0.487
1.102
108952
95487
108394
106445
94.113
108.140
108.140
108.140
694.25
697.55
705.85
704.65
6.06
5.06
4.52
5.15
0.229
0.282
0.312
0.277
0.240
0.246
0.240
0.244
0.438
0.438
0.444
0.507
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C7H8O
C12H10O
115106
540670
557175
598538
628284
625445
1634044
60297
628320
625547
100663
101848
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
88.150
88.150
88.150
74.123
88.150
88.150
108.140
170.211
400.1
437.8
476.3
464.5
510
497
497.1
466.7
500.23
489
645.6
766.8
5.27
4.47
3.77
3.89
3.31
3.41
3.41
3.64
3.37
3.41
4.27
3.10
0.171
0.221
0.276
0.276
0.329
0.331
0.329
0.281
0.336
0.329
0.337
0.503
0.271
0.271
0.263
0.278
0.257
0.273
0.272
0.264
0.273
0.276
0.268
0.244
0.192
0.229
0.264
0.280
0.335
0.310
0.264
0.281
0.347
0.306
0.353
0.441
CH2O
C2H4O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C8H16O
C9H18O
C10H20O
50000
75070
123386
123728
110623
66251
111717
124130
124196
112312
30.026
44.053
58.080
72.107
86.134
100.161
114.188
128.214
142.241
156.268
408
466
504.4
537.2
566.1
591
617
638.1
658
674.2
6.59
5.57
4.92
4.32
3.97
3.46
3.18
2.97
2.74
2.60
0.115
0.154
0.204
0.258
0.313
0.369
0.421
0.474
0.527
0.580
0.223
0.221
0.239
0.250
0.264
0.260
0.261
0.265
0.264
0.269
0.282
0.292
0.256
0.278
0.347
0.387
0.427
0.474
0.514
0.582
Formula
CAS no.
Vc,
m3/Kmol
2-138
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-164
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued )
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc × 1E-06
Pa
67641
78933
107879
563804
591786
108101
565617
96220
565695
565800
108941
98862
58.080
72.107
86.134
86.134
100.161
100.161
100.161
86.134
100.161
114.188
98.145
120.151
508.2
535.5
561.08
553
587.05
571.4
573
560.95
567
576
653
709.5
4.71
4.12
3.71
3.84
3.31
3.27
3.32
3.70
3.34
3.06
4.01
3.85
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C7H6O2
C4H6O3
64186
64197
79094
107926
79312
65850
108247
46.026
60.053
74.079
88.106
88.106
122.123
102.090
588
591.95
600.81
615.7
605
751
606
Methyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Ethyl formate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl propionate
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
107313
79209
554121
623427
109944
141786
105373
60.053
74.079
88.106
102.133
74.079
88.106
102.133
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Ethyl n-butyrate
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate
Vinyl acetate
C6H12O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H8O2
C9H10O2
C4H6O2
105544
110747
109604
123864
93583
93890
108054
156
157
158
159
160
161
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Ethylamine
Diethylamine
Triethylamine
CH5N
C2H7N
C3H9N
C2H7N
C4H11N
C6H15N
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
n-Propylamine
di-n-Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Diisopropylamine
Aniline
N-Methylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
169
170
171
172
Cmpd.
no.
Name
Formula
Zc
Acentric
factor
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Pentanone
Methyl isopropyl ketone
2-Hexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
3-Methyl-2-pentanone
3-Pentanone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diisopropyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl phenyl ketone
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C6H10O
C8H8O
0.210
0.267
0.301
0.313
0.369
0.369
0.371
0.336
0.369
0.416
0.311
0.386
0.234
0.247
0.239
0.261
0.250
0.254
0.259
0.267
0.262
0.266
0.230
0.252
0.307
0.320
0.345
0.349
0.395
0.389
0.386
0.340
0.394
0.411
0.308
0.365
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
n-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Benzoic acid
Acetic anhydride
5.81
5.74
4.61
4.07
3.68
4.47
3.97
0.125
0.179
0.232
0.291
0.291
0.347
0.290
0.148
0.208
0.214
0.231
0.213
0.248
0.229
0.317
0.463
0.574
0.682
0.612
0.603
0.450
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
487.2
506.55
530.6
554.5
508.4
523.3
546
5.98
4.69
4.03
3.48
4.71
3.85
3.34
0.173
0.229
0.284
0.340
0.231
0.287
0.345
0.255
0.256
0.259
0.257
0.257
0.254
0.254
0.254
0.326
0.349
0.378
0.282
0.363
0.391
116.160
88.106
102.133
116.160
136.150
150.177
86.090
571
538
549.73
579.15
693
698
519.13
2.94
4.03
3.37
3.11
3.59
3.22
3.93
0.403
0.286
0.349
0.389
0.436
0.489
0.270
0.249
0.257
0.257
0.251
0.272
0.271
0.246
0.399
0.310
0.390
0.410
0.421
0.477
0.348
74895
124403
75503
75047
109897
121448
31.057
45.084
59.111
45.084
73.138
101.192
430.05
437.2
433.25
456.15
496.6
535.15
7.41
5.26
4.10
5.59
3.67
3.04
0.154
0.180
0.254
0.202
0.301
0.389
0.319
0.260
0.289
0.298
0.268
0.266
0.279
0.293
0.210
0.283
0.300
0.316
C3H9N
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C6H7N
C7H9N
C8H11N
107108
142847
75310
108189
62533
100618
121697
59.111
101.192
59.111
101.192
93.128
107.155
121.182
496.95
550
471.85
523.1
699
701.55
687.15
4.74
3.11
4.54
3.20
5.35
5.19
3.63
0.260
0.401
0.221
0.417
0.270
0.373
0.465
0.298
0.273
0.256
0.307
0.248
0.332
0.295
0.280
0.446
0.276
0.388
0.381
0.480
0.403
Ethylene oxide
Furan
Thiophene
Pyridine
C2H4O
C4H4O
C4H4S
C5H5N
75218
110009
110021
110861
44.053
68.075
84.142
79.101
469.15
490.15
579.35
619.95
7.26
5.55
5.71
5.64
0.142
0.218
0.219
0.254
0.264
0.297
0.260
0.278
0.201
0.205
0.195
0.239
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
Formamide
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Acetamide
N-Methylacetamide
Acetonitrile
Propionitrile
n-Butyronitrile
Benzonitrile
CH3NO
C3H7NO
C2H5NO
C3H7NO
C2H3N
C3H5N
C4H7N
C7H5N
75127
68122
60355
79163
75058
107120
109740
100470
45.041
73.095
59.068
73.095
41.053
55.079
69.106
103.123
771
649.6
761
718
545.5
564.4
582.25
699.35
7.75
4.37
6.57
5.00
4.85
4.19
3.79
4.21
0.163
0.262
0.215
0.267
0.173
0.229
0.278
0.339
0.197
0.212
0.223
0.224
0.185
0.205
0.217
0.245
0.410
0.312
0.419
0.437
0.340
0.325
0.371
0.352
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
n-Propyl mercaptan
n-Butyl mercaptan
Isobutyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
CH4S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
74931
75081
107039
109795
513440
513531
75183
624895
352932
48.109
62.136
76.163
90.189
90.189
90.189
62.136
76.163
90.189
469.95
499.15
536.6
570.1
559
554
503.04
533
557.15
7.23
5.49
4.63
3.97
4.06
4.06
5.53
4.26
3.96
0.145
0.206
0.254
0.307
0.307
0.307
0.200
0.254
0.320
0.268
0.273
0.263
0.257
0.268
0.271
0.264
0.244
0.273
0.158
0.188
0.232
0.272
0.253
0.251
0.194
0.209
0.294
CAS no.
Vc,
m3/Kmol
CRITICAL CONSTANTS
TABLE 2-164
Cmpd.
no.
2-139
Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Concluded )
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol. wt.
Tc, K
Pc × 1E-06
Pa
Vc,
m3/Kmol
Zc
Acentric
factor
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Fluoromethane
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Bromomethane
Fluoroethane
Chloroethane
Bromoethane
CH3F
CH3Cl
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3Br
C2H5F
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
593533
74873
67663
56235
74839
353366
75003
74964
34.033
50.488
119.377
153.822
94.939
48.060
64.514
108.966
317.42
416.25
536.4
556.35
467
375.31
460.35
503.8
5.88
6.69
5.55
4.54
8.00
5.01
5.46
6.29
0.113
0.142
0.238
0.274
0.156
0.164
0.155
0.215
0.252
0.275
0.296
0.270
0.321
0.263
0.221
0.323
0.198
0.154
0.228
0.191
0.192
0.218
0.206
0.259
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C2H3Cl
C6H5F
C6H5Cl
C6H5Br
540545
75296
78999
78875
75014
462066
108907
108861
78.541
78.541
112.986
112.986
62.499
96.104
112.558
157.010
503.15
489
560
572
432
560.09
632.35
670.15
4.58
4.51
4.24
4.23
5.75
4.54
4.53
4.52
0.247
0.247
0.292
0.291
0.179
0.269
0.308
0.324
0.270
0.274
0.266
0.259
0.287
0.262
0.265
0.263
0.228
0.196
0.253
0.256
0.106
0.247
0.251
0.251
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Air
Hydrogen
Helium-4
Neon
Argon
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Hydrazine
Nitrous oxide
H2
He
Ne
Ar
F2
Cl2
Br2
O2
N2
NH3
N2H4
N2O
132259100
1333740
7440597
7440019
7440371
7782414
7782505
7726956
7782447
7727379
7664417
302012
10024972
28.951
2.016
4.003
20.180
39.948
37.997
70.905
159.808
31.999
28.014
17.031
32.045
44.013
132.45
33.19
5.2
44.4
150.86
144.12
417.15
584.15
154.58
126.2
405.65
653.15
309.57
3.79
1.32
0.23
2.67
4.90
5.17
7.79
10.28
5.02
3.39
11.30
14.73
7.28
0.092
0.064
0.058
0.042
0.075
0.067
0.124
0.135
0.074
0.089
0.072
0.158
0.098
0.318
0.307
0.305
0.300
0.292
0.287
0.279
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.241
0.429
0.277
0.000
−0.215
−0.388
−0.038
0.000
0.053
0.073
0.128
0.020
0.037
0.253
0.315
0.143
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
Nitric oxide
Cyanogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Water
NO
C2N2
CO
CO2
CS2
HF
HCl
HBr
HCN
H2S
SO2
SO3
H2O
10102439
460195
630080
124389
75150
7664393
7647010
10035106
74908
7783064
7446095
7446119
7732185
30.006
52.036
28.010
44.010
76.143
20.006
36.461
80.912
27.026
34.082
64.065
80.064
18.015
180.15
400.15
132.92
304.21
552
461.15
324.65
363.15
456.65
373.53
430.75
490.85
647.13
6.52
5.94
3.49
7.39
8.04
6.49
8.36
8.46
5.35
9.00
7.86
8.19
21.94
0.058
0.195
0.095
0.095
0.160
0.069
0.082
0.100
0.139
0.099
0.123
0.127
0.056
0.252
0.348
0.300
0.277
0.280
0.117
0.253
0.280
0.195
0.287
0.269
0.255
0.228
0.585
0.276
0.048
0.224
0.118
0.383
0.134
0.069
0.407
0.096
0.244
0.423
0.343
All substances are listed in alphabetical order in Table 2-6a.
Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor
Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical Property Data, AIChE, New York, NY; and from Ambrose, D. “Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties”, Report Chem
107, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK, October, 1979.
In order to ensure thermodynamic consistency, in almost all cases these properties are calculated from Tc and the vapor pressure and liquid density correlation coefficients listed in those tables. This means that there will be slight differences between the values listed here and those in the DIPPR tables. Most of the differences
are less than 1%, and almost all the rest are less than the estimated accuracy of the quantity in question.
The atomic weights used, taken from J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 22(6), 1993, are C = 12.011, H = 1.00794, O = 15.9994, N = 14.00674, S = 32.066, F = 18.9984, Cl =
35.4527, Br = 79.904, and I = 126.90447.
The value of the gas constant, R, used here is 8314.51 J/(kmol·K), as given by E. R. Cohen and B. N. Taylor in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, 1988. K − 273.15 = °C;
1.8 × K − 459.67 = °F; Pa × 9.869233E-06 = atm; Pa × 1.450377E-04 = psia j; m3/kmol × (1E + 03/mol. wt.) = cm3/g; m3/kmol × (1.601846E + 01/mol wt) = ft3/lb.
2-140
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
COMPRESSIBILITIES
reminded that compressibilities can be calculated from the pressure—volume (or density)—temperature tables of the subsection
“Thermodynamic Properties.”
INTRODUCTION
The increasing ranges of pressure and temperature of interest to technology for an ever-increasing number of substances would necessitate
additional tables in this subsection as well as in the subsection “Thermodynamic Properties.” Space restrictions preclude this. Hence, in
the present revision, an attempt was made to update the fluidcompressibility tables for selected fluids and to omit tables for other
fluids. The reader is thus referred to the fourth edition for tables on
miscellaneous gases at 0°C, acetylene, ammonia, ethane, ethylene,
hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures, and methyl chloride. The reader is also
TABLE 2-165
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
°R = 9⁄5 K.
To convert bars to pounds-force per cubic inch, multiply by 14.504.
To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102.
Compressibility Factors for Air*
Pressure, bar
Temp., K
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
75
80
90
100
120
0.0052
0.9764
0.9797
0.9880
0.0260
0.0250
0.0236
0.8872
0.9373
0.0519
0.0499
0.0471
0.0453
0.8660
0.1036
0.0995
0.0940
0.0900
0.6730
0.2063
0.1981
0.1866
0.1782
0.1778
0.3082
0.2958
0.2781
0.2635
0.2557
0.4094
0.3927
0.3686
0.3498
0.3371
0.5099
0.4887
0.4581
0.4337
0.4132
0.7581
0.7258
0.6779
0.6386
0.5964
1.0025
0.9588
0.8929
0.8377
0.7720
1.1931
1.1098
1.0395
0.9530
1.4139
1.3110
1.2227
1.1076
1.7161
1.5937
1.5091
2.1105
1.9536
1.7366
140
160
180
200
250
0.9927
0.9951
0.9967
0.9978
0.9992
0.9614
0.9748
0.9832
0.9886
0.9957
0.9205
0.9489
0.9660
0.9767
0.9911
0.8297
0.8954
0.9314
0.9539
0.9822
0.5856
0.7803
0.8625
0.9100
0.9671
0.3313
0.6603
0.7977
0.8701
0.9549
0.3737
0.5696
0.7432
0.8374
0.9463
0.4340
0.5489
0.7084
0.8142
0.9411
0.5909
0.6340
0.7180
0.8061
0.9450
0.7699
0.7564
0.7986
0.8549
0.9713
0.9114
0.8840
0.9000
0.9311
1.0152
1.0393
1.0105
1.0068
1.0185
1.0702
1.3202
1.2585
1.2232
1.2054
1.1990
1.5903
1.4970
1.4361
1.3944
1.3392
300
350
400
450
500
0.9999
1.0000
1.0002
1.0003
1.0003
0.9987
1.0002
1.0012
1.0016
1.0020
0.9974
1.0004
1.0025
1.0034
1.0034
0.9950
1.0014
1.0046
1.0063
1.0074
0.9917
1.0038
1.0100
1.0133
1.0151
0.9901
1.0075
1.0159
1.0210
1.0234
0.9903
1.0121
1.0229
1.0287
1.0323
0.9930
1.0183
1.0312
1.0374
1.0410
1.0074
1.0377
1.0533
1.0614
1.0650
1.0326
1.0635
1.0795
1.0913
1.0913
1.0669
1.0947
1.1087
1.1183
1.1183
1.1089
1.1303
1.1411
1.1463
1.1463
1.2073
1.2116
1.2117
1.2090
1.2051
1.3163
1.3015
1.2890
1.2778
1.2667
600
800
1000
1.0004
1.0004
1.0004
1.0022
1.0020
1.0018
1.0039
1.0038
1.0037
1.0081
1.0077
1.0068
1.0164
1.0157
1.0142
1.0253
1.0240
1.0215
1.0340
1.0321
1.0290
1.0434
1.0408
1.0365
1.0678
1.0621
1.0556
1.0920
1.0844
1.0744
1.1172
1.1061
1.0948
1.1427
1.1283
1.1131
1.1947
1.1720
1.1515
1.2475
1.2150
1.1889
*Calculated from values of pressure, volume (or density), and temperature in Vasserman, Kazavchinskii, and Rabinovich, Thermophysical Properties of Air and Air
Components, Moscow, Nauka, 1966, and NBS-NSF Trans. TT 70-50095, 1971; and Vasserman and Rabinovich, Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and Its Components, Moscow, 1968, and NBS-NSF Trans. 69-55092, 1970.
TABLE 2-166
Compressibility Factors for Argon*
Temp., K
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
100
150
200
250
300
0.9773
0.9932
0.9972
0.9988
0.9995
0.0183
0.9647
0.9857
0.9935
0.9969
0.0366
0.9273
0.9713
0.9869
0.9941
0.0729
0.8447
0.9419
0.9741
0.9884
0.1449
0.6101
0.8810
0.9494
0.9777
0.2162
0.2249
0.8208
0.9263
0.9686
0.2867
0.2781
0.7624
0.9056
0.9611
0.3567
0.3324
0.7121
0.8877
0.9552
0.6975
0.5934
0.6870
0.8590
0.9533
1.0267
0.8387
0.8360
0.9207
0.9950
1.3470
1.0732
1.0051
1.0262
1.0673
1.6932
1.2995
1.1982
1.1479
1.1786
400
500
600
800
1000
1.0001
1.0002
1.0003
1.0003
1.0002
0.9997
1.0007
1.0012
1.0012
1.0013
0.9998
1.0012
1.0025
1.0023
1.0022
0.9999
1.0034
1.0046
1.0050
1.0050
1.0004
1.0071
1.0094
1.0102
1.0096
1.0018
1.0113
1.0143
1.0151
1.0142
1.0031
1.0154
1.0198
1.0205
1.0193
1.0056
1.0205
1.0250
1.0258
1.0239
1.0280
1.0501
1.0553
1.0532
1.0484
1.0656
1.0874
1.0904
1.0830
1.0736
1.1157
1.1301
1.1291
1.1147
1.0999
1.1976
1.1997
1.1933
1.1707
1.1497
Pressure, bar
*Calculated from PVT values tabulated in Rabinovich (ed.), Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon, Standard Press, Moscow, 1976. This
book was published in English translation by Hemisphere, New York, 1988 (604 pp.).
COMPRESSIBILITIES
TABLE 2-167
2-141
Compressibility Factors for Carbon Dioxide*
Pressure, bar
Temp., °C
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
0
50
100
150
200
0.9933
0.9964
0.9977
0.9985
0.9991
0.9658
0.9805
0.9883
0.9927
0.9953
0.9294
0.9607
0.9764
0.9853
0.9908
0.8496
0.9195
0.9524
0.9705
0.9818
0.8300
0.9034
0.9416
0.9640
0.7264
0.8533
0.9131
0.9473
0.5981
0.8022
0.8854
0.9313
0.4239
0.7514
0.8590
0.9170
0.5891
0.7651
0.8649
0.6420
0.7623
0.8619
0.8235
0.8995
0.9098
0.9621
250
300
350
400
450
0.9994
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
0.9971
0.9982
0.9991
0.9997
1.0000
0.9943
0.9967
0.9983
0.9994
1.0003
0.9886
0.9936
0.9964
0.9989
1.0005
0.9783
0.9875
0.9938
0.9982
1.0013
0.9684
0.9822
0.9914
0.9979
1.0023
0.9593
0.9773
0.9896
0.9979
1.0038
0.9511
0.9733
0.9882
0.9984
1.0056
0.9253
0.9640
0.9895
1.0073
1.0070
0.9294
0.9746
1.0053
1.0266
1.0412
0.9508
1.0030
1.0340
1.0559
1.0709
1.0096
1.0464
1.0734
1.0928
1.1067
500
600
700
800
900
1.0000
1.0000
1.0003
1.0002
1.0002
1.0004
1.0007
1.0010
1.0009
1.0009
1.0008
1.0013
1.0017
1.0019
1.0020
1.0015
1.0030
1.0036
1.0040
1.0041
1.0035
1.0062
1.0073
1.0082
1.0083
1.0056
1.0093
1.0161
1.0122
1.0128
1.0079
1.0129
1.0155
1.0168
1.0171
1.0107
1.0168
1.0198
1.0212
1.0221
1.0282
1.0386
1.0436
1.0458
1.0463
1.0522
1.0648
1.0707
1.0731
1.0726
1.0820
1.0948
1.1000
1.1016
1.1012
1.1165
1.1277
1.1318
1.1324
1.1303
1000
1.0002
1.0009
1.0021
1.0042
1.0084
1.0128
1.0172
1.0218
1.0460
1.0725
1.0725
1.1274
*Calculated from density-pressure-temperature data in Vukalovitch and Altunin, Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Dioxide, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1965, and Collet’s, London, 1968, translation.
TABLE 2-168
Compressibility Factors for Carbon Monoxide*
Temp., K
1
4
7
10
40
70
100
200
250
300
350
400
0.9973
0.9989
0.9997
1.0000
1.0002
0.9893
0.9957
0.9987
1.0002
1.0010
0.9813
0.9926
0.9977
1.0003
1.0017
0.9734
0.9896
0.9968
1.0005
1.0025
0.9632
0.9907
1.0042
1.0042
0.9896
1.0112
1.0112
0.9935
1.0216
1.0216
450
500
600
700
800
1.0003
1.0004
1.0005
1.0005
1.0004
1.0014
1.0016
1.0018
1.0018
1.0017
1.0025
1.0029
1.0032
1.0032
1.0030
1.0035
1.0041
1.0045
1.0045
1.0044
1.0152
1.0172
1.0186
1.0183
1.0175
1.0285
1.0314
1.0332
1.0325
1.0309
1.0433
1.0469
1.0485
1.0470
1.0445
900
1000
1500
2000
2500
1.0004
1.0004
1.0003
1.0002
1.0002
1.0017
1.0016
1.0012
1.0009
1.0007
1.0029
1.0027
1.0021
1.0016
1.0013
1.0041
1.0039
1.0029
1.0022
1.0018
1.0166
1.0156
1.0115
1.0088
1.0071
1.0291
1.0273
1.0200
1.0155
1.0124
1.0418
1.0391
1.0286
1.0221
1.0178
3000
1.0002
1.0006
1.0010
1.0015
1.0059
1.0104
1.0148
Pressure, atm
*From Hilsenrath et al., N.B.S. Circ. 564, 1955. Some of the above values have been rounded to
four decimal places. Values at 10-K increments below 1000 K and at 50 K increments for higher temperatures appear in the original, also for pressures below atmospheric.
TABLE 2-169
Compressibility Factors for Ethanol
Temp., K
0.1
0.5
1.013
10
20
50
100
250
500
300
350
400
450
500
0.0022
0.0023
0.0024
0.999
1.000
1.000
0.993
0.997
0.997
0.986
0.991
0.994
0.0229
0.0215
0.0204
0.908
0.941
0.0458
0.0411
0.0408
0.874
0.114
0.107
0.101
0.101
0.122
0.228
0.208
0.201
0.198
0.214
0.565
0.509
0.490
0.472
0.473
1.11
1.03
0.95
0.898
0.868
600
700
800
900
1000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.998
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.997
0.999
0.999
1.000
1.000
0.972
0.985
0.992
0.996
0.998
0.943
0.971
0.984
0.992
0.997
0.948
0.973
0.988
0.993
0.672
0.902
0.953
0.981
0.990
0.470
0.760
0.890
0.962
1.002
0.868
0.921
0.988
1.04
1.08
Pressure, bar
Rounded and interpolated from Thermodynamics Research Center tables, Texas A&M University.
2-142
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-170
Compressibility Factors for Ethylene
Temperature, K
Pressure,
bar
110
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1
5
10
15
20
0.0047
0.0237
0.0472
0.0710
0.0946
0.0038
0.0189
0.0378
0.0566
0.0754
0.9808
0.0162
0.0323
0.0484
0.0644
0.9902
0.9495
0.8946
0.8320
0.7578
0.9944
0.9717
0.9425
0.9121
0.8804
0.9966
0.9828
0.9659
0.9479
0.9299
0.9979
0.9894
0.9785
0.9679
0.9574
0.9986
0.9935
0.9867
0.9749
0.9734
0.9991
0.9959
0.9919
0.9876
0.9833
30
40
60
80
100
0.1418
0.1889
0.2831
0.3767
0.4702
0.1129
0.1504
0.2251
0.2994
0.3734
0.0963
0.1280
0.1910
0.2533
0.3150
0.0950
0.1251
0.1838
0.2410
0.2968
0.8122
0.7342
0.5235
0.3302
0.3480
0.8936
0.8560
0.7791
0.7023
0.6359
0.9357
0.9144
0.8730
0.9056
0.9220
0.9603
0.9477
0.9231
0.9009
0.8825
0.9754
0.9677
0.9541
0.9428
0.9321
150
200
250
300
400
0.7030
0.9337
1.1636
1.3917
1.8441
0.5567
0.7382
0.9179
1.0960
1.4475
0.4671
0.6161
0.7630
0.9075
1.1910
0.4324
0.5630
0.6904
0.8148
1.0565
0.4528
0.5641
0.6740
0.7816
0.9909
0.5842
0.6347
0.7110
0.7969
0.9726
0.7483
0.7499
0.7895
0.8479
0.9849
0.8523
0.8494
0.8710
0.9095
1.0142
0.9167
0.9184
0.9343
0.9631
1.0450
500
solid
1.7934
1.4679
1.2908
1.1932
1.1468
1.1304
1.1341
1.1436
Calculated from Jacobsen, R.T., M. Jahangiri, et al., Ethylene, Blackwell Sci. Publs., Oxford, 1988 (299 pp.).
TABLE 2-171
Compressibility Factors for Normal Hydrogen*
Pressure, bar
Temp., K
1
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
400
600
800
1000
20
40
60
80
100
0.0169
0.9848
0.9955
0.9986
0.9998
0.1680
0.8340
0.9562
0.9776
0.9979
0.3302
0.6311
0.9169
0.9763
0.9976
0.6430
0.5240
0.8608
0.9655
1.0022
0.9434
0.6627
0.8498
0.9676
1.0133
1.2346
0.8118
0.8832
0.9842
1.0280
1.5166
0.9590
0.9432
1.0138
1.0528
2.844
1.650
1.347
1.257
1.225
2.878
2.158
1.834
1.659
3.993
2.902
2.389
2.095
5.034
3.598
2.907
2.512
6.019
4.263
3.404
2.902
200
300
400
500
600
1.0007
1.0005
1.0004
1.0004
1.0003
1.0066
1.0059
1.0048
1.0040
1.0034
1.0134
1.0117
1.0096
1.0080
1.0068
1.0275
1.0236
1.0192
1.0160
1.0136
1.0422
1.0357
1.0289
1.0240
1.0204
1.0575
1.0479
1.0386
1.0320
1.0272
1.0734
1.0603
1.0484
1.0400
1.0340
1.163
1.124
1.098
1.080
1.068
1.355
1.253
1.196
1.159
1.133
1.555
1.383
1.293
1.236
1.197
1.753
1.510
1.388
1.311
1.259
1.936
1.636
1.481
1.385
1.320
800
1000
2000
1.0002
1.0002
1.0009
1.0026
1.0021
1.0013
1.0052
1.0042
1.0023
1.0104
1.0084
1.0044
1.0156
1.0126
1.0065
1.0208
1.0168
1.0086
1.0259
1.0209
1.0107
1.051
1.041
1.021
1.100
1.080
1.040
1.147
1.117
1.057
1.193
1.153
1.073
1.237
1.187
1.088
*Calculated from PVT tables of McCarty, Hord, and Roder, NBS Monogr. 168, 1981.
TABLE 2-172
Compressibility Factors for KLEA 60
Temp., K
1
Pressure, bar
5
10
15
20
25
30
250
260
270
280
290
0.9687
0.9780
0.9803
0.9824
0.9848
0.9099
0.9199
300
310
320
330
340
0.9867
0.9872
0.9884
0.9894
0.9905
0.9284
0.9359
0.9425
0.9484
0.9537
0.8459
0.8637
0.8790
0.8908
0.9026
0.7800
0.8066
0.8299
0.8488
0.7577
0.7888
0.6700
0.7184
0.6305
350
0.9920
0.9582
0.9139
0.8663
0.8145
0.7570
0.6908
Zsat
Tsat
0.9712
234.0
0.9022
273.1
0.8361
295.0
0.7777
309.5
0.7224
320.7
0.6677
329.8
0.6118
337.6
Zsat
Psat
0.9494
0.9315
0.9098
0.8839
0.8538
2.08
3.11
4.49
6.30
8.62
0.8175
0.7756
0.7261
0.6666
11.55
15.19
19.66
25.10
Converted and interpolated from “Thermodynamic Properties of KLEA 60,” British units, © ICI Chemicals and Polymers,
1993 (20 pp.). Reproduced by permission. KLEA 60 is R32/125/134a (20/40/40 wt %).
COMPRESSIBILITIES
TABLE 2-173
Compressibility Factors for KLEA 61
Temp., K
1
2-143
Pressure, bar
5
10
15
20
25
30
250
260
270
280
290
0.9746
0.9773
0.9798
0.9787
0.9838
0.9067
0.9185
300
310
320
330
340
0.9854
0.9868
0.9881
0.9892
0.9903
0.9270
0.9348
0.9416
0.9481
0.9529
0.8431
0.8615
0.8772
0.8909
0.9027
0.7755
0.8042
0.8280
0.8484
0.7148
0.7518
0.7934
0.6659
0.7174
0.6312
350
0.9917
0.9577
0.9131
0.8653
0.8134
0.7565
0.6916
Zsat
Tsat
0.9686
230.0
0.8944
269.0
0.8237
290.9
0.7602
305.5
0.7003
316.7
0.6399
325.9
0.5780
333.7
Zsat
Psat
0.9381
0.9172
0.8920
0.8622
0.8272
2.46
3.63
5.18
7.19
9.75
0.7868
0.7377
0.6801
0.6087
12.21
16.88
21.68
27.50
Converted and interpolated from “Thermodynamic Properties of KLEA 61,” British units, © ICI Chemicals and Polymers,
1993 (23 pp.). Reproduced by permission. KLEA 61 is R32/125/134a (10/70/20 wt %).
TABLE 2-174
Compressibility Factors for KLEA 66
Temp., K
1
Pressure, bar
5
10
15
20
25
30
250
260
270
280
290
0.974
0.9772
0.9796
0.9838
0.9858
0.9089
0.9209
300
310
320
330
340
0.9872
0.9883
0.9896
0.9907
0.9917
0.9287
0.9359
0.9431
0.9490
0.9540
0.8461
0.8663
0.8786
0.8910
0.9035
0.8056
0.8292
0.8492
0.7551
0.7878
0.7147
350
0.9926
0.9588
0.9137
0.8659
0.8127
0.7542
0.6843
Zsat
Tsat
0.9719
236.1
0.9044
275.5
0.8397
297.6
0.7827
312.1
0.7289
323.5
0.6759
332.6
0.6220
340.4
Zsat
Psat
0.9541
0.9374
0.9172
0.8931
0.8645
1.89
2.84
4.12
5.81
7.98
0.8328
0.7920
0.7462
0.6918
0.6255
10.73
14.15
18.37
23.50
29.73
Converted and interpolated from “Thermodynamic properties of KLEA 66,” British units, © ICI Chemicals and Polymers,
1993 (20 pp.). Reproduced by permission. KLEA 66 is R32/125/134a (23/25/52 wt %).
TABLE 2-175
Compressibility Factors for Krypton*
Temp., K
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
150
200
250
300
350
0.9837
0.9933
0.9966
0.9982
0.9989
0.9155
0.9648
0.9841
0.9899
0.9949
0.0310
0.9278
0.9635
0.9800
0.9897
0.0618
0.8459
0.9265
0.9595
0.9793
0.1227
0.6039
0.8468
0.9197
0.9522
0.1829
0.1870
0.7605
0.8807
0.9415
0.2423
0.2393
0.6680
0.8437
0.9250
0.3012
0.2903
0.5810
0.8097
0.9110
0.5875
0.5313
0.5785
0.7337
0.8774
0.8636
0.7568
0.7461
0.7954
0.8992
1.1315
0.9730
0.9197
0.9302
0.9799
1.3932
1.1820
1.0891
1.0627
1.0664
400
450
500
600
800
0.9993
0.9998
0.9998
1.0000
1.0002
0.9967
0.9985
0.9992
1.0003
1.0010
0.9933
0.9969
0.9984
1.0005
1.0020
0.9867
0.9939
0.9970
1.0012
1.0041
0.9746
0.9886
0.9942
1.0025
1.0079
0.9635
0.9838
0.9921
1.0043
1.0122
0.9539
0.9800
0.9910
1.0064
1.0170
0.9459
0.9774
0.9906
1.0091
1.0214
0.9323
0.9663
1.0019
1.0301
1.0475
0.9570
1.0011
1.0311
1.0618
1.0779
1.0150
1.0543
1.0732
1.1000
1.1112
1.0910
1.1142
1.1258
1.1431
1.1147
1000
1.0002
1.0013
1.0023
1.0045
1.0091
1.0135
1.0184
1.0230
1.0486
1.0767
1.1063
1.1369
Pressure, bar
*Calculated from PVT values tabulated in Rabinovich (ed.), Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon, Standards Press, Moscow, 1976. This
book was published in English translation by Hemisphere, New York, 1988 (604 pp.).
2-144
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-176
Compressibility Factors for Methane (R50)*
Temp., K
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
150
200
250
300
350
0.9854
0.9936
0.9965
0.9983
0.9991
0.9225
0.9676
0.9838
0.9915
0.9954
0.8275
0.9339
0.9680
0.9830
0.9911
0.0714
0.8599
0.9352
0.9667
0.9825
0.1411
0.6784
0.8682
0.9343
0.9662
0.2093
0.3559
0.8020
0.9047
0.9520
0.2763
0.3172
0.7386
0.8783
0.9401
0.3423
0.3618
0.6854
0.8556
0.9306
0.6599
0.6141
0.6899
0.8280
0.9227
0.9623
0.8568
0.8554
0.9154
0.9800
1.2537
1.0887
1.0359
1.0432
1.0723
1.5363
1.3122
1.2155
1.1829
1.1804
400
450
500
600
800
0.9995
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0003
0.9977
0.9989
0.9997
1.0009
1.0017
0.9953
0.9979
0.9995
1.0020
1.0034
0.9912
0.9963
0.9995
1.0039
1.0068
0.9835
0.9935
0.9996
1.0081
1.0130
0.9772
0.9917
1.0005
1.0125
1.0197
0.9726
0.9911
1.0022
1.0171
1.0263
0.9696
0.9916
1.0048
1.0217
1.0330
0.9779
1.0098
1.0285
1.0540
1.0678
1.0245
1.0528
1.0699
1.0969
1.1068
1.0986
1.1152
1.1248
1.1470
1.1496
1.1859
1.1899
1.1899
1.2019
1.1951
1000
1.0004
1.0014
1.0035
1.0071
1.0141
1.0207
1.0274
1.0342
1.0678
1.1033
1.1400
1.1790
Pressure, bar
*Calculated from PVT values tabulated in Goodwin, NBS Tech. Note 653, 1974, for temperatures up to 500 K, and from PVT values tabulated in Zhuravlev. Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous and Liquid Methane, Standartov, Moscow, 1969, and NBS-NSF transl. TT 70-50097, 1970.
TABLE 2-177
Compressibility Factors for Methanol
Pressure, bar
Temp., K
0.1
0.5
1.0133
10
20
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
200
250
300
350
400
0.0002
0.0002
0.9792
0.9844
0.9872
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.9713
0.9795
0.0022
0.0019
0.0017
0.9551
0.9722
0.0219
0.0185
0.0164
0.0150
0.0142
0.0438
0.0370
0.0327
0.0298
0.0283
0.1091
0.0923
0.0813
0.0742
0.0702
0.2174
0.1837
0.1617
0.1473
0.1386
0.3250
0.2743
0.2413
0.2193
0.2056
0.4319
0.3643
0.3201
0.2904
0.2714
0.5381
0.4535
0.3981
0.3606
0.3362
0.6437
0.5422
0.4755
0.4301
0.4000
0.8531
0.7176
0.6284
0.5671
0.5253
1.6030
0.8909
0.7791
0.7016
0.6478
450
500
600
700
800
0.9890
0.9903
0.9922
0.9934
0.9964
0.9835
0.9859
0.9889
0.9907
0.9920
0.9792
0.9828
0.9867
0.9889
0.9904
0.9145
0.9525
0.9756
0.9816
0.9838
0.7989
0.9081
0.9643
0.9778
0.9818
0.0701
0.6799
0.9042
0.9541
0.9711
0.1366
0.1505
0.7629
0.8932
0.9411
0.2007
0.2110
0.6275
0.8392
0.9156
0.2629
0.2699
0.5255
0.8027
0.9025
0.3238
0.3271
0.4921
0.7797
0.8994
0.3834
0.3829
0.5010
0.7675
0.9026
0.4997
0.4912
0.5606
0.7713
0.9205
0.6128
0.5959
0.6358
0.7993
0.9485
Goodwin, R.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16 (4), 799, 1987.
TABLE 2-178
Compressibility Factors for Neon*
Temp., K
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
50
100
150
200
250
0.9913
0.9993
1.0002
1.0003
1.0001
0.9472
0.9970
1.0017
1.0023
1.0022
0.9083
0.9949
1.0036
1.0049
1.0045
0.8013
0.9913
1.0078
1.0100
1.0097
0.3810
0.9854
1.0162
1.0204
1.0198
0.4398
0.9245
1.0262
1.0318
1.0295
0.4984
0.9864
1.0375
1.0427
1.0403
0.5850
0.9930
1.0497
1.0551
1.0502
0.9864
1.0796
1.1236
1.1191
1.1057
1.3659
1.2197
1.2131
1.1909
1.1633
1.7289
1.3796
1.3113
1.2655
1.2223
2.0794
1.5473
1.4150
1.3422
1.2822
300
400
500
600
800
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0020
1.0017
1.0014
1.0012
1.0009
1.0041
1.0036
1.0029
1.0024
1.0018
1.0091
1.0074
1.0058
1.0049
1.0043
1.0181
1.0151
1.0124
1.0107
1.0081
1.0277
1.0216
1.0188
1.0160
1.0123
1.0369
1.0301
1.0252
1.0214
1.0163
1.0469
1.0376
1.0316
1.0267
1.0206
1.0961
1.0771
1.0641
1.0542
1.0413
1.1476
1.1172
1.0963
1.0814
1.0622
1.1997
1.1575
1.1291
1.1091
1.0829
1.2520
1.1981
1.1621
1.1369
1.1039
1000
1.0000
1.0007
1.0014
1.0034
1.0068
1.0098
1.0132
1.0165
1.0330
1.0500
1.0670
1.0836
Pressure, bar
*Calculated from PVT values tabulated in Rabinovich (ed.), Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon, Standards Press, Moscow, 1976. This
book was published in English translation by Hemisphere, New York, 1988 (604 pp.).
COMPRESSIBILITIES
2-145
TABLE 2-179
Compressibility Factors for Nitrogen*
Temp., K
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
70
80
90
100
120
0.0057
0.9593
0.9722
0.9798
0.9883
0.0287
0.0264
0.0251
0.8910
0.9397
0.0573
0.0528
0.0500
0.0487
0.8732
0.1143
0.1053
0.0996
0.0966
0.7059
0.2277
0.2093
0.1975
0.1905
0.1975
0.3400
0.3122
0.2938
0.2823
0.2822
0.4516
0.4140
0.3888
0.3720
0.3641
0.5623
0.5148
0.4826
0.4605
0.4438
1.1044
1.0061
0.9362
0.8840
0.8188
1.6308
1.4797
1.3700
1.2852
1.1684
Solid
1.9396
1.7890
1.6707
1.5015
Solid
2.3879
2.1962
2.0441
1.8223
140
160
180
200
250
0.9927
0.9952
0.9967
0.9978
0.9992
0.9635
0.9766
0.9846
0.9897
0.9960
0.9253
0.9529
0.9690
0.9791
0.9924
0.8433
0.9042
0.9381
0.9592
0.9857
0.6376
0.8031
0.8782
0.9212
0.9741
0.4251
0.7017
0.8125
0.8882
0.9655
0.4278
0.6304
0.7784
0.8621
0.9604
0.4799
0.6134
0.7530
0.8455
0.9589
0.7942
0.8107
0.8550
0.9067
1.0048
1.0996
1.0708
1.0669
1.0760
1.1143
1.3920
1.3275
1.2893
1.2683
1.2501
1.6726
1.5762
1.5105
1.4631
1.3962
300
350
400
450
500
0.9998
1.0001
1.0002
1.0003
1.0004
0.9990
1.0007
1.0011
1.0018
1.0020
0.9983
1.0011
1.0024
1.0033
1.0040
0.9971
1.0029
1.0057
1.0073
1.0081
0.9964
1.0069
1.0125
1.0153
1.0167
0.9973
1.0125
1.0199
1.0238
1.0257
1.0000
1.0189
1.0283
1.0332
1.0350
1.0052
1.0271
1.0377
1.0430
1.0451
1.0559
1.0810
1.0926
1.0973
1.0984
1.1422
1.1560
1.1609
1.1606
1.1575
1.2480
1.2445
1.2382
1.2303
1.2213
1.3629
1.3405
1.3216
1.3043
1.2881
600
800
1000
1.0004
1.0004
1.0003
1.0021
1.0017
1.0015
1.0040
1.0036
1.0034
1.0084
1.0074
1.0067
1.0173
1.0157
1.0136
1.0263
1.0237
1.0205
1.0355
1.0320
1.0275
1.0450
1.0402
1.0347
1.0951
1.0832
1.0714
1.1540
1.1264
1.1078
1.2028
1.1701
1.1449
1.2657
1.2140
1.1814
Pressure, bar
*Computed from pressure-volume-temperature tables in the Vasserman monographs referenced under Table 2-165.
TABLE 2-180
Compressibility Factors for Oxygen*
Pressure, bar
Temp., K
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
75
80
90
100
120
0.0043
0.0041
0.0038
0.9757
0.9855
0.0213
0.0203
0.0188
0.0177
0.9246
0.0425
0.0406
0.0376
0.0354
0.8367
0.0849
0.0811
0.0750
0.0705
0.0660
0.1693
0.1616
0.1494
0.1404
0.1302
0.2533
0.2418
0.2233
0.2096
0.1935
0.3368
0.3214
0.2966
0.2783
0.2558
0.4200
0.4007
0.3696
0.3464
0.3173
0.8301
0.7912
0.7281
0.6798
0.6148
1.2322
1.1738
1.0780
1.0040
0.8999
1.6278
1.5495
1.4211
1.3206
1.1762
2.0175
1.9196
1.7580
1.6309
1.4456
140
160
180
200
250
0.9911
0.9939
0.9960
0.9970
0.9987
0.9535
0.9697
0.9793
0.9853
0.9938
0.9034
0.9379
0.9579
0.9705
0.9870
0.7852
0.8689
0.9134
0.9399
0.9736
0.1334
0.6991
0.8167
0.8768
0.9477
0.1940
0.3725
0.7696
0.8140
0.9237
0.2527
0.2969
0.5954
0.7534
0.9030
0.3099
0.3378
0.5106
0.6997
0.8858
0.5815
0.5766
0.6043
0.6720
0.8563
0.8374
0.8058
0.8025
0.8204
0.9172
1.0832
1.0249
0.9990
0.9907
1.0222
1.3214
1.2364
1.1888
1.1623
1.1431
300
350
400
450
500
0.9994
0.9998
1.0000
1.0002
1.0002
0.9968
0.9990
1.0000
1.0007
1.0011
0.9941
0.9979
1.0000
1.0015
1.0022
0.9884
0.9961
1.0000
1.0024
1.0038
0.9771
0.9919
1.0003
1.0048
1.0075
0.9676
0.9890
1.0011
1.0074
1.0115
0.9597
0.9870
1.0022
1.0106
1.0161
0.9542
0.9870
1.0045
1.0152
1.0207
0.9560
1.0049
1.0305
1.0445
1.0523
0.9972
1.0451
1.0718
1.0859
1.0927
1.0689
1.1023
1.1227
1.1334
1.1380
1.1572
1.1722
1.1816
1.1859
1.1866
600
800
1000
1.0003
1.0003
1.0003
1.0014
1.0014
1.0013
1.0024
1.0026
1.0026
1.0052
1.0055
1.0053
1.0102
1.0109
1.0101
1.0153
1.0164
1.0149
1.0207
1.0219
1.0198
1.0266
1.0271
1.0253
1.0582
1.0565
1.0507
1.0961
1.0888
1.0783
1.1374
1.1231
1.1072
1.1803
1.1582
1.1369
*Calculated from pressure-volume-temperature tables in the Vasserman monographs listed under Table 2-165.
TABLE 2-181
Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 32*
Pressure, bar
Temp., K
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
230
240
250
260
270
0.9656
0.9711
0.9755
0.9791
0.9819
0.8865
0.9036
280
290
300
310
320
0.9844
0.9864
0.9880
0.9894
0.9904
0.9180
0.9285
0.9376
0.9453
0.9518
0.8210
0.8476
0.8686
0.8358
0.8998
0.7899
0.8197
0.8436
0.7439
0.7812
0.7089
330
340
350
0.9914
0.9923
0.9932
0.9573
0.9619
0.9655
0.9118
0.9203
0.9296
0.8628
0.8790
0.8932
0.8102
0.8338
0.8534
0.7518
0.7846
0.8115
0.6851
0.7316
0.7671
0.6021
0.6675
0.5312
0.9595
221.2
0.8843
258.8
0.8202
279.8
0.7670
293.8
0.7191
304.6
0.6722
313.5
0.6303
321.1
0.5427
333.9
0.4467
344.3
Zsat
Tsat
Zsat
Psat
0.9453
0.9278
0.9062
0.8811
0.8522
1.54
2.40
3.60
5.22
7.34
0.8194
0.7822
0.7401
0.6922
0.6370
10.07
13.51
17.76
22.95
29.21
0.5719
0.4905
0.3702
36.72
45.66
56.35
*Converted and interpolated from British units shown in Thermodynamic properties of KLEA 32, ICI Chemicals and Polymers, 1993. Reproduced by permission.
2-146
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-182
Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 123
Temp., °C
1
40
50
60
70
80
0.9639
0.9682
0.9717
0.9745
0.9766
0.9248
0.9327
0.9401
100
120
140
160
180
0.9804
0.9839
0.9861
0.9886
0.9908
0.9501
0.9591
0.9650
0.9714
0.9762
0.9197
0.9146
0.9282
0.9406
0.9518
0.8355
0.8667
0.8915
0.9077
0.9254
0.8140
0.8503
0.8747
0.8970
0.8023
0.8398
0.8709
0.7479
0.8026
0.8402
0.6916
0.7600
0.8072
0.7134
0.7712
0.6553
0.7346
200
225
250
0.9924
0.9938
0.9954
0.9806
0.9846
0.9885
0.9602
0.9692
0.9
0.9388
0.9526
0.9651
0.9174
0.9378
0.9528
0.8931
0.9170
0.9382
0.8688
0.8972
0.9229
0.8422
0.8800
0.9101
0.8163
0.8566
0.8930
Zsat
T
0.9575
27.5
0.9210
55.4
0.9730
80.8
0.8292
97.9
0.7947
111.1
0.7654
122.0
0.7229
131.4
0.7110
139.7
Pressure, bar
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
Zsat
Psat
0.9427
0.9294
0.9134
0.8950
0.8727
1.54
2.13
2.96
3.78
4.90
0.6841
0.8262
0.7640
0.6890
0.5820
0.3926
7.87
12.01
17.59
24.92
34.54
0.7882
0.8401
0.8771
0.7539
0.8157
0.8581
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.6564
147.2
0.6206
154.0
0.5821
160.2
—
—
—
—
20
22.5
25
Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data.
TABLE 2-183
Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 124
Temp., °C
1
Pressure, bar
2.5
−20
−10
0
10
20
0.9573
0.9641
0.9693
30
40
50
60
80
0.9736
0.9675
0.9798
0.9820
0.9854
0.9313
0.9396
0.9473
0.9534
0.9633
100
120
140
160
180
0.9880
0.9899
0.9917
0.9700
0.9749
0.9794
0.9825
5
7.5
0.9468
−12.4
0.9071
11.9
12.5
15
17.5
0.8728
0.8889
0.9017
0.9226
0.8229
0.8462
0.8820
0.8366
0.9370
0.9478
0.9575
0.9645
0.9690
0.9040
0.9206
0.9357
0.9464
0.9536
0.8710
0.8935
0.9138
0.9247
0.9382
0.8314
0.8634
0.8884
0.9061
0.9213
0.7918
0.8329
0.8641
0.8868
0.9056
0.7463
0.8022
0.8391
0.8644
0.8857
0.6950
0.7682
0.8105
0.8489
0.8634
0.6380
0.7285
0.7896
0.8285
0.8574
0.6878
0.7647
0.7868
0.8379
0.9601
0.9471
0.9589
0.9650
0.9338
0.9488
0.9573
0.9211
0.9391
0.9443
0.9042
0.9223
0.9412
0.8951
0.9160
0.9333
0.8783
0.9040
0.9252
0.8647
0.8947
0.9174
0.8185
48.7
0.7830
60.2
0.7488
69.6
0.7157
77.8
0.6825
85.0
0.6484
91.4
0.6279
96.3
0.5788
102.6
200
225
250
Zsat
T
10
0.8605
34.0
0.7251
Zsat
Psat
0.9562
0.9431
0.9284
0.9243
0.8920
0.72
1.10
1.63
2.34
3.27
0.8828
0.8427
0.8151
0.7803
0.7024
4.45
5.93
7.75
9.96
15.74
0.5955
0.3912
23.75
34.70
Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data.
TABLE 2-184
Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 134a
Pressure, bar
Temp., °C
1
−10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
satn.
sat. T
0.9622
0.9710
0.9752
0.9778
0.9817
0.9839
0.9857
0.9872
0.9886
0.9897
0.9908
0.9916
0.9920
0.9924
0.9927
0.9929
0.9931
0.9567
−26.37
5
0.8819
0.8973
0.9098
0.9206
0.9296
0.9376
0.9442
0.9495
0.9543
0.9592
0.9638
0.9673
0.9691
0.9727
0.8741
15.74
10
0.8005
0.8280
0.8449
0.8678
0.8828
0.8954
0.9062
0.9151
0.9235
0.9308
0.9370
0.9428
0.7989
39.39
15
0.7361
0.7917
0.8137
0.8390
0.8555
0.8630
0.8802
0.8949
0.9040
0.8877
0.7017
55.23
Dashes indicate inaccessible states; blanks indicate no available data.
20
0.6853
0.7327
0.7682
0.7965
0.8144
0.8386
0.8553
0.8694
0.8817
0.6704
67.49
25
0.6290
0.6860
0.7335
0.7630
0.7915
0.8165
0.8350
0.8495
0.6094
77.57
30
0.5832
0.6557
0.7046
0.7418
0.7716
0.7964
0.8173
0.5415
86.20
40
0.5732
0.6249
0.6771
0.7169
0.7489
0.4442
100.35
50
Zsat
Psat
0.4530
0.4885
0.5645
0.6303
0.6783
—
—
0.9316
0.9119
0.8888
0.8621
0.8314
0.7963
0.7560
0.7098
0.6562
0.5911
0.5054
0.3462
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2.005
2.926
4.144
5.716
7.701
10.17
13.18
16.82
21.17
26.38
32.45
39.72
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
TABLE 2-185 Compressibility Factors for Water Substance (fps units)*
Pressure,
lb/in2 abs.
Temp., °F
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
10
15
20
40
60
0.9965
0.9943
0.9930
0.9861
0.9788
0.9989
0.9972
0.9970
0.9940
0.9910
0.9992
0.9986
0.9981
0.9967
0.9951
0.9995
0.9993
0.9991
0.9981
0.9973
0.9999
0.9997
0.9995
0.9990
0.9984
0.9999
0.9998
0.9996
0.9994
0.9991
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9996
0.9994
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
1.0001
1.0001
1.0001
1.0001
1.0001
1.0006
1.0004
1.0003
1.0003
1.0003
1.0012
1.0012
1.0011
1.0010
1.0009
1.0024
1.0022
1.0020
1.0018
1.0018
1.0053
1.0042
1.0036
1.0028
1.0024
1.0084
1.0072
1.0065
1.0054
1.0048
1.0145
1.0124
1.0112
1.0090
1.0080
1.0211
1.0188
1.0173
1.0139
1.0120
1.0332
1.0295
1.0269
1.0214
1.0186
80
100
150
200
400
0.9714
0.9469
0.9435
0.9216
0.9878
0.9848
0.9770
0.9690
0.9356
0.9935
0.9919
0.9879
0.9839
0.9675
0.9963
0.9954
0.9931
0.9908
0.9817
0.9979
0.9974
0.9960
0.9947
0.9893
0.9987
0.9985
9.9976
0.9968
0.9935
0.9992
0.9990
0.9985
0.9980
0.9960
0.9996
0.9995
0.9993
0.9991
0.9982
0.9998
0.9998
0.9997
0.9996
0.9992
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
1.0001
1.0001
1.0001
1.0001
1.0002
1.0003
1.0004
1.0004
1.0005
1.0007
1.0008
1.0007
1.0006
1.0007
1.0011
1.0016
1.0015
1.0014
1.0015
1.0017
1.0023
1.0022
1.0021
1.0021
1.0023
1.0044
1.0042
1.0039
1.0037
1.0033
1.0073
1.0067
1.0059
1.0055
1.0049
1.0108
1.0099
1.0087
1.0080
1.0070
1.0170
1.0157
1.0137
1.0126
1.0105
0.8989
0.8586
0.8138
0.6702
0.9509
0.9336
0.9162
0.8695
0.8188
0.9725
0.9633
0.9540
0.9305
0.9067
0.9839
0.9790
0.9733
0.9600
0.9468
0.9904
0.9872
0.9841
0.9764
0.9687
0.9942
0.9925
0.9905
0.9859
0.9813
0.9973
0.9964
0.9955
0.9932
0.9900
0.9988
0.9985
0.9981
0.9971
0.9958
0.9997
0.9996
0.9994
0.9992
0.9990
1.0002
1.0003
1.0004
1.0007
1.0010
1.0008
1.0010
1.0012
1.0017
1.0023
1.0014
1.0016
1.0019
1.0026
1.0034
1.0019
1.0022
1.0025
1.0033
1.0042
1.0026
1.0029
1.0032
1.0040
1.0049
1.0034
1.0036
1.0039
1.0048
1.0058
1.0048
1.0049
1.0052
1.0059
1.0068
1.0066
1.0065
1.0066
1.0072
1.0082
1.0097
1.0094
1.0092
1.0096
1.0104
0.5608
0.8060
0.7042
0.6185
0.5699
0.8942
0.8442
0.8003
0.7657
0.9392
0.9121
0.8883
0.8693
0.9647
0.9497
0.9371
0.9274
0.9836
0.9771
0.9714
0.9668
0.9930
0.9907
0.9895
0.9890
0.9989
0.9991
1.0004
1.0025
1.0024
1.0048
1.0075
1.0105
1.0050
1.0081
1.0118
1.0158
1.0069
1.0110
1.0152
1.0196
1.0082
1.0128
1.0172
1.0220
1.0093
1.0139
1.0188
1.0240
1.0106
1.0152
1.0204
1.0258
1.0118
1.0165
1.0216
1.0271
1.0132
1.0179
1.0229
1.0284
1.0149
1.0195
1.0242
1.0298
600
800
1,000
1,500
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
*Calculated by P. E. Liley from various steam tables for the lower temperatures and from Paper B-11 by P. H. Kesselman and Yu. I. Blank, 7th. Int. Conf. Properties of Steam, Tokyo, 1968, for the higher temperatures.
2-147
TABLE 2-186
Temperature,
K
Compressibility Factors of Water Substance (SI units)*
Pressure, bar
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
80
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
800
400
450
500
550
600
650
0.990
0.993
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999
0.003
0.003
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.992
0.006
0.006
0.958
0.969
0.979
0.984
0.009
0.009
0.930
0.956
0.970
0.977
0.012
0.012
0.901
0.939
0.961
0.968
0.014
0.014
0.878
0.922
0.948
0.959
0.017
0.016
0.016
0.904
0.935
0.958
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.865
0.910
0.937
0.029
0.027
0.026
0.822
0.885
0.919
0.035
0.033
0.031
0.773
0.858
0.902
0.046
0.043
0.042
0.042
0.798
0.864
0.058
0.054
0.052
0.052
0.726
0.824
0.086
0.080
0.077
0.077
0.082
0.702
0.114
0.107
0.102
0.102
0.107
0.514
0.143
0.134
0.127
0.126
0.131
0.177
0.171
0.159
0.152
0.150
0.155
0.183
0.227
0.206
0.201
0.181
0.201
0.221
0.282
0.255
0.249
0.198
0.246
0.260
0.336
0.304
0.297
0.289
0.290
0.303
0.445
0.402
0.390
0.378
0.375
0.383
1000
0.552
0.498
0.482
0.464
0.457
0.460
700
750
800
850
900
950
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.994
0.996
0.997
0.997
0.998
0.998
0.988
0.991
0.993
0.995
0.997
0.997
0.984
0.988
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.976
0.981
0.985
0.989
0.992
0.994
0.967
0.975
0.982
0.984
0.989
0.993
0.966
0.971
0.976
0.981
0.986
0.991
0.952
0.961
0.970
0.977
0.982
0.985
0.941
0.955
0.966
0.973
0.979
0.983
0.929
0.945
0.957
0.967
0.974
0.980
0.900
0.927
0.945
0.957
0.965
0.973
0.876
0.907
0.929
0.946
0.958
0.967
0.800
0.856
0.892
0.917
0.936
0.950
0.716
0.801
0.853
0.889
0.915
0.933
0.618
0.743
0.813
0.860
0.893
0.916
0.503
0.682
0.773
0.831
0.872
0.901
0.326
0.557
0.693
0.775
0.830
0.867
0.316
0.465
0.620
0.715
0.792
0.839
0.340
0.435
0.568
0.679
0.760
0.816
0.406
0.456
0.538
0.631
0.714
0.780
0.476
0.509
0.561
0.629
0.700
0.761
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
1.003
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
1.002
0.998
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.001
1.002
0.995
0.998
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.002
0.995
0.998
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.002
0.994
0.997
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.002
0.993
0.997
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.002
0.990
0.995
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.002
0.987
0.994
0.998
1.000
1.000
1.002
0.985
0.994
0.998
1.000
1.001
1.003
0.978
0.992
0.998
1.000
1.002
1.003
0.973
0.990
0.997
1.000
1.003
1.004
0.960
0.986
0.996
1.001
1.003
1.004
0.948
0.982
0.995
1.002
1.004
1.006
0.935
0.975
0.995
1.002
1.005
1.008
0.923
0.968
0.994
1.004
1.008
1.011
0.900
0.961
0.993
1.006
1.011
1.014
0.878
0.957
0.992
1.009
1.014
1.018
0.859
0.949
0.994
1.012
1.017
1.021
0.831
0.942
0.996
1.015
1.021
1.032
0.816
0.937
0.998
1.020
1.031
1.043
*Calculated by P. E. Liley from various steam tables for the lower temperatures and from Pap. B-11 by P. H. Kesselman and Yu. I. Blank, 7th Internal Conference on the Properties of Steam, Tokyo, 1968,
for the higher temperatures.
2-148
COMPRESSIBILITIES
TABLE 2-187
Temperature,
K
2-149
Compressibility Factors for Xenon*
Pressure, bar
1
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
500
200
250
300
350
400
0.9831
0.9911
0.9949
0.9967
0.9977
0.9088
0.9545
0.9736
0.9834
0.9892
0.0293
0.9052
0.9465
0.9669
0.9183
0.0584
0.7887
0.8885
0.9322
0.9562
0.1162
0.1114
0.7517
0.8473
0.9128
0.1733
0.1642
0.5492
0.7840
0.8696
0.2300
0.2158
0.2794
0.7039
0.8278
0.2861
0.2663
0.3016
0.6249
0.7888
0.5601
0.5074
0.5021
0.5645
0.6916
0.8253
0.7355
0.6997
0.7124
0.7642
1.0833
0.9546
0.8886
0.8706
0.8850
1.3356
1.1670
1.0707
1.0269
1.0148
450
500
600
800
1000
0.9989
0.9982
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
0.9928
0.9951
0.9979
0.9998
1.0004
0.9856
0.9902
0.9957
1.0002
1.0015
0.9714
0.9810
0.9917
1.0004
1.0031
0.9429
0.9623
0.9841
1.0012
1.0144
0.9163
0.9452
0.9772
1.0020
1.0101
0.8911
0.9293
0.9715
1.0034
1.0133
0.8679
0.9156
0.9667
1.0054
1.0172
0.7335
0.8774
0.9596
1.0213
1.0394
0.8331
0.8953
0.9791
1.0476
1.0669
0.9187
0.9572
1.0211
1.0818
1.0979
1.0224
1.0412
1.0799
1.1222
1.1331
*Calculated from PVT values tabulated in Rabinovich (ed.), Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon, Standards Press, Moscow, 1976. This
book was published in English translation by Hemisphere, New York, 1988 (604 pp.).
TABLE 2-188
Compressibilities of Liquids*
At the constant temperature T, the compressibility β = (1/V
0)(dV/dP). In general as P increases, β decreases rapidly at first and then slowly; the change of β with T is
large at low pressures but very small at pressures above 1000 to 2000 megabars. 1 megabar = 0.987 atm. = 106 dynes/cm2 based upon the older usage, 1 bar = 1
dyne/cm2. The use of the bar as a pressure unit is not encouraged.
Substance
Temp.,
°C
Pressure,
megabars
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Amyl alcohol
alcohol, iso.
alcohol, iso.
alcohol, n
alcohol, n
alcohol, n
alcohol, n
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Bromine
Bromine
Butyl alcohol, iso
alcohol, iso
alcohol, iso
alcohol, iso
alcohol, iso
alcohol, iso
Carbon bisulfide
bisulfide
bisulfide
bisulfide
tetrachloride
tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chloroform
Dichloroethylsulfide
Dichloroethylsulfide
Ethyl acetate
acetate
14
20
20
40
14
20
20
20
20
20
40
17
20
20
20
20
18
20
20
20
20
20
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
32
32
13
20
23
500
1,000
12,000
23
200
400
500
1,000
12,000
12,000
5
200
400
200
400
8
200
400
500
1,000
12,000
21
500
1,000
12,000
200
400
200
400
1,000
2,000
23
200
Compressibility per
megabar
β × 106
Substance
111
61
52
9
88
84
70
61
46
8
8
89
77
67
56
51
97
81
64
56
46
8
86
57
48
6
86
73
83
70
34
24
103
90
Ethyl acetate
alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
bromide
bromide
bromide
bromide
bromide
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
ether
ether
ether
ether
iodide
iodide
iodide
iodide
iodide
Gallium
Glycerol
Hexane
Hexane
Kerosene
Kerosene
Kerosene
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Temp.,
°C
Pressure,
megabars
Compressibility per
megabar
β × 106
Substance
20
14
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
20
20
20
25
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
400
23
500
1,000
12,000
200
400
500
1,000
12,000
23
500
1,000
12,000
23
500
1,000
12,000
200
400
500
1,000
12,000
300
5
200
400
500
1,000
12,000
300
500
1,000
12,000
75
100
63
54
8
100
82
70
54
8
151
102
66
8
188
84
61
10
81
69
64
50
8
3.97
22
117
91
55
45
8
3.95
3.97
3.91
2.37
Methyl alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
Nitric acid
Oils:
Almond
Castor
Linseed
Olive
Rapeseed
Phosphorus trichloride
trichloride
trichloride
trichloride
Propyl alcohol (n)
alcohol (n)
alcohol (n?)
alcohol (n?)
alcohol (n?)
Toluene
Toluene
Turpentine
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Xylene, meta
meta
Temp.,
°C
Pressure,
megabars
Compressibility per
megabar
β × 106
15
20
20
20
20
20
0
23
200
400
500
1,000
12,000
17
103
95
80
65
54
8
32
15
15
15
15
20
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
20
20
5
5
5
5
53
46
51
55
59
71
63
47
8
77
67
65
47
7
74
64
74
49
43
41
39
38
33
9
69
60
250
500
1,000
12,000
200
400
500
1,000
12,000
200
400
13
200
400
500
500
1,000
12,000
200
400
* Smithsonian Tables, Table 106.
Scott (Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1959) gives data for liquid nitrogen (p. 283), oxygen (p. 276), and hydrogen (p. 303). For a convenient
index to the high-pressure work of Bridgman, see American Institute of Physics Handbook, p. 2-163, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957.
2-150
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-189
Compressibilities of Solids
Many data on the compressibility of solids obtained prior to 1926 are contained in Gruneisen, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 10,
Springer, Berlin, 1926, pp. 1–52; also available as translation, NASA RE 2-18-59W, 1959. See also Tables 271, 273, 276, 278, and
other material in Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th ed., 1954. For a review of high-pressure work to 1946, see Bridgman, Rev. Mod.
Phys., 18, 1 (1946).
LATENT HEATS
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32.
To convert calories per gram-mole to British thermal units per
pound-mole, multiply by 1.799; to convert calories per gram to British
thermal units per pound, multiply by 1.799.
To convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch,
multiply by 1.934 × 10−2.
LATENT HEATS
TABLE 2-190
2-151
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds*
Unless stated otherwise, the values have been taken from the compilations by K. K. Kelley on “Heats of Fusion of Inorganic Compounds,” U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 393 (1936), and “The
Free Energies of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Substances,” U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 383 (1935).
Substance
Aluminum
Al
Al2Br6
Al2Cl6
AlF3·3NaF
Al2I6
Al2O3
Antimony
Sb
SbBr3
SbCl3
SbCl5
Sb4O6
Sb4S6
Argon
A
Arsenic
As
AsBr3
AsCl3
AsF5
As4O6
Barium
Ba
BaBr2
BaCl2
BaF2
Ba(NO3)2
Ba3(PO4)2
BaSO4
Beryllium
Be
Bismuth
Bi
BiBr3
BiCl3
Bi2O3
Bi2S5
Boron
BBr3
BCl3
BF3
B2H6
B3H10
B5H9
B5H11
B10H14
B2H5Br
B3N3H6
Bromine
Br2
BrF5
Cadmium
Cd
CdBr2
CdCl2
CdF2
CdI2
CdO
CdSO4
Calcium
Ca
CaBr2
CaCO3
CaCl2
CaF2
Ca(NO3)2
CaO
CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2
CaO·MgO·2SiO2
CaO·SiO2
CaSO4
Carbon
C (graphite)
CBr4
CCl4
CF4
CH4
C2N2
CNBr
CNCl
mp, °C
Heat of
fusion,a,b
cal/mole
660.0
97.5
192.5
1000
191.0
2045
2,550
5,420
16,960
16,380
7,960
(26,000)
2057
256.4
180.2c
61,020
10,920
26,750c
385.5
3000
15,360
630.5
97
73.4
4
655
546
4,770
3,510
3,030
2,400
(27,000)
11,200
1440
46,670
219
172d
1425
10,360
11,570
17,820
−185.8
1,590
610c
31,000c
122
−52.8
457.2
7,570
4,980
14,300
−189.3
814
31
−16
−80.7
313
290
(6,620)
2,810
2,420
2,800
8,000
704
847
960
1287
595
1730
1350
(1,400)e
6,000
5,370
3,000
(5,980)
18,600
9,700
1280
2,500e
271.3
2,505
224
817
747
2,600
6,800
8,900
−128
−165.5
−119.8
−46.9
480
99.7
−104
−58
7,800
−7.2
−61.3
2,580
1,355
320.9
568
568
1110
387
1,460
(5,000)
5,300
(5,400)
3,660
1000
4,790
851
730
1282
782
1392
561
2707
1550
1392
1512
1297
2,230
4,180
(12,700)
6,100
4,100
5,120
(12,240)
29,400
(18,200)
13,400
6,700
bp at 1
atm, °C
1638
35,670
1420
461
441
18,020
17,350
91.3
12.5
−100.9
−92.4
16
58
67
f
16
50.4
7,300
5,680
4,620
3,685
6,470
7,700
8,500
11,600
6,230
7,670
58.0
40.4
7,420
7,470
765
23,870
967
29,860
796
1559c
25,400
53,820c
1487
36,580
3600
90
−24.0
11,000e
1,050
644
−182.5
−27.8
52
−5
224
1,938u
77
−127.9
−161.4
−21.1
2,240
13
*See also subsection “Thermodynamic Properties.”
Heat of
vaporization,a,b
cal/mole
7,280
3,110
2,040
5,576u
11,010c
6,300
Substance
Carbon (Cont.)
CNF
CNI
CO
CO2
COS
COCl2
CS2
Cerium
Ce
Cesium
Cs
CsBr
CsCl
CsF
CsI
CsNO3
Chlorine
Cl2
ClF
ClF3
Cl2O
ClO2
Cl2O7
Chromium
Cr
CrO2Cl2
Cobalt
Co
CoCl2
Copper
Cu
Cu2Br2
Cu2Cl2
CuI
Cu2(CN)2
Cu2O
CuO
Cu2S
Fluorine
F2
F2O
Gallium
Ga
Germanium
Ge
GeH4
Ge2H6
Ge3H8
GeHCl3
GeBr4
GeCl4
Ge(CH3)4
Gold
Au
Helium
He
Hydrogen
H2
HBr
HCl
HCN
HF
(HF)6
HI
H2O
H22O (= D2O)
H2O2
HNO3
H3PO2
H3PO3
H3PO4
H4P2O6
H2S
H2S2
H2SO4
H2Se
H2SeO4
H2Te
Indium
In
mp, °C
Heat of
fusion,a,b
cal/mole
−205.0
−57.5
−138.8
200
1,900
1,129 k
−112.0
1,049 l
775
2,120
28.4
500
642
715
3,600
(2,450)
407
3,250
−101.0
1,531m
1550
3,930
1490
727
3,660
7,390
1083.0
3,110
430
4,890
473
1230
1447
1127
(5,400)
(13,400)
2,820
5,500
−223
29.8
bp at 1
atm, °C
−72.8
141
−191.5
−78.4c
−50.2
8.0
5,780c
13,980c
1,444
6,030 c, r
4,423 k
5,990
690
1300
1300
1251
1280
16,320
35,990
35,690
34,330
35,930
−34.1
−101
11.3
2.0
10.9
79
5,890
6,280
7,100
8,480
2475
117
8,250
959
−165
−109
−105.6
−71
26.1
−49.5
−88
(8,300)
1063.0
3,030
−271.4
−259.2
−86.9
−114.2
−13.2
−83.0
28
575
476
2,009i
1,094
−50.8
0.0
3.8
−2
−47
17.4
74
42.4
55
−85.5
−87.6
10.5
686
1,436
1,501s
2,520c
600
2,310
3,070
2,520
8,300
568t
1,805
2,360
58
−48.9
3,450
1,670
156.4
781
4,878 m
1050
27,170
2595
1355
1490
1336
72,810
16,310
11,920
15,940
−188.2
−144.8
1,336
Heat of
vaporization,a,b
cal/mole
1,640
2,650
2071
−89.1
31.4
110.6
75g
189
84
44
2966
3,580
5,900
7,550
8,000
8,560
7,030
6,460
81,800
−268.4
22
−252.7
−66.7
−85.0
25.7
33.3
51.2
216
4,210
3,860
6,027i
7,460
5,020
100.0
101.4
158
9,729 h,q
9,945 r,q
10,270
−60.3
4,463 t
−41.3
4,880
−2.2
5,650
2-152
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-190
Substance
Iodine
I2
ICl(α)
ICl(β)
IF7
Iron
Fe
FeCl2
Fe2Cl6
Fe(CO)5
FeO
FeS
Krypton
Kr
Lead
Pb
PbBr2
PbCl2
PbF2
PbI2
PbMoO4
PbO
PbS
PbSO4
PbWO4
Lithium
Li
LiBO2
LiBr
LiCl
LiF
LiI
LiOH
Li2MoO4
LiNO3
Li2SiO3
Li4SiO4
Li2SO4
Li2WO4
Magnesium
Mg
MgBr2
MgCl2
MgF2
MgO
Mg3(PO4)2
MgSiO3
MgSO4
MgZn2
Manganese
Mn
MnCl2
MnSiO3
MnTiO3
Mercury
Hg
HgBr2
HgCl2
HgI2
HgSO4
Molybdenum
Mo
MoF6
MoO3
Neon
Ne
Nickel
Ni
NiCl2
Ni(CO)4
Ni2S
Ni3S2
Nitrogen
N2
NF3
NH3
NH4CNS
NH4NO3
N2O
NO
N2O4
N2O5
NOCl
Osmium
OsF8
OsO4 (yellow)
OsO4 (white)
Oxygen
O2
O3
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
mp, °C
113.0
17.2
13.9
Heat of
fusion,a,b
cal/mole
bp at 1
atm, °C
Heat of
vaporization,a,b
cal/mole
3,650
2,660
2,270
183
4c
7,460c
1530
677
304
−21
1380
1195
3,560
7,800
20,590
3,250
(7,700)
5,000
2735
1026
319
105
84,600
30,210
12,040
9,000
−157
360e
152.9
10,390
2,310e
327.4
488
498
824
412
1065
890
1114
1087
1123
1,224
4,290
5,650
1,860
5,970
(25,800)
2,820
4,150
9,600
(15,200)
179
845
552
614
847
440
462
705
1,100
(5,570)
2,900
3,200
(2,360)
(1,420)
2,480
4,200
1177
1249
857
742
7,210
7,430
3,040
(6,700)
650
711
712
1221
2642
1184
1524
1127
589
2,160
8,300
8,100
5,900
18,500
(11,300)
14,700
3,500
(8,270)
1107
1220
650
1274
1404
3,450
7,340
(8,200)
(7,960)
2152
1190
557
3,960
4,150
4,500
(1,440)
361
319
304
354
13,980
14,080
14,080
14,260
(6,660)
2,500
(2,500)
(4800)
36
1151
(128,000)
6,000
−38.9
241
277
250
850
2622
17
745
−248.5
1744
914
954
1293
872
42,060
27,700
29,600
38,300
24,850
1472
1281
51,310
(50,000)
1372
32,250
1310
1382
1681
1171
35,420
35,960
50,970
40,770
1418
32,520
32,690
55,150
29,630
77
−246.0
440e
1455
4,200
2730
987c
42.5
87,300
48,360c
7,000
645
790
(2,980)
5,800
−195.8
−129.0
−33.4
1,336
3,000
5,581n
−88.5
−151.7
30
32.4
−6.4
3,950
3,307
7,040
13,800c
6,140
−210.0
−77.7
146
169.6
−90.8
−163.6
−13
56
42
−218.9
172
1,352n
(4,700)
1,460
1,563
550
5,540
4,060
2,340
106
47.4
130
6,840
9,450
−183.0
−111
1,629
2,880
Substance
Palladium
Pd
Phosphorus
P4 (yellow)
P4 (violet)
P4 (black)
PCl3
PH3
P4O6
P4O10(α)
P4O10(β)
POCl3
P2S3
Platinum
Pt
Potassium
K
KBO2
KBr
KCl
KCN
KCNS
K2CO3
K2CrO4
K2Cr2O7
KF
KI
K2MoO4
KNO3
KOH
KPO3
K3PO4
K4P2O7
K2SO4
K2TiO3
K2WO4
Praseodymium
Pr
Radon
Rn
Rhenium
Re
Re2O7
Re2O8
Rubidium
Rb
RbBr
RbCl
RbF
RbI
RbNO3
Selenium
Se2
Se6
SeF6
SeO2
SeOCl2
Silicon
Si
SiCl4
Si2Cl6
Si3Cl8
(SiCl3)2O
SiF4
Si2F6
SiF3Cl
SiF2Cl2
SiH4
Si2H6
Si3H8
Si4H10
SiH3Br
SiH2Br2
SiHCl3
(SiH3)3N
(SiH3)2O
SiO2 (quartz)
SiO2 (cristobalite)
Silver
Ag
AgBr
AgCl
AgCN
AgI
AgNO3
Ag2S
Ag2SO4
Sodium
Na
NaBO2
mp, °C
Heat of
fusion,a,b
cal/mole
1554
4,120
bp at 1
atm, °C
44.2
615
−133.8
23.8
569
270o
3,360
17,080
1.1
3,110
1773.5
4,700
(4400)
(107,000)
63.5
947
742
770
623
179
897
984
398
857
682
922
338
360
817
1340
1092
1074
810
927
574
(5,700)
5,000
6,410
(3,500)
2,250
7,800
6,920
8,770
6,500
4,100
(4,000)
2,840
(2,000)
2,110
8,900
14,000
8,100
(10,600)
(4,400)
776
18,920
1383
1407
37,060
38,840
1324
34,690
1327
30,850
932
2,700
−71
(3000)
296
147
15,340
3,800
39.1
677
717
833
638
305
525
3,700
4,400
4,130
2,990
1,340
217
1,220
10
1,010
1427
−67.6
−1
9,470
1,845
−33
280
417c
453c
74.2
−87.7
174
591
358c
105.1
508
Heat of
vaporization,a,b
cal/mole
12,520
25,600c
33,100
7,280
3,489 o
10,380
20,670
8,380
−61.8
4,010
362.4
18,060
679
1352
1381
1408
1304
753
736
−45.8c
317c
168
2290
56.8
139
211.4
135.6
−94.8c
−18.9c
−70.1
−31.5
−111.6
−14.3
53.1
100
2.4
70.5
31.8
48.7
−15.4
2230
18,110
37,120
36,920
39,510
35,960
25,490
20,600
6,350c
20,900
6,860
12,340
8,820
6,130c
10,400c
4,460
5,080
2,960
5,110
6,780
8,890
5,650
6,840
6,360
6,850
5,350
−18.5
−138
−144
−185
−132.5
−117
−93.5
−93.8
−70.0
−126.5
−105.6
−144
1470
1700
3,900
960.5
430
455
350
557
209
842
657
2,700
2,180
3,155
2,750
2,250
2,755
3,360
(4,300)
2212
60,720
1564
42,520
1506
34,450
97.7
966
630
8,660
914
23,120
3,400
2,100
LATENT HEATS
TABLE 2-190
2-153
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded )
Substance
Sodium (Cont.)
NaBr
NaCl
NaClO3
NaCN
NaCNS
Na2CO3
NaF
NaI
Na2MoO4
NaNO3
NaOH
aNa2O·aAl2O3·3SiO2
NaPO3
Na4P2O7
Na2S
Na2SiO3
Na2Si2O5
Na2SO4
Na2WO4
Strontium
Sr
SrBr2
SrCl2
SrF2
Sr3(PO4)2
Sulfur
S (rhombic)
S (monoclinic)
S2Cl2
SF6
SO2
SO3(α)
SO3(β)
SO3(γ)
SOBr2
SOCl2
SO2Cl2
Tellurium
Te
TeCl4
TeF6
mp, °C
Heat of
fusion,a,b
cal/mole
747
800
255
562
323
854
992
662
687
310
322
1107
988
970
920
1087
884
884
702
6,140
7,220
5,290
(4,400)
4,450
7,000
7,000
5,240
3,600
3,760
2,000
13,150
(5,000)
(13,700)
(1,200)
10,300
8,460
5,830
5,800
757
643
872
1400
1770
2,190
4,780
4,100
4,260
18,500
112.8
119.2
−75.5
17
32.4
62.2
453
1,769p
2,060
2,890
6,310
3,230
bp at 1
atm, °C
Heat of
vaporization,a,b
cal/mole
1392
1465
37,950
40,810
1500
37,280
1704
53,260
1378
1384
33,610
444.6
2,200
138
−63.5c
−5.0
44.8
8,720
5,600c
5,960p
10,190
139.5
75.4
69.2
9,920
7,600
7,760
1090
392
−38.6c
16,830
6,700c
Substance
Thallium
Tl
TlBr
TlCl
Tl2CO3
TlI
TlNO3
Tl2S
Tl2SO4
Tin
Sn4
SnBr2
SnBr4
SnCl2
SnCl4
Sn(CH3)4
SnH4
SnI4
Titanium
TiBr4
TiCl4
TiO2
Tungsten
W
WF6
Uranium
UF6
Xenon
Xe
Zinc
Zn
ZnCl2
Zn(C2H5)2
ZnO
ZnS
Zirconium
ZrBr4
ZrCl4
ZrI4
ZrO2
a
k
b
l
c
m
Values in parentheses are uncertain.
For the freezing point or the normal boiling point unless otherwise stated.
Sublimation.
d
Decomposes at about 75°C; value obtained by extrapolation.
e
Bichowsky and Rossini, “Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances,” Reinhold,
New York (1936).
f
Decomposes before the normal boiling point is reached.
g
Decomposes at about 40°C; value obtained by extrapolation.
h
See also pp. 2-304 through 2-307 on steam table.
i
Giauque and Ruehrwein, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61 (1939): 2626.
j
Giauque and Egan, J. Chem. Phys., 5 (1937): 45.
TABLE 2-191
mp, °C
Alloys
30.5 Pb + 69.5 Sn
36.9 Pb + 63.1 Sn
63.7 Pb + 36.3 Sn
77.8 Pb + 22.2 Sn
1 Pb + 9 Sn
24 Pb + 27.3 Sn + 48.7 Bi
25.8 Pb + 14.7 Sn + 52.4 Bi + 7 Cd
Silicates
Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8)
Orthoclase (KAlSi2O8)
Microcline (KAlSi3O8)
Wollastonite (CaSiO8)
Malacolite (Ca8MgSi4O12)
Diopside (CaMgSi2O4)
Olivine (Mg2SiO4)
Fayalite (Fe2SiO4)
Spermaceti
Wax (bees’)
bp at 1
atm, °C
Heat of
vaporization,a,b
cal/mole
302.5
460
427
273
440
207
449
632
1,030
5,990
4,260
4,400
3,125
2,290
3,000
5,500
1457
819
807
38,810
23,800
24,420
823
25,030
231.8
232
30
247
−33.2
1,720
(1,700)
3,000
3,050
2,190
2270
68,000
−149.8
143.5
(4,300)
38.2
−23
1825
(2,060)
2,240
(11,400)
136
3390
−0.4
(8,400)
1,800
(5900)
17.3
(176,000)
6,350
55.1c
9,990c
−111.5
419.5
283
1975
1645
2715
740
1,595
(5,500)
623
113
78.3
−52.3
20,740
8,330
7,320
4,420
8,350
−108.0
3,110
907
732
118
27,430
28,710
8,960
357c
311c
431c
25,800c
25,290c
29,030c
4,470
(9,000)
20,800
Kemp and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59 (1937): 79.
Brown and Manov, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59 (1937): 500.
Giauque and Powell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939): 1970.
n
Overstreet and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc 59 (1937): 254.
o
Stephenson and Giauque, J. Chem. Phys., 5 (1937): 149.
p
Giauque and Stephenson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60 (1938): 1389.
q
Osborne, Stimson, and Ginnings, Bur. Standards J. Research, 23, 197 (1939): 261.
r
Miles and Menzies, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 1067.
s
Long and Kemp, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 1829.
t
Giauque and Blue, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58 (1936): 831.
u
Ruehrwein and Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61 (1939): 2940.
Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials
Material
Heat of
fusion,a,b
cal/mole
mp, °C
Heat of fusion, cal/g
183
179
177.5
176.5
236
98.8
75.5
17
15.5
11.6
9.54
28
6.85
8.4
43.9
61.8
100
100
83
100
94
100
130
85
37.0
42.3
2-154
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-192
Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds
The values for the hydrocarbons are from the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards, with some from Parks and Huffman, Ind. Eng. Chem., 23, 1138 (1931).
The values for the nonhydrocarbon compounds were recalculated from data in International Critical Tables, vol. 5.
Hydrocarbon compounds
Paraffins
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
2-Methylpropane
n-Pentane
2-Methylbutane
2,2-Dimethylpropane
n-Hexane
2-Methylpentane
2,2-Dimethylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
n-Heptane
2-Methylhexane
3-Ethylpentane
2,2-Dimethylpentane
2,4-Dimethylpentane
3,3-Dimethylpentane
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane
n-Octane
2-Methylheptane
3-Methylpentane
4-Methylheptane
2,2-Dimethylhexane
2,5-Dimethylhexane
3,3-Dimethylhexane
2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane
3-Methyl-3-ethylpentane
2,2,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
Eicosane
Pentacosane
Tritriacontane
Aromatics
Benzene
Methylbenzene (Toluene)
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
n-Propylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1-Methyl-2-ethylbenzene
Formula
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,
cal/g
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C4H10
C5H12
C5H12
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
C11H24
C12H26
C20H42
C25H52
C33H68
−182.48
−183.23
−187.65
−138.33
−159.60
−129.723
−159.890
−16.6
−95.320
−153.680
−99.73
−128.41
−90.595
−118.270
−118.593
−123.790
−119.230
−134.46
−24.96
−56.798
−109.04
−120.50
−120.955
−121.18
−91.200
−126.10
−114.960
−90.870
−112.27
−107.365
−100.70
−109.210
+100.69
−53.9
−30.0
−25.9
−9.6
+36.4
+53.3
+71.1
14.03
22.712
19.100
19.167
18.668
27.874
17.076
10.786
36.138
17.407
1.607
2.251
33.513
21.158
22.555
13.982
15.968
16.856
5.250
43.169
21.458
23.795
22.692
24.226
26.903
14.9
23.690
22.657
18.061
19.278
3.204
19.392
14.900
41.2
48.3
34.1
51.3
52.0
53.6
54.0
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
+5.533
−94.991
−94.950
−25.187
−47.872
+13.263
−99.500
−96.028
−80.833
30.100
17.171
20.629
30.614
26.045
38.526
16.97
19.22
21.13
Heat of fusion,
cal/g
Formula
mp, °C
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acrylic acid
Allo-cinnamic acid
Aminobenzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Amyl alcohol
Anethole
Aniline
Anthraquinone
Apiol
Azobenzene
Azoxybenzene
C2H4O2
C3H6O
C3H4O2
C9H8O2
C7H7NO2
C7H7NO2
C7H7NO2
C5H12O
C10H12O
C6H5NH2
C14H8O2
C12H14O4
C12H10N2
C12H10N2O
16.7
−95.5
12.3
68
145
179.5
188.5
−78.9
22.5
−6.3
284.8
29.5
67.1
36
46.68
23.42
37.03
27.35
35.48
38.03
36.46
26.65
25.80
27.09
37.48
25.80
28.91
21.62
Benzil
Benzoic acid
Benzophenone
Benzylaniline
Bromocamphor
Bromochlorbenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Bromoiodobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Bromol hydrate
Bromophenol (p-)
Bromotoluene (p-)
C14H10O2
C7H8O2
C13H10O
C13H13N
C10H15BrO
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrI
C6H4BrI
C6H4BrI
C2H3Br3O2
C6H5BrO
C7H7Br
95.2
122.45
47.85
32.37
78
−12.6
−21.2
64.6
21
9.3
90.1
46
63.5
28
22.15
33.90
23.53
21.86
41.57
15.41
15.29
23.41
12.18
10.27
16.60
16.90
20.50
20.86
Nonhydrocarbon compounds
Hydrocarbon compounds
Aromatics—(Cont.)
1-Methyl-3-ethylbenzene
1-Methyl-4-ethylbenzene
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Naphthalene
Camphene
Durene
Isodurene
Prehnitene
p-Cymene
n-Butyl benzene
tert-Butyl benzene
β-Methyl naphthalene
Diphenyl
Hexamethyl benzene
Diphenyl methane
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Tolane
Stilbene
Dibenzil
Triphenyl methane
Alkyl cyclohexanes
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Alkyl cyclopentanes
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
Monoolefins
Ethene (Ethylene)
Propene (Propylene)
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
2-Methylpropene (isobutene)
1-Pentene
cis-2-pentene
trans-2-pentene
2-Methyl-1-butene
3-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
Acetylenes
Acetylene
2-Butyne (dimethylacetylene)
Nonhydrocarbon compounds
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,
cal/g
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H8
C10H12
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C10H14
C11H10
C12H10
C12H18
C13H12
C14H10
C14H10
C14H10
C14H12
C14H14
C19H16
−95.55
−62.350
−25.375
−43.80
−44.720
+80.0
+51
+79.3
−24.0
−7.7
−68.9
−88.5
−58.1
+34.1
+68.6
+165.5
+25.2
+216.5
+96.3
+60
+124
+51.4
+92.1
15.14
25.29
16.64
24.54
18.97
36.0
57
37.4
23.0
20.0
17.1
19.5
14.9
20.1
28.8
30.4
26.4
38.7
25.0
28.7
40.0
30.7
21.1
C6H12
C7H14
+6.67
−126.58
7.569
16.429
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C7H14
C7H14
C7H14
C7H14
−93.80
−142.445
−138.435
−69.73
−53.85
−117.57
−133.680
2.068
19.68
11.10
3.36
3.87
15.68
17.93
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C5H10
C5H10
C5H10
C5H10
C5H10
−169.15
−185.25
−185.35
−138.91
−105.55
−140.35
−165.27
−151.363
−140.235
−137.560
−168.500
−133.780
28.547
17.054
16.393
31.135
41.564
25.265
16.82
24.239
26.536
26.879
18.009
25.738
C2H2
C4H6
−81.5
−132.23
23.04
40.808
Formula
Formula
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,
cal/g
Butyl alcohol (n-)
(t-)
Butyric acid (n-)
C4H10O
C4H10O
C4H8O2
−89.2
25.4
−5.7
29.93
21.88
30.04
Capric acid (n-)
Caprylic acid (n-)
Carbazole
Carbon tetrachloride
Carvoxime (d-)
(l-)
(dl-)
Cetyl alcohol
Chloracetic acid (α-)
(β-)
Chloral alcoholate
hydrate
Chloroaniline (p-)
Chlorobenzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Chloronitrobenzene (m-)
(p-)
Cinnamic acid
anhydride
Cresol (p-)
Crotonic acid (α-)
(cis-)
Cyanamide
Cyclohexanol
C10H20O2
C8H16O2
C12H9N
CCl4
C10H15NO
C10H15NO
C10H15NO
C16H34O
C2H3ClO2
C2H3ClO2
C4H7Cl3O2
C2H3Cl3O2
C6H6ClN
C7H5ClO2
C7H5ClO2
C7H5ClO2
C6H4ClNO2
C6H4ClNO2
C9H8O2
C18H14O3
C7H8O
C4H6O2
C4H6O2
CH2N2
C6H12O
31.99
16.3
243
−22.8
71.5
71
91
49.27
61.2
56
9
47.4
71
140.2
154.25
239.7
44.4
83.5
133
48
34.6
72
71.2
44
25.46
38.87
35.40
42.05
41.57
23.29
23.41
24.61
33.80
31.06
35.12
24.03
33.18
37.15
39.30
36.41
49.21
29.38
31.51
36.50
28.14
26.28
25.32
34.90
49.81
4.19
LATENT HEATS
TABLE 2-192
2-155
Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds (Concluded )
Heat of fusion,
cal/g
Formula
mp, °C
Dibromobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Dibromophenol (2, 4-)
Dichloroacetic acid
Dichlorobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Dihydroxybenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Di-iodobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Dimethyl tartrate (dl-)
(d-)
pyrone
Dinitrobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Dinitrotoluene (2, 4-)
Dioxane
Diphenyl amine
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2O
C2H2Cl2O2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
C6H4I2
C6H4I2
C6H4I2
C6H10O6
C6H10O6
C7H8O2
C6H4N2O4
C6H4N2O4
C6H4N2O4
C7H6N2O4
C4H8O2
C12H11N
1.8
−6.9
86
12
−4(?)
−16.7
−24.8
53.13
104.3
109.65
172.3
23.4
34.2
129
87
49
132
116.93
89.7
173.5
70.14
11.0
52.98
12.78
13.38
20.55
13.97
14.21
21.02
20.55
29.67
49.40
46.20
58.77
10.15
11.54
16.20
35.12
21.50
56.14
32.25
24.70
39.99
26.40
34.85
25.23
Elaidic acid
Ethyl acetate
alcohol
Ethylene dibromide
Ethyl ether
C18H34O2
C4H8O2
C2H6O
C2H4Br2
C4H10O
44.4
83.8
−114.4
10.012
−116.3
52.08
28.43
25.76
13.52
23.54
Formic acid
CH2O2
Glutaric acid
Glycerol
Glycol, ethylene
Nonhydrocarbon compounds
8.40
58.89
C6H8O4
C3H8O3
C2H6O2
97.5
18.07
−11.5
37.39
47.49
43.26
Hydrazo benzene
Hydrocinnamic acid
Hydroxyacetanilide
C12H12N2
C9H10O2
C8H9NO2
134
48
91.3
22.89
28.14
33.59
Iodotoluene (p-)
Isopropyl alcohol
ether
C7H7I
C3H8O
C6H14O
34
−88.5
−86.8
18.75
21.08
25.79
Lauric acid (n-)
Levulinic acid
C12H24O2
C5H8O3
43.22
33
43.72
18.97
Menthol (l-) (α)
Methyl alcohol
Myristic acid
Methyl cinnamate
fumarate
oxalate
phenylpropiolate
succinate
C10H20O
CH4O
C14H28O2
C10H10O2
C6H8O4
C4H6O4
C10H8O2
C6H10O4
43.5
−97.8
53.86
36
102
54.35
18
19.5
18.63
23.7
47.49
26.53
57.93
42.64
22.86
35.72
Formula
mp, °C
Heat of fusion,
cal/g
Naphthol (α-)
(β-)
Naphthylamine (α-)
Nitroaniline (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Nitronaphthalene
Nitrophenol (o-)
C10H8O
C10H8O
C10H9N
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H5NO2
C7H5NO4
C7H5NO4
C7H5NO4
C10H7NO2
C6H5NO3
95.0
120.6
50
71.2
114.0
147.3
5.85
145.8
141.1
239.2
56.7
45.13
38.94
31.30
22.34
27.88
40.97
36.46
22.52
40.06
27.59
52.80
25.44
26.76
Palmitic acid
Paraldehyde
Pelargic acid (n-) (β-)
Pelargonic acid (n-) (α-)
Phenol
Phenylacetic acid
Phenylhydrazine
Propyl ether (n)
C16H32O2
C6H12O3
C9H18O2
C9H18O2
C6H6O
C8H8O2
C6H8N2
C6H14O
61.82
10.5
12.35
40.92
76.7
19.6
−126.1
39.18
25.02
39.04
30.63
29.03
25.44
36.31
20.66
Quinone
C6H4O2
115.7
40.85
Stearic acid
Succinic anhydride
Succinonitrile
C18H30O2
C4H4O3
C4H4N2
68.82
119
54.5
47.54
48.74
11.71
Tetrachloroxylene (o-)
(p-)
Thiophene
Thiosinamine
Thymol
Toluic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Toluidine (p-)
Tribromophenol (2, 4, 6-)
Trichloroacetic acid
Trinitroglycerol
Trinitrotoluene (2, 4, 6-)
Tristearin
C8H6Cl4
C8H6Cl4
C4H4S
C4H8N2S
C10H14O
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C7H9N
C6H3Br3O
C2HCl3O2
C3H5N3O9
C7H5N3O6
C57H110O6
86
95
−39.4
77
51.5
103.7
108.75
179.6
43.3
93
57.5
12.3
80.83
70.8, 54.5
21.02
22.10
14.11
33.45
27.47
35.40
27.59
39.90
39.90
13.38
8.60
23.02
22.34
45.63
Undecylic acid (α-) (n-)
(β-) (n-)
Urethane
C11H22O2
C11H22O2
C3H7NO2
28.25
48.7
32.20
42.91
40.85
Veratrol
C8H10O2
22.5
27.45
Xylene dibromide (o-)
(m-)
dichloride (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
C8H8Br2
C8H8Br2
C8H8Cl2
C8H8Cl2
C8H8Cl2
Nonhydrocarbon compounds
95
77
55
34
100
24.25
21.45
29.03
26.64
32.73
TABLE 2-193
Cmpd.
no.
Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol wt
C1
× 1E−07
C2
C3
C4
Tmin,
K
∆Hv at
Tmin × 1E−07
Tmax,
K
∆Hv
at Tmax
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
74828
74840
74986
106978
109660
110543
142825
111659
111842
124185
16.043
30.070
44.097
58.123
72.150
86.177
100.204
114.231
128.258
142.285
1.0194
2.1091
2.9209
3.6238
3.9109
4.4544
5.0014
5.5180
6.0370
6.6126
0.26087
0.60646
0.78237
0.8337
0.38681
0.39002
0.38795
0.38467
0.38522
0.39797
−0.14694
−0.55492
−0.77319
−0.82274
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.22154
0.32799
0.39246
0.39613
0
0
0
0
0
0
90.69
90.35
85.47
134.86
143.42
177.83
182.57
216.38
219.66
243.51
0.8724
1.7879
2.4787
2.8684
3.3968
3.7647
4.2619
4.5898
5.0545
5.4168
190.56
305.32
369.83
425.12
469.7
507.6
540.2
568.7
594.6
617.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
n-Eicosane
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
C20H42
1120214
112403
629505
629594
629629
544763
629787
593453
629925
112958
156.312
170.338
184.365
198.392
212.419
226.446
240.473
254.500
268.527
282.553
7.2284
7.7337
8.4339
9.0539
9.6741
10.1560
10.4730
10.9690
11.6740
12.8600
0.40607
0.40681
0.4257
0.44467
0.45399
0.45726
0.4374
0.44327
0.45865
0.50351
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.32986
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
−0.42184
247.57
263.57
267.76
279.01
283.07
291.31
295.13
301.31
305.04
309.58
5.9240
6.2802
6.8015
7.2002
7.6728
8.0225
8.3699
8.7246
9.2185
9.5933
639
658
675
693
708
723
736
747
758
768
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
75285
78784
79298
107835
565593
560214
540841
58.123
72.150
86.177
86.177
100.204
114.231
114.231
3.1667
3.7700
4.1404
4.2780
4.6536
4.9910
4.7721
0.3855
0.3952
0.38124
0.384
0.37579
0.383
0.37992
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
113.54
113.25
145.19
119.55
160
172.22
165.78
2.7927
3.3720
3.6328
3.8495
4.0747
4.3530
4.1565
408.14
460.43
499.98
497.5
537.35
573.5
543.96
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
74851
115071
106989
590181
624646
109671
592416
592767
28.054
42.081
56.108
56.108
56.108
70.134
84.161
98.188
2.8694
3.2300
3.4190
3.3320
3.7740
4.3236
4.8120
0.3746
0.8375
0.3747
0.3754
0.3736
0.37647
0.3788
0.3685
0
−0.9216
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5012
0
0
0
0
0
0
104
87.89
87.8
134.26
167.62
107.93
133.39
154.27
1.6025
2.4031
2.9582
2.9773
2.7684
3.4166
3.8483
4.2478
282.34
365.57
419.95
435.58
428.63
464.78
504.03
537.29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1-Octene
1-Nonene
1-Decene
2-Methylpropene
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
C4H8
C5H10
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
111660
124118
872059
115117
563462
513359
590192
106990
78795
112.215
126.242
140.269
56.108
70.134
70.134
54.092
54.092
68.119
5.3980
5.9940
6.4898
3.2720
3.9091
3.9121
3.5220
3.2580
3.9310
0.3835
0.3953
0.39187
0.383
0.39866
0.3634
0.395
0.373
0.425
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
171.45
191.78
206.89
132.81
135.58
139.39
136.95
164.25
127.27
4.7013
5.1366
5.5289
2.8262
3.4072
3.4437
3.0540
2.7155
3.4529
566.65
593.25
616.4
417.9
465
471
452
425.17
484
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
46
47
48
49
50
Acetylene
Methylacetylene
Dimethylacetylene
3-Methyl-1-butyne
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C5H8
C5H8
74862
74997
503173
598232
627190
627214
26.038
40.065
54.092
68.119
68.119
68.119
2.3795
3.2775
3.8560
3.7920
3.9540
4.4158
0.375
0.3997
0.3737
0.3565
0.3512
0.44347
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
192.4
170.45
240.91
183.45
167.45
163.83
1.6488
2.6297
2.9557
3.1681
3.4025
3.7321
308.32
402.39
473.2
463.2
481.2
519
0
0
0
0
0
0
51
52
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
C6H10
C6H10
693027
764352
82.145
82.145
4.5740
4.9110
0.3698
0.4392
0
0
0
0
141.25
183.65
4.0640
4.1067
516.2
549
0
0
2-156
53
54
55
56
3-Hexyne
1-Heptyne
1-Octyne
Vinylacetylene1
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C4H4
928494
628717
629050
689974
82.145
96.172
110.199
52.076
4.8080
5.0514
5.6306
3.6490
0.436
0.41163
0.4148
0.4
0
0
0
0.043
0
0
0
0
170.05
192.22
193.55
173.15
4.0831
4.2470
4.7663
2.9876
544
559
585
454
0
0
0
0
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Cyclopentene
1-Methylcyclopentene
Cyclohexene
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C8H16
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
287923
96377
1640897
110827
108872
590669
1678917
142290
693890
110838
70.134
84.161
98.188
84.161
98.188
112.215
112.215
68.119
82.145
82.145
3.8900
4.3600
4.8288
4.4940
4.7534
5.0402
5.3832
3.8107
4.3541
4.4405
0.361
0.38531
0.37809
0.3974
0.39461
0.4036
0.41763
0.3543
0.36805
0.37479
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
179.28
130.73
134.71
279.69
146.58
239.66
161.84
138.13
146.62
169.67
3.3292
3.9118
4.3604
3.3977
4.2295
4.0862
4.7318
3.4046
3.8769
3.8791
511.76
532.79
569.52
553.58
572.19
591.15
609.15
507
542
560.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Propylbenzene
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
71432
108883
95476
108383
106423
100414
103651
78.114
92.141
106.167
106.167
106.167
106.167
120.194
4.7500
5.0144
5.5330
5.4600
5.3740
5.4640
5.7663
0.45238
0.3859
0.377
0.3726
0.3656
0.392
0.3956
0.0534
0
0
0
0
0
−8.9129E−03
−0.1181
0
0
0
0
0
0
278.68
178.18
247.98
225.3
286.41
178.15
215.03
3.4909
4.3670
4.5826
4.6097
4.2761
4.7811
5.0574
562.16
591.8
630.33
617.05
616.23
617.2
574.54
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4695E+07
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Styrene
m-Terphenyl
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H14
C10H8
C12H10
C8H8
C18H14
95636
98828
108678
99876
91203
92524
100425
92068
120.194
120.194
120.194
134.221
128.174
154.211
104.152
230.309
5.9126
5.7950
6.0380
6.3314
7.0510
7.5736
5.7260
10.1230
0.35632
0.3956
0.37999
0.40289
0.4612
0.3975
0.4055
0.3767
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229.33
177.14
228.42
205.25
353.43
342.2
242.54
360
5.0621
5.0869
5.1010
5.4387
5.2508
6.0420
4.7128
8.4070
649.13
631.1
637.36
653.15
748.35
789.26
636
924.85
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Methanol
Ethanol
1-Propanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
2-Propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C3H8O
C4H10O
67561
64175
71238
71363
78922
67630
75650
32.042
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
60.096
74.123
5.2390
5.6900
6.3300
6.7390
7.2560
6.3080
7.7320
0.3682
0.3359
0.3575
0.173
0.4774
0.3921
0.5645
0
0
0
0.2915
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
175.47
159.05
146.95
184.51
158.45
185.28
298.97
4.4900
5.0245
5.6460
6.0575
6.1383
5.2807
4.6703
512.64
513.92
536.78
563.05
536.05
508.3
506.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
1-Pentanol
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
1-Hexanol
1-Heptanol
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Propylene glycol
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C6H14O
C7H16O
C6H12O
C2H6O2
C3H8O2
71410
137326
123513
111273
111706
108930
107211
57556
88.150
88.150
88.150
102.177
116.203
100.161
62.068
76.095
8.3100
7.7839
8.0815
8.5980
9.6900
9.2440
8.2900
8.0700
0.511
0.45313
0.50185
0.513
0.572
0.64825
0.4266
0.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
195.56
203
155.95
228.55
239.15
296.6
260.15
213.15
6.7533
6.3619
6.8999
6.7623
7.3822
6.2273
6.8461
7.1374
586.15
565
577.2
611.35
631.9
650
719.7
626
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
97
98
99
100
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
C6H6O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
108952
95487
108394
106445
94.113
108.140
108.140
108.140
7.3060
7.1979
8.0082
8.4942
0.4246
0.40317
0.45314
0.50234
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
314.06
304.19
285.39
307.93
5.6577
5.7135
6.3326
6.3649
694.25
697.55
705.85
704.65
0
0
0
0
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Dimethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl n-propyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl-n-butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ether
Methyl tert-butyl ether
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
115106
540670
557175
598538
628284
625445
1634044
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
88.150
88.150
88.150
2.9940
3.5300
3.9795
3.9305
4.5328
4.2678
4.2024
0.3505
0.376
0.3729
0.3711
0.3824
0.37995
0.37826
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
131.65
160
133.97
127.93
157.48
150
164.55
2.6032
2.9751
3.5184
3.4876
3.9358
3.7232
3.6096
400.1
437.8
476.3
464.5
510
497
497.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2-157
TABLE 2-193
Cmpd.
no.
Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Continued )
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol wt
C1
× 1E−07
C2
C3
C4
Tmin,
K
∆Hv at
Tmin × 1E−07
Tmax,
K
∆Hv
at Tmax
108
109
110
111
112
Diethyl ether
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Methyl phenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C7H8O
C12H10O
60297
628320
625547
100663
101848
74.123
88.150
88.150
108.140
170.211
4.0600
5.4380
4.2580
5.8662
6.8243
0.3868
0.60624
0.37221
0.37127
0.30877
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
156.85
145.65
140
235.65
300.03
3.4651
4.4140
3.7556
4.9560
5.8546
466.7
500.23
489
645.6
766.8
0
0
0
0
0
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1-Propanal
1-Butanal
1-Pentanal
1-Hexanal
1-Heptanal
1-Octanal
1-Nonanal
1-Decanal
CH2O
C2H4O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C8H16O
C9H18O
C10H20O
50000
75070
123386
123728
110623
66251
111717
124130
124196
112312
30.026
44.053
58.080
72.107
86.134
100.161
114.188
128.214
142.241
156.268
3.0760
4.6070
4.1492
4.6403
5.1478
5.6661
6.1299
6.8347
7.3363
7.9073
0.2954
0.62
0.36751
0.3849
0.37541
0.38533
0.37999
0.41039
0.41735
0.4129
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
181.15
150.15
170
176.75
182
217.15
229.8
246
255.15
267.15
2.5863
3.6199
3.5675
3.9797
4.4502
4.7495
5.1353
5.5966
5.9779
6.4201
408
466
504.4
537.2
566.1
591
617
638.1
658
674.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Pentanone
Methyl isopropyl ketone
2-Hexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
3-Methyl-2-pentanone
3-Pentanone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diisopropyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl phenyl ketone
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C6H10O
C8H8O
67641
78933
107879
563804
591786
108101
565617
96220
565695
565800
108941
98862
58.080
72.107
86.134
86.134
100.161
100.161
100.161
86.134
100.161
114.188
98.145
120.151
4.2150
4.6220
5.1740
5.1400
5.6770
5.4000
5.1130
5.2359
5.3880
5.5980
5.5500
6.6104
0.3397
0.355
0.39422
0.3858
0.3817
0.383
0.3395
0.40465
0.40616
0.3774
0.3538
0.37425
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
178.45
186.48
196.29
250
217.35
189.15
167.15
234.18
200
204.81
242
292.81
3.6390
3.9704
4.3663
4.0753
4.7584
4.6294
4.5480
4.2075
4.5154
4.7426
4.7114
5.4166
508.2
535.5
561.08
553
587.05
571.4
573
560.95
567
576
653
709.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
n-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Benzoic acid2
Acetic anhydride
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C7H6O2
C4H6O3
64186
64197
79094
107926
79312
65850
108247
46.026
60.053
74.079
88.106
88.106
122.123
102.090
2.3700
2.0265
2.7290
7.4996
4.4967
10.1900
6.3520
1.999
0.11911
0.06954
2.333
1.1615
0.478
0.3986
−5.1503
−1.3487
−1.0423
−3.8644
−2.4573
0
0
3.331
1.4227
1.1152
2.016
1.5823
0
0
281.45
289.81
252.45
267.95
227.15
395.45
200.15
1.9532
2.3185
2.9964
4.1566
3.6179
7.1277
5.4139
588
591.95
600.81
615.7
605
751
606
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Methyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Ethyl formate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl propionate
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
107313
79209
554121
623427
109944
141786
105373
60.053
74.079
88.106
102.133
74.079
88.106
102.133
4.1030
4.4920
5.0080
5.3781
4.5909
4.9330
5.3325
0.3825
0.3685
0.3959
0.39523
0.4123
0.3847
0.401
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
174.15
175.15
185.65
187.35
193.55
189.6
199.25
3.4644
3.8418
4.2231
4.5694
3.7679
4.1490
4.4449
487.2
506.55
530.6
554.5
508.4
523.3
546
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Ethyl n-butyrate
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate
Vinyl acetate
C6H12O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H8O2
C9H10O2
C4H6O2
105544
110747
109604
123864
93583
93890
108054
116.160
88.106
102.133
116.160
136.150
150.177
86.090
5.6419
4.9687
5.4327
5.7800
6.9650
6.3400
4.7700
0.37985
0.4025
0.407
0.3935
0.4061
0.2911
0.3765
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
175.15
180.25
178.15
199.65
260.75
238.45
180.35
4.9090
4.2162
4.6322
4.8943
5.7500
5.6137
4.0619
571
538
549.73
579.15
693
698
519.13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
156
157
158
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
CH5N
C2H7N
C3H9N
74895
124403
75503
31.057
45.084
59.111
3.8580
4.0900
3.3050
0.404
0.42005
0.354
0
0
0
0
0
0
179.69
180.96
156.08
3.1006
3.2678
2.8216
430.05
437.2
433.25
0
0
0
2-158
159
160
161
Ethylamine
Diethylamine
Triethylamine
C2H7N
C4H11N
C6H15N
75047
109897
121448
45.084
73.138
101.192
4.2750
4.6133
4.6640
0.5857
0.42628
0.3663
−0.332
0
0
0.169
0
0
192.15
223.35
158.45
3.2955
3.5761
4.1011
456.15
496.6
535.15
0
0
0
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
n-Propylamine
di-n-Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Diisopropylamine
Aniline
N-Methylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
C3H9N
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C6H7N
C7H9N
C8H11N
107108
142847
75310
108189
62533
100618
121697
59.111
101.192
59.111
101.192
93.128
107.155
121.182
4.4488
5.4280
4.4041
5.0070
7.1950
6.3860
6.7900
0.39494
0.3665
0.43325
0.4362
0.458
0.3104
0.4053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
188.36
210.15
177.95
176.85
267.13
216.15
275.6
3.6857
4.5500
3.5874
4.1823
5.7710
5.6961
5.5162
496.95
550
471.85
523.1
699
701.55
687.15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
169
170
171
172
Ethylene oxide
Furan
Thiophene
Pyridine
C2H4O
C4H4O
C4H4S
C5H5N
75218
110009
110021
110861
44.053
68.075
84.142
79.101
3.6652
4.0050
4.5793
5.1740
0.37878
0.3995
0.38557
0.38865
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
160.65
196.29
234.94
231.51
3.1271
3.2647
3.7472
4.3144
469.15
490.15
579.35
619.95
0
0
0
0
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
Formamide3
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Acetamide
N-Methylacetamide
Acetonitrile
Propionitrile
n-Butyronitrile
Benzonitrile
CH3NO
C3H7NO
C2H5NO
C3H7NO
C2H3N
C3H5N
C4H7N
C7H5N
75127
68122
60355
79163
75058
107120
109740
100470
45.041
73.095
59.068
73.095
41.053
55.079
69.106
103.123
7.3580
5.9217
8.1070
7.3402
4.3511
4.9348
5.2200
6.2615
0.3564
0.37996
0.42
0.38974
0.34765
0.41873
0.165
0.35427
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6692
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
−0.539
0
275.7
212.72
353.15
301.15
229.32
180.26
161.25
260.4
6.2844
5.0931
6.2386
5.9384
3.5996
4.2005
4.7223
5.3091
771
649.6
761
718
545.5
564.4
582.25
699.35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
n-Propyl mercaptan
n-Butyl mercaptan
Isobutyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
CH4S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
74931
75081
107039
109795
513440
513531
75183
624895
352932
48.109
62.136
76.163
90.189
90.189
90.189
62.136
76.163
90.189
3.4448
3.8440
4.4782
4.9702
4.7420
4.6432
3.8690
4.4740
4.7182
0.37427
0.37534
0.41073
0.41199
0.40535
0.399
0.3694
0.4097
0.3643
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150.18
125.26
159.95
157.46
128.31
133.02
174.88
167.23
169.2
2.9825
3.4489
3.8723
4.3505
4.2664
4.1614
3.3042
3.8344
4.1353
469.95
499.15
536.6
570.1
559
554
503.04
533
557.15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Fluoromethane
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Bromomethane
Fluoroethane
Chloroethane
Bromoethane
CH3F
CH3Cl
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3Br
C2H5F
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
593533
74873
67663
56235
74839
353366
75003
74964
34.033
50.488
119.377
153.822
94.939
48.060
64.514
108.966
2.4708
2.9745
4.1860
4.3252
3.1690
2.7617
3.5240
3.9004
0.37014
0.353
0.3584
0.37688
0.3015
0.32162
0.3652
0.38012
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
131.35
175.43
209.63
250.33
179.47
129.95
134.8
154.55
2.0276
2.4520
3.5047
3.4528
2.7379
2.4089
3.1052
3.3933
317.42
416.25
536.4
556.35
467
375.31
460.35
503.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C2H3Cl
C6H5F
C6H5Cl
C6H5Br
540545
75296
78999
78875
75014
462066
108907
108861
78.541
78.541
112.986
112.986
62.499
96.104
112.558
157.010
3.9890
3.8871
4.7740
4.6750
3.4125
4.5820
5.1480
5.5520
0.37956
0.38043
0.39204
0.36529
0.4513
0.3717
0.36614
0.37694
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150.35
155.97
200
172.71
119.36
230.94
227.95
242.43
3.4862
3.3586
4.0147
4.0997
2.9491
3.7605
4.3707
4.6875
503.15
489
560
572
432
560.09
632.35
670.15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
Air
Hydrogen
Helium-4
Neon
Argon
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
H2
He
Ne
Ar
F2
Cl2
Br2
132259100
1333740
7440597
7440019
7440371
7782414
7782505
7726956
28.951
2.016
4.003
20.180
39.948
37.997
70.905
159.808
0.8474
0.1013
0.0125
0.2389
0.8731
0.8876
3.0680
4.0000
0.3822
0.698
1.3038
0.3494
0.3526
0.34072
0.8458
0.351
0
−1.817
−2.6954
0
0
0
−0.9001
0
0
1.447
1.7098
0
0
0
0.453
0
59.15
13.95
2.2
24.56
83.78
53.48
172.12
265.85
0.6759
0.0913
0.0097
0.1803
0.6561
0.7578
2.2878
3.2323
132.45
33.19
5.2
44.4
150.86
144.12
417.15
584.15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2-159
TABLE 2-193
Cmpd.
no.
Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (Concluded )
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol wt
C1
× 1E−07
C2
C3
C4
Tmin,
K
∆Hv at
Tmin × 1E−07
Tmax,
K
∆Hv
at Tmax
214
215
216
217
218
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Hydrazine
Nitrous oxide
O2
N2
NH3
N2H4
N2O
7782447
7727379
7664417
302012
10024972
31.999
28.014
17.031
32.045
44.013
0.9008
0.7491
3.1523
5.9794
2.3215
0.4542
0.40406
0.3914
0.9424
0.384
−0.4096
−0.317
−0.2289
−1.398
0
0.3183
0.27343
0.2309
0.8862
0
54.36
63.15
195.41
274.69
182.3
0.7742
0.6024
2.5298
4.5238
1.6502
154.58
126.2
405.65
653.15
309.57
0
0
0
0
0
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
Nitric oxide
Cyanogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen cyanide2
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Water
NO
C2N2
CO
CO2
CS2
HF
HCl
HBr
HCN
H2S
SO2
SO3
H2O
10102439
460195
630080
124389
75150
7664393
7647010
10035106
74908
7783064
7446095
7446119
7732185
30.006
52.036
28.010
44.010
76.143
20.006
36.461
80.912
27.026
34.082
64.065
80.064
18.015
2.1310
3.3840
0.8585
2.1730
3.4960
13.4510
2.2093
2.4850
3.3490
2.5676
3.6760
7.3370
5.2053
0.4056
0.3707
0.4921
0.382
0.2986
13.36
0.3466
0.39
0.2053
0.37358
0.4
0.5647
0.3199
0
0
−0.326
−0.4339
0
−23.383
0
0
0
0
0
0
−0.212
0
0
0.2231
0.42213
0
10.785
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.25795
109.5
245.25
68.13
216.58
161.11
277.56
158.97
185.15
259.83
187.68
197.67
289.95
273.16
1.4578
2.3803
0.6517
1.5202
3.1537
0.7104
1.7498
1.8817
2.8176
1.9782
2.8753
4.4303
4.4733
180.15
400.15
132.5
304.21
552
461.15
324.65
363.15
456.65
373.53
430.75
490.85
647.13
0
0
915280
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
All substances are listed in alphabetical order in Table 2-6a.
Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical
Property Data, AIChE, New York, NY; and from Thermodynamics Research Center, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Thermodynamics Research Center Hydrocarbon
Project, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (extant 1994).
Temperatures are expressed in kelvins; heats of vaporization, in J/kmol.
J/ kmol × 2.390E−04 = cal/gmol; J/ kmol × 4.302106E−04 = Btu/lbmol.
The heat of vaporization equation used is ∆Hv = C1 × (1 − Tr)C2 + C3 × Tr + C4 × Tr × Tr. Tr is the reduced temperature, T/Tc.
1
Coefficients are hypothetical; compound decomposes violently on heating.
2
For the monomer.
3
Equation coefficients are hypothetical above the decomposition temperature.
2-160
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
2-161
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
To convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units
per pound-degree Rankine, multiply by 0.2388.
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
°F = 9⁄ 5 °C + 32
°F = 1.8 K
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
To convert calories per gram-kelvin to British thermal units per
pound-degree Rankine, multiply by 1.0; to convert calories per grammole-kelvin to British thermal units per pound-mole-degree Rankine,
multiply by 1.0.
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds*
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
c
l
c
l
c
l
c
c
c
c
l
c
l
c
c, sillimanite
c, disthene
c, andalusite
c, mullite
c
c
c
4.80 + 0.00322T
7.00
18.74 + 0.01866T
29.5
13.25 + 0.02800T
31.2
76
19.3
50.5
38.63 + 0.04760T − 449200/T 2
142
16.88 + 0.02266T
28.8
22.08 + 0.008971T − 522500/T 2
40.79 + 0.004763T − 992800/T 2
41.81 + 0.005283T − 1211000/T 2
43.96 + 0.001923T − 1086000/T 2
59.65 + 0.0670T
113.2 + 0.0652T
63.5
235
273–931
931–1273
273–370
370–407
273–465
465–504
288–327
288–326
288–326
273–1273
1273–1373
273–464
464–480
273–1973
273–1573
273–1673
273–1573
273–576
273–575
273–373
288–325
1
5
3
5
3
3
?
?
?
2
?
3
5
3
3
2
3
5
3
?
?
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
5.51 + 0.00178T
7.15
17.2 + 0.0293T
10.3 + 0.0511T
19.1 + 0.0171T
22.6 + 0.0162T
24.2 + 0.0132T
273–903
903–1273
273–370
273–346
273–929
273–1198
273–821
2
5
?
?
?
?
?
g
4.97
c
l
c
c
5.17 + 0.00234T
31.9
8.37 + 0.0486T
25.8
273–1168
286–371
273–548
293–373
5
?
?
?
c
c
c
c
c, α
c, β
c
c
c
17.0 + 0.00334T
28.2
37.3
51
17.26 + 0.0131T
30.0
34
39.8
21.35 + 0.0141T
273–1198
273–307
273–307
289–320
273–1083
1083–1255
273–297
285–371
273–1323
?
?
?
?
5
15
?
?
5
c
c
c
c
4.698 + 0.001555T − 121000/T 2
8.69 + 0.00365T − 313000/T 2
25.4
20.8
273–1173
273–1175
273–373
273–373
1
5
?
?
Substance
Aluminum1
Al
AlBr3
AlCl3
AlCl3·6H2O
AlF3
AlF3·3aH2O
AlF3·3NaF
AlI3
Al2O3
Al2O3·SiO2
3Al2O3·2SiO2
4Al2O3·3SiO2
Al2(SO4)3
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
Antimony
Sb
SbBr3
SbCl3
Sb2O3
Sb2O4
Sb2S3
Argon2
A
Arsenic
As
AsCl3
As2O3
As2S3
Barium
BaCl2
BaCl2·H2O
BaCl2·2H2O
Ba(ClO3)2·H2O
BaCO3
BaMoO4
Ba(NO3)2
BaSO4
Beryllium3,4
Be
BeO
BeO·Al2O3
BeSO4
Additional data are contained in the subsection “Thermodynamic
Properties.” Data on water are also contained in that subsection.
Additional tables for water are found in Eng. Sci. Data Item 68008,
251 Regent Street, London, England, which contains about 5000 values from 1 to 1000 bar, 0 to 1500°C.
State†
All
0
*From Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 371, 1934. For a revision see Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 477, 1948. Data for many elements and
compounds are given by Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960, for cryogenic temperatures. Tabulated data for gases can be obtained from
many of the references cited in the “Thermodynamic Properties” subsection and other tables in this section. Thinh, Duran, et al., Hydrocarbon Process., 50, 98 (January 1971), review previous equation fits and give newer fits for 408 hydrocarbons and related compounds.
Later publications include Duran, Thinh, et al., Hydrocarbon Process., 55, 153 (August 1976); Thompson, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 22(4), 431
(1977); and Passut and Danner, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 11, 543 (1972); 13, 193 (1974).
† The symbols in this column have the following meaning; c, crystal; l, liquid; g, gas; gls, glass.
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Substance
Bismuth4
Bi
Bi2O3
Bi2S3
Boron
B
B2O3
BN
Bromine
Br2
Cadmium
Cd
CdO
CdS
CdSO4·8/3H2O
Calcium
Ca
CaCl2
CaCO3
CaF2
CaMg(CO3)2
CaMoO4
CaO
Ca(OH)2
CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2
CaO·MgO·2SiO2
CaO·SiO2
CaP2O6
CaSO4
CaSO4·2H2O
CaWO4
Carbon5
C
CH4
CO6
CO2
CS2
Cerium
Ce
CeO2
Ce2(MoO4)3
Ce2(SO4)3
Ce2(SO4)3·5H2O
Cesium
Cs
CsBr
CsCl
CsF
CsI
Chlorine
Cl2
Chromium4
Cr
CrCl3
Cr2O3
CrSb
CrSb2
Cr2(SO4)3
Cobalt4
Co
CoAs2·CoS2
CoSb
Co2Sn
CoS
CoSO4·7H2O
2-162
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
c
l
c
c
5.38 + 0.00260T
7.60
23.27 + 0.01105T
30.4
273–544
544–1273
273–777
284–372
3
3
2
?
c
gls
gls
c
1.54 + 0.00440T
5.14 + 0.0320T
30.4
1.61 + 0.00400T
273–1174
273–513
513–623
273–1173
5
3
3
5
g
9.00
300–2000
5
c
l
c
c
c
5.46 + 0.002466T
7.13
9.65 + 0.00208T
12.9 + 0.00090T
51.3
273–594
594–973
273–2086
273–1273
293
1
5
?
?
?
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c, anorthite
gls
c, diopside
gls
c, wollastonite
c, pseudowollastonite
gls
c
c
c
c
5.31 + 0.00333T
6.29 + 0.00140T
16.9 + 0.00386T
19.68 + 0.01189T − 307600/T 2
14.7 + 0.00380T
40.1
33
10.00 + 0.00484T − 108000/T 2
21.4
63.13 + 0.01500T − 1537000/T 2
67.41 + 0.01048T − 1874000/T 2
54.46 + 0.005746T − 1500000/T 2
51.68 + 0.009724T − 1308000/T 2
27.95 + 0.002056T − 745600/T 2
25.48 + 0.004132T − 488100/T 2
23.16 + 0.009672T − 487100/T 2
39.5
18.52 + 0.02197T − 156800/T 2
46.8
27.9
273–673
673–873
273–1055
273–1033
273–1651
299–372
273–297
273–1173
276–373
273–1673
273–973
273–1573
273–973
273–1573
273–1673
273–973
287–371
273–1373
282–373
292–322
2
2
?
3
?
?
?
2
?
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
?
5
?
?
c, graphite
c, diamond
g
g
g
l
2.673 + 0.002617T − 116900/T 2
2.162 + 0.003059T − 130300/T 2
5.34 + 0.0115T
6.60 + 0.00120T
10.34 + 0.00274T − 195500/T 2
18.4
273–1373
273–1313
273–1200
273–2500
273–1200
293
2
3
2
1a
1a
?
c
c
c
c
c
5.88 + 0.00123T
15.1
96
66.4
131.6
273–908
273–373
273–297
273–373
273–319
?
?
?
?
?
c
l
g
c
c
c
c
1.96 + 0.0182T
8.00
4.97
12.6 + 0.00259T
11.7 + 0.00309T
11.3 + 0.00285T
11.6 + 0.00268T
273–301
302
All
273–909
273–752
273–957
273–894
3
3
0
?
?
?
?
g
8.28 + 0.00056T
273–2000
1a
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
4.84 + 0.00295T
9.70
23
26.0 + 0.00400T
12.3 + 0.00120T
19.2 + 0.00184T
67.4
273–1823
1823–1923
286–319
273–2263
273–1383
273–949
273–373
5
10
?
?
?
?
?
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
5.12 + 0.00333T
8.40
32.9
11.7 + 0.00156T
15.83 + 0.00950T
10.6 + 0.00251T
96
273–1763
1763–1873
283–373
273–1464
273–903
273–1373
286–303
5
5
?
?
2
?
?
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Substance
Copper7
Cu
CuAl
CuAl2
Cu3Al
CuI
CuI2
CuO
CuO·SiO2·H2O
CuS
Cu2S
CuS·FeS
Cu2Sb
Cu2Sb
Cu2Se
Cu3Si
CuSO4
CuSO4·H2O
CuSO4·3H2O
CuSO4·5H2O
Fluorine8
F2
Gallium
Ga2O3
Ga2(SO4)3
Germanium4
Ge
Gold
Au
AuSb2
Helium9
He
Hydrogen10
H
H2
HBr
HCl
HI
H2O
H2S
H2S2O7
Indium
In
Iodine
I2
Iridium
Ir
Iron4
Fe
FeAs2
Fe3C
FeCO3
FeO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
Fe2O3·3H2O
FeS
FeS2
FeSi
Fe2SiO4
FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3
FeSO4·4H2O
FeSO4·7H2O
Krypton
Kr
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
273–1357
1357–1573
273–733
273–773
273–775
273–675
274–328
273–810
293–323
273–1273
273–376
376–1173
292–321
273–573
273–693
273–383
383–488
273–1135
282
282
282
282
1
3
2
2
2
?
?
2
?
?
3
2
?
2
2
5
5
?
?
?
?
?
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c, α
c, β
c
c
c
c, α
c, β
c
c
c
c
c
5.44 + 0.001462T
7.50
9.88 + 0.00500T
16.78 + 0.00366T
19.61 + 0.01054T
12.1 + 0.00286T
20.1
10.87 + 0.003576T − 150600/T 2
29
10.6 + 0.00264T
9.38 + 0.0312T
20.9
24
13.73 + 0.01350T
21.79 + 0.00900T
20.85
20.35
20.3 + 0.00587T
24.1
31.3
49.0
67.2
g
6.50 + 0.00100T
300–3000
5
c
c
18.2 + 0.0252T
62.4
273–923
273–373
?
?
273–1336
1336–1573
273–628
628–713
2
5
1
?
c
c
l
c, α
c, βγ
5.61 + 0.00144T
7.00
17.12 + 0.00465T
11.47 + 0.01756T
g
4.97
g
g
g
g
g
l
g
g
c
l
4.97
6.62 + 0.00081T
6.80 + 0.00084T
6.70 + 0.00084T
6.93 + 0.00083T
See Tables 2-355 through 2-357
8.22 + 0.00015T + 0.00000134T 2
7.20 + 0.00360T
27
58
All
273–2500
273–2000
273–2000
273–2000
0
2
2
1a
2
300–2500
300–600
281
308
?
8
?
?
g
9.00
300–2000
5
c
5.50 + 0.00148T
273–1873
1
c, α
c, β
c, γ
c, δ
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c, α
c, β
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
4.13 + 0.00638T
6.12 + 0.00336T
8.40
10.0
8.15
17.8
25.17 + 0.00223T
22.7
12.62 + 0.001492T − 76200/T 2
24.72 + 0.01604T − 423400/T 2
41.17 + 0.01882T − 979500/T 2
47.8
2.03 + 0.0390T
12.05 + 0.00273T
10.7 + 0.01336T
10.54 + 0.00458T
33.57 + 0.01907T − 879700/T 2
22
66.2
63.6
96
273–1041
1041–1179
1179–1674
1674–1803
1803–1873
283–373
273–1173
293–368
273–1173
273–1097
273–1065
286–373
273–411
411–1468
273–773
273–903
273–1161
293–373
273–373
282
291–319
3
3
5
5
5
?
10
?
2
2
2
?
5
3
?
2
2
?
?
?
?
g
4.97
All
0
c
All
0
2-163
2-164
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Substance
Lanthanum
La
La2O3
La2(MoO4)3
La2(SO4)3
La2(SO4)3·9H2O
Lead4
Pb
Pb3(AsO4)2
PbB2O4
PbB4O7
PbBr2
PbCl2
2PbCl2·NH4Cl
PbCO3
PbCrO4
PbF2
PbI2
PbMoO4
Pb(NO3)2
PbO
PbO2
Pb2P2O7
PbS
PbSO4
PbS2O3
PbWO4
Lithium
Li
LiBr
LiBr·H2O
LiCl
LiCl·H2O
LiF
LiI
LiI·H2O
LiI·2H2O
LiI·3H2O
LiNO3
Magnesium4
Mg
MgAg
Mg4Al3
MgAu
Mg2Au
Mg3Au
MgCl2
MgCl2·6H2O
MgCO3
MgCu2
Mg2Cu
MgNi2
MgO
MgO·Al2O3
MgO·SiO2
6MgO·MgCl2·8B2O3
Mg(OH)2
Mg3Sb2
Mg2Si
MgSO4
MgSO4·H2O
MgSO4·6H2O
MgSO4·7H2O
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
c
c
c
c
c
5.91 + 0.00100T
22.6 + 0.00544T
86
66.9
152
273–1009
273–2273
273–307
273–373
273–319
?
?
?
?
?
c
l
c
c
c
c
l
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
5.77 + 0.00202T
6.8
65.5
26.5
41.4
18.13 + 0.00310T
27.4
15.88 + 0.00835T
27.2
53.1
21.1
29.1
16.5 + 0.00412T
18.66 + 0.00293T
32.3
30.4
36.4
10.33 + 0.00318T
12.7 + 0.00780T
48.3
10.63 + 0.00401T
26.4
29
35
273–600
600–1273
286–370
288–371
289–371
273–761
761–860
273–771
771–851
293
286–320
292–323
273–1091
273–648
648–776
292–322
286–320
273–544
273–?
284–371
273–873
293–372
293–373
273–297
2
5
?
?
?
2
10
2
10
?
?
?
?
2
20
?
?
2
?
?
3
?
?
?
c
g
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
l
0.68 + 0.0180T
4.97
11.5 + 0.00302T
22.6
11.0 + 0.00339T
23.6
8.20 + 0.00520T
12.5 + 0.00208T
23.6
32.9
43.2
9.17 + 0.0360T
26.8
273–459
All
273–825
278–318
273–887
279–360
273–1117
273–723
277–359
277–345
277–347
273–523
523–575
10
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
5
5
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c, amphibole
c, pyroxene
gls
c, α
c, β
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
6.20 + 0.00133T − 67800/T 2
7.4
10.58 + 0.00412T
34.4 + 0.0198T
11.3 + 0.00189T
16.2 + 0.00451T
21.2 + 0.00614T
17.3 + 0.00377T
77.1
16.9
14.96 + 0.00776T
15.5 + 0.00652T
15.87 + 0.00692T
10.86 + 0.001197T − 208700/T 2
28
25.60 + 0.004380T − 674200/T 2
23.35 + 0.008062T − 558800/T 2
23.30 + 0.007734T − 542000/T 2
58.7 + 0.408T
107.2 + 0.2876T
18.2
28.2 + 0.00560T
15.4 + 0.00415T
26.7
33
80
89
273–923
923–1048
273–905
273–736
273–1433
273–1073
273–1103
273–991
292–342
290
273–903
273–843
273–903
273–2073
288–319
273–1373
273–773
273–973
273–538
538–623
292–323
273–1234
273–1343
296–372
282
282
291–319
1
10
2
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
3
?
2
2
?
1
1
1
5
5
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
c, α
c, β
c, γ
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
3.76 + 0.00747T
5.06 + 0.00395T
4.80 + 0.00422T
11.0
16.2 + 0.00520T
7.79 + 0.0421T + 0.0000090T 2
7.43 + 0.01038T − 0.00000362T 2
10.33 + 0.0530T − 0.0000257T 2
19.25 + 0.0538T − 0.0000209T 2
1.92 + 0.0471T − 0.0000297T 2
31
10.21 + 0.00656T − 0.00000242T 2
27.5
78
273–1108
1108–1317
1317–1493
1493–1673
273–923
273–773
273–1923
273–1173
273–1773
273–773
291–322
273–1883
293–373
290–319
5
5
5
10
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
l
g
g
c
c
c
c
c, α
c, β
c
c
c
6.61
4.97
9.00
11.05 + 0.00370T
15.3 + 0.0103T
25
11.4 + 0.00461T
17.4 + 0.004001T
20.2
11.5
10.9 + 0.00365T
31.0
273–630
All
300–2000
273–798
273–553
285–319
273–563
273–403
403–523
278–371
273–853
273–307
1
0
5
?
?
?
?
3
3
?
?
?
c
c
c
5.69 + 0.00188T − 50300/T 2
15.1 + 0.0121T
19.7 + 0.00315T
273–1773
273–1068
273–729
5
?
?
g
4.97
c, α
c, β
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
4.26 + 0.00640T
6.99 + 0.000905T
8.55
11.3 + 0.00215T
9.25 + 0.00640T
15.8 + 0.00329T
10.0 + 0.00312T
20.78 + 0.0102T
33.4
82
11.00 + 0.00433T
g
g
c
c, α
c, β
c
c
c
g
Substance
Manganese
Mn
MnCl2
MnCO3
MnO
Mn2O3
Mn3O4
MnO2
Mn2O3·H2O
MnS
MnSO4
MnSO4·5H2O
Mercury11
Hg
Hg2
HgCl
HgCl2
Hg(CN)2
HgI
HgI2
HgO
HgS
Hg2SO4
Molybdenum
Mo
MoO3
MoS2
Neon12
Ne
Nickel4
Ni
NiO
NiS
Ni2Si
NiSi
Ni3Sn
NiSO4
NiSO4·6H2O
NiTe
Nitrogen13
N2
NH3
NH4Br
NH4Cl
NH4I
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
NO
Osmium
Os
Oxygen14
O2
Palladium
Pd
Phosphorus
P
PCl3
P4O10
Platinum4
Pt
Potassium
K
State†
All
0
273–626
626–1725
1725–1903
273–1273
273–597
273–1582
273–1273
273–904
293–373
291–325
273–700
2
5
10
?
3
?
?
2
?
?
2
6.50 + 0.00100T
6.70 + 0.00630T
22.8
9.80 + 0.0368T
5.0 + 0.0340T
17.8
31.8
51.6
8.05 + 0.000233T − 156300/T 2
300–3000
300–800
274–328
273–457
457–523
273–328
273–293
275–328
300–5000
3
1a
?
5
5
?
?
?
2
c
5.686 + 0.000875T
273–1877
1
g
8.27 + 0.000258T − 187700/T
300–5000
1
2
c
5.41 + 0.00184T
273–1822
2
c, yellow
c, red
l
l
c
g
5.50
0.21 + 0.0180T
6.6
28.7
15.72 + 0.1092T
73.6
273–317
273–472
317–373
284–371
273–631
631–1371
5
10
10
?
2
3
c
5.92 + 0.00116T
273–1873
1
c
l
5.24 + 0.00555T
7.7
273–336
336–373
5
5
2-165
2-166
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Substance
Potassium—(Cont.)
K
K2
KAsO3
KBO2
K2B4O7
KBr
KCl
KClO3
KClO4
2KCl·CuCl2.2H2O
2KCl·PtCl4
2KCl·SnCl4
2KCl·ZnCl2
2KCN·Zn(CN)2
K2CO3
K2CrO4
K2Cr2O7
KF
K4Fe(CN)6
K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O
KH2AsO4
KH2PO4
KHSO4
KMnO4
KNO3
K2O·Al2O3·3SiO2
K4P2O7
K2SO4
K2S2O3
K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O
K2SO4·Cr2(SO4)3·24H2O
K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O
K2SO4·NiSO4·6H2O
K2SO4·ZnSO4·6H2O
Prometheum
Pr
Radon
Rn
Rhenium
Re
Rhodium
Rh
Rubidium
Rb
RbBr
RbCl
Rb2CO3
RbF
RbI
Scandium
Sc2O3
Sc2(SO4)3
Selenium
Se
Silicon
Si
SiC
SiCl4
SiO2
Silver4
Ag
State†
g
g
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
l
c, orthoclase
gls, orthoclase
c, microcline
gls, microcline
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
4.97
9.00
25.3
12.6 + 0.0126T
51.3
11.49 + 0.00360T
10.93 + 0.00376T
25.7
26.3
63
55
54.5
43.4
57.4
29.9
35.9
42.80 + 0.0410T
96.9
10.8 + 0.00284T
80.1
114.5
32
28.3
30
28
6.42 + 0.0530T
28.8
29.5
69.26 + 0.00821T − 2331000/T 2
69.81 + 0.01053 − 2403000/T 2
65.65 + 0.01102T − 1748000/T 2
64.83 + 0.01438T − 1641000/T 2
63.1
33.1
37
352
324
106
107
120
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
All
300–2000
290–372
273–1220
290–372
273–543
273–1043
289–371
287–318
292–323
286–319
292–323
279–319
277–319
296–372
289–371
273–671
671–757
273–1129
273–319
273–310
289–319
290–320
292–324
287–318
273–401
401–611
611–683
273–1373
273–1373
273–1373
273–1373
290–371
287–371
293–373
292–322
292–324
292–323
289–319
293–317
0
5
?
?
?
2
2
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
5
5
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
10
5
10
1a
1a
1a
1a
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
c
g
4.97
c
6.30 + 0.00053T
273–2273
All
0
?
c
5.40 + 0.00219T
273–1877
2
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
3.27 + 0.0131T
7.85
11.6 + 0.00255T
11.5 + 0.00249T
28.4
11.3 + 0.00256T
11.6 + 0.00263T
273–312
312–373
273–954
273–987
291–320
273–1048
273–913
2
5
?
?
?
?
?
c
c
21.1
62.0
273–373
273–373
?
?
c
l
4.53 + 0.00550T
8.35
273–490
490–570
2
3
c
c
l
c, quartz, α
c, quartz, β
c, cristobalite, α
c, cristobalite, β
gls
5.74 + 0.000617T − 101000/T 2
8.89 + 0.00291T − 284000/T 2
32.4
10.87 + 0.008712T − 241200/T 2
10.95 + 0.00550T
3.65 + 0.0240T
17.09 + 0.000454T − 897200/T 2
12.80 + 0.00447T − 302000/T 2
273–1174
273–1629
293–373
273–848
848–1873
273–523
523–1973
273–1973
2
2
?
1
3a
2a
2
3a
c
l
5.60 + 0.00150T
8.2
273–1234
1234–1573
1
3
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Substance
Silver—(Cont.)
Ag3Al
Ag2Al
AgAl12
AgBr
AgCl
AgCNO
AgI
AgNO3
Ag3PO4
Ag2S
Ag3Sb
Ag2Se
Sodium15
Na
NaBO2
Na2B4O7
Na2B4O7·10H2O
NaBr
NaCl
NaClO3
NaCNO
Na2CO3
NaF
Na2HPO4·7H2O
Na2HPO4·12H2O
NaI
NaNO3
Na2O·Al2O3·3SiO2
NaPO3
Na4P2O7
Na2SO4
Na2S2O3
Na2S2O3·5H2O
Sodium-potassium alloys15
Strontium
SrBr2
SrBr2·H2O
SrBr2·6H2O
SrCl2
SrCl2·H2O
SrCl2·2H2O
SrCO3
SrI2
SrI2·H2O
SrI2·2H2O
SrI2·6H2O
SrMoO4
Sr(NO3)2
SrSO4
Sulfur16
S
S2
S2Cl2
SO2
Tantalum
Ta
Tellurium
Te
Thallium
Tl
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
273–902
273–903
273–768
273–703
703–836
273–728
728–806
273–353
273–423
273–433
433–482
482–541
293–325
273–448
448–597
273–694
273–406
406–460
2
2
5
6
5
2
5
?
6
2
5
5
?
5
5
5
5
5
273–371
371–451
All
273–1239
289–371
292–323
273–543
273–1074
1073–1205
273–528
528–572
273–353
288–371
273–1261
275–307
275–307
273–936
273–583
583–703
273–1373
273–1173
290–319
290–371
289–371
273–307
273–307
1a
2
0
?
?
?
2
2
3
3
5
?
?
?
?
?
?
5
10
1
1
?
?
?
?
?
c
c
c
c
l
c
l
c
c, α
c, α
c, β
l
c
c, α
c, β
c
c, α
c, β
22.56 + 0.00570T
16.85 + 0.00450T
58.62 + 0.0575T
8.58 + 0.0141T
14.9
9.60 + 0.00929T
14.05
18.7
8.58 + 0.0141T
18.83 + 0.0160T
25.7
30.2
37.5
18.8
21.8
19.53 + 0.0160T
20.2
20.4
c
l
g
c
c
c
c
c
l
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
l
c, albite
gls
c
c
c
c
c
l
5.01 + 0.00536T
7.50
4.97
10.4 + 0.0199T
47.9
147
11.74 + 0.00233T
10.79 + 0.00420T
15.9
9.48 + 0.0468T
31.8
13.1
28.9
10.4 + 0.00289T
86.6
133.4
12.5 + 0.00162T
4.56 + 0.0580T
37.2
63.78 + 0.01171T − 1678000/T 2
61.25 + 0.01768T − 1545000/T 2
22.1
60.7
32.8
34.9
86.2
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
18.1 + 0.00311T
28.9
82.1
18.2 + 0.00244T
28.7
38.3
21.8
18.6 + 0.00304T
28.5
39.1
84.9
37
38.3
26.2
273–923
277–370
276–327
273–1143
276–365
277–366
281–371
273–783
276–363
275–336
275–333
273–297
290–320
293–369
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
c, rhombic
c, monoclinic
g
l
g
3.63 + 0.00640T
4.38 + 0.00440T
8.58 + 0.00030T
27.5
7.70 + 0.00530T − 0.00000083T 2
273–368
368–392
300–2500
273–332
300–2500
3
3
5
?
2a
c
5.91 + 0.00099T
273–1173
2
c
5.19 + 0.00250T
273–600
3
c, α
c, β
5.32 + 0.00385T
8.12
273–500
500–576
1
1
2-167
2-168
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-194
Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Concluded )
Substance
Thallium—(Cont.)
Tl
TlBr
TlCl
Thorium
Th
ThO2
Th(SO4)2
Tin4
Sn
SnAu
SnCl2
SnCl4
SnO
SnO2
SnPt
SnS
SnS2
Titanium
Ti
TiCl4
TiO2
Tungsten
W
WO3
Uranium
U
U3O8
Vanadium
V
Xenon
Xe
Zinc4
Zn
ZnCl2
ZnO
ZnS
ZnSb
ZnSO4
ZnSO4·H2O
ZnSO4·6H2O
ZnSO4·7H2O
Zirconium
ZrO2
ZrO2·SiO2
1
State†
Heat capacity at constant pressure
(T = K; 0°C = 273.1 K),
cal/deg mol
Range of
temperature,
K
Uncertainty,
%
l
c
l
c
l
7.12
12.53 + 0.00100T
16.0
12.56 + 0.00088T
14.2
576–773
273–733
733–800
273–700
700–803
3
10
10
5
10
c
c
c
6.40
14.6 + 0.00507T
41.2
273–373
273–1273
273–373
?
?
?
c
l
c
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
5.05 + 0.00480T
6.6
11.79 + 0.00233T
16.2 + 0.00926T
38.4
9.40 + 0.00362T
13.94 + 0.00565T − 252000/T 2
11.49 + 0.00190T
12.1 + 0.00165T
20.5 + 0.00400T
273–504
504–1273
273–581
273–520
286–371
273–1273
273–1373
273–1318
273–1153
273–873
2
10
1
?
?
?
?
1
?
?
c
l
c
8.91 + 0.00114T − 433000/T 2
35.7
11.81 + 0.00754T − 41900/T 2
273–713
285–372
273–713
3
?
3
c
c
5.65 + 0.00866
16.0 + 0.00774T
273–2073
273–1550
1
?
c
c
6.64
59.8
273–372
276–314
?
?
c
5.57 + 0.00097T
273–1993
?
g
4.97
c
l
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
5.25 + 0.00270T
7.59 + 0.00055T
15.9 + 0.00800T
11.40 + 0.00145T − 182400/T 2
12.81 + 0.00095T − 194600/T 2
11.5 + 0.00313T
28
34.7
80.8
100.2
273–692
692–1122
273–638
273–1573
273–1173
273–810
293–373
282
282
273–307
1
3
?
1
5
?
?
?
?
?
c
c
11.62 + 0.01046T − 177700/T 2
26.7
273–1673
297–372
5
?
All
0
See also Table 2-195. Data to 298 K are also given by Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1959.
For liquid and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
3
Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1957 (Fig. 5), gives data from 400 to 2600°R.
4
See also Table 2-195.
5
For data from 400 to 5500°R see Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1975 (Fig. 4).
6
For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
7
For data from 400 to 2350°R see Stalder, NACA Tech. Note 4141, 1957.
8
For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
9
For liquid and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
10
For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-60-56, 1960.
11
See also Table 2-195; Douglas, Ball, et al., Bur. Stand. J. Res., 46 (1951): 334; Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75 (1953): 806;
Sheldon, ASME Pap. 49-A-30, 1949.
12
For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960.
13
For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960.
14
For solid, liquid, and gas data, see Johnson (ed.), WADD-TR-56-60, 1960. Ozone: For liquid see Brabets and Waterman, J. Chem.
Phys., 28 (1958): 1212.
15
For data on liquid Na-K alloys to 1500°F and for liquid Na to 1460°F, see Lubarsky and Kaufman, NACA Rep. 1270, 1956.
16
See also Evans and Wagman, Bur. Stand. J. Res. 49 (1952): 141; Gratch, OTS PB 124957, 1950; Guthrie, Scott, et al., J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 76 (1954): 1488.
2
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
TABLE 2-195
2-169
Specific Heat [kJ/(kg·K)] of Selected Elements
Temperature, K
Symbol
4
6
8
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
250
300
400
600
800
Al
Be
Bi
Cr
Co
0.00026
0.00008
0.00054
0.00016
0.00036
0.00050
0.00088
0.214
0.357
0.00541
0.00050
0.00085
0.0089
0.0014
0.0340
0.0021
0.0048
0.0775
0.00220
0.00029
0.00059
0.00140
0.00028
0.01040
0.00081
0.00121
0.0729
0.0107
0.0404
0.092
0.059
0.110
0.102
0.127
0.184
0.481
0.195
0.109
0.190
0.234
0.797
1.109
0.120
0.382
0.376
0.859
1.537
0.121
0.424
0.406
0.902
1.840
0.122
0.450
0.426
0.949
2.191
0.123
0.501
0.451
1.042
2.605
0.142
0.565
0.509
1.134
2.823
0.136
0.611
0.543
Cu
Ge
Au
Ir
Fe
0.00011
0.00024
0.00018
0.00047
0.00048
0.00037
0.00126
0.137
0.108
0.084
0.203
0.153
0.100
0.00061
0.00090
0.0076
0.0129
0.0163
0.0021
0.0039
0.059
0.0619
0.0569
0.00038
0.00086
0.00081
0.00255
0.00032
0.00127
0.0276
0.086
0.154
0.254
0.192
0.109
0.090
0.216
0.357
0.286
0.124
0.122
0.384
0.377
0.305
0.127
0.128
0.422
0.386
0.323
0.129
0.131
0.450
0.396
0.343
0.131
0.133
0.491
0.431
0.364
0.136
0.140
0.555
0.448
0.377
0.141
0.146
0.692
Pb
Mg
Hg
Mo
Ni
0.00075
0.00034
0.00417
0.00011
0.00054
0.00242
0.00080
0.01420
0.00019
0.00086
0.00747
0.00155
0.01820
0.00032
0.00121
0.01350
0.00172
0.02250
0.00050
0.00178
0.0531
0.0148
0.0515
0.0029
0.0058
0.0944
0.138
0.0895
0.0236
0.0380
0.108
0.336
0.107
0.061
0.103
0.114
0.513
0.116
0.105
0.173
0.118
0.648
0.121
0.140
0.232
0.125
0.929
0.136
0.223
0.383
0.127
0.985
0.141
0.241
0.416
1.129
1.005
0.139
0.248
0.444
0.132
1.082
0.136
0.261
0.490
0.142
1.177
0.135
0.280
0.590
1.263
0.104
0.292
0.530
Pt
Ag
Sn
Zn
0.00019
0.00016
0.00024
0.00011
0.00028
0.00035
0.00127
0.00029
0.00067
0.00093
0.00423
0.00096
0.00112
0.00186
0.00776
0.00250
0.0077
0.0159
0.0400
0.0269
0.0382
0.0778
0.108
0.123
0.069
0.133
0.149
0.205
0.088
0.166
0.173
0.258
0.101
0.187
0.189
0.295
0.127
0.225
0.214
0.366
0.132
0.232
0.220
0.380
0.134
0.236
0.222
0.389
0.136
0.240
0.245
0.404
0.140
0.251
0.257
0.435
0.146
0.264
0.257
0.479
TABLE 2-196
Cmpd.
no.
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids
Name
Formula
CAS
no.
Mol wt
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Tmin,
K
Cp at Tmin
× 1E−05
Tmax,
K
Cp at Tmax
× 1E−05
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane (eqn. 2)
Ethane (eqn. 2)
Propane (eqn. 2)
n-Butane (eqn. 2)
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane (eqn. 2)
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
74828
74840
74986
106978
109660
110543
142825
111659
111842
124185
16.043
30.070
44.097
58.123
72.150
86.177
100.204
114.231
128.258
142.285
6.5708E+01
4.4009E+01
6.2983E+01
6.4730E+01
1.5908E+05
1.7212E+05
6.1260E+01
2.2483E+05
3.8308E+05
2.7862E+05
3.8883E+04
8.9718E+04
1.1363E+05
1.6184E+05
−2.7050E+02
−1.8378E+02
3.1441E+05
−1.8663E+02
−1.1398E+03
−1.9791E+02
−2.5795E+02
9.1877E+02
6.3321E+02
9.8341E+02
9.9537E−01
8.8734E−01
1.8246E+03
9.5891E−01
2.7101E+00
1.0737E+00
6.1407E+02
−1.8860E+03
−8.7346E+02
−1.4315E+03
0
0
−2.5479E+03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90.69
92
85.47
134.86
143.42
177.83
182.57
216.38
219.66
243.51
0.5361
0.6855
0.8488
1.1380
1.4076
1.6750
1.9989
2.2934
2.6348
2.9409
190
290
360
420
390
460
520
460
325
460
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
n-Eicosane
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
C20H42
1120214
112403
629505
629594
629629
544763
629787
593453
629925
112958
156.312
170.338
184.365
198.392
212.419
226.446
240.473
254.500
268.527
282.553
2.9398E+05
5.0821E+05
3.5018E+05
3.5314E+05
3.4691E+05
3.7035E+05
3.7697E+05
3.9943E+05
3.4257E+05
3.5272E+05
−1.1498E+02
−1.3687E+03
−1.0470E+02
2.9130E+01
2.1954E+02
2.3147E+02
3.4782E+02
3.7464E+02
7.6208E+02
8.0732E+02
9.6936E−01
3.1015E+00
1.0022E+00
8.6116E−01
6.5632E−01
6.8632E−01
5.7895E−01
5.8156E−01
2.0481E−01
2.1220E−01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
247.57
263.57
267.76
279.01
283.07
291.31
295.13
301.31
305.04
309.58
3.2493
3.6292
3.9400
4.2831
4.6165
4.9602
5.3005
5.6511
5.9409
6.2299
433.42
330
508.62
526.73
543.84
560.01
575.3
589.86
603.05
616.93
4.2624
3.9429
5.5619
6.0741
6.6042
7.1521
7.6869
8.2276
8.7663
9.3154
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane1
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
75285
78784
79298
107835
565593
560214
540841
58.123
72.150
86.177
86.177
100.204
114.231
114.231
1.7237E+05
1.0830E+05
1.2945E+05
1.4222E+05
1.4642E+05
3.8862E+05
9.5275E+04
−1.7839E+03
1.4600E+02
1.8500E+01
−4.7830E+01
5.9200E+01
−1.4395E+03
6.9670E+02
1.4759E+01
−2.9200E−01
6.0800E−01
7.3900E−01
6.0400E−01
3.2187E+00
−1.3765E+00
−4.7909E−02
1.5100E−03
0
0
0
0
2.1734E−03
5.8050E−05
0
0
0
0
0
0
113.54
113.25
145.19
119.55
90
280
165.78
0.9961
1.2328
1.4495
1.4706
1.5664
2.3791
1.8285
380
310
331.13
333.41
380
320
520
2.0725
1.7048
2.0224
2.0842
2.5613
2.5757
3.9095
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
74851
115071
106989
590181
624646
109671
592416
592767
28.054
42.081
56.108
56.108
56.108
70.134
84.161
98.188
2.4739E+05
1.1720E+05
1.3589E+05
1.2668E+05
1.1276E+05
1.5467E+05
1.9263E+05
1.8997E+05
−4.4280E+03
−3.8632E+02
−4.7739E+02
−6.5470E+01
−1.0470E+02
−4.2600E+02
−5.7116E+02
−1.5670E+02
4.0936E+01
1.2348E+00
2.1835E+00
−6.4000E−01
5.2140E−01
1.9640E+00
2.4004E+00
3.4300E−01
−1.6970E−01
0
−2.2230E−03
2.9120E−03
0
−1.8038E−03
−1.9758E−03
1.5222E−03
2.6816E−04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
103.97
87.89
87.8
134.26
167.62
107.93
133.39
154.27
0.7013
0.9279
1.0930
1.1340
1.0986
1.2930
1.5446
1.7955
252.7
298.15
300
350
274.03
310
336.63
330
0.9758
1.1178
1.2917
1.5022
1.2322
1.5761
1.9700
2.3032
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1-Octene
1-Nonene
1-Decene
2-Methylpropene
2-Methyl-1-butene2
2-Methyl-2-butene2
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
C4H8
C5H10
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
111660
124118
872059
115117
563462
513359
590192
106990
78795
112.215
126.242
140.269
56.108
70.134
70.134
54.092
54.092
68.119
3.7930E+05
2.5875E+05
3.1950E+05
8.7680E+04
1.4951E+05
1.5160E+05
1.3515E+05
1.2886E+05
1.4148E+05
−2.1175E+03
−3.5450E+02
−5.7621E+02
2.1710E+02
−2.4763E+02
−2.6672E+02
−3.1114E+02
−3.2310E+02
−2.8870E+02
8.2362E+00
1.3126E+00
1.7087E+00
−9.1530E−01
9.1849E−01
9.0847E−01
9.7007E−01
1.0150E+00
1.0910E+00
−9.0093E−03
0
0
2.2660E−03
0
0
−1.5230E−04
3.2000E−05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
171.45
191.78
206.89
132.81
135.58
139.39
136.95
165
130.32
2.1295
2.3904
2.7343
1.0568
1.3282
1.3207
1.1034
1.0333
1.2239
315
420.02
443.75
343.15
304.31
311.71
290
350
307.2
2.4793
3.4142
4.0027
1.4596
1.5921
1.5673
1.2279
1.4148
1.5575
45
46
47
48
49
50
Acetylene
Methylacetylene
Dimethylacetylene
3-Methyl-1-butyne
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C5H8
C5H8
74862
74997
503173
598232
627190
627214
26.038
40.065
54.092
68.119
68.119
68.119
2.0011E+05
7.9791E+04
8.8153E+04
1.0520E+05
8.6200E+04
6.8671E+04
−1.1988E+03
8.9490E+01
1.2416E+02
1.9110E+02
2.5660E+02
2.4666E+02
3.0027E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
192.4
200
240.91
200
200
200
0.8061
0.9769
1.1806
1.4342
1.3752
1.1800
250
249.94
300.13
299.49
313.33
329.27
0.8808
1.0216
1.2542
1.6243
1.6660
1.4989
2-170
14.9780
1.2444
2.6079
5.0822
2.0498
2.7534
4.0657
3.4189
2.9890
4.1478
51
52
53
54
55
56
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
3-Hexyne
1-Heptyne
1-Octyne
Vinylacetylene3
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C4H4
693027
764352
928494
628717
629050
689974
82.145
82.145
82.145
96.172
110.199
52.076
9.3000E+04
9.4860E+04
8.2795E+04
8.5122E+04
9.1748E+04
6.8720E+04
3.2600E+02
2.5415E+02
2.8340E+02
4.0247E+02
4.7140E+02
1.3500E+02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
300
300
192.22
193.55
200
1.5820
1.7110
1.6781
1.6248
1.8299
0.9572
344.48
357.67
354.35
372.93
399.35
278.25
2.0530
1.8576
1.8322
2.3522
2.8000
1.0628
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Cyclopentene
1-Methylcyclopentene
Cyclohexene
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C8H16
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
287923
96377
1640897
110827
108872
590669
1678917
142290
693890
110838
70.134
84.161
98.188
84.161
98.188
112.215
112.215
68.119
82.145
82.145
1.2253E+05
1.5592E+05
1.7852E+05
−2.2060E+05
1.3134E+05
1.3450E+05
1.3236E+05
1.2538E+05
5.3271E+04
1.0585E+05
−4.0380E+02
−4.9000E+02
−5.1835E+02
3.1183E+03
−6.3100E+01
8.7650E+00
7.2740E+01
−3.4970E+02
3.2792E+02
−6.0000E+01
1.7344E+00
2.1383E+00
2.3255E+00
−9.4216E+00
8.1250E−01
8.1151E−01
6.4738E−01
1.1430E+00
0
6.8000E−01
−1.0975E−03
−1.5585E−03
−1.6818E−03
1.0687E−02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
179.28
130.73
134.71
279.69
146.58
239.66
161.84
138.13
200
169.67
0.9956
1.2492
1.4678
1.4836
1.3955
1.8321
1.6109
0.9888
1.1885
1.1525
322.4
366.48
301.82
400
320
392.7
404.95
317.38
348.64
356.12
1.3584
1.8682
1.8767
2.0323
1.9435
2.6309
2.6798
1.2953
1.6760
1.7072
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Propylbenzene
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
71432
108883
95476
108383
106423
100414
103651
78.114
92.141
106.167
106.167
106.167
106.167
120.194
1.2944E+05
1.4014E+05
3.6500E+04
1.7555E+05
−3.5500E+04
1.3316E+05
2.3477E+05
−1.6950E+02
−1.5230E+02
1.0175E+03
−2.9950E+02
1.2872E+03
4.4507E+01
−8.0022E+02
6.4781E−01
6.9500E−01
−2.6300E+00
1.0880E+00
−2.5990E+00
3.9645E−01
3.4037
0
0
3.0200E−03
0
2.4260E−03
0
−3.1739E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
278.68
178.18
248
225.3
286.41
178.15
173.59
1.3251
1.3507
1.7315
1.6330
1.7697
1.5367
1.8182
353.24
500
415
360
600
409.35
370
1.5040
2.3774
2.2166
2.0873
3.2520
2.1781
2.4389
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Styrene
m-Terphenyl
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H14
C10H8
C12H10
C8H8
C18H14
95636
98828
108678
99876
91203
92524
100425
92068
120.194
120.194
120.194
134.221
128.174
154.211
104.152
230.309
1.7880E+05
1.8290E+05
1.4805E+05
1.4560E+05
2.9800E+04
1.2177E+05
1.1334E+05
1.9567E+05
−1.2847E+02
−1.7400E+02
1.9700E+01
2.4870E+02
5.2750E+02
4.2930E+02
2.9020E+02
5.9407E+02
8.3741E−01
9.1200E−01
6.2260E−01
1.8700E−01
0
0
−6.0510E−01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.3567E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229.33
177.14
228.42
205.25
353.43
342.2
242.54
360
1.9338
1.8069
1.8503
2.0452
2.1623
2.6868
1.6749
4.0954
350
500
350
450.28
491.14
533.37
418.31
650
2.3642
3.2390
2.3121
2.9550
2.8888
3.5075
2.2816
5.8182
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Methanol
Ethanol
1-Propanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
2-Propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C3H8O
C4H10O
67561
64175
71238
71363
78922
67630
75650
32.042
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
60.096
74.123
1.0580E+05
1.0264E+05
1.5876E+05
1.9120E+05
2.0670E+05
7.2355E+05
−9.2546E+05
−3.6223E+02
−1.3963E+02
−6,3500E+02
−7.3040E+02
−1.0204E+03
−8.0950E+03
7.8949E+03
9.3790E−01
−3.0341E−02
1.9690E+00
2.2998E+00
3.2900E+00
3.6662E+01
−1.7661E+01
0
2.0386E−03
0
0
0
−6.6395E−02
1.3617E−02
0
0
0
0
0
4.4064E−05
0
175.47
159.05
146.95
184.51
158.45
185.28
298.96
0.7112
0.8787
1.0797
1.3473
1.2762
1.1189
2.2016
400
390
400
390.81
372.7
480
460
1.1097
1.6450
2.1980
2.5701
2.8340
2.8122
2.9455
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
1-Pentanol
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
1-Hexanol
1-Heptanol
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Propylene glycol
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C6H14O
C7H16O
C6H12O
C2H6O2
C3H8O2
71410
137326
123513
111273
111706
108930
107211
57556
88.150
88.150
88.150
102.177
116.203
100.161
62.068
76.095
2.0120E+05
8.2937E+04
−5.3777E+04
4.8466E+05
4.3790E+05
−4.0000E+04
3.5540E+04
5.8080E+04
−6.5130E+02
4.5998E+02
8.8342E+02
−2.7613E+03
−2.0947E+03
8.5300E+02
4.3678E+02
4.4520E+02
2.2750E+00
0.0000E+00
0
6.5555E+00
5.2090E+00
0
−1.8486E−01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200.14
250
295.52
228.55
239.15
296.6
260.15
213.15
1.6198
1.9793
2.0729
1.9599
2.3487
2.1300
1.3666
1.5297
389.15
401.85
350
320
370
434
493.15
460.75
2.9227
2.6778
2.5542
2.7233
3.7597
3.3020
2.0598
2.6321
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
C6H6O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
108952
95487
108394
106445
94.113
108.140
108.140
108.140
1.0172E+05
−1.8515E+05
−2.4670E+05
2.5998E+05
3.1761E+02
3.1480E+03
3.2568E+03
−1.1123E+03
0
−8.0367E+00
−7.4202E+00
4.9427E+00
0
7.2540E−03
6.0467E−03
−5.4367E−03
0
0
0
0
314.06
304.2
285.39
307.93
2.0147
2.3297
2.1895
2.2740
425
400
400
400
2.3670
2.5243
2.5578
2.5794
97
98
99
100
2-171
TABLE 2-196
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Continued )
Cmpd.
no.
Name
Formula
CAS
no.
Mol wt
C1
C2
C3
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Dimethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl-n-propyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl-n-butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ether
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Diethyl ether
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Methyl phenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C7H8O
C12H10O
115106
540670
557175
598538
628284
625445
1634044
60297
628320
625547
100663
101848
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
88.150
88.150
88.150
74.123
88.150
88.150
108.140
170.211
1.1010E+05
1.2977E+05
1.4411E+05
1.4344E+05
1.7785E+05
5.1380E+04
1.4012E+05
4.4400E+04
1.0368E+05
1.0625E+05
1.5094E+05
1.3416E+05
−1.5747E+02
−3.3196E+02
−1.0209E+02
−1.5407E+02
−1.7157E+02
4.5040E+02
−9.0000E+00
1.3010E+03
7.2630E+02
2.9215E+02
9.3455E+01
4.4767E+02
5.1853E−01
1.3869E+00
5.8113E−01
7.2550E−01
7.4379E−01
0
5.6300E−01
−5.5000E+00
−2.6047E+00
0
2.3602E−01
0
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Formaldehyde4
Acetaldehyde
1-Propanal
1-Butanal
1-Pentanal
1-Hexanal
1-Heptanal
1-Octanal
1-Nonanal
1-Decanal
CH2O
C2H4O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C8H16O
C9H18O
C10H20O
50000
75070
123386
123728
110623
66251
111717
124130
124196
112312
30.026
44.053
58.080
72.107
86.134
100.161
114.188
128.214
142.241
156.268
6.1900E+04
1.1510E+05
9.9306E+04
6.5682E+04
1.1205E+05
1.1770E+05
2.2236E+05
1.3065E+05
1.3682E+05
1.5046E+05
2.8300E+01
−4.3300E+02
1.1573E+02
1.3291E+03
2.5778E+02
3.2952E+02
−1.0517E+02
4.6361E+02
5.3129E+02
5.8663E+02
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Pentanone
Methyl isopropyl ketone
2-Hexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
3-Methyl-2-pentanone
3-Pentanone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diisopropyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl phenyl ketone
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C6H10O
C8H8O
67641
78933
107879
563804
591786
108101
565617
96220
565695
565800
108941
98862
58.080
72.107
86.134
86.134
100.161
100.161
100.161
86.134
100.161
114.188
98.145
120.151
1.3560E+05
1.3230E+05
1.9459E+05
1.8361E+05
2.7249E+05
1.2492E+05
9.9815E+04
1.9302E+05
8.3630E+04
1.7927E+05
1.0980E+05
7.2692E+04
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
n-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Benzoic acid
Acetic anhydride
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C7H6O2
C4H6O3
64186
64197
79094
107926
79312
65850
108247
46.026
60.053
74.079
88.106
88.106
122.123
102.090
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Methyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl propionate
Methyl-n-butyrate
Ethyl formate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl propionate
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
107313
79209
554121
623427
109944
141786
105373
60.053
74.079
88.106
102.133
74.079
88.106
102.133
2-172
C5
Tmin,
K
Cp at Tmin
× 1E−05
Tmax,
K
Cp at Tmax
× 1E−05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.7630E−03
4.0957E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
131.65
218.9
133.97
127.93
157.48
300
164.55
156.92
145.65
298.15
298.15
300.03
0.9836
1.2356
1.4086
1.3560
1.6928
1.8650
1.5388
1.4698
1.6686
1.9335
1.9978
2.6847
250
328.35
312.2
310
343.35
370
328.35
460
320
326.15
484.2
570
1.0314
1.7030
1.6888
1.6540
2.0663
2.1803
1.9786
3.3202
2.0358
2.0153
2.5153
3.8933
0
1.4250E+00
0
−7.1579E+00
0
0
6.5074E−01
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.2755E−02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
204
150.15
200
176.75
200
217.15
229.8
246
255.15
267.15
0.6767
0.8221
1.2245
1.4741
1.6361
1.8926
2.3256
2.4470
2.7238
3.0718
234
294
328.75
300
376.15
401.45
381.25
447.15
468.15
488.15
0.6852
1.1097
1.3735
1.6459
2.0901
2.4999
2.7685
3.3795
3.8554
4.3682
−1.7700E+02
2.0087E+02
−2.6386E+02
−2.6885E+02
−7.9070E+02
3.0410E+02
3.4672E+02
−1.7643E+02
3.9900E+02
2.8370E+01
2.6150E+02
3.3783E+02
2.8370E−01
−9.5970E−01
7.6808E−01
8.6080E−01
2.5834E+00
0
0
5.6690E−01
0
5.3750E−01
0
3.5572E−01
6.8900E−04
1.9533E−03
0
0
−2.0040E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
178.45
186.48
196.29
181.15
220.87
298.15
298.15
234.18
298.15
204.81
290
298.2
1.1696
1.4905
1.7239
1.6316
2.0228
2.1559
2.0319
1.8279
2.0259
2.0763
1.8563
2.0506
329.44
373.15
375.46
367.55
382.62
390
390.55
375.14
425
410
486.5
532.12
1.3271
1.7511
2.0380
2.0108
2.3590
2.4352
2.3523
2.0661
2.5320
2.8126
2.3702
3.5318
7.8060E+04
1.3964E+05
2.1366E+05
2.3770E+05
1.2754E+05
−5.4800E+03
3.6600E+04
7.1540E+01
−3.2080E+02
−7.0270E+02
−7.4640E+02
−6.5350E+01
6.4712E+02
5.1100E+02
0
8.9850E−01
1.6605E+00
1.8290E+00
8.2867E−01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
281.45
289.81
252.45
267.95
270
395.45
250
0.9820
1.2213
1.4209
1.6902
1.7031
2.5042
1.6435
380
391.05
414.32
436.42
427.65
450
350
1.0525
1.5159
2.0756
2.6031
2.5114
2.8572
2.1545
1.3020E+05
6.1260E+04
7.1140E+04
1.0293E+05
8.0000E+04
2.2623E+05
7.6330E+04
−3.9600E+02
2.7090E+02
3.3550E+02
1.2910E+02
2.2360E+02
−6.2480E+02
4.0010E+02
1.2100E+00
0
0
6.2516E−01
0
1.4720E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
174.15
253.4
300
277.25
254.2
189.6
298.15
1.2991
1.7179
1.8678
1.3684
1.6068
1.9562
304.9
373.4
390
415.87
374.2
350.21
410
1.2195
1.6241
2.0198
2.6474
1.6367
1.8796
2.4037
C4
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Ethyl-n-butyrate
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate
Vinyl acetate
C6H12O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H8O2
C9H10O2
C4H6O2
105544
110747
109604
123864
93583
93890
108054
116.160
88.106
102.133
116.160
136.150
150.177
86.090
8.2434E+04
7.5700E+04
8.3400E+04
1.1730E+05
1.1950E+05
1.2450E+05
1.3630E+05
4.2245E+02
3.2610E+02
3.8410E+02
3.5220E+02
2.9400E+02
3.7060E+02
−1.0617E+02
2.0992E−01
0
0
0
0
0
7.5175E−01
156
157
158
159
160
161
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Ethylamine
Diethylamine
Triethylamine
CH5N
C2H7N
C3H9N
C2H7N
C4H11N
C6H15N
74895
124403
75503
75047
109897
121448
31.057
45.084
59.111
45.084
73.138
101.192
9.2520E+04
−2.1487E+05
1.3605E+05
1.2170E+05
1.0133E+05
1.1148E+05
3.7450E+01
3.7872E+03
−2.8800E+02
3.8993E+01
2.4318E+02
3.6813E+02
0
−1.3781E+01
9.9130E−01
0
0
0
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
n-Propylamine
di-n-Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Diisopropylamine
Aniline
N-Methylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
C3H9N
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C6H7N
C7H9N
C8H11N
107108
142847
75310
108189
62533
100618
121697
59.111
101.192
59.111
101.192
93.128
107.155
121.182
1.3953E+05
4.9120E+04
−3.2469E+04
9.8434E+04
1.4150E+05
1.2850E+05
4.1860E+04
7.8000E+01
5.6224E+02
1.9771E+03
4.2904E+02
1.7120E+02
1.0020E+02
5.2750E+02
169
170
171
172
Ethylene oxide
Furan
Thiophene
Pyridine
C2H4O
C4H4O
C4H4S
C5H5N
75218
110009
110021
110861
44.053
68.075
84.142
79.101
1.4471E+05
1.1437E+05
8.1350E+04
1.0785E+05
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
Formamide5
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Acetamide
N-Methylacetamide
Acetonitrile
Propionitrile
n-Butyronitrile
Benzonitrile
CH3NO
C3H7NO
C2H5NO
C3H7NO
C2H3N
C3H5N
C4H7N
C7H5N
75127
68122
60355
79163
75058
107120
109740
100470
45.041
73.095
59.068
73.095
41.053
55.079
69.106
103.123
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
n-Propyl mercaptan
n-Butyl mercaptan
Isobutyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan2
Dimethyl sulfide
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
CH4S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
74931
75081
107039
109795
513440
513531
75183
624895
352932
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Fluoromethane2
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Bromomethane
Fluoroethane
Chloroethane
Bromoethane
CH3F
CH3Cl
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3Br
C2H5F
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
593533
74873
67663
56235
74839
353366
75003
74964
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
285.5
298.15
274.7
289.58
260.75
238.45
259.56
2.2015
1.7293
1.8891
2.1929
1.9616
2.1287
1.5939
428.25
398.15
404.7
429.58
472.65
486.55
389.35
3.0185
2.0554
2.3885
2.6860
2.5846
3.0482
2.0892
0
1.6924E−02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
179.69
180.96
156.08
192.15
223.35
200
0.9925
1.1947
1.1525
1.2919
1.5564
1.8511
266.82
298.15
276.02
289.73
328.6
361.92
1.0251
1.3779
1.3208
1.3300
1.8124
2.4471
0
0
−7.0145E+00
0
0
3.7400E−01
0
0
0
8.6913E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
188.36
277.9
177.95
275
267.13
216.15
343.58
1.5422
2.0537
1.4621
2.1642
1.8723
1.6763
2.2310
340
407.9
320
357.05
457.15
469.02
513.58
1.6605
2.7846
1.6671
2.5162
2.1976
2.5777
3.1277
−7.5887E+02
−2.1569E+02
1.2980E+02
−3.4787E+01
2.8261E+00
7.2691E−01
−3.9000E−03
3.9565E−01
−3.0640E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
160.65
187.55
234.94
231.51
0.8303
0.9949
1.1163
1.2100
283.85
304.5
357.31
388.41
0.8693
1.1609
1.2723
1.5403
6.3400E+04
1.4790E+05
1.0230E+05
6.2600E+04
9.7582E+04
1.1819E+05
1.0400E+05
7.6900E+04
1.5060E+02
−1.0600E+02
1.2870E+02
2.4340E+02
−1.2220E+02
−1.2098E+02
1.7400E+02
3.1420E+02
0
3.8400E−01
0
0
3.4085E−01
4.2075E−01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
292
273.82
354.15
359
229.32
180.26
161.25
260.4
1.0738
1.4767
1.4788
1.4998
0.8748
1.1005
1.3206
1.5872
493
466.44
571
538.5
354.75
370.5
390.75
464.15
1.3765
1.8200
1.7579
1.9367
0.9713
1.3112
1.7199
2.2274
48.109
62.136
76.163
90.189
90.189
90.189
62.136
76.163
90.189
1.1530E+05
1.3467E+05
1.6733E+05
2.3219E+05
1.7336E+05
1.9789E+05
1.4695E+05
1.6124E+05
2.3852E+05
−2.6323E+02
−2.3439E+02
−3.1910E+02
−8.0435E+02
−2.1732E+02
−4.9154E+02
−3.8006E+02
−2.8861E+02
−1.0384E+03
6.0412E−01
5.9656E−01
8.1270E−01
2.7063E+00
7.0933E−01
1.7219E+00
1.2035E+00
7.8179E−01
4.0587E+00
0
0
0
−2.3017E−03
0
−1.2499E−03
−8.4787E−04
0
−4.4691E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150.18
125.26
159.95
157.46
128.31
133.02
174.88
167.23
181.95
0.8939
1.1467
1.3708
1.6365
1.5715
1.6003
1.1276
1.3484
1.5703
298.15
315.25
340.87
390
361.64
370
310.48
339.8
322.08
0.9052
1.2007
1.5299
1.9359
1.8754
1.8844
1.1959
1.5344
1.7579
34.033
50.488
119.377
153.822
94.939
48.060
64.514
108.966
7.4746E+04
9.6910E+04
1.2485E+05
−7.5270E+05
1.2973E+05
8.3303E+04
1.2790E+05
9.4364E+04
−1.3232E+02
−2.0790E+02
−1.6634E+02
8.9661E+03
−5.9654E+02
6.5454E+01
−3.4515E+02
−1.0912E+02
5.3772E−01
3.7456E−01
4.3209E−01
−3.0394E+01
2.1600E+00
0
9.1500E−01
4.4032E−01
0
4.8800E−04
0
3.4455E−02
−2.4234E−03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
140
175.43
233.15
250.33
184.45
200
134.8
160
0.6676
0.7460
1.0956
1.2763
0.7798
0.9639
0.9800
0.8818
220
373.15
366.48
388.71
276.71
281.48
340
320
0.7166
0.9684
1.2192
1.6374
0.7870
1.0173
1.1632
1.0453
2-173
TABLE 2-196
Cmpd.
no.
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids (Concluded )
Name
Formula
CAS
no.
Mol wt
C1
C2
C3
540545
75296
78999
78875
75014
462066
108907
108861
78.541
78.541
112.986
112.986
62.499
96.104
112.558
157.010
9.6344E+04
6.9362E+04
7.0010E+04
1.1094E+05
−1.0320E+04
−9.9120E+05
−1.3075E+06
1.2160E+05
1.1752E+02
2.1501E+02
2.6660E+02
8.3496E+00
3.2280E+02
1.1734E+04
1.5338E+04
−9.4500E+00
0
0
0
4.7218E−01
0
−4.0669E+01
−5.3974E+01
3.5800E−01
C5
Tmin,
K
Cp at Tmin
× 1E−05
Tmax,
K
Cp at Tmax
× 1E−05
0
0
0
0
0
4.7333E−02
6.3483E−02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
230
200
280
286
200
239.99
227.95
293.15
1.2337
1.1236
1.4466
1.5195
0.5424
1.3675
1.3617
1.4960
319.67
308.85
420
429
400
319.99
360
495.08
1.3391
1.3577
1.8198
2.0142
1.1880
1.5018
1.8101
2.0467
C4
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C2H3Cl
C6H5F
C6H5Cl
C6H5Br
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Air
Hydrogen (eqn. 2)
Helium-46
Neon
Argon
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia (eqn. 2)
Hydrazine
Nitrous oxide
H2
He
Ne
Ar
F2
Cl2
Br2
O2
N2
NH3
N2H4
N2O
132259100
1333740
7440597
7440019
7440371
7782414
7782505
7726956
7782447
7727379
7664417
302012
10024972
28.951
2.016
4.003
20.180
39.948
37.997
70.905
159.808
31.999
28.014
17.031
32.045
44.013
−2.1446E+05
6.6653E+01
3.8722E+05
1.0341E+06
1.3439E+05
−9.4585E+04
6.3936E+04
3.7570E+04
1.7543E+05
2.8197E+05
6.1289E+01
7.9815E+04
6.7556E+04
9.1851E+03
6.7659E+03
−4.6557E+05
−1.3877E+05
−1.9894E+03
7.5299E+03
4.6350E+01
3.2850E+02
−6.1523E+03
−1.2281E+04
8.0925E+04
5.0929E+01
5.4373E+01
−1.0612E+02
−1.2363E+02
2.1180E+05
7.1540E+03
1.1043E+01
−1.3960E+02
−1.6230E−01
−6.7000E−01
1.1392E+02
2.4800E+02
7.9940E+02
4.3379E−02
0
4.1616E−01
4.7827E+02
−4.2494E+04
−1.6255E+02
0
1.1301E+00
0
0
−9.2382E−01
−2.2182E+00
−2.6510E+03
0
0
0
0
3.2129E+03
1.3841E+00
0
−3.3241E−03
0
0
2.7963E−03
7.4902E−03
0
0
0
75
13.95
2.2
24.56
83.78
58
172.12
265.9
54.36
63.15
203.15
274.69
182.3
0.5307
0.1262
0.1087
0.3666
0.4523
0.5541
0.6711
0.7755
0.5365
0.5593
0.7575
0.9708
0.7747
115
32
4.6
40
135
98
239.12
305.37
142
112
401.15
653.15
200
0.7132
1.3122
0.2965
0.6980
0.6708
0.5966
0.6574
0.7541
0.9066
0.7960
4.1847
1.3158
0.7843
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
Nitric oxide
Cyanogen
Carbon monoxide (eqn. 2)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide (eqn. 2)
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Water
NO
C2N2
CO
CO2
CS2
HF
HCl
HBr
HCN
H2S
SO2
SO3
H 2O
10102439
460195
630080
124389
75150
7664393
7647010
10035106
74908
7783064
7446095
7446119
7732185
30.006
52.036
28.010
44.010
76.143
20.006
36.461
80.912
27.026
34.082
64.065
80.064
18.015
−2.9796E+06
3.1322E+06
6.5429E+01
−8.3043E+06
8.5600E+04
6.2520E+04
4.7300E+04
5.7720E+04
9.5398E+04
6.4666E+01
8.5743E+04
2.5809E+05
2.7637E+05
7.6602E+04
−2.4320E+04
2.8723E+04
1.0437E+05
−1.2200E+02
−2.2302E+02
9.0000E+01
9.9000E+00
−1.9752E+02
4.9354E+04
5.7443E+00
0.0000E+00
−2.0901E+03
−6.5259E+02
4.8844E+01
−8.4739E+02
−4.3333E+02
5.6050E−01
6.2970E−01
0
0
3.8830E−01
2.2493E+01
0
0
8.1250E+00
1.8879E+00
0
1.9596E+03
6.0052E−01
−1.4520E−03
0
0
0
0
−1.6230E+03
0
0
−1.4116E−02
0
0
0
0
2.0080E−06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.3701E−06
109.5
245.25
68.15
220
161.11
189.79
165
185.15
259.83
187.68
197.67
303.15
273.16
0.6229
1.0557
0.5912
0.7827
0.7577
0.4288
0.6215
0.5955
0.7029
0.6733
0.8688
2.5809
0.7615
150
300
132
290
552
292.67
185
206.45
298.85
370
350
303.15
533.15
1.9909
2.3216
6.4799
1.6603
1.3125
0.5119
0.6395
0.5976
0.7105
4.9183
0.8775
2.5809
0.8939
All substances are listed in alphabetical order in Table 2-6a.
Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical Property Data, AIChE, New York, NY; and from Thermodynamics Research Center, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Thermodynamics Research Center Hydrocarbon Project,
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (extant 1994).
Temperatures are expressed in kelvins; liquid heat capacities are in J/kmol-K.
J/(kmol·K) × 2.390E−04 = cal/(gmol·°C); J/(kmol·K) × 2.390059E−04 = Btu/(lbmol·°F).
Equation 1, heat capacity = C1 + C2 × T + C3 × T 2 + C4 × T 3 + C5 × T 4, should be used except as otherwise specified.
Equation 2 is heat capacity = C12/t + C2 − (2 × C1 × C3)t − (C1 × C4)t2 − (C32/3)t3 − (C3 × C4/2)t4 − (C42/5)t5. t = (1 − Tr) and Tr is the reduced temperature, T/Tc.
1
Coefficients are for the monomer and are hypothetical above 473 K.
2
For the saturated heat capacity.
3
Coefficients are hypothetical; compound decomposes violently on heating.
4
Coefficients are hypothetical and are based on predicted data.
5
Coefficients are hypothetical.
6
Exhibits superfluid properties below 2.2 K.
2-174
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
TABLE 2-197
Specific Heats of Organic Solids
Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105
Compound
Formula
Acetic acid
Acetone
Aminobenzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Aniline
Anthracene
C2H4O2
C3H6O
C7H7NO2
C7H7NO2
C7H7NO2
C6H7N
C14H10
Anthraquinone
Apiol
Azobenzene
C14H8O2
C12H14O4
C12H10N2
Benzene
C6H6
Benzoic acid
Benzophenone
C7H6O2
C13H10O
Betol
C17H12O3
Bromoiodobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Bromonaphthalene (β-)
Bromophenol
C6H4BrI
C6H4BrI
C6H4BrI
C10H7Br
C6H5BrO
Camphene
Capric acid
Caprylic acid
Carbon tetrachloride
C10H16
C10H20O2
C8H16O2
CCl4
Cerotic acid
Chloral alcoholate
hydrate
Chloroacetic acid
Chlorobenzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Chlorobromobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Crotonic acid
Cyamelide
Cyanamide
Cyanuric acid
C27H54O2
C4H7Cl3O2
C2H3Cl3O2
C2H3ClO2
C7H5ClO2
C7H5ClO2
C7H5ClO2
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrCl
C6H4BrCl
C4H6O2
C3H3N3O3
CH2N2
C3H3N3O3
Dextrin
Dextrose
(C6H10O5)x
C6H12O6
Dibenzyl
Dibromobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Dichloroacetic acid
Dichlorobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Dicyandiamide
C14H14
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
C6H4Br2
C2H2Cl2O2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C2H4N4
Temperature, °C
−200 to +25
−210 to −80
85 to mp
120 to mp
128 to mp
sp ht, cal/g °C
50
100
150
0 to 270
10
28
0.330 + 0.00080t
0.540 + 0.0156t
0.254 + 0.00136t
0.253 + 0.00122t
0.287 + 0.00088t
0.741
0.308
0.350
0.382
0.258 + 0.00069t
0.299
0.330
−250
−225
−200
−150
−100
−50
0
20 to mp
−150
−100
−50
0
+20
−150
−100
0
+50
−50 to 0
−75 to −15
−40 to 50
41
32
0.0399
0.0908
0.124
0.170
0.227
0.299
0.375
0.287 + 0.00050t
0.115
0.172
0.220
0.275
0.303
0.129
0.167
0.248
0.308
0.143 + 0.00025t
0.143
0.116 + 0.00032t
0.260
0.263
35
8
−2
−240
−200
−160
−120
−80
−40
15
78
32
60
80 to mp
94 to mp
180 to mp
−34
−52
−40
38 to 70
40
20
40
0.380
0.695
0.628
0.013
0.081
0.131
0.162
0.182
0.201
0.387
0.509
0.213
0.363
0.228 + 0.00084t
0.232 + 0.00073t
0.242 + 0.00055t
0.192
0.150
0.150
0.520 + 0.00020t
0.263
0.547
0.318
0 to 90
−250
−200
−100
0
20
28
−36
−25
−50 to +50
0.291 + 0.00096t
0.016
0.077
0.160
0.277
0.300
0.363
0.248
0.134
0.139 + 0.00038t
0.406
0.185
0.186
0.219 + 0.0021t
0.456
−48.5
−52
−50 to +53
0 to 204
2-175
2-176
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-197
Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Continued )
Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105
Compound
Formula
Dihydroxybenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
C6H6O2
Di-iodobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Dimethyl oxalate
Dimethylpyrene
Dinitrobenzene (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Diphenyl
Diphenylamine
Dulcitol
C6H4I2
C6H4I2
C6H4I2
C4H6O4
C7H8O2
C6H4N2O4
C6H4N2O4
C6H4N2O4
C12H10
C12H11N
C6H14O6
Erythritol
Ethyl alcohol
C4H10O4
C2H6O (crystalline)
(vitreous)
Temperature, °C
sp ht, cal/g °C
−163 to mp
−160 to mp
−250
−240
−220
−200
−150 to mp
−50 to +15
−52 to −42
−50 to +80
10 to 50
50
−160 to mp
−160 to mp
119 to mp
40
26
20
0.278 + 0.00098t
0.269 + 0.00118t
0.025
0.038
0.061
0.081
0.268 + 0.00093t
0.109 + 0.00026t
0.100 + 0.00026t
0.101 + 0.00026t
0.212 + 0.0044t
0.368
0.252 + 0.00083t
0.248 + 0.00077t
0.259 + 0.00057t
0.385
0.337
0.282
60
−190
−180
−160
−140
−130
−190
−180
−175
−170
−190 to −40
0.351
0.232
0.248
0.282
0.318
0.376
0.260
0.296
0.380
0.399
0.366 + 0.00110t
Ethylene glycol
C2H6O2
Formic acid
CH2O2
−22
0
0.387
0.430
Glutaric acid
Glycerol
C5H8O4
C3H8O3
20
−265
−260
−250
−220
−200
−100
0
0.299
0.009
0.022
0.047
0.085
0.115
0.217
0.330
Hexachloroethane
Hexadecane
Hydroxyacetanilide
C2Cl6
C16H34
C8H9NO2
Iodobenzene
Isopropyl alcohol
C6H5I
C3H8O
Lactose
Lauric acid
Levoglucosane
Levulose
C12H22O11
C12H22O11·H2O
C12H24O2
C6H10O5
C6H12O6
Malonic acid
Maltose
Mannitol
Melamine
Myristic acid
Naphthalene
Naphthol (α-)
(β-)
Naphthylamine (α-)
Nitroaniline (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Nitrobenzoic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Nitronaphthalene
25
41 to mp
0.174
0.495
0.249 + 0.00154t
40
−200 to −160
0.191
0.051 + 0.00165t
20
20
−30 to +40
40
20
0.287
0.299
0.430 + 0.000027t
0.607
0.275
C3H4O4
C12H22O11
C6H14O6
C3H6N6
C14H28O2
20
20
0 to 100
40
0 to 35
0.275
0.320
0.313 + 0.00025t
0.351
0.381 + 0.00545t
C10H8
C10H8O
C10H8O
C10H9N
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C6H6N2O2
C7H5NO4
C7H5NO4
C7H5NO4
C10H7NO2
−130 to mp
50 to mp
61 to mp
0 to 50
−160 to mp
−160 to mp
−160 to mp
−163 to mp
66 to mp
−160 to mp
0 to 55
0.281 + 0.00111t
0.240 + 0.00147t
0.252 + 0.00128t
0.270 + 0.0031t
0.269 + 0.000920t
0.275 + 0.000946t
0.276 + 0.001000t
0.256 + 0.00085t
0.258 + 0.00091t
0.247 + 0.00077t
0.236 + 0.00215t
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
TABLE 2-197
Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Concluded )
Recalculated from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 101–105
Compound
Formula
Temperature, °C
sp ht, cal/g °C
Oxalic acid
C2H2O4
C2H2O4.2H2O
−200 to +50
−200
−100
0
+50
100
0.259 + 0.00076t
0.117
0.239
0.338
0.385
0.416
Palmitic acid
C16H32O2
Phenol
Phthalic acid
Picric acid
C6H6O
C8H6O4
C6H3N3O7
Propionic acid
Propyl alcohol (n-)
C3H6O2
C3H8O
Pyrotartaric acid
C6H8O4
−180
−140
−100
−50
0
+20
14 to 26
20
−100
0
+50
100
120
−33
−200
−175
−150
−130
20
0.167
0.208
0.251
0.306
0.382
0.430
0.561
0.232
0.165
0.240
0.263
0.297
0.332
0.726
0.170
0.363
0.471
0.497
0.301
Quinhydrone
C12H10O4
Quinone
C6H4O2
−250
−225
−200
−100
0
−250
−225
−200
−150 to mp
0.017
0.061
0.098
0.191
0.256
0.031
0.082
0.113
0.282 + 0.00083t
Salol
Stearic acid
Succinic acid
Sucrose
Sugar (cane)
C13H10O3
C18H36O2
C4H6O4
C12H22O11
C12H22O11
32
15
0 to 160
20
22 to 51
0.289
0.399
0.248 + 0.00153t
0.299
0.301
Tartaric acid
Tartaric acid
C4H6O6
C4H6O6·H2O
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetryl
C2Cl4
C7H5N5O8
1 Tetryl + 1 picric acid
1 Tetryl + 2 TNT
C13H8N8O15
C21H15N11O20
Thymol
Toluic acid (o-)
(m-)
(p-)
Toluidine (p-)
C10H14O
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C8H8O2
C7H9N
Trichloroacetic acid
Trimethyl carbinol
Trinitrotoluene
C2HCl3O2
C4H10O
C7H5N3O6
36
−150
−100
−50
0
+50
−40 to 0
−100
−50
0
+100
−100 to +100
−100
0
+50
0 to 49
54 to mp
54 to mp
130 to mp
0
20
40
solid
−4
−100
−50
0
+100
−185 to +23
20 to 50
0 to 91
0.287
0.112
0.170
0.231
0.308
0.366
0.198 + 0.00018t
0.182
0.199
0.212
0.236
0.253 + 0.00072t
0.172
0.280
0.325
0.315 + 0.0031t
0.277 + 0.00120t
0.239 + 0.00195t
0.271 + 0.00106t
0.337
0.387
0.440
0.459
0.559
0.170
0.253
0.311
0.385
0.241
0.423
0.189 + 0.0027t
Trinitroxylene
C8H7N3O6
Triphenylmethane
C19H16
Urea
CH4N2O
20
0.320
2-177
TABLE 2-198
Cmpd.
no.
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State
Name
Formula
CAS
no.
Mol wt.
C1
× 1E−05
C2
× 1E−05
C3
× 1E−03
C4
× 1E−05
C5
Tmin,
K
Cp at Tmin
× 1E−05
Tmax,
K
Cp at Tmax
× 1E−05
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
74828
74840
74986
106978
109660
110543
142825
111659
111842
124185
16.043
30.070
44.097
58.123
72.150
86.177
100.204
114.231
128.258
142.285
0.3330
0.4033
0.5192
0.7134
0.8805
1.0440
1.2015
1.3554
1.5175
1.6720
0.7993
1.3422
1.9245
2.4300
3.0110
3.5230
4.0010
4.4310
4.9150
5.3530
2.0869
1.6555
1.6265
1.6300
1.6502
1.6946
1.6766
1.6356
1.6448
1.6141
0.4160
0.7322
1.1680
1.5033
1.8920
2.3690
2.7400
3.0540
3.4700
3.7820
991.96
752.87
723.6
730.42
747.6
761.6
756.4
746.4
749.6
742
50
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
0.3330
0.4256
0.5632
0.7673
0.9404
1.1117
1.2828
1.4529
1.6257
1.7967
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
0.8890
1.4562
2.0556
2.6602
3.2927
3.8620
4.4283
4.9764
5.5407
6.0932
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
n-Eicosane
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
C20H42
1120214
112403
629505
629594
629629
544763
629787
593453
629925
112958
156.312
170.338
184.365
198.392
212.419
226.446
240.473
254.500
268.527
282.553
1.9529
2.1295
2.1496
2.3082
2.4679
2.6283
2.7878
2.9502
3.1062
3.2481
6.0998
6.6330
7.3045
7.8678
8.4212
8.9733
9.5247
10.0340
10.5750
11.0900
1.7087
1.7155
1.6695
1.6823
1.6865
1.6912
1.6935
0.7711
0.7679
1.6360
4.1302
4.5161
4.9998
5.4486
5.8537
6.2640
6.6651
−4.3012
−4.5661
7.4500
775.4
777.5
741.02
743.1
743.6
744.41
744.57
916.73
−912.03
−726.27
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
2.0594
2.2442
2.3156
2.4864
2.6586
2.8312
3.0034
3.1800
3.3533
3.5235
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
6.8342
7.4325
8.0251
8.6225
9.2209
9.8182
10.4160
11.0160
11.6130
12.2110
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
75285
78784
79298
107835
565593
560214
540841
58.123
72.150
86.177
86.177
100.204
114.231
114.231
0.6549
0.7460
0.7772
0.9030
0.8544
0.9820
1.1390
2.4776
3.2650
4.0320
3.8010
4.5772
5.4020
5.2860
1.5870
1.5450
1.5440
1.6020
1.5181
1.5310
1.5940
1.5750
1.9230
2.5080
2.4530
2.9740
3.4930
3.3510
−706.99
666.7
−649.95
−691.6
641.01
639.9
677.94
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
0.7218
0.8546
0.9363
1.0192
1.0550
1.2194
1.3139
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
2.6656
3.3792
4.0353
3.9617
4.5983
5.3754
5.3769
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
74851
115071
106989
590181
624646
109671
592416
592767
28.054
42.081
56.108
56.108
56.108
70.134
84.161
98.188
0.3338
0.4339
0.5998
0.5765
0.6592
0.7595
0.9180
1.0775
0.9479
1.5200
2.0846
2.1150
2.0700
2.5525
3.0220
3.4900
1.5960
1.4250
1.5884
1.6299
1.6733
1.5820
1.5742
1.5705
0.5510
0.7860
1.2940
1.2872
1.2510
1.6660
2.0320
2.4030
740.8
623.9
707.3
739.1
742.2
713
715
717.4
60
130
200
200
200
200
200
200
0.3338
0.4388
0.6547
0.6199
0.7004
0.8273
0.9995
1.1723
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1.0987
1.6836
2.2853
2.2715
2.2904
2.8467
3.4088
3.9706
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1-Octene
1-Nonene
1-Decene
2-Methylpropene
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
C4H8
C5H10
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
111660
124118
872059
115117
563462
513359
590192
106990
78795
112.215
126.242
140.269
56.108
70.134
70.134
54.092
54.092
68.119
1.2355
1.3950
1.7573
0.6125
0.8703
0.8192
0.5750
0.5095
0.6527
3.9570
4.4255
5.1710
2.0660
2.5556
2.6038
1.6476
1.7050
2.2993
1.5640
1.5624
1.7664
1.5450
1.7757
1.7593
1.5270
1.5324
1.4943
2.7669
3.1370
3.6210
1.2057
1.7636
1.7195
0.9900
1.3370
1.5164
718.17
719.6
803.02
676
807.82
800.93
677.3
685.6
−647.15
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1.3440
1.5168
1.8333
0.6763
0.9060
0.8559
0.6269
0.5756
0.7508
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
4.5322
5.0938
5.8682
2.2814
2.8923
2.8709
1.9202
1.9555
2.5571
45
46
47
48
49
50
Acetylene
Methylacetylene
Dimethylacetylene
3-Methyl-1-butyne
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C5H8
C5H8
74862
74997
503173
598232
627190
627214
26.038
40.065
54.092
68.119
68.119
68.119
0.3199
0.4478
0.6534
0.8274
0.7530
0.7074
0.5424
1.0917
1.6179
2.1377
2.0905
2.2229
1.5940
1.5508
1.7837
1.7550
1.5307
1.5570
0.4325
0.6750
1.0242
1.5149
1.3780
1.3125
607.1
658.2
821.4
782
672.8
690.78
200
200
200
200
200
200
0.3566
0.4882
0.6721
0.8646
0.8276
0.7700
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
0.7575
1.3293
1.9148
2.5255
2.4754
2.5052
51
52
53
54
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
3-Hexyne
1-Heptyne
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
C7H12
693027
764352
928494
628717
82.145
82.145
82.145
96.172
0.9129
1.0360
0.9376
1.0712
2.5577
3.0090
3.0150
3.0258
1.5290
2.1160
1.9057
1.5273
1.7370
2.1060
1.9860
2.0975
683
902.4
817
689.62
200
300
300
200
1.0004
1.2215
1.1909
1.1721
1500
1500
1500
1500
3.0371
3.1894
3.1889
3.5985
2-178
55
56
1-Octyne
Vinylacetylene
C8H14
C4H4
629050
689974
110.199
52.076
1.2307
0.5598
3.4942
1.2141
1.5280
1.6102
2.4617
0.8908
694.81
−710.4
200
200
1.3448
0.5967
1500
1500
4.1604
1.5590
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Cyclopentene
1-Methylcyclopentene
Cyclohexene
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C8H16
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
287923
96377
1640897
110827
108872
590669
1678917
142290
693890
110838
70.134
84.161
98.188
84.161
98.188
112.215
112.215
68.119
82.145
82.145
0.4160
0.6646
0.8205
0.4320
0.9227
1.0776
1.1059
0.4807
0.6941
0.5817
3.0140
3.5070
4.0342
3.7350
4.1150
4.6718
4.6306
2.5159
3.0209
3.1717
1.4617
1.5892
1.5670
1.1920
1.6504
1.6540
1.6628
1.5803
1.6903
1.5435
1.8095
2.3526
2.6697
1.6350
2.9006
3.3397
3.2990
1.7454
2.1209
2.1273
−668.8
727.13
715.52
−530.1
779.48
792.5
781.1
718.37
781.56
701.62
100
200
200
100
200
200
200
150
200
150
0.4165
0.7510
0.9272
0.4366
0.9953
1.1535
1.1875
0.4918
0.7464
0.5978
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
2.9298
3.5495
4.1472
3.6516
4.3180
4.9543
4.9184
2.5619
3.1496
3.2132
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Propylbenzene (eqn. 3)
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
71432
108883
95476
108383
106423
100414
103651
78.114
92.141
106.167
106.167
106.167
106.167
120.194
0.4442
0.5814
0.8521
0.7568
0.7512
0.7844
−21.4827
2.3205
2.8630
3.2954
3.3924
3.3970
3.3990
3.8070
1.4946
1.4406
1.4944
1.4960
1.4928
1.5590
54701
1.7213
1.8980
2.1150
2.2470
2.2470
2.4260
−0.001713
−678.15
−650.43
-675.8
−675.9
−675.1
−702
0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
0.5340
0.7016
0.9643
0.8759
0.8710
0.8912
1.0802
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
2.4169
3.0029
3.5965
3.5920
3.5923
3.6147
4.1537
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Styrene
m-Terphenyl
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H14
C10H8
C12H10
C8H8
C18H14
95636
98828
108678
99876
91203
92524
100425
92068
120.194
120.194
120.194
134.221
128.174
154.211
104.152
230.309
1.0106
1.0810
0.9154
1.3186
0.6805
0.9060
0.8930
1.6397
3.8314
3.7932
3.9270
4.3036
3.5494
4.2634
2.1503
6.0125
1.5010
1.7505
1.4980
1.7734
1.4262
1.4553
0.7720
1.6902
2.3950
3.0027
2.5090
3.2570
2.5984
3.1550
0.9990
5.1314
678.3
794.8
676.9
811.9
650.1
661.2
2442
757.5
200
200
200
200
200
200
100
298.15
1.1354
1.1480
1.0474
1.3825
0.8454
1.0913
0.8931
2.4618
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
4.1854
4.1808
4.1807
4.7952
3.7359
4.5581
3.2416
6.6678
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Methanol
Ethanol
1-Propanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
2-Propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C3H8O
C4H10O
67561
64175
71238
71363
78922
67630
75650
32.042
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
60.096
74.123
0.3925
0.4920
0.6190
0.7454
0.8202
0.5723
0.7704
0.8790
1.4577
2.0213
2.5907
2.5220
1.9100
2.5390
1.9165
1.6628
1.6293
1.6073
1.6010
1.4210
1.5502
0.5365
0.9390
1.2956
1.7320
1.5864
1.2155
1.6690
896.7
744.7
727.4
712.4
−704.15
626
−679.3
200
200
200
200
200
150
200
0.3980
0.5224
0.6665
0.8162
0.8890
0.5924
0.8567
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1.0533
1.6576
2.2458
2.8509
2.8513
2.1792
2.8508
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
1-Pentanol
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
1-Hexanol
1-Heptanol
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Propylene glycol
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C6H14O
C7H16O
C6H12O
C2H6O2
C3H8O2
71410
137326
123513
111273
111706
108930
107211
57556
88.150
88.150
88.150
102.177
116.203
100.161
62.068
76.095
0.9060
1.0890
1.1060
1.0625
1.2215
0.9043
0.8200
2.0114
3.0620
2.1850
2.2100
3.5210
3.9910
2.5771
1.2780
0.8082
1.6054
0.8530
0.8760
1.5835
1.5800
0.7882
1.6980
1.8656
2.1150
1.4000
1.2200
2.4620
2.8350
1.3068
0.9290
−2.4404
−717.97
2906
2940
715.75
717.7
1952.2
−754
279.98
200
298.15
298.15
200
200
200
200
298.15
0.9890
1.3247
1.3213
1.1607
1.3330
0.9648
0.8481
1.0218
1500
1500.1
1200.15
1500
1500
1500
1500
1000.15
3.4133
3.4718
3.1770
3.9726
4.5346
3.8251
1.8521
2.1175
97
98
99
100
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
C6H6O
C7H8O
C7H8O
C7H8O
108952
95487
108394
106445
94.113
108.140
108.140
108.140
0.4340
0.7988
0.7515
0.7384
2.4450
2.8530
2.0900
2.9080
1.1520
1.4765
0.6666
1.4559
1.5120
2.0420
1.2120
2.0910
−507
−664.7
2214
−650.42
100
200
200
200
0.4401
0.9158
0.8701
0.8707
1500
1500
1500
1500
2.6045
3.2163
3.2075
3.2102
101
102
103
104
105
106
Dimethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl-n-propyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl-n-butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ether
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
115106
540670
557175
598538
628284
625445
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
88.150
88.150
0.5148
0.6868
0.9215
0.8923
0.8205
0.7284
1.4420
1.9959
2.3943
2.4765
3.0869
3.1713
1.6034
1.5534
1.6936
1.6960
1.3864
1.3520
0.7747
1.1168
1.4896
1.5598
1.7886
1.8948
725.4
692.04
797.79
791.4
613.87
585.14
200
200
298
200
300
300
0.5436
0.7396
1.1251
0.9280
1.3300
1.3200
1500
1500
1200
1500
1200
1200
1.6581
2.2931
2.6391
2.8696
3.1994
3.1987
2-179
TABLE 2-198
Cmpd.
no.
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State (Continued )
Mol wt.
C1
× 1E−05
C2
× 1E−05
C3
× 1E−03
C4
× 1E−05
C5
1634044
60297
628320
625547
100663
101848
88.150
74.123
88.150
88.150
108.140
170.211
0.9933
0.8621
1.1320
1.0953
0.7637
1.0985
3.0667
2.5510
2.9400
3.0032
2.9377
4.3412
1.7426
1.5413
1.8270
1.7988
1.6051
1.6222
2.0764
1.4370
2.0550
2.1311
2.1700
3.6455
795.59
−688.9
−852
817.35
751.2
743.62
CH2O
C2H4O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C8H16O
C9H18O
C10H20O
50000
75070
123386
123728
110623
66251
111717
124130
124196
112312
30.026
44.053
58.080
72.107
86.134
100.161
114.188
128.214
142.241
156.268
0.3327
0.4451
0.7174
0.8966
1.0743
1.2320
1.4040
1.6088
1.7347
1.9641
0.4954
1.0687
1.9140
2.3731
2.8363
2.2146
2.5907
4.2180
4.5115
5.1412
1.8666
1.6141
2.0144
1.9754
1.9549
0.8400
0.8315
1.9126
1.7120
1.8989
0.2808
0.6135
1.1708
1.5866
2.0146
1.2190
1.3120
3.2780
3.3256
4.1278
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Pentanone
Methyl isopropyl ketone
2-Hexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
3-Methyl-2-pentanone
3-Pentanone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diisopropyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl phenyl ketone
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C6H10O
C8H8O
67641
78933
107879
563804
591786
108101
565617
96220
565695
565800
108941
98862
58.080
72.107
86.134
86.134
100.161
100.161
100.161
86.134
100.161
114.188
98.145
120.151
0.5704
0.7840
0.9005
1.5914
1.0940
1.2270
1.0028
0.9690
1.2400
1.0869
0.5776
0.8540
1.6320
2.1032
2.7085
1.7640
1.8070
2.1950
3.3169
2.4907
3.2000
4.0540
3.3535
2.3340
1.6070
1.5488
1.6592
1.2076
0.6890
0.8420
1.6900
1.4177
1.9670
1.7802
1.2202
0.8310
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Formic acid1
Acetic acid2
Propionic acid2
n-Butyric acid2
Isobutyric acid2
Benzoic acid
Acetic anhydride
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C7H6O2
C4H6O3
64186
64197
79094
107926
79312
65850
108247
46.026
60.053
74.079
88.106
88.106
122.123
102.090
0.3381
0.4020
0.6959
1.4880
0.7469
0.7759
0.7130
0.7593
1.3675
1.7778
1.3522
2.4356
2.6455
2.2220
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Methyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Ethyl formate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl propionate
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
107313
79209
554121
623427
109944
141786
105373
60.053
74.079
88.106
102.133
74.079
88.106
102.133
0.5060
0.5550
0.7765
0.8940
0.5370
0.9981
0.9370
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Ethyl n-butyrate
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate
Vinyl acetate
C6H12O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H8O2
C9H10O2
C4H6O2
105544
110747
109604
123864
93583
93890
108054
116.160
88.106
102.133
116.160
136.150
150.177
86.090
156
157
158
159
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Ethylamine
CH5N
C2H7N
C3H9N
C2H7N
74895
124403
75503
75047
31.057
45.084
59.111
45.084
Name
Formula
107
108
109
110
111
112
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Diethyl ether
Ethyl propyl ether
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Methyl phenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
C5H12O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C7H8O
C12H10O
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1-Propanal
1-Butanal
1-Pentanal
1-Hexanal
1-Heptanal
1-Octanal
1-Nonanal
1-Decanal
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
2-180
CAS
no.
Cp at Tmin
× 1E−05
Tmax,
K
Cp at Tmax
× 1E−05
200
200
298.15
298.15
300
300
1.0394
0.9316
1.3538
1.3620
1.1302
1.7298
1500
1500
1500
1200
1200
1200
3.4321
2.9244
3.4535
3.2289
3.0226
4.5143
934.9
737.8
930.6
904.13
890.44
2205
2201
869
810.96
862.51
50
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
0.3327
0.4660
0.7266
0.9119
1.0960
1.2672
1.4479
1.6504
1.8005
2.0192
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
0.7113
1.2994
2.1149
2.6775
3.2404
3.7314
4.2863
4.9286
5.4439
6.0539
0.9680
1.1855
1.8012
−407.4000
1.4740
1.1910
2.3000
1.3010
2.3460
2.9786
1.5700
0.7730
731.5
693
743.96
10.503
1772
2460
770.7
646.7
896
791.6
586.92
2227
200
200
200
300
200
298.15
300
200
298.15
300
200
298.15
0.6049
0.8397
0.9591
1.1291
1.1815
1.4755
1.3604
1.0536
1.4479
1.5102
0.7321
1.1313
1500
1500
1500
1500
1200
1500.15
1200
1500
1200
1500
1500
1500
1.8820
2.4816
3.0797
2.9991
3.3207
3.6532
3.4275
3.0358
3.4234
4.3093
3.4870
3.2797
1.1925
1.2620
1.7098
1.1460
1.7150
1.7925
1.6203
0.3180
0.7003
1.2654
−678.0000
1.8484
2.2382
1.6760
550
569.7
−763.78
6.98
757.75
835.9
746.5
50
50
298.15
298.15
298.15
200
200
0.3381
0.4020
0.8938
1.1533
1.0427
0.8126
0.7665
1500
1500
1500
1200.1
1200
1500
1500
0.9933
1.5756
2.1248
2.4716
2.5383
2.9712
2.5675
1.2190
1.7820
2.4420
2.9100
1.8860
2.0931
2.8290
1.6370
1.2600
1.7140
1.5700
1.2070
2.0226
1.6480
0.8940
0.8530
1.8180
2.0730
0.8640
1.8030
2.1550
743
562
716
678.3
496
928.05
724.7
250
298
300
298
100
200
300
0.5888
0.8489
1.1242
1.3461
0.5412
1.0126
1.3377
1500
1500
1200
1200
1500
1500
1200
1.5109
2.0754
2.5276
3.0766
2.1485
2.6594
3.0569
1.1150
0.8710
1.7994
1.1684
0.9396
1.0944
0.5360
3.3910
2.4470
1.7530
3.7690
2.5590
4.1794
2.1190
1.6705
1.9254
1.1960
1.9560
0.8250
0.8838
1.1980
2.5180
1.8880
−4.1200
2.8180
1.3600
−1.6090
1.1470
298
298.15
298.15
300
300
300
100
1.5583
1.1022
1.3594
1.5358
1.2586
1.4598
0.5404
1200
1500
1500
1200
1200
1500
1500
3.6213
2.7484
3.2024
3.6724
3.3569
4.2540
2.3750
0.4100
0.5565
0.7107
0.5940
1.0578
1.6384
1.5051
1.6180
1.7080
1.7341
0.7966
1.8120
0.6836
1.0899
0.8454
1.0780
150
200
200
200
0.4136
0.5812
0.7439
0.6139
1500
1500
1500
1500
1.2388
1.8585
2.4322
1.8528
733.6
−821.3
108.2
811.2
3000
−1183.1
510
735
793.04
2187.6
820
Tmin,
K
160
161
Diethylamine
Triethylamine
C4H11N
C6H15N
109897
121448
73.138
101.192
0.9102
1.2766
2.6740
2.5559
1.7190
0.8094
1.7926
1.4829
794.94
2231.7
200
200
0.9502
1.3278
1500
1500
3.0519
4.2046
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
n-Propylamine
di-n-Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Diisopropylamine
Aniline
N-Methylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
C3H9N
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C6H7N
C7H9N
C8H11N
107108
142847
75310
108189
62533
100618
121697
59.111
101.192
59.111
101.192
93.128
107.155
121.182
0.7608
1.2114
0.6855
1.1384
0.6533
0.7796
0.8742
2.1049
2.6127
2.1876
2.5747
2.5192
3.0280
2.7204
1.7256
0.7896
1.5831
0.7384
1.4608
1.5203
0.7242
1.3936
1.6903
1.3855
1.6200
1.8870
2.3280
1.1300
789.03
2394.4
691.76
2143
−653.1
699.8
1949
200
300
200
300
200
300
300
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
2.4353
4.2484
2.4540
4.1941
2.8047
3.3641
3.8844
169
170
171
172
Ethylene oxide
Furan
Thiophene
Pyridine
C2H4O
C4H4O
C4H4S
C5H5N
75218
110009
110021
110861
44.053
68.075
84.142
79.101
0.3346
0.3727
0.4040
0.4413
1.2116
1.6606
1.6270
2.0830
1.6084
1.5112
1.4564
1.4783
0.8241
1.3145
1.3212
1.5330
737.3
686
649
676.8
50
200
200
200
0.7933
1.5900
0.7510
1.5995
0.7705
1.2602
1.3903
0.0000
0.3346
0.4376
0.4884
0.5220
1500
1500
1500
1500
1.3297
1.7940
1.8097
2.2194
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
Formamide
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Acetamide
N-Methylacetamide
Acetonitrile
Propionitrile
n-Butyronitrile
Benzonitrile
CH3NO
C3H7NO
C2H5NO
C3H7NO
C2H3N
C3H5N
C4H7N
C7H5N
75127
68122
60355
79163
75058
107120
109740
100470
45.041
73.095
59.068
73.095
41.053
55.079
69.106
103.123
0.3822
0.7220
0.3420
0.6116
0.4191
0.5357
0.6906
0.7186
0.9300
1.7830
1.2940
2.0290
0.8876
1.4617
1.9996
2.2700
1.8450
1.5320
1.0750
1.7683
1.5818
1.5530
1.5494
1.4669
0.6900
1.3100
0.6400
1.3302
0.5032
0.9120
1.3146
1.6930
850
762
502
835.5
699.8
678.2
675
−680.77
150
200
100
300
100
200
200
200
0.3833
0.7594
0.3448
0.7698
0.4192
0.5832
0.7607
0.8053
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1.1203
2.2596
1.4997
2.2209
1.1285
1.7235
2.3273
2.6706
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
n-Propyl mercaptan
n-Butyl mercaptan
Isobutyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
CH4S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
74931
75081
107039
109795
513440
513531
75183
624895
352932
48.109
62.136
76.163
90.189
90.189
90.189
62.136
76.163
90.189
0.4146
0.5576
0.7474
0.9248
0.9142
0.9237
0.6037
0.7508
0.9429
0.8307
1.3617
1.9523
2.7795
2.4513
2.5166
1.3747
1.9577
2.6863
1.5890
1.5221
1.6310
1.6837
1.6265
1.6109
1.6410
1.6424
1.7624
0.4612
0.8073
1.2112
1.5974
1.6157
1.5641
0.7988
1.1949
1.6752
716.7
687.5
750.92
758.68
745.8
739.2
−743.5
749.19
−798.3
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
273.16
200
0.4329
0.5970
0.7848
0.9714
0.9660
0.9763
0.6298
0.9004
0.9794
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1.0781
1.6729
2.3216
3.1008
2.9095
2.9615
1.6949
2.3178
3.0338
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Fluoromethane
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Bromomethane
Fluoroethane
Chloroethane
Bromoethane
CH3F
CH3Cl
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3Br
C2H5F
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
593533
74873
67663
56235
74839
353366
75003
74964
34.033
50.488
119.377
153.822
94.939
48.060
64.514
108.966
0.3329
0.3409
0.3942
0.3758
0.3377
0.4437
0.4568
0.4719
0.7399
0.7246
0.6573
0.7054
0.7150
1.3119
1.2967
1.2787
1.8639
1.7230
0.9280
0.5121
1.5780
1.6422
1.5992
1.5957
0.4608
0.4480
0.4930
0.4850
0.4175
0.8544
0.8590
0.8517
891.16
780.5
399.6
236.1
691.4
738.77
708.8
703.87
50
150
100
100
100
200
100
200
0.3329
0.3424
0.4048
0.4730
0.3378
0.4726
0.4569
0.5089
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
0.9024
0.9097
1.0063
1.0662
0.9107
1.5008
1.5112
1.5121
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C2H3Cl
C6H5F
C6H5Cl
C6H5Br
540545
75296
78999
78875
75014
462066
108907
108861
78.541
78.541
112.986
112.986
62.499
96.104
112.558
157.010
0.6210
0.6181
0.7145
0.7866
0.4236
0.6265
0.8011
0.7210
1.8430
1.8023
1.7344
1.7429
0.8735
2.1646
2.3100
2.0640
1.6290
1.5438
1.5240
1.7157
1.6492
1.5640
2.1570
1.6504
1.2337
1.1893
1.2230
1.2627
0.6556
1.7278
2.0460
1.6870
724
685.93
674.2
765.1
739.07
−724.29
−897.6
765.3
200
200
150
200
200
200
200
200
0.6674
0.6768
0.7268
0.8217
0.4457
0.6914
0.8219
0.7679
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
2.1126
2.1023
2.1609
2.1894
1.1423
2.4736
2.5327
2.4628
206
207
208
209
210
211
Air
Hydrogen3
Helium-4 (eqn 2)
Neon
Argon
Fluorine
H2
He
Ne
Ar
F2
132259100
1333740
7440597
7440019
7440371
7782414
28.951
2.016
4.003
20.180
39.948
37.997
0.2896
0.2762
0.2079
0.2079
0.2079
0.2912
0.0939
0.0956
0
0
0
0.1013
3.0120
2.4660
0
0
0
1.4530
0.0758
0.0376
0
0
0
0.0941
1484
567.6
0
0
0
662.91
50
250
100
100
100
50
0.2896
0.2843
0.2079
0.2079
0.2079
0.2912
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
0.3496
0.3225
0.2079
0.2079
0.2079
0.3812
2-181
TABLE 2-198
Cmpd.
no.
Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State (Concluded )
Name
Formula
CAS
no.
Mol wt.
C1
× 1E−05
C2
× 1E−05
C3
× 1E−03
C4
× 1E−05
C5
Tmin,
K
Cp at Tmin
× 1E−05
Tmax,
K
Cp at Tmax
× 1E−05
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Chlorine
Bromine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Hydrazine
Nitrous oxide
Cl2
Br2
O2
N2
NH3
N2H4
N2O
7782505
7726956
7782447
7727379
7664417
302012
10024972
70.905
159.808
31.999
28.014
17.031
32.045
44.013
0.2914
0.3011
0.2910
0.2911
0.3343
0.3871
0.2934
0.0918
0.0801
0.1004
0.0861
0.4898
0.8576
0.3236
0.9490
0.7514
2.5265
1.7016
2.0360
1.7228
1.1238
0.1003
0.1078
0.0936
0.0010
0.2256
0.5664
0.2177
425
314.6
1153.8
909.79
882
733.53
479.4
50
100
50
50
100
200
100
0.2914
0.3090
0.2910
0.2911
0.3343
0.4070
0.2948
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
0.3793
0.3794
0.3653
0.3484
0.6647
1.0571
0.5828
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
Nitric oxide (eqn 2)
Cyanogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Water
NO
C2N2
CO
CO2
CS2
HF
HCl
HBr
HCN
H2S
SO2
SO3
H2O
10102439
460195
630080
124389
75150
7664393
7647010
10035106
74908
7783064
7446095
7446119
7732185
30.006
52.036
28.010
44.010
76.143
20.006
36.461
80.912
27.026
34.082
64.065
80.064
18.015
0.3498
0.3545
0.2911
0.2937
0.3010
0.2913
0.2916
0.2912
0.3013
0.3329
0.3338
0.3341
0.3336
−3.5320E−04
0.5015
0.0877
0.3454
0.3338
0.0933
0.0905
0.0953
0.3171
0.2609
0.2586
0.4968
0.2679
7.7290E−05
1.0570
3.0851
1.4280
0.8960
2.9050
2.0938
2.1420
1.6102
0.9134
0.9328
0.8732
2.6105
−5.7357E−10
0.4520
0.0846
0.2640
0.2893
0.0020
−0.0011
0.0157
0.2179
−0.1798
0.1088
0.2856
0.0890
1.4526E−08
−396
1538.2
588
374.7
1326
120
1400
626
949.4
423.7
393.74
1169
100
100
60
50
100
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
0.3217
0.3648
0.2911
0.2937
0.3100
0.2913
0.2914
0.2912
0.3014
0.3329
0.3354
0.3408
0.3336
1500
1500
1500
5000
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
2273.15
0.3586
0.8100
0.3521
0.6335
0.6148
0.3224
0.3406
0.3479
0.5522
0.5143
0.5695
0.7967
0.5276
All substances are listed in alphabetical order in Table 2-6a.
Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical
Property Data, AIChE, New York, NY; and from Thermodynamics Research Center, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Thermodynamics Research Center Hydrocarbon
Project, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (extant 1994).
Temperatures are expressed in kelvins; heat capacities, in J/kmol-K.
J/(kmol·K) × 2.390E−04 = cal/(gmol·°C); J/(kmol·K) × 2.390059E−04 = Btu/(lbmol·°F).
cosh unless otherwise specified.
+ C4
T T
C3
C3
Use heat capacity = C1 + C2 sinh T
T
2
C5
C5
2
Equation 2 is heat capacity = C1 + C2 × T + C3 × T 2 + C4 × T 3 + C5 × T 4.
Equation 3 is heat capacity = C1 + C2 × ln T + C3/T + C4 × T.
1
For the monomer. Monomer and dimer are in equilibrium below 600 K.
2
For the monomer.
3
For equilibrium mixture of ortho and para hydrogen.
2-182
SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS
2-183
TABLE 2-199 Cp /Cv : Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1-atm Pressure*
Compound
Formula
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetylene
C2H4O
C2H4O2
C2H2
Air
Ammonia
Argon
NH3
A
Temperature, °C
Ratio of specific
heats,
(γ) = Cp /Cv
30
136
15
−71
925
17
−78
−118
15
15
−180
0–100
1.14
1.15
1.26
1.31
1.36
1.403
1.408
1.415
1.310
1.668
1.76 (?)
1.67
Benzene
Bromine
C6H6
Br2
90
20–350
1.10
1.32
Carbon dioxide
CO2
disulfide
monoxide
CS2
CO
1.304
1.37
1.21
1.404
1.41
1.355
1.15
1.256
1.08
Chlorine
Chloroform
Cyanogen
Cyclohexane
Cl2
CHCl3
(CN)2
C6H12
15
−75
100
15
−180
15
100
15
80
Dichlorodifluormethane
CCl2F2
25
1.139
Ethane
C2H6
Ethyl alcohol
ether
C2H6O
C4H10O
Ethylene
C2H4
100
15
−82
90
35
80
100
15
−91
1.19
1.22
1.28
1.13
1.08
1.086
1.18
1.255
1.35
Helium
Hexane (n-)
Hydrogen
He
C6H14
H2
bromide
chloride
HBr
HCl
cyanide
HCN
−180
80
15
−76
−181
20
15
100
65
140
210
1.660
1.08
1.410
1.453
1.597
1.42
1.41
1.40
1.31
1.28
1.24
Compound
Formula
Hydrogen (Cont.)
iodide
sulfide
HI
H2S
Iodine
Isobutane
I2
C4H10
Krypton
Kr
Mercury
Methane
Hg
CH4
Methyl acetate
alcohol
ether
Methylal
C3H6O2
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O2
Neon
Nitric oxide
Ne
NO
Nitrogen
N2
Nitrous oxide
N2O
Oxygen
O2
Pentane (n-)
Phosphorus
Potassium
C5H12
P
K
Sodium
Sulfur dioxide
Na
SO2
Xenon
Xe
Temperature, °C
Ratio of specific
heats,
(γ) = Cp /Cv
20–100
15
−45
−57
1.40
1.32
1.30
1.29
185
15
1.30
1.11
19
1.68
360
600
300
15
−80
−115
15
77
6–30
13
40
1.67
1.113
1.16
1.31
1.34
1.41
1.14
1.203
1.11
1.06
1.09
19
15
−45
−80
15
−181
100
15
−30
−70
1.64
1.400
1.39
1.38
1.404
1.47
1.28
1.303
1.31
1.34
15
−76
−181
1.401
1.415
1.45
86
300
850
1.086
1.17
1.77
750–920
15
1.68
1.29
19
1.66
*From International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 80–82.
TABLE 2-200
Specific Heat Ratio, Cp /Cv , for Air
Pressure, bar
Temperature, K
1
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
800
1000
150
200
250
300
350
1.410
1.406
1.403
1.402
1.399
1.510
1.452
1.429
1.418
1.411
1.668
1.505
1.457
1.436
1.422
2.333
1.630
1.517
1.470
1.446
4.120
1.781
1.577
1.505
1.467
3.973
1.943
1.640
1.537
1.488
3.202
2.093
1.699
1.570
1.509
2.507
2.274
1.816
1.640
1.553
2.243
2.236
1.877
1.687
1.589
2.091
2.140
1.896
1.716
1.612
1.988
2.050
1.885
1.730
1.627
1.851
1.920
1.836
1.727
1.640
1.768
1.832
1.782
1.707
1.638
1.712
1.771
1.743
1.683
1.629
1.654
1.682
1.681
1.645
1.605
1.639
1.619
1.636
1.619
1.585
400
450
500
600
800
1.395
1.392
1.387
1.377
1.353
1.404
1.397
1.391
1.378
1.355
1.412
1.404
1.395
1.382
1.357
1.429
1.416
1.406
1.386
1.359
1.444
1.428
1.414
1.392
1.361
1.460
1.438
1.421
1.398
1.365
1.472
1.449
1.430
1.403
1.366
1.505
1.471
1.448
1.413
1.372
1.529
1.490
1.463
1.423
1.375
1.548
1.505
1.474
1.432
1.381
1.563
1.518
1.484
1.439
1.384
1.579
1.533
1.499
1.448
1.392
1.584
1.541
1.507
1.457
1.397
1.580
1.542
1.510
1.461
1.401
1.567
1.537
1.510
1.465
1.406
1.555
1.528
1.504
1.466
1.409
1000
1.336
1.337
1.338
1.339
1.342
1.343
1.343
1.345
1.348
1.350
1.354
1.358
1.361
1.365
1.368
1.372
Calculated from Cp, Cv values of Sychev, V. V., A. A. Vasserman, et al., “Thermodynamic Properties of Air,” Standartov, Moscow, 1978 and Hemisphere, New York,
1988 (276 pp.).
2-184
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
UNITS CONVERSIONS
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.
To convert calories per gram-degree Celsius to British thermal
units per pound-degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.0.
For additional data, see International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp.
115–116, 122–125.
TABLE 2-201
TABLE 2-208
Acetic Acid (at 38°C)
Mole % acetic acid
Cal/g °C
TABLE 2-202
0
1.0
6.98
0.911
30.9
0.73
54.5
0.631
100
0.535
Ammonia
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Mole % NH3
2.4°C
20.6°C
41°C
61°C
0
10.5
20.9
31.2
41.4
1.01
0.98
.96
.956
.985
1.0
0.995
.99
1.0
0.995
1.06
1.03
1.0
1.02
TABLE 2-203
TABLE 2-204
100
0.497
5°C
20°C
40°C
5.88
12.3
27.3
45.8
69.6
100
1.02
0.975
.877
.776
.681
.576
1.0
0.982
.917
.811
.708
.60
0.995
.98
.92
.83
.726
.617
TABLE 2-209
95
0.52
90.5
0.53
82.3
0.56
75.2
0.581
Copper Sulfate
Composition
CuSO4 + 50H2O
CuSO4 + 200H2O
CuSO4 + 400H2O
TABLE 2-205
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Mole % CH3OH
Aniline (at 20°C)
Mol % aniline
Cal/g °C
Methyl Alcohol
Temperature
Specific heat, cal/g °C
12° to 15°C
12° to 14°C
13° to 17°C
0.848
.951
.975
Nitric Acid
% HNO3
by Weight
Specific Heat at 20°C,
cal/g °C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1.000
0.900
.810
.730
.675
.650
.640
.615
.575
.515
Ethyl Alcohol
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Mole % C2H5OH
4.16
11.5
37.0
61.0
100.0
TABLE 2-206
3°C
23°C
41°C
1.05
1.02
0.805
.67
.54
1.02
1.03
0.86
.727
.577
1.02
1.03
0.875
.748
.621
Glycerol
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Mole % C3H5(OH)3
15°C
32°C
2.12
4.66
11.5
22.7
43.9
100.0
0.961
.929
.851
.765
.67
.555
0.960
.924
.841
.758
.672
.576
TABLE 2-207
Hydrochloric Acid
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Mole % HCl
0.0
9.09
16.7
20.0
25.9
0°C
10°C
20°C
40°C
60°C
1.00
0.72
.61
.58
.55
0.72
.605
.575
0.74
.631
.591
0.75
.645
.615
0.78
.67
.638
.61
TABLE 2-210
Phosphoric Acid*
%H2PO4
Cp at 21.3°C
cal/g °C
%H3PO4
Cp at 21.3°C
cal/g °C
2.50
3.80
5.33
8.81
10.27
14.39
16.23
19.99
22.10
24.56
25.98
28.15
29.96
32.09
33.95
36.26
38.10
40.10
42.08
44.11
46.22
48.16
49.79
0.9903
.9970
.9669
.9389
.9293
.8958
.8796
.8489
.8300
.8125
.8004
.7856
.7735
.7590
.7432
.7270
.7160
.7024
.6877
.6748
.6607
.6475
.6370
50.00
52.19
53.72
56.04
58.06
60.23
62.10
64.14
66.13
68.14
69.97
69.50
71.88
73.71
75.79
77.69
79.54
80.00
82.00
84.00
85.98
88.01
89.72
0.6350
.6220
.6113
.5972
.5831
.5704
.5603
.5460
.5349
.5242
.5157
.5160
.5046
.4940
.4847
.4786
.4680
.4686
.4593
.4500
.4419
.4359
.4206
*Z. Physik. Chem., A167, 42 (1933).
SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
TABLE 2-211
Potassium Chloride
TABLE 2-215
Sodium Chloride
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Mole % KCl
6°C
20°C
33°C
40°C
Mole % NaCl
0.99
3.85
5.66
7.41
0.945
.828
.77
0.947
.831
.775
.727
0.947
.835
.778
0.947
.837
.775
0.249
.99
2.44
9.09
TABLE 2-212
Potassium Hydroxide (at 19°C)
Mole % KOH
Cal/g °C
TABLE 2-213
0
1.0
0.497
0.975
1.64
0.93
TABLE 2-216
4.76
0.814
9.09
0.75
Normal Propyl Alcohol
Mole % NaOH
Cal/g °C
TABLE 2-217
Mole % C3H7OH
5°C
20°C
40°C
1.55
5.03
11.4
23.1
41.2
73.0
100.0
1.03
1.07
1.035
0.877
.75
.612
.534
1.02
1.06
1.032
0.90
.78
.645
.57
1.01
1.03
0.99
.91
.815
.708
.621
% Na2CO3
by weight
0.000
1.498
2.000
2.901
4.000
5.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
13.790
13.840
20.000
25.000
Sodium Carbonate*
Temperature, °C
17.6
30.0
76.6
98.0
0.9992
.9807
0.9986
1.0098
1.0084
.9786
.9597
20°C
33°C
57°C
0.96
.91
.805
0.99
.97
.915
.81
0.97
.915
.81
0.923
.82
0
1.0
0.5
0.985
1.0
0.97
9.09
0.835
16.7
0.80
28.6
0.784
37.5
0.782
Sulfuric Acid*
%H2SO4
Cp at 20°C,
cal/g °C
%H2SO4
Cp at 20°C,
cal/g °C
0.34
0.68
1.34
2.65
3.50
5.16
9.82
15.36
21.40
22.27
23.22
24.25
25.39
26.63
28.00
29.52
30.34
31.20
33.11
0.9968
.9937
.9877
.9762
.9688
.9549
.9177
.8767
.8339
.8275
.8205
.8127
.8041
.7945
.7837
.7717
.7647
.7579
.7422
35.25
37.69
40.49
43.75
47.57
52.13
57.65
64.47
73.13
77.91
81.33
82.49
84.48
85.48
89.36
91.81
94.82
97.44
100.00
0.7238
.7023
.6770
.6476
.6153
.5801
.5420
.5012
.4628
.4518
.4481
.4467
.4408
.4346
.4016
.3787
.3554
.3404
.3352
*Vinal and Craig, Bur. Standards J. Research, 24, 475 (1940).
.9594
.9428
6°C
Sodium Hydroxide (at 20°C)
Specific heat, cal/g °C
TABLE 2-214
2-185
0.9761
.9392
.9183
.9086
.8924
*J. Chem. Soc. 3062–3079 (1931).
.9452
TABLE 2-218
.8881
.8631
.8936
.8615
0.8911
Zinc Sulfate
Composition
Temperature
Specific heat, cal/g °C
ZnSO4 + 50H2O
ZnSO4 + 200H2O
20° to 52°C
20° to 52°C
0.842
.952
2-186
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
TABLE 2-219
and Solids
Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids
Material
Alumina
Alundum
Asbestos
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brickwork
Carbon
(gas retort)
(see under Graphite)
Cellulose
Cement, Portland Clinker
Charcoal (wood)
Chrome brick
Clay
Coal
tar oils
Coal tars
Coke
Concrete
Cryolite
Diamond
Fireclay brick
Fluorspar
Gasoline
Glass (crown)
(flint)
(pyrex)
(silicate)
wool
Granite
Graphite
Gypsum
Kerosene
Limestone
Litharge
Magnesia
Magnesite brick
Marble
Porcelain, fired Berlin
Porcelain, green Berlin
Porcelain, fired earthenware
Porcelain, green earthenware
Specific heat, cal/g °C
0.2 (100°C); 0.274 (1500°C)
0.186 (100°C)
0.25
0.22
0.3 to 0.4
About 0.2
0.168 (26° to 76°C)
0.314 (40° to 892°C)
0.387 (56° to 1450°C)
0.204
0.32
0.186
0.242
0.17
0.224
0.26 to 0.37
0.34 (15° to 90°C)
0.35 (40°C); 0.45 (200°C)
0.265 (21° to 400°C)
0.359 (21° to 800°C)
0.403 (21° to 1300°C)
0.156 (70° to 312°F); 0.219 (72° to 1472°F)
0.253 (16° to 55°C)
0.147
0.198 (100°C); 0.298 (1500°C)
0.21 (30°C)
0.53
0.16 to 0.20
0.117
0.20
0.188 to 0.204 (0 to 100°C)
0.24 to 0.26 (0 to 700°C)
0.157
0.20 (20° to 100°C)
0.165 (26° to 76°C); 0.390 (56° to 1450°C)
0.259 (16° to 46°C)
0.47
0.217
0.055
0.234 (100°C); 0.188 (1500°C)
0.222 (100°C); 0.195 (1500°C)
0.21 (18°C)
0.189 (60°C)
0.185 (60°C)
0.186 (60°C)
0.181 (60°C)
TABLE 2-219 Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids
and Solids (Concluded )
Specific heat, cal/g °C
Material
Pyrex glass
Pyrites (copper)
Pyrites (iron)
Pyroxylin plastics
Quartz
Rubber (vulcanized)
Sand
Silica
Silica brick
Silicon carbide brick
Silk
Steel
Stone
Stoneware (common)
Turpentine
Wood (Oak)
Woods, miscellaneous
Wool
Zirconium oxide
0.20
0.131 (30°C)
0.136 (30°C)
0.34 to 0.38
0.17 (0°C); 0.28 (350°C)
0.415
0.191
0.316
0.202 (100°C); 0.195 (1500°C)
0.202 (100°C)
0.33
0.12
about 0.2
0.188 (60°C)
0.42 (18°C)
0.570
0.45 to 0.65
0.325
0.11 (100°C); 0.179 (1500°C)
TABLE 2-219a Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils)
15
Cp[cal/(g ⋅ °C) = A/ d
4 + B(t − 15)
where d = density, g/cm3.
°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; to convert calories per gram-degree Celsius to
British thermal units per pound-degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.0;
to convert grams per cubic centimeter to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43.
Oils
A
Castor
Citron
Fatty drying
non-drying
semidrying
oils (except castor)
Naphthene base
Olive
Paraffin base
Petroleum oils
0.500
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
UNITS CONVERSIONS
°F = 9⁄5 °C + 32; to convert kilocalories per gram-mole to British thermal units per pound-mole, multiply by 1.799 × 10−3.
B
0.0007
(0.438 at 54°C)
0.440
0.0007
0.450
0.0007
0.445
0.0007
0.450
0.0007
0.405
0.0009
(0.47 at 7°C)
0.425
0.0009
0.415
0.0009
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
TABLE 2-220
2-187
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds
The values given in the following table for the heats and free energies of formation of inorganic compounds are derived from (a) Bichowsky and Rossini, “Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances,” Reinhold, New York, 1936; (b) Latimer, “Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution,” PrenticeHall, New York, 1938; (c) the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards; and (d) the tables of Selected Values
of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties of the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is referred to the preceding books and tables for additional details as to methods of calculation, standard states, and so on.
Compound
Aluminum
Al
AlBr3
Al4C3
AlCl3
AlF3
AlI3
AlN
Al(NH4)(SO4)2
Al(NH4)(SO4)2·12H2O
Al(NO3)3·6H2O
Al(NO3)3·9H2O
Al2O3
Al(OH)3
Al2O3·SiO2
Al2O3·SiO2
Al2O3·SiO2
3Al2O3·2SiO2
Al2S3
Al2(SO4)3
Al2(SO4)3·6H2O
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
Antimony
Sb
SbBr3
SbCl3
SbCl5
SbF3
SbI3
Sb2O3
Sb2O4
Sb2O5
Sb2S3
Arsenic
As
AsBr3
AsCl3
AsF3
AsH3
AsI3
As2O3
As2O5
As2S3
Barium
Ba
BaBr2
BaCl2
Ba(ClO3)2
Ba(ClO4)2
Ba(CN)2
Ba(CNO)2
BaCN2
BaCO3
BaCrO4
State†
c
c
aq
c
c
aq, 600
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
c, corundum
c
c, sillimanite
c, disthene
c, andalusite
c, mullite
c
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
l
c
c
c, I, orthorhombic
c, II, octahedral
c
c
c, black
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
0.00
−123.4
−209.5
−30.8
−163.8
−243.9
−329
−360.8
−72.8
−163.4
−57.7
−561.19
−1419.36
−680.89
−897.59
−399.09
−304.8
−648.7
−642.4
−642.0
−1874
−121.6
−820.99
−893.9
−1268.15
−2120
0.00
−59.9
−91.3
−104.8
−216.6
−22.8
−165.4
−166.6
−213.0
−230.0
−38.2
c
c
l
l
g
c
c
c
c
amorphous
0.00
−45.9
−80.2
−223.76
43.6
−13.6
−154.1
−217.9
−20
−34.76
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 300
c
aq, 1600
c
aq, 800
c
c
aq
c
c, witherite
c
0.00
−180.38
−185.67
−205.25
−207.92
−176.6
−170.0
−210.2
*For footnotes see end of table.
−48
−212.1
−63.6
−284.2
−342.2
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
0.00
−189.2
−29.0
−209.5
−312.6
−152.5
−50.4
−486.17
−1179.26
−526.32
−376.87
−272.9
−739.53
−759.3
−1103.39
Compound
Barium (Cont.)
BaF2
BaH2
Ba(HCO3)2
BaI2
Ba(IO3)2
BaMoO4
Ba3N2
Ba(NO2)2
Ba(NO3)2
BaO
Ba(OH)2
BaO·SiO2
Ba3(PO4)2
BaPtCl6
BaS
BaSO3
BaSO4
BaWO4
Beryllium
Be
BeBr2
0.00
−77.8
BeCl2
BeI2
−146.0
−186.6
−196.1
−36.9
0.00
−70.5
−212.27
37.7
−134.8
−183.9
−20
0.00
−183.0
−196.5
−134.4
−155.3
−180.7
−271.4
Be3N2
BeO
Be(OH)2
BeS
BeSO4
Bismuth
Bi
BiCl3
BiI3
BiO
Bi2O3
Bi(OH)3
Bi2S3
Bi2(SO4)3
Boron
B
BBr3
BCl3
BF3
B2H6
BN
B2O3
B(OH)3
B2S3
Bromine
Br2
BrCl
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
c
aq, 1600
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
aq
c
c
c
aq
c
aq, 600
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
−287.9
−284.6
−40.8
−459
−144.6
−155.17
−264.5
−237.50
−370
−90.7
−184.5
−179.05
−236.99
−227.74
−133.0
−225.9
−237.76
−363
−992
−284.9
−111.2
−282.5
−340.2
−402
c
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
aq
0.00
−79.4
−142
−112.6
−163.9
−39.4
−112
−134.5
−145.3
−215.6
−56.1
−281
c
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
0.00
−90.5
−101.6
−24
−27
−49.5
−137.1
−171.1
−43.9
−607.1
c
l
g
g
g
g
c
c
gls
c
c
0.00
−52.7
−44.6
−94.5
−265.2
7.5
−32.1
−302.0
−297.6
−260.0
−56.6
l
g
g
0.00
7.47
3.06
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
−265.3
−31.5
−414.4
−158.52
−198.35
−150.75
−189.94
−209.02
−313.4
0.00
−127.9
−141.4
−103.4
−122.4
−138.3
−254.8
0.00
−76.4
−43.2
−117.9
−39.1
0.00
−50.9
−90.8
−261.0
19.9
−27.2
−282.9
−280.3
−229.4
0.00
0.931
−0.63
2-188
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-220
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound
Cadmium
Cd
CdBr2
CdCl2
Cd(CN)2
CdCO3
CdI2
Cd3N2
Cd(NO3)2
CdO
Cd(OH)2
CdS
CdSO4
Calcium
Ca
CaBr2
CaC2
CaCl2
CaCN2
Ca(CN)2
CaCO3
CaCO3·MgCO3
CaC2O4
Ca(C2H3O2)2
CaF2
CaH2
CaI2
Ca3N2
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2·2H2O
Ca(NO3)2·3H2O
Ca(NO3)2·4H2O
CaO
Ca(OH)2
CaO·SiO2
CaS
CaSO4
CaSO4·aH2O
CaSO4·2H2O
CaWO4
Carbon
C
CO
CO2
Cerium
Ce
CeN
Cesium
Cs
CsBr
CsCl
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
c
aq, 400
0.00
−75.8
−76.6
−92.149
−96.44
36.2
−178.2
−48.40
−47.46
39.8
−115.67
−62.35
−135.0
−34.5
−222.23
−232.635
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq
c
c
aq
c, calcite
c, aragonite
c
c
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
c
c
aq, 800
c, II, wollastonite
c, I, pseudowollastonite
c
c, insoluble form
c, soluble form α
c, soluble form β
c
c
c
0.00
−162.20
−187.19
−14.8
−190.6
−209.15
−85
−43.3
−289.5
−289.54
−558.8
−332.2
−356.3
−364.1
−290.2
−286.5
−46
−128.49
−156.63
−103.2
−224.05
−228.29
−367.95
−439.05
−509.43
−151.7
−235.58
−239.2
−377.9
−376.6
−114.3
−338.73
−336.58
−335.52
−376.13
−479.33
−387
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
0.00
−70.7
−67.6
−81.889
−81.2
−163.2
−43.22
−71.05
−55.28
−113.7
−33.6
−194.65
0.00
−181.86
−16.0
−179.8
−195.36
−54.0
−270.8
−270.57
−311.3
−264.1
−35.7
−157.37
−88.2
−177.38
−293.57
−351.58
−409.32
−144.3
−213.9
−207.9
−357.5
−356.6
−113.1
−311.9
−309.8
−308.8
−425.47
c, graphite
c, diamond
g
g
0.00
0.453
−26.416
−94.052
0.00
0.685
−32.808
−94.260
c
c
0.00
−78.2
0.00
−70.8
0.00
−97.64
−91.39
−106.31
−102.01
0.00
c
c
aq, 500
c
aq, 400
−94.86
−101.61
Compound
Cesium (Cont.)
Cs2CO3
CsF
CsH
CsHCO3
CsI
CsNH2
CsNO3
Cs2O
CsOH
Cs2S
Cs2SO4
Chlorine
Cl2
ClF
ClO
ClO2
ClO3
Cl2O
Cl2O7
Chromium
Cr
CrBr3
Cr3C2
Cr4C
CrCl2
CrF2
CrF3
CrI2
CrO3
Cr2O3
Cr2(SO4)3
Cobalt
Co
CoBr2
Co3C
CoCl2
CoCO3
CoF2
CoI2
Co(NO3)2
CoO
Co3O4
Co(OH)2
Co(OH)3
CoS
Co2S3
CoSO4
Columbium
Cb
Cb2O5
Copper
Cu
CuBr
CuBr2
CuCl
CuCl2
State†
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq, 2000
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq, 200
c
c
aq
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
c
aq
c
c
c
aq
c
c
c
aq
c
c
aq
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
−271.88
−131.67
−140.48
−12
−230.6
−226.6
−83.91
−75.74
−28.2
−121.14
−111.54
−82.1
−100.2
−117.0
−87
−344.86
−340.12
0.00
−25.7
33
24.7
37
18.20
63
0.00
−21.008
−16.378
−103.1
−152
−231
−63.7
−139.3
−268.8
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
−135.98
−7.30
−210.56
−82.61
−96.53
−107.87
−316.66
0.00
29.5
22.40
0.00
−122.7
−21.20
−16.74
−93.8
−102.1
−64.1
−249.3
−626.3
c
c
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
aq, 400
0.00
−55.0
−73.61
9.49
−76.9
−95.58
−172.39
−172.98
−24.2
−43.15
−102.8
−114.9
−57.5
−196.5
−131.5
−177.0
−22.3
−40.0
−216.6
c
c
0.00
−462.96
0.00
0.00
−26.7
−34.0
−42.4
−31.4
−48.83
−64.7
0.00
−23.8
c
c
c
aq
c
c
aq, 400
0.00
−61.96
7.08
−66.6
−75.46
−155.36
−144.2
−37.4
−65.3
−108.9
−142.0
−19.8
−188.9
−33.25
−24.13
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
TABLE 2-220
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound
Copper (Cont.)
CuClO4
Cu(ClO3)2
Cu(ClO4)2
CuI
CuI2
Cu3N
Cu(NO3)2
CuO
Cu2O
Cu(OH)2
CuS
Cu2S
CuSO4
Cu2SO4
Erbium
Er
Er(OH)3
Fluorine
F2
F2O
Gallium
Ga
GaBr3
GaCl3
GaN
Ga2O
Ga2O3
Germanium
Ge
Ge3N4
GeO2
Gold
Au
AuBr
AuBr3
AuCl
AuCl3
AuI
Au2O3
Au(OH)3
Hafnium
Hf
HfO2
Hydrogen
H3AsO3
H3AsO4
HBr
HBrO
HBrO3
HCl
HCN
HClO
HClO3
HClO4
HC2H3O2
H2C2O4
HCOOH
2-189
State†
aq
aq, 400
aq
c
c
aq
c
c
aq, 200
c
c
c
c
c
c
aq, 800
c
aq
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
−28.3
−17.8
−4.8
−11.9
17.78
−73.1
−83.6
−38.5
−43.00
−108.9
−11.6
−18.97
−184.7
−200.78
−179.6
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
1.34
15.4
−5.5
−16.66
−8.76
−36.6
−31.9
−38.13
−85.5
−11.69
−20.56
−158.3
−160.19
−152.0
Compound
Hydrogen (Cont.)
H2CO3
HF
HI
HIO
HIO3
HN3
HNO3
HNO3·H2O
HNO3·3H2O
H2O
H2O2
H3PO2
c
c
0.00
−326.8
0.00
g
g
0.00
5.5
0.00
9.7
H3PO3
H3PO4
H2S
c
c
c
c
c
c
0.00
−92.4
−125.4
−26.2
−84.3
−259.9
0.00
c
c
c
0.00
−15.7
−128.6
0.00
c
c
c
aq
c
c
aq
c
c
c
0.00
−3.4
−14.5
−11.0
−8.3
−28.3
−32.96
0.2
11.0
−100.6
0.00
c
c
0.00
−271.1
0.00
−258.2
aq
c
aq
g
aq, 400
aq
aq
g
aq, 400
g
aq, 100
aq, 400
aq
aq, 660
l
aq, 400
c
aq, 300
l
aq, 200
−175.6
−214.9
−214.8
−8.66
−28.80
−25.4
−11.51
−22.063
−39.85
31.1
24.2
−28.18
−23.4
−31.4
−116.2
−116.74
−196.7
−194.6
−97.8
−98.0
−153.04
H2S2
H2SO3
H2SO4
H2Se
H2SeO3
H2SeO4
24.47
H2SiO3
H4SiO4
H2Te
H2TeO3
4.21
−0.76
18.71
H2TeO4
Indium
In
InBr3
InCl3
−183.93
−12.72
−24.58
−19.90
5.00
−22.778
−31.330
27.94
26.55
−19.11
−0.25
−10.70
−93.56
−96.8
−165.64
−82.7
−85.1
InI3
InN
In2O3
Iodine
I2
IBr
ICl
ICl3
I2O5
Iridium
Ir
IrCl
IrCl2
IrCl3
IrF6
IrO2
Iron
Fe
FeBr2
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
aq
g
aq, 200
g
aq, 400
aq
c
aq
g
g
l
aq, 400
l
l
g
l
l
aq, 200
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq, 400
g
aq, 2000
l
aq, 200
l
aq, 400
g
aq
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
c
g
c
aq
aq
−167.19
−64.2
−75.75
6.27
−13.47
−38
−56.77
−54.8
70.3
−31.99
−41.35
−49.210
−112.91
−252.15
−57.7979
−68.3174
−45.16
−45.80
−145.5
−145.6
−232.2
−232.2
−306.2
−309.32
−4.77
−9.38
−3.6
−146.88
−193.69
−212.03
20.5
18.1
−126.5
−122.4
−130.23
−143.4
−267.8
−340.6
36.9
−145.0
−145.0
−165.6
c
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
0.00
−97.2
−112.9
−128.5
−145.6
−56.5
−67.2
−4.8
−222.47
c
g
g
g
c
c
0.00
14.88
10.05
4.20
−21.8
−42.5
0.00
4.63
1.24
−1.32
−6.05
c
c
c
c
l
c
0.00
−20.5
−40.6
−60.5
−130
−40.14
0.00
−16.9
−32.0
−46.5
c, α
c
aq, 540
0.00
−57.15
−78.7
−149.0
−64.7
0.365
−12.35
−23.33
−32.25
78.50
−17.57
−19.05
−78.36
−193.70
−54.6351
−56.6899
−28.23
−31.47
−120.0
−204.0
−270.0
−7.85
−128.54
17.0
18.4
−101.36
−247.9
33.1
−115.7
0.00
−97.2
−117.5
−60.5
0.00
−69.47
2-190
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-220
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound
Iron (Cont.)
FeBr3
Fe3C
Fe(CO)5
FeCO3
FeCl2
FeCl3
FeF2
FeI2
FeI3
Fe4N
Fe(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)3
FeO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
FeO·SiO2
Fe2P
FeSi
FeS
FeS2
FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3
FeTiO3
Lanthanum
La
LaCl3
La3H8
LaN
La2O3
LaS2
La2S3
La2(SO4)3
Lead
Pb
PbBr2
PbCO3
Pb(C2H3O2)2
PbC2O4
PbCl2
PbF2
PbI2
Pb(NO3)2
PbO
PbO2
Pb3O4
Pb(OH)2
PbS
PbSO4
Lithium
Li
LiBr
LiBrO3
Li2C2
LiCN
LiCNO
State†
aq
c
l
c, siderite
c
aq
c
aq, 2000
aq, 1200
c
aq
aq
c
aq
aq, 800
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c, pyrites
c, marcasite
c
aq, 400
aq, 400
c, ilmenite
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
−95.5
5.69
−187.6
−172.4
−81.9
−100.0
−96.4
−128.5
−177.2
−24.2
−47.7
−49.7
−2.55
−118.9
−156.5
−64.62
−198.5
−266.9
−135.9
−197.3
−273.5
−13
−19.0
−22.64
−38.62
−33.0
−221.3
−236.2
−653.3
−295.51
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
−76.26
4.24
−154.8
−72.6
−83.0
−96.5
−151.7
−45
−39.5
0.862
−72.8
−81.3
−59.38
−179.1
−242.3
−115.7
−166.3
Compound
Lithium (Cont.)
LiC2H3O2
Li2CO3
LiCl
LiClO3
LiClO4
LiF
LiH
LiHCO3
LiI
LiIO3
Li3N
LiNO3
Li2O
Li2O2
LiOH
−23.23
−35.93
−195.5
−196.4
−533.4
−277.06
c
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
aq
0.00
−253.1
−284.7
−160
−72.0
−539
−148.3
−351.4
−972
0.00
c
c
aq
c, cerussite
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq
c
c
c
aq, 400
c, red
c, yellow
c
c
c
c
c
0.00
−66.24
−56.4
−167.6
−232.6
−234.2
−205.3
−85.68
−82.5
−159.5
−41.77
−106.88
−99.46
−51.72
−50.86
−65.0
−172.4
−123.0
−22.38
−218.5
0.00
−62.06
−54.97
−150.0
c
c
aq, 400
aq
c
aq
aq
0.00
−83.75
−95.40
−77.9
−13.0
−31.4
−101.2
0.00
LiOH·H2O
Li2O·SiO2
Li2Se
Li2SO4
Li2SO4·H2O
Magnesium
Mg
Mg(AsO4)2
MgBr2
−64.6
−184.40
−75.04
−68.47
−148.1
−41.47
−58.3
−45.53
−43.88
−52.0
−142.2
−102.2
−21.98
−192.9
−95.28
−65.70
−31.35
−94.12
Mg(CN)2
MgCN2
Mg(C2H3O2)2
MgCO3
MgCl2
MgCl2·H2O
MgCl2·2H2O
MgCl2·4H2O
MgCl2·6H2O
MgF2
MgI2
MgMoO4
Mg3N2
Mg(NO3)2
Mg(NO3)2·2H2O
Mg(NO3)2·6H2O
MgO
MgO·SiO2
Mg(OH)2
MgS
MgSO4
MgTe
MgWO4
Manganese
Mn
MnBr2
Mn3C
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
aq
c
aq, 1900
c
aq, 278
aq
aq
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 2000
c
aq, 400
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
gls
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
−183.9
−289.7
−293.1
−97.63
−106.45
−87.5
−106.3
−145.57
−144.85
−22.9
−231.1
−65.07
−80.09
−121.3
−47.45
−115.350
−115.88
−142.3
−151.9
−159
−116.58
−121.47
−188.92
−374
−84.9
−95.5
−340.23
−347.02
−411.57
c
c
aq
c
aq, 400
aq
c
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
c
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
c
c, ppt.
c, brucite
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
c
0.00
−731.3
−749
−123.9
−167.33
−39.7
−61
−344.6
−261.7
−153.220
−189.76
−230.970
−305.810
−453.820
−597.240
−263.8
−86.8
−136.79
−329.9
−115.2
−188.770
−209.927
−336.625
−624.48
−143.84
−347.5
−221.90
−223.9
−84.2
−108
−304.94
−325.4
−25
−345.2
c, α
c
aq
c
0.00
−91
−106
1.1
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
−160.00
−269.8
−267.58
−102.03
−70.95
−81.4
−136.40
−210.98
−83.03
−102.95
−37.33
−96.95
−138.0
−106.44
−108.29
−105.64
−314.66
−375.07
0.00
−630.14
−156.94
−29.08
−286.38
−241.7
−143.77
−205.93
−267.20
−387.98
−505.45
−132.45
−100.8
−140.66
−160.28
−496.03
−136.17
−326.7
−200.17
−193.3
−277.7
−283.88
0.00
−97.8
1.26
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
TABLE 2-220
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound
Manganese (Cont.)
Mn(C2H3O2)2
MnCO3
MnC2O4
MnCl2
MnF2
MnI2
Mn5N2
Mn(NO3)2
Mn(NO3)2.6H2O
MnO
MnO2
Mn2O3
Mn3O4
MnO.SiO2
Mn(OH)2
Mn(OH)3
Mn3(PO4)2
MnSe
MnS
MnSO4
Mn2(SO4)3
Mercury
Hg
HgBr
HgBr2
Hg(C2H3O2)2
HgCl2
HgCl
Hg2Cl2
Hg(CN)2
HgC2O4
HgH
HgI2
HgI
Hg2I2
Hg(NO3)2
Hg2(NO3)2
HgO
Hg2O
HgS
HgSO4
Hg2SO4
Molybdenum
Mo
Mo2C
Mo2N
MoO2
MoO3
MoS2
MoS3
Nickel
Ni
NiBr2
Ni3C
Ni(C2H3O2)2
Ni(CN)2
NiCl2
2-191
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
c
aq
c
c
c
aq, 400
aq, 1200
c
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c, green
c
aq, 400
c
aq
−270.3
−282.7
−211
−240.9
−112.0
−128.9
−206.1
−49.8
−76.2
−57.77
−134.9
−148.0
−557.07
−92.04
−124.58
−229.5
−331.65
−301.3
−163.4
−221
−736
−26.3
−47.0
−254.18
−265.2
−635
−657
l
g
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
g
c
c
aq, 1110
c
g
c, red
g
c
aq
aq
c, red
c, yellow ppt.
c
c, black
c
c
0.00
23
−40.68
−38.4
−196.3
−192.5
−53.4
−50.3
19
−63.13
62.8
66.25
−159.3
57.1
−25.3
33
−28.88
−56.8
−58.5
−21.6
−20.8
−21.6
−10.7
−166.6
−177.34
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
0.00
4.36
−8.3
−130
−180.39
−56.27
−61.48
c
c
aq
c
aq
aq
c
0.00
−53.4
−72.6
9.2
−249.6
230.9
−75.0
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq, 200
c
c
c
c
c
aq, 200
−94.34
−157.5
−171.6
−22.4
−42.0
−101.5
−113.5
−58.4
−129.8
−163.2
−20.4
−216
−231.3
−74.19
g
g
g
aq, 200
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq
aq
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq, 500
aq
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
l
l
c
g
g
g
g
c
l
g
0.00
−27
−10.96
−19.27
−64.57
−60.27
−148.1
−148.58
−0.7
3.6
−17.8
−12.3
−223.4
−266.3
−260.6
−75.23
−71.20
−69.4
−63.2
−276.9
−271.3
−111.6
−110.2
−48.43
−44.97
−87.40
−80.89
−87.59
−55.21
−281.74
−279.33
12.06
−57.96
−232.2
19.55
21.600
7.96
2.23
−10.0
11.6
12.8
Compound
State†
Nickel (Cont.)
−227.2
−192.5
−102.2
−180.0
−73.3
−46.49
−101.1
−441.2
−86.77
−111.49
−209.9
−306.22
−282.1
−143.1
−190
−27.5
−48.0
−228.41
NiF2
NiI2
Ni(NO3)2
NiO
Ni(OH)2
Ni(OH)3
NiS
NiSO4
Nitrogen
N2
NF3
NH3
NH4Br
NH4C2H3O2
NH4CN
NH4CNS
0.00
18
−38.8
−9.74
−139.2
−42.2
−23.25
14
(NH4)2CO3
(NH4)2C2O4
NH4Cl
NH4ClO4
(NH4)2CrO4
NH4F
NH4I
NH4NO3
52.25
−24.0
23
−26.53
−13.09
−15.65
−13.94
−12.80
−8.80
−149.12
0.00
2.91
−118.0
−162.01
−54.19
−57.38
0.00
−60.7
8.88
−190.1
66.3
NH4OH
(NH4)2S
(NH4)2SO4
N2H4
N2H4·H2O
N2H4·H2SO4
N2O
NO
NO2
N2O4
N2O5
NOBr
NOCl
Osmium
Os
OsO4
Oxygen
O2
O3
Palladium
Pd
PdO
Phosphorus
P
P
−142.9
−36.2
−64.0
−51.7
−105.6
−187.6
0.00
−3.903
−43.54
−108.26
20.4
4.4
−164.1
−196.2
−48.59
−21.1
−209.3
−84.7
−31.3
−14.50
−215.06
−214.02
24.82
20.719
12.26
23.41
19.26
16.1
c
c
g
0.00
−93.6
−80.1
0.00
−70.9
−68.1
g
g
0.00
33.88
0.00
38.86
c
c
0.00
−20.40
0.00
c, white (“yellow”)
c, red (“violet”)
g
0.00
−4.22
150.35
0.00
−1.80
141.88
2-192
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-220
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound
Phosphorus (Cont.)
P2
P4
PBr3
PBr5
PCl3
PCl5
PH3
PI3
P2O5
POCl3
Platinum
Pt
PtBr4
PtCl2
PtCl4
PtI4
Pt(OH)2
PtS
PtS2
Potassium
K
K3AsO3
K3AsO4
KH2AsO4
KBr
KBrO3
KC2H3O2
KCl
KClO3
KClO4
KCN
KCNO
KCNS
K2CO3
K2C2O4
K2CrO4
K2Cr2O7
KF
K3Fe(CN)6
K4Fe(CN)6
KH
KHCO3
KI
KIO3
KIO4
KMnO4
K2MoO4
State†
g
g
l
c
g
l
g
g
c
c
g
c
c
aq
c
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
aq
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 1667
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 180
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
aq, 2000
c
aq, 500
c
aq, 400
aq
c
aq, 400
aq, 880
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
33.82
13.2
−45
−60.6
−70.0
−76.8
−91.0
2.21
−10.9
−360.0
−138.4
0.00
−40.6
−50.7
−34
−62.6
−82.3
−18
−87.5
−20.18
−26.64
0.00
−323.0
−390.3
−271.2
−94.06
−89.19
−81.58
−71.68
−173.80
−177.38
−104.348
−100.164
−93.5
−81.34
−103.8
−101.14
−28.1
−25.3
−99.6
−94.5
−47.0
−41.07
−274.01
−280.90
−319.9
−315.5
−333.4
−328.2
−488.5
−472.1
−134.50
−138.36
−48.4
−34.5
−131.8
−119.9
−10
−229.8
−224.85
−78.88
−73.95
−121.69
−115.18
−98.1
−192.9
−182.5
−364.2
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
24.60
5.89
−65.2
−63.3
−73.2
−1.45
−127.2
0.00
Compound
Potassium (Cont.)
KNH2
KNO2
KNO3
K2O
K2O·Al2O3·SiO2
K2O·Al2O3·SiO2
KOH
K3PO3
K3PO4
KH2PO4
K2PtCl4
K2PtCl6
−67.9
−18.55
−24.28
0.00
−355.7
−236.7
−90.8
−92.0
−60.30
−156.73
−97.76
−98.76
−69.30
−72.86
−28.08
−90.85
−44.08
K2Se
K2SeO4
K2S
K2SO3
K2SO4
K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3
K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·
24H2O
K2S2O6
Rhenium
Re
ReF6
Rhodium
Rh
RhO
Rh2O
Rh2O3
Rubidium
Rb
RbBr
−264.04
RbCN
Rb2CO3
−293.1
RbCl
−306.3
−440.9
−133.13
−5.3
−207.71
−77.37
−79.76
−101.87
−99.68
−169.1
−168.0
−342.9
RbF
RbHCO3
RbI
RbNH2
RbNO3
Rb2O
Rb2O2
RbOH
Ruthenium
Ru
RuS2
Selenium
Se
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
c, leucite
gls
c, adularia
c, microcline
gls
c
aq, 400
aq
aq
c
c
aq
c
aq, 9400
c
aq
aq
c
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
−28.25
−86.0
−118.08
−109.79
−86.2
−1379.6
−1368.2
−1784.5
−1784.5
−1747
−102.02
−114.96
−397.5
−478.7
−362.7
−254.7
−242.6
−299.5
−286.1
−74.4
−83.4
−267.1
−121.5
−110.75
−267.7
−269.7
−342.65
−336.48
−1178.38
c
c
−2895.44
−418.62
−2455.68
c
g
0.00
−274
0.00
c
c
c
c
0.00
−21.7
−22.7
−68.3
0.00
0.00
−95.82
−45.0
−90.54
−25.9
−273.22
−282.61
−105.06
−53.6
−101.06
−133.23
−139.31
−230.01
−225.59
−81.04
−31.2
−74.57
−27.74
−119.22
−110.52
−82.9
−107
−101.3
−115.8
0.00
c
c
g
aq, 500
aq
c
aq, 220
c
g
aq, ∞
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 2000
c
g
aq, 400
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
aq, 200
c
c
c, I, hexagonal
−75.9
−94.29
−93.68
−105.0
−443.3
−326.1
−226.5
−263.6
−99.10
−240.0
−111.44
−251.3
−314.62
−310.96
−1068.48
−52.50
−93.38
−263.78
−98.48
−57.9
−100.13
−134.5
−209.07
−40.5
−81.13
−95.05
−106.39
0.00
−46.99
0.00
−44.11
0.00
0.00
HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION
TABLE 2-220
Compound
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
SiF4
SiH4
SiI4
Si3N4
SiO2
Silver
Ag
AgBr
Ag2C2
AgC2H3O2
AgCN
Ag2CO3
Ag2C2O4
AgCl
AgF
AgI
AgIO3
AgNO2
AgNO3
Ag2O
Ag2S
Ag2SO4
Sodium
Na
Na3AsO3
Na3AsO4
NaBr
NaBrO
NaBrO3
NaC2H3O2
NaCN
NaCNO
NaCNS
Na2CO3
NaCO2NH2
Na2C2O4
NaCl
NaClO3
NaClO4
Compound
State†
Sodium (Cont.)
Selenium (Cont.)
Se2Cl2
SeF6
SeO2
Silicon
Si
SiBr4
SiC
SiCl4
2-193
c, II, red, monoclinic
l
g
c
0.2
−22.06
−246
−56.33
−13.73
−222
c
l
c
l
g
g
g
c
c
c, cristobalite,
1600° form
c, cristobalite,
1100° form
c, quartz
c, tridymite
0.00
−93.0
−28
−150.0
−142.5
−370
−14.8
−29.8
−179.25
−202.62
0.00
c
c
c
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
aq
c
aq, 6500
c
c
c
aq
0.00
−23.90
84.5
−95.9
−91.7
33.8
−119.5
−158.7
−30.11
−48.7
−53.1
−15.14
−42.02
−11.6
−2.9
−29.4
−24.02
−6.95
−5.5
−170.1
−165.8
c
aq, 500
c
aq, 500
c
aq, 400
aq
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 200
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 1000
c
c
aq, 600
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
0.00
−314.61
−366
−381.97
−86.72
−86.33
−78.9
−68.89
−170.45
−175.450
−22.47
−22.29
−96.3
−91.7
−39.94
−38.23
−269.46
−275.13
−142.17
−313.8
−309.92
−98.321
−97.324
−83.59
−78.42
−101.12
−27.4
−133.9
−133.0
−360
−9.4
−154.74
Na2Cr2O7
NaF
NaH
NaHCO3
NaI
NaIO3
Na2MoO4
NaNO2
NaNO3
−202.46
−203.35
−203.23
Na2CrO4
−190.4
0.00
−23.02
−70.86
38.70
−103.0
−25.98
−47.26
−16.17
−24.08
3.76
9.99
−7.66
−7.81
−2.23
−7.6
−146.8
−139.22
0.00
−341.17
−87.17
−57.59
−152.31
−23.24
−86.00
−39.24
−249.55
−251.36
−283.42
−91.894
−93.92
−62.84
Na2O
Na2O2
Na2O·SiO2
Na2O·Al2O3·3SiO2
Na2O·Al2O3·4SiO2
NaOH
Na3PO3
Na3PO4
Na2PtCl4
Na2PtCl6
Na2Se
Na2SeO4
Na2S
Na2SO3
Na2SO4
Na2SO4·10H2O
Na2WO4
Strontium
Sr
SrBr2
Sr(C2H3O2)2
Sr(CN)2
SrCO3
SrCl2
SrF2
Sr(HCO3)2
SrI2
Sr3N2
Sr(NO3)2
SrO
SrO·SiO2
SrO2
Sr2O
Sr(OH)2
Sr3(PO4)2
SrS
aq, 476
c
aq, 800
aq, 1200
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq
c
aq, ∞
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
c, natrolite
c
c
aq, 400
aq, 1000
c
aq, 400
aq
c
aq
c
aq, 440
c
aq, 800
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 800
c
aq, 1100
c
c
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq
aq
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq
c
aq, 400
c
c
aq, 400
c
gls
c
c
c
aq, 800
c
aq
c
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
−97.66
−319.8
−323.0
−465.9
−135.94
−135.711
−14
−226.0
−222.1
−69.28
−71.10
−112.300
−364
−358.7
−86.6
−83.1
−111.71
−106.880
−99.45
−119.2
−383.91
−1180
−1366
−101.96
−112.193
−389.1
−457
−471.9
−237.2
−272.1
−280.9
−59.1
−78.1
−254
−261.5
−89.8
−105.17
−261.2
−264.1
−330.50
−330.82
−1033.85
−391
−381.5
−73.29
0.00
−171.0
−187.24
−358.0
−364.4
−59.5
−290.9
−197.84
−209.20
−289.0
−459.1
−136.1
−156.70
−91.4
−233.2
−228.73
−140.8
−364
−153.3
−153.6
−228.7
−239.4
−980
−985
−113.1
−296.58
−431.18
−129.0
−128.29
−9.30
−202.66
−202.87
−74.92
−94.84
−333.18
−71.04
−87.62
−88.84
−90.06
−105.0
−361.49
−90.60
−100.18
−428.74
−216.78
−89.42
−230.30
−101.76
−240.14
−241.58
−302.38
−301.28
−870.52
−345.18
0.00
−182.36
−311.80
−54.50
−271.9
−195.86
−413.76
−157.87
−76.5
−185.70
−133.7
−139.0
−208.27
−881.54
2-194
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-220
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Continued )
Compound
State†
Strontium (Cont.)
SrSO4
SrWO4
Sulfur
S
S2
S6
S8
S2Br2
SCl4
S2Cl2
S2Cl4
SF6
SO
SO2
SO3
SO2Cl2
Tantalum
Ta
TaN
Ta2O5
Tellurium
Te
TeBr4
TeCl4
TeF6
TeO2
Thallium
Tl
TlBr
TlCl
TlCl3
TlF
TlI
TlNO3
Tl2O
Tl2O3
TlOH
Tl2S
Tl2SO4
Thorium
Th
ThBr4
ThC2
ThCl4
ThI4
Th3N4
ThO2
Th(OH)4
Th(SO4)2
aq
c
aq, 400
c
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
−120.4
−345.3
−345.0
−393
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
−109.78
−309.30
0.00
−0.071
0.257
0.00
0.023
0.072
0.071
43.57
19.36
13.97
12.770
53.25
31.02
27.78
27.090
−4
−13.7
−14.2
−24.1
−262
19.02
−70.94
−94.39
−103.03
−105.09
−105.92
−109.34
−82.04
−89.80
−237
12.75
−71.68
−88.59
−88.28
−88.22
−88.34
−88.98
−74.06
−75.06
c
c
c
0.00
−51.2
−486.0
0.00
−45.11
−453.7
c
c
c
g
c
0.00
−49.3
−77.4
−315
−77.56
0.00
c
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
aq
c
aq
c
aq
c
c
c
aq
c
c
aq, 800
0.00
−41.5
−28.0
−49.37
−38.4
−82.4
−91.0
−77.6
−31.1
−12.7
−58.2
−48.4
−43.18
−120
−57.44
−53.9
−22
−222.8
−214.1
c
c
aq
c
c
aq
aq
c
c
c, “soluble”
c
aq
0.00
−281.5
−352.0
−45.1
−335
−392
−292.0
−309.0
−291.6
−336.1
−632
−668.1
−5.90
−57.4
−292
−64.66
0.00
−39.43
−32.34
−44.46
−39.09
−44.25
−73.46
−31.3
−20.09
−36.32
−34.01
−45.54
−45.35
−197.79
−191.62
0.00
SnBr2
SnCl2
SnCl4
SnI2
SnO
SnO2
Sn(OH)2
Sn(OH)4
SnS
Titanium
Ti
TiC
TiCl4
TiN
TiO2
Tungsten
W
WO2
WO3
WS2
Uranium
U
UC2
UCl3
UCl4
U3N4
UO2
UO2(NO3)2·6H2O
UO3
U3O8
Vanadium
V
VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
VN
V2O2
V2O3
V2O4
V2O5
Zinc
Zn
ZnSb
ZnBr2
Zn(C2H3O2)2
Zn(CN)2
ZnCO3
ZnCl2
−295.31
ZnF2
ZnI2
−322.32
−246.33
−282.3
−280.1
Zn(NO3)2
ZnO
ZnO·SiO2
Zn(OH)2
ZnS
ZnSO4
−549.2
c, II, tetragonal
c, III, “gray,” cubic
c
aq
c
aq
c
aq
l
aq
c
aq
c
c
c
c
c
0.00
0.6
−61.4
−60.0
−94.8
−110.6
−83.6
−81.7
−127.3
−157.6
−38.9
−33.3
−67.7
−138.1
−136.2
−268.9
−18.61
−68.94
−110.4
−124.67
c
c
l
c
c, III, rutil
amorphous
0.00
−110
−181.4
−80.0
−225.0
−214.1
0.00
−109.2
−165.5
−73.17
−211.9
−201.4
c
c
c
c
0.00
−130.5
−195.7
−84
0.00
−118.3
−177.3
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
0.00
−29
−213
−251
−274
−256.6
−756.8
−291.6
−845.1
0.00
c
c
l
l
c
c
c
c
c
0.00
−147
−187
−165
−41.43
−195
−296
−342
−373
c
c
c
aq, 400
c
aq, 400
c
c
c
aq, 400
aq
c
aq
aq, 400
c, hexagonal
c
c, rhombic
c, wurtzite
c
aq, 400
0.00
−3.6
−77.0
−93.6
−259.4
−269.4
17.06
−192.9
−99.9
−115.44
−192.9
−50.50
−61.6
−134.9
−83.36
−282.6
−153.66
−45.3
−233.4
−252.12
Compound
Tin
Sn
SnBr4
c, rhombic
c, monoclinic
l, λ
l, λµ equilibrium
g
g
g
g
l
l
l
l
g
g
g
g
l
c, α
c, β
c, γ
g
l
State†
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
0.00
1.1
−55.43
−97.66
−30.95
−60.75
−123.6
−115.95
−226.00
−249.6
−242.2
−617.8
0.00
−35.08
−277
−316
−342
0.00
−3.88
−72.9
−214.4
−173.5
−88.8
−166.6
−49.93
−87.7
−76.19
−44.2
−211.28
HEATS OF COMBUSTION
TABLE 2-220
2-195
Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds (Concluded )
Compound
State†
Zirconium
Zr
ZrC
ZrCl4
ZrN
c
c
c
c
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
0.00
−29.8
−268.9
−82.5
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
0.00
−34.6
−75.9
Compound
Zirconium (Cont.)
ZrO2
Zr(OH)4
ZrO(OH)2
Heat of
formation‡§
∆H (formation) at
25°C,
kcal/mole
State†
c, monoclinic
c
c
−258.5
−411.0
−337
Free energy
of formation¶ ∆F
(formation)
at 25°C,
kcal/mole
−244.6
−307.6
† The physical state is indicated as follows: c, crystal (solid); l, liquid; g, gas; gls, glass or solid supercooled liquid; aq, in aqueous solution. A number following the
symbol aq applies only to the values of the heats of formation (not to those of free energies of formation); and indicates the number of moles of water per mole of
solute; when no number is given, the solution is understood to be dilute. For the free energy of formation of a substance in aqueous solution, the concentration is
always that of the hypothetical solution of unit molality.
‡ The increment in heat content, ∆H, in the reaction of forming the given substance from its elements in their standard states. When ∆H is negative, heat is evolved
in the process, and, when positive, heat is absorbed.
§ The heat of solution in water of a given solid, liquid, or gaseous compound is given by the difference in the value for the heat of formation of the given compound
in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state and its heat of formation in aqueous solution. The following two examples serve as an illustration of the procedure: (1) For NaCl(c)
and NaCl(aq, 400H2O), the values of ∆H(formation) are, respectively, −98.321 and −97.324 kg-cal per mole. Subtraction of the first value from the second gives
∆H = 0.998 kg-cal per mole for the reaction of dissolving crystalline sodium chloride in 400 moles of water. When this process occurs at a constant pressure of 1 atm,
0.998 kg-cal of energy are absorbed. (2) For HCl(g) and HCl(aq, 400H2O), the values for ∆H(formation) are, respectively, −22.06 and −39.85 kg-cal per mole. Subtraction of the first from the second gives ∆H = −17.79 kg-cal per mole for the reaction of dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in 400 moles of water. At a constant
pressure of 1 atm, 17.79 kg-cal of energy are evolved in this process.
The increment in the free energy, ∆F, in the reaction of forming the given substance in its standard state from its elements in their standard states. The standard
states are: for a gas, fugacity (approximately equal to the pressure) of 1 atm; for a pure liquid or solid, the substance at a pressure of 1 atm; for a substance in aqueous
solution, the hypothetical solution of unit molality, which has all the properties of the infinitely dilute solution except the property of concentration.
¶ The free energy of solution of a given substance from its normal standard state as a solid, liquid, or gas to the hypothetical one molal state in aqueous solution may
be calculated in a manner similar to that described in footnote § for calculating the heat of solution.
HEATS OF COMBUSTION
TABLE 2-221 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds at 298.15 K
Mol wt
Ideal gas enthalpy
of formation,
J/kmol × 1E-07
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
74828
74840
74986
106978
109660
110543
142825
111659
111842
16.043
30.070
44.097
58.123
72.150
86.177
100.204
114.231
128.258
−7.4520
−8.3820
−10.4680
−12.5790
−14.6760
−16.6940
−18.7650
−20.8750
−22.8740
−5.0490
−3.1920
−2.4390
−1.6700
−0.8813
−0.0066
0.8165
1.6000
2.4980
1.8627
2.2912
2.7020
3.0991
3.4945
3.8874
4.2798
4.6723
5.0640
−0.8026
−1.4286
−2.0431
−2.6573
−3.2449
−3.8551
−4.4647
−5.0742
−5.6846
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
n-Decane
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
C10H22
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
124185
1120214
112403
629505
629594
629629
544763
629787
593453
629925
142.285
156.312
170.338
184.365
198.392
212.419
226.446
240.473
254.500
268.527
−24.9460
−27.0430
−29.0720
−31.1770
−33.2440
−35.3110
−37.4170
−39.4450
−41.5120
−43.5790
3.3180
4.1160
4.9810
5.7710
6.5990
7.4260
8.2160
9.0830
9.9100
10.7400
5.4570
5.8493
6.2415
6.6337
7.0259
7.4181
7.8102
8.2023
8.5945
8.9866
−6.2942
−6.9036
−7.5137
−8.1229
−8.7328
−9.3424
−9.9515
−10.5618
−11.1715
−11.7812
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
n-Eicosane
2-Methylpropane
2-Methylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Ethylene
Propylene
C20H42
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
C2H4
C3H6
112958
75285
78784
79298
107835
565593
560214
540841
74851
115071
282.553
58.123
72.150
86.177
86.177
100.204
114.231
114.231
28.054
42.081
−45.6460
−13.4180
−15.3700
−17.6800
−17.4550
−19.4100
−21.8450
−22.4010
5.2510
1.9710
11.5700
−2.0760
−1.4050
−0.3125
−0.5338
0.5717
1.8280
1.3940
6.8440
6.2150
9.3787
2.9539
3.4374
3.6592
3.8089
4.1455
4.2702
4.2296
2.1920
2.6660
−12.3908
−2.6490
−3.2395
−3.8476
−3.8492
−4.4608
−5.0688
−5.0653
−1.3230
−1.9257
Cmpd.
no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Ideal gas Gibbs energy
Ideal gas
Standard net enthalpy
of formation,
entropy,
of combustion,
J/kmol × 1E-07
J/(kmol·K) × 1E-05
J/kmol × 1E-09
2-196
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-221 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds (Continued )
Cmpd.
no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol wt
Ideal gas enthalpy
of formation,
J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas Gibbs energy
Ideal gas
Standard net enthalpy
of formation,
entropy,
of combustion,
J/kmol × 1E-07
J/(kmol·K) × 1E-05
J/kmol × 1E-09
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
1-Octene
1-Nonene
1-Decene
2-Methylpropene
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
C4H8
106989
590181
624646
109671
592416
592767
111660
124118
872059
115117
56.108
56.108
56.108
70.134
84.161
98.188
112.215
126.242
140.269
56.108
−0.0540
−0.7400
−1.1000
−2.1300
−4.2000
−6.2800
−8.3600
−10.4000
−12.4700
−1.7100
7.0270
6.5360
6.3160
7.8450
8.7390
9.4830
10.3000
11.1500
11.9800
5.8080
3.0775
3.0120
2.9650
3.4699
3.8389
4.2549
4.6469
5.0399
5.4319
2.9309
−2.5408
−2.5339
−2.5303
−3.1296
−3.7394
−4.3489
−4.9606
−5.5684
−6.1781
−2.5242
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
2-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
Acetylene
Methylacetylene
Dimethylacetylene
3-Methyl-1-butyne
1-Pentyne
C5H10
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C5H8
563462
513359
590192
106990
78795
74862
74997
503173
598232
627190
70.134
70.134
54.092
54.092
68.119
26.038
40.065
54.092
68.119
68.119
−3.5300
−4.1800
16.2300
10.9240
7.5730
22.8200
18.4900
14.5700
13.8000
14.4400
6.6680
6.0450
19.8600
14.9720
14.5896
21.0680
19.3840
18.4900
20.7200
21.0300
3.3950
3.3860
2.9300
2.7889
3.1564
2.0081
2.4836
2.8330
3.1890
3.2980
−3.1159
−3.1088
−2.4617
−2.4090
−2.9842
−1.2570
−1.8487
−2.4189
−3.0460
−3.0510
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
2-Pentyne
1-Hexyne
2-Hexyne
3-Hexyne
1-Heptyne
1-Octyne
Vinylacetylene
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C4H4
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
627214
693027
764352
928494
628717
629050
689974
287923
96377
1640897
68.119
82.145
82.145
82.145
96.172
110.199
52.076
70.134
84.161
98.188
12.5100
12.3700
10.5000
10.6000
10.3000
8.2300
30.4600
−7.7030
−10.6200
−12.6900
19.0700
21.8500
19.9000
19.9000
22.7000
23.5000
30.6000
3.8850
3.6300
4.4800
3.3084
3.6940
3.7200
3.7600
4.0850
4.4780
2.7940
2.9290
3.3990
3.7830
−3.0291
−3.6610
−3.6400
−3.6400
−4.2717
−4.8815
−2.3620
−3.0709
−3.6741
−4.2839
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Cyclopentene
1-Methylcyclopentene
Cyclohexene
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C8H16
C5H8
C6H10
C6H10
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
110827
108872
590669
1678917
142290
693890
110838
71432
108883
95476
84.161
98.188
112.215
112.215
68.119
82.145
82.145
78.114
92.141
106.167
−12.3300
−15.4800
−18.1000
−17.1500
3.3100
−0.3800
−0.4600
8.2880
5.0170
1.9080
3.1910
2.7330
3.5229
3.9550
11.0500
10.3800
10.7700
12.9600
12.2200
12.2000
2.9728
3.4330
3.6501
3.8260
2.9127
3.2640
3.1052
2.6930
3.2099
3.5383
−3.6560
−4.2571
−4.8639
−4.8705
−2.9393
−3.5340
−3.5320
−3.1360
−3.7340
−4.3330
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Propylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Isopropyltoluene
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C9H12
C10H14
C10H8
C12H10
108383
106423
100414
103651
95636
98828
108678
99876
91203
92524
106.167
106.167
106.167
120.194
120.194
120.194
120.194
134.221
128.174
154.211
1.7320
1.8030
2.9920
0.7910
−1.3800
0.4000
−1.5900
−2.9000
15.0580
18.2420
11.8760
12.1400
13.0730
13.8090
11.7100
13.7900
11.8100
13.3520
22.4080
28.0230
3.5854
3.5223
3.6063
3.9843
3.9610
3.8600
3.8560
4.2630
3.3315
3.9367
−4.3318
−4.3330
−4.3450
−4.9542
−4.9307
−4.9510
−4.9291
−5.5498
−4.9809
−6.0317
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
Styrene
m-Terphenyl
Methanol
Ethanol
1-Propanol
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
2-Propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
1-Pentanol
C8H8
C18H14
CH4O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C5H12O
100425
92068
67561
64175
71238
71363
78922
67630
75650
71410
104.152
230.309
32.042
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
60.096
74.123
88.150
14.7400
27.6600
−20.0940
−23.4950
−25.5200
−27.4600
−29.2900
−27.2700
−31.2400
−29.8737
21.3900
42.3000
−16.2320
−16.7850
−15.9900
−15.0300
−16.9600
−17.3470
−17.7600
−14.6022
3.4510
5.2630
2.3988
2.8064
3.2247
3.6148
3.6469
3.0920
3.2630
4.0250
−4.2190
−9.0530
−0.6382
−1.2350
−1.8438
−2.4560
−2.4408
−1.8300
−2.4239
−3.0605
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
2-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1-butanol
1-Hexanol
1-Heptanol
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Propylene glycol
C5H12O
C5H12O
C6H14O
C7H16O
C6H12O
C2H6O2
C3H8O2
137326
123513
111273
111706
108930
107211
57556
88.150
88.150
102.177
116.203
100.161
62.068
76.095
−30.2085
−30.2100
−31.6500
−33.6400
−28.6200
−38.7500
−42.1500
−14.6709
−14.5000
−13.4400
−12.5300
−10.9500
−30.2600
−30.4000
3.9351
3.8770
4.4010
4.7919
3.2770
3.2350
3.5200
−3.0620
−3.0623
−3.6766
−4.2860
−3.4639
−1.0590
−1.6476
HEATS OF COMBUSTION
2-197
TABLE 2-221 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds (Continued )
Cmpd.
no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol wt
Ideal gas enthalpy
of formation,
J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas Gibbs energy
Ideal gas
Standard net enthalpy
of formation,
entropy,
of combustion,
J/kmol × 1E-07
J/(kmol·K) × 1E-05
J/kmol × 1E-09
97
98
99
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
C6H6O
C7H8O
C7H8O
108952
95487
108394
94.113
108.140
108.140
−9.6399
−12.8570
−13.2300
−3.2637
−3.5430
−4.0190
3.1481
3.5259
3.5604
−2.9210
−3.5280
−3.5278
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
p-Cresol
Dimethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ether
Methyl n-propyl ether
Methyl isopropyl ether
Methyl n-butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ether
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Diethyl ether
Ethyl propyl ether
C7H8O
C2H6O
C3H8O
C4H10O
C4H10O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C5H12O
C4H10O
C5H12O
106445
115106
540670
557175
598538
628284
625445
1634044
60297
628320
108.140
46.069
60.096
74.123
74.123
88.150
88.150
88.150
74.123
88.150
−12.5350
−18.4100
−21.6400
−23.8200
−25.2000
−25.8100
−26.6000
−28.3500
−25.2100
−27.2200
−3.1660
−11.2800
−11.7100
−11.1000
−12.1800
−10.1700
−10.7000
−11.7500
−12.2100
−11.5200
3.5075
2.6670
3.0881
3.5200
3.4160
3.9010
3.8100
3.5780
3.4230
3.8810
−3.5226
−1.3284
−1.9314
−2.5174
−2.5311
−3.1282
−3.1220
−3.1049
−2.5035
−3.1200
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Ethyl isopropyl ether
Methyl phenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1-Propanal
1-Butanal
1-Pentanal
1-Hexanal
1-Heptanal
C5H12O
C7H8O
C12H10O
CH2O
C2H4O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
625547
100663
101848
50000
75070
123386
123728
110623
66251
111717
88.150
108.140
170.211
30.026
44.053
58.080
72.107
86.134
100.161
114.188
−28.5800
−6.7900
5.2000
−10.8600
−16.6200
−18.6300
−20.7000
−22.7800
−24.8600
−26.9400
−12.6400
2.2700
17.5000
−10.2600
−13.3100
−12.4600
−11.6300
−10.7100
−10.0050
−9.1910
3.8000
3.6100
4.1300
2.1866
2.6420
3.0440
3.4365
3.8289
4.2214
4.6138
−3.1030
−3.6072
−5.8939
−0.5268
−1.1045
−1.6857
−2.3035
−2.9100
−3.5200
−4.1360
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
1-Octanal
1-Nonanal
1-Decanal
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Pentanone
Methyl isopropyl ketone
2-Hexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
3-Methyl-2-pentanone
C8H16O
C9H18O
C10H20O
C3H6O
C4H8O
C5H10O
C5H10O
C6H12O
C6H12O
C6H12O
124130
124196
112312
67641
78933
107879
563804
591786
108101
565617
128.214
142.241
156.268
58.080
72.107
86.134
86.134
100.161
100.161
100.161
−29.0200
−31.0900
−33.1700
−21.5700
−23.9000
−25.9200
−26.2400
−27.9826
−28.8000
−28.1000
−8.3770
−7.5530
−6.7390
−15.1300
−14.7000
−13.8300
−13.9000
−13.0081
−13.5000
−12.9000
5.0063
5.3988
5.7912
2.9540
3.3940
3.7860
3.6990
4.1786
4.0700
4.1200
−4.7400
−5.3500
−5.9590
−1.6590
−2.2680
−2.8796
−2.8770
−3.4900
−3.4900
−3.4900
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
3-Pentanone
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
Diisopropyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl phenyl ketone
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
n-Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
C5H10O
C6H12O
C7H14O
C6H10O
C8H8O
CH2O2
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
96220
565695
565800
108941
98862
64186
64197
79094
107926
79312
86.134
100.161
114.188
98.145
120.151
46.026
60.053
74.079
88.106
88.106
−25.7900
−28.6100
−31.1400
−22.6100
−8.6700
−37.8600
−43.2800
−45.3500
−47.5800
−48.4100
−13.4400
−13.3000
−13.2000
−8.6620
−0.1364
−35.1000
−37.4600
−36.6700
−36.0000
−36.2100
3.7000
4.0690
4.5700
3.2200
3.8450
2.4870
2.8250
3.2300
3.6200
3.4120
−2.8804
−3.4860
−4.0950
−3.2990
−3.9730
−0.2115
−0.8146
−1.3950
−2.0077
−2.0004
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
Benzoic acid
Acetic anhydride
Methyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl propionate
Methyl n-butyrate
Ethyl formate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl propionate
Ethyl n-butyrate
C7H6O2
C4H6O3
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C3H6O2
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
65850
108247
107313
79209
554121
623427
109944
141786
105373
105544
122.123
102.090
60.053
74.079
88.106
102.133
74.079
88.106
102.133
116.160
−29.4100
−57.2500
−35.2400
−41.1900
−42.7500
−45.0700
−38.8300
−44.4500
−46.3600
−48.5500
−21.4200
−47.3400
−29.5000
−32.4200
−31.1000
−30.5300
−30.3100
−32.8000
−31.9300
−31.2200
3.6900
3.8990
2.8520
3.1980
3.5960
3.9880
3.2820
3.5970
4.0250
4.4170
−3.0951
−1.6750
−0.8924
−1.4610
−2.0780
−2.6860
−1.5070
−2.0610
−2.6740
−3.2840
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
n-Propyl formate
n-Propyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl benzoate
Vinyl acetate
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Ethylamine
C4H8O2
C5H10O2
C6H12O2
C8H8O2
C9H10O2
C4H6O2
CH5N
C2H7N
C3H9N
C2H7N
110747
109604
123864
93583
93890
108054
74895
124403
75503
75047
88.106
102.133
116.160
136.150
150.177
86.090
31.057
45.084
59.111
45.084
−40.7600
−46.4800
−48.5600
−28.7900
−32.6000
−31.4900
−2.2970
−1.8450
−2.4310
−4.7150
−29.3600
−32.0400
−31.2600
−18.1000
−19.0500
−22.7900
3.2070
6.8390
9.8990
3.6160
3.6780
4.0230
4.4250
4.1400
4.5500
3.2800
2.4330
2.7296
2.8700
2.8480
−2.0410
−2.6720
−3.2800
−3.7720
−4.4100
−1.9500
−0.9751
−1.6146
−2.2449
−1.5874
160
161
162
Diethylamine
Triethylamine
n-Propylamine
C4H11N
C6H15N
C3H9N
109897
121448
107108
73.138
101.192
59.111
−7.1420
−9.5800
−7.0500
7.3080
11.4100
4.1700
3.5220
4.0540
3.2420
−2.8003
−4.0405
−2.1650
2-198
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-221 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds (Continued )
Cmpd.
no.
Name
Formula
CAS no.
Mol wt
Ideal gas enthalpy
of formation,
J/kmol × 1E-07
Ideal gas Gibbs energy
Ideal gas
Standard net enthalpy
of formation,
entropy,
of combustion,
J/kmol × 1E-07
J/(kmol·K) × 1E-05
J/kmol × 1E-09
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
di-n-Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Diisopropylamine
Aniline
N-Methylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Ethylene oxide
C6H15N
C3H9N
C6H15N
C6H7N
C7H9N
C8H11N
C2H4O
142847
75310
108189
62533
100618
121697
75218
101.192
59.111
101.192
93.128
107.155
121.182
44.053
−11.6000
−8.3800
−15.0000
8.7100
8.8000
10.0500
−5.2630
8.6800
3.1920
5.7900
16.6800
20.2000
24.7728
−1.3230
4.2900
3.1240
4.1200
3.1980
3.4100
3.6600
2.4299
−4.0189
−2.1566
−3.9900
−3.2390
−3.9000
−4.5250
−1.2180
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
Furan
Thiophene
Pyridine
Formamide
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Acetamide
N-Methylacetamide
Acetonitrile
Propionitrile
n-Butyronitrile
C4H4O
C4H4S
C5H5N
CH3NO
C3H7NO
C2H5NO
C3H7NO
C2H3N
C3H5N
C4H7N
110009
110021
110861
75127
68122
60355
79163
75058
107120
109740
68.075
84.142
79.101
45.041
73.095
59.068
73.095
41.053
55.079
69.106
−3.4800
11.5440
14.0370
−19.2200
−19.1700
−23.8300
−24.0000
7.4040
5.1800
3.4058
0.0823
12.6620
19.0490
−14.7100
−8.8400
−15.9600
−13.5000
9.1868
9.7495
10.8658
2.6714
2.7865
2.8278
2.4857
3.2600
2.7220
3.2000
2.4329
2.8614
3.2543
−1.9959
−2.4352
−2.6721
−0.5021
−1.7887
−1.0741
−1.7100
−1.1904
−1.8007
−2.4148
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Benzonitrile
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
n-Propyl mercaptan
n-Butyl mercaptan
Isobutyl mercaptan
sec-Butyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Methyl ethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
C7H5N
CH4S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C4H10S
C2H6S
C3H8S
C4H10S
100470
74931
75081
107039
109795
513440
513531
75183
624895
352932
103.123
48.109
62.136
76.163
90.189
90.189
90.189
62.136
76.163
90.189
21.8823
−2.2900
−4.6300
−6.7500
−8.7800
−9.6900
−9.6600
−3.7240
−5.9600
−8.3470
26.0872
−0.9800
−0.4814
0.2583
1.1390
0.5982
0.5120
0.7302
1.1470
1.7780
3.2104
2.5500
2.9610
3.3650
3.7520
3.6280
3.6670
2.8585
3.3320
3.6800
−3.5224
−1.1517
−1.7366
−2.3458
−2.9554
−2.9490
−2.9490
−1.7449
−2.3531
−2.9607
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
Fluoromethane
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Bromomethane
Fluoroethane
Chloroethane
Bromoethane
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
CH3F
CH3Cl
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3Br
C2H5F
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
C3H7Cl
C3H7Cl
593533
74873
67663
56235
74839
353366
75003
74964
540545
75296
34.033
50.488
119.377
153.822
94.939
48.060
64.514
108.966
78.541
78.541
−23.4300
−8.1960
−10.2900
−9.5810
−3.7700
−26.4400
−11.2260
−6.3600
−13.3180
−14.4770
−21.0400
−5.8440
−7.0100
−5.3540
−2.8190
−21.2300
−6.0499
−2.5820
−5.2610
−6.1360
2.2273
2.3418
2.9560
3.0991
2.4580
2.6440
2.7578
2.8730
3.1547
3.0594
−0.5219
−0.6754
−0.3800
−0.2653
−0.7054
−1.1270
−1.2849
−1.2850
−1.8670
−1.8630
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
1,1-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Vinyl chloride
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
Air
Hydrogen
Helium-4
Neon
C3H6Cl2
C3H6Cl2
C2H3Cl
C6H5F
C6H5Cl
C6H5Br
H2
He
Ne
78999
78875
75014
462066
108907
108861
132259100
1333740
7440597
7440019
112.986
112.986
62.499
96.104
112.558
157.010
28.951
2.016
4.003
20.180
−15.0800
−16.2800
2.8450
−11.6566
5.1090
10.5018
0
0
0
0
−6.5200
−8.0180
4.1950
−6.9036
9.8290
13.8532
0
0
0
0
3.4480
3.5480
2.7354
3.0263
3.1403
3.2439
1.9900
1.3057
1.2604
1.4622
−1.7200
−1.7070
−1.1780
−2.8145
−2.9760
−3.0192
0
−0.2418
0
0
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
Argon
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Hydrazine
Nitrous oxide
Nitric oxide
Ar
F2
Cl2
Br2
O2
N2
NH3
N2H4
N2O
NO
7440371
7782414
7782505
7726956
7782447
7727379
7664417
302012
10024972
10102439
39.948
37.997
70.905
159.808
31.999
28.014
17.031
32.045
44.013
30.006
0
0
0
3.0910
0
0
−4.5898
9.5353
8.2050
9.0250
0
0
0
0.3140
0
0
−1.6400
15.9170
10.4160
8.6570
1.5474
2.0268
2.2297
2.4535
2.0504
1.9150
1.9266
2.3861
2.1985
2.1060
0
0
0
0
0
0
−0.3168
−5.3420
−0.0820
−0.0902
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
Cyanogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen cyanide
C2N2
CO
CO2
CS2
HF
HCl
HBr
HCN
460195
630080
124389
75150
7664393
7647010
10035106
74908
52.036
28.010
44.010
76.143
20.006
36.461
80.912
27.026
30.9072
−11.0530
−39.3510
11.6900
−27.3300
−9.2310
−3.6290
13.5143
29.7553
−13.7150
−39.4370
6.6800
−27.5400
−9.5300
−5.3340
12.4725
2.4146
1.9756
2.1368
2.3790
1.7367
1.8679
1.9859
2.0172
−1.0961
−0.2830
0
−1.0769
0.1524
−0.0286
−0.0690
−0.6233
HEATS OF COMBUSTION
2-199
TABLE 2-221 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic
and Organic Compounds (Concluded )
Cmpd.
no.
228
229
230
231
Name
Formula
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Water
H2S
SO2
SO3
H2O
CAS no.
7783064
7446095
7446119
7732185
Mol wt
Ideal gas enthalpy
of formation,
J/kmol × 1E-07
34.082
64.065
80.064
18.015
−2.0630
−29.6840
−39.5720
−24.1814
Ideal gas Gibbs energy
Ideal gas
Standard net enthalpy
of formation,
entropy,
of combustion,
J/kmol × 1E-07
J/(kmol·K) × 1E-05
J/kmol × 1E-09
−3.3440
−30.0120
−37.0950
−22.8590
−0.5180
0
0.0989
0
2.0560
2.4810
2.5651
1.8872
All substances are listed in alphabetical order in Table 2-6a.
Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor
Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical Property Data, AIChE, New York, NY; and from Thermodynamics Research Center, “Selected Values of Properties
of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” Thermodynamics Research Center Hydrocarbon Project, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (extant 1994).
The compounds are considered to be formed from the elements in their standard states at 298.15 K and 101,325 Pa. These include C (graphite) and S (rhombic).
Enthalpy of combustion is the net value for the compound in its standard state at 298.15K and 101,325 Pa.
Products of combustion are taken to be CO2 (gas), H2O (gas), F2 (gas), Cl2 (gas), Br2 (gas), I2 (gas), SO2 (gas), N2 (gas), H3PO4 (solid), and SiO2 (crystobalite).
J/kmol × 2.390E-04 = cal/gmol; J/kmol × 4.302106E-04 = Btu/lbmol.
J/(kmol·K) × 2.390E-04 = cal/(gmol·°C); J/(kmol·K) × 2.390059E-04 = Btu/(lbmol·°F).
TABLE 2-222
Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, hT - h298 (kJ/kgmol), of Combustion Products
Temperature,
K
CO
CO2
H
OH
H2
N
NO
NO2
N2
N2O
O
O2
SO2
H2O
200
240
260
280
298.15
−2858
−1692
−1110
−529
0
−3414
−2079
−1383
−665
0
−2040
−1209
−793
−377
0
−2976
−1756
−1150
−546
0
−2774
−1656
−1091
−522
0
−2040
−1209
−793
−378
0
−2951
−1743
−1142
−543
0
−3495
−2104
−1392
−672
0
−2857
−1692
−1110
−528
0
−3553
−2164
−1438
−692
0
−2186
−1285
−840
−398
0
−2868
−1703
−1118
−533
0
−3736
−2258
−1496
−718
0
−3282
−1948
−1279
−609
0
300
320
340
360
380
54
638
1221
1805
2389
69
823
1594
2382
3184
38
454
870
1285
1701
55
654
1251
1847
2442
53
630
1209
1791
2373
38
454
870
1286
1701
55
652
1248
1845
2442
68
816
1571
2347
3130
54
636
1219
1802
2386
72
854
1654
2470
3302
41
478
913
1346
1777
54
643
1234
1828
2425
74
881
1702
2538
3387
62
735
1410
2088
2769
400
420
440
460
480
2975
3563
4153
4643
5335
4003
4835
5683
6544
7416
2117
2532
2948
3364
3779
3035
3627
4219
4810
5401
2959
3544
4131
4715
5298
2117
2533
2949
3364
3780
3040
3638
4240
4844
5450
3927
4735
5557
6392
7239
2971
3557
4143
4731
5320
4149
5010
5884
6771
7670
2207
2635
3063
3490
3918
3025
3629
4236
4847
5463
4250
5126
6015
6917
7831
3452
4139
4829
5523
6222
500
550
600
650
700
5931
7428
8942
10477
12023
8305
10572
12907
15303
17754
4196
5235
6274
7314
8353
5992
7385
8943
10423
11902
5882
6760
8811
10278
11749
4196
5235
6274
7314
8353
6059
7592
9144
10716
12307
8099
10340
12555
14882
17250
5911
7395
8894
10407
11937
8580
10897
13295
15744
18243
4343
5402
6462
7515
8570
6084
7653
9244
10859
12499
8758
11123
13544
16022
18548
6925
8699
10501
12321
14192
750
800
850
900
950
13592
15177
16781
18401
20031
20260
22806
25398
28030
30689
9392
10431
11471
12510
13550
13391
14880
16384
17888
19412
13223
14702
16186
17676
19175
9329
10431
11471
12510
13550
13919
15548
17195
18858
20537
19671
22136
24641
27179
29749
13481
15046
16624
18223
19834
20791
23383
26014
28681
31381
9620
10671
11718
12767
13812
14158
15835
17531
19241
20965
21117
23721
26369
29023
31714
16082
18002
19954
21938
23954
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
21690
25035
28430
31868
35343
33397
38884
44473
50148
55896
14589
16667
18746
20824
22903
20935
24024
27160
30342
33569
20680
23719
26797
29918
33082
14589
16667
18746
20824
22903
22229
25653
29120
32626
36164
32344
37605
42946
48351
53808
21463
24760
28109
31503
34936
34110
39647
45274
50976
56740
14860
16950
19039
21126
23212
22703
26212
29761
33344
36957
34428
39914
45464
51069
56718
26000
30191
34506
38942
43493
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
38850
42385
45945
49526
53126
61705
67569
73480
79431
85419
24982
27060
29139
31217
33296
36839
40151
43502
46889
50310
36290
39541
42835
46169
49541
24982
27060
29139
31218
33296
39729
43319
46929
50557
54201
59309
64846
70414
76007
81624
38405
41904
45429
48978
52548
62557
68420
74320
80254
86216
25296
27381
29464
31547
33630
40599
44266
47958
51673
55413
62404
68123
73870
79642
85436
48151
52908
57758
62693
67706
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
56744
60376
64021
67683
71324
91439
97488
103562
109660
115779
35375
37453
39532
41610
43689
53762
57243
60752
64285
67841
52951
56397
59876
63387
66928
35375
37454
39534
41614
43695
57859
61530
65212
68904
72606
87259
92911
98577
104257
109947
56137
59742
63361
66995
70640
92203
98212
104240
110284
116344
35713
37796
39878
41962
44045
59175
62961
66769
70600
74453
91250
97081
102929
108792
114669
72790
77941
83153
88421
93741
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
74985
78673
82369
86074
89786
121917
128073
134246
140433
146636
45768
47846
49925
52004
54082
71419
75017
78633
82267
85918
70498
74096
77720
81369
85043
45777
47860
49945
52033
54124
76316
80034
83759
87491
91229
115648
121357
127075
132799
138530
74296
77963
81639
85323
89015
122417
128501
134596
140701
146814
46130
48216
50303
52391
54481
78328
82224
86141
90079
94036
120559
126462
132376
138302
144238
99108
104520
109973
115464
120990
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
93504
112185
130989
149895
168890
152852
184109
215622
247354
279283
56161
66554
75947
87340
97733
89584
108119
126939
145991
165246
88740
107555
126874
146660
166876
56218
66769
77532
88614
100111
94973
113768
132671
151662
170730
144267
173020
201859
230756
259692
92715
111306
130027
148850
167763
152935
183636
214453
245348
276299
56574
67079
77675
88386
99222
98013
118165
188705
159572
180749
150184
180057
210145
240427
270893
126549
154768
183552
212764
242313
Converted and usually rounded off from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971 (1141 pp.)
2-200
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-223
Temperature,
K
Ideal Gas Entropies, s°, kJ/kgmol·K, of Combustion Products
CO
CO2
H
OH
H2
N
NO
NO2
N2
N2O
O
O2
SO2
H2O
200
240
260
280
298.15
186.0
191.3
193.7
195.3
197.7
200.0
206.0
208.8
211.5
213.8
106.4
110.1
111.8
113.3
114.7
171.6
177.1
179.5
181.8
183.7
119.4
124.5
126.8
129.2
130.7
145.0
148.7
150.4
151.9
153.3
198.7
204.1
206.6
208.8
210.8
225.9
232.2
235.0
237.7
240.0
180.0
185.2
187.6
189.8
191.6
205.6
211.9
214.8
217.5
220.0
152.2
156.2
158.0
159.7
161.1
193.5
198.7
201.1
203.3
205.1
233.0
239.9
242.8
245.8
248.2
175.5
181.4
184.1
186.6
188.8
300
320
340
360
380
197.8
199.7
201.5
203.2
204.7
214.0
216.5
218.8
221.0
223.2
114.8
116.2
117.4
118.6
119.7
183.9
185.9
187.7
189.4
191.0
130.9
132.8
134.5
136.2
137.7
153.4
154.8
156.0
157.2
158.3
210.9
212.9
214.7
216.4
218.0
240.3
242.7
245.0
247.2
249.3
191.8
193.7
195.5
197.2
198.7
220.2
222.7
225.2
227.5
229.7
161.2
162.6
163.9
165.2
166.3
205.3
207.2
209.0
210.7
212.5
248.5
251.1
253.6
256.0
258.2
189.0
191.2
193.3
195.2
197.1
400
420
440
460
480
206.2
207.7
209.0
210.4
211.6
225.3
227.3
229.3
231.2
233.1
120.8
121.8
122.8
123.7
124.6
192.5
194.0
195.3
196.6
197.9
139.2
140.6
141.9
143.2
144.5
159.4
160.4
161.4
162.3
163.1
219.5
221.0
222.3
223.7
225.0
251.3
253.2
255.1
257.0
258.8
200.2
201.5
202.9
204.2
205.5
231.9
234.0
236.0
238.0
239.9
167.4
168.4
169.4
170.4
171.3
213.8
215.3
216.7
218.0
219.4
260.4
262.5
264.6
266.6
268.5
198.8
200.5
202.0
203.6
205.1
500
550
600
650
700
212.8
215.7
218.3
220.8
223.1
234.9
239.2
243.3
247.1
250.8
125.5
127.5
129.3
131.0
132.5
199.1
201.8
204.4
206.8
209.0
145.7
148.6
151.1
153.4
155.6
164.0
166.0
167.8
169.4
171.0
226.3
229.1
231.9
234.4
236.8
260.6
264.7
268.8
272.6
276.0
206.7
209.4
212.2
214.6
216.9
241.8
246.2
250.4
254.3
258.0
172.2
174.2
176.1
177.7
179.3
220.7
223.7
226.5
229.1
231.5
270.5
274.9
279.2
283.1
286.9
206.5
210.5
213.1
215.9
218.7
750
800
850
900
950
225.2
227.3
229.2
231.1
232.8
255.4
257.5
260.6
263.6
266.5
133.9
135.2
136.4
137.7
138.8
211.1
213.0
214.8
216.5
218.1
157.6
159.5
161.4
163.1
164.7
172.5
173.8
175.1
176.3
177.4
239.0
241.1
243.0
245.0
246.8
279.3
282.5
285.5
288.4
291.3
219.0
221.0
223.0
224.8
226.5
261.5
264.8
268.0
271.1
274.0
180.7
182.1
183.4
184.6
185.7
233.7
235.9
237.9
239.9
241.8
290.4
293.8
297.0
300.1
303.0
221.3
223.8
226.2
228.5
230.6
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
234.5
237.7
240.7
243.4
246.0
269.3
274.5
279.4
283.9
288.2
139.9
141.9
143.7
145.3
146.9
219.7
222.7
225.4
228.0
230.3
166.2
169.1
171.8
174.3
176.6
178.5
180.4
182.2
183.9
185.4
248.4
251.8
254.8
257.6
260.2
293.9
298.9
303.6
307.9
311.9
228.2
231.3
234.2
236.9
239.5
276.8
282.1
287.0
291.5
295.8
186.8
188.8
190.6
192.3
193.8
243.6
246.9
250.0
252.9
255.6
305.8
311.0
315.8
320.3
324.5
232.7
236.7
240.5
244.0
247.4
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
248.4
250.7
252.9
254.9
256.8
292.2
296.0
299.6
303.0
306.2
148.3
149.6
150.9
152.1
153.2
232.6
234.7
236.8
238.7
240.6
178.8
180.9
182.9
184.8
186.7
186.9
188.2
189.5
190.7
191.8
262.7
265.0
267.2
269.3
271.3
315.7
319.3
322.7
325.9
328.9
241.9
244.1
246.3
248.3
250.2
299.8
303.6
307.2
310.6
313.8
195.3
196.6
197.9
199.1
200.2
258.1
260.4
262.7
264.8
266.8
328.4
332.1
335.6
338.9
342.0
250.6
253.7
256.6
259.5
262.2
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
258.7
260.5
262.2
263.8
265.4
309.3
312.2
315.1
317.8
320.4
154.3
155.3
156.3
157.2
158.1
242.3
244.0
245.7
247.2
248.7
188.4
190.1
191.7
193.3
194.8
192.9
193.9
194.8
195.8
196.7
273.1
274.9
276.6
278.3
279.8
331.8
334.5
337.2
339.7
342.1
252.1
253.8
255.5
257.1
258.7
316.9
319.8
322.6
325.3
327.9
201.3
202.3
203.2
204.2
205.0
268.7
270.6
272.4
274.1
275.7
345.0
347.9
350.6
353.2
355.7
264.8
267.3
269.7
272.0
274.3
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
266.9
268.3
269.7
271.0
272.3
322.9
325.3
327.6
329.9
332.1
158.9
159.7
160.5
161.3
162.0
250.2
251.6
253.0
254.3
255.6
196.2
197.7
199.0
200.3
201.6
197.5
198.3
199.1
199.9
200.6
281.4
282.8
284.2
285.6
286.9
344.5
346.7
348.9
350.9
352.9
260.2
261.6
263.0
264.3
265.6
330.4
332.7
335.0
337.3
339.4
205.9
206.7
207.5
208.3
209.0
277.3
278.8
280.3
281.7
283.1
358.1
360.4
362.6
364.8
366.9
276.5
278.6
380.7
282.7
284.6
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
273.6
279.4
284.4
288.8
292.8
334.2
343.8
352.2
359.7
366.4
162.7
165.9
168.7
171.1
173.3
256.8
262.5
267.6
272.1
276.1
202.9
208.7
213.8
218.5
222.8
201.3
204.6
207.4
210.1
212.5
288.2
294.0
299.0
303.5
307.5
354.9
363.8
371.5
378.3
384.4
266.9
272.6
277.6
282.1
286.0
341.5
350.9
359.2
366.5
373.0
209.7
212.9
215.8
218.3
220.6
284.4
290.7
296.2
301.1
305.5
368.9
378.1
386.1
393.3
399.7
286.5
295.2
302.9
309.8
316.0
Usually rounded off from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971 (1141 pp.). Equilibrium constants can be calculated by combining ∆h°f values
from Table 2-221, hT − h298 from Table 2-222, and s° values from the above, using the formula ln kp = −∆G/(RT), where ∆G = ∆h°f + (hT − h298) − T °.
s
HEATS OF SOLUTION
2-201
HEATS OF SOLUTION
TABLE 2-224
Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water
Heat evolved, in kilogram-calories per gram formula weight, on solution in water at 18°C. Computed from data in Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of
Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York, 1936.
Substance
Dilution*
Formula
Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole
Aluminum bromide
chloride
aq
600
600
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
∞
aq
600
aq
∞
aq
∞
800
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
AlBr3
AlCl3
AlCl3·6H2O
AlF3
AlF3·aH2O
AlF3·3aH2O
AlI3
Al2(SO4)3
Al2(SO4)3·6H2O
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
NH4Br
NH4Cl
(NH4)2CrO4
(NH4)2Cr2O7
NH4I
NH4NO3
NH4BO3·H2O
(NH4)2SO4
NH4HSO4
(NH4)2SO3
(NH4)2SO3·H2O
SbF3
SbI3
H3AsO4
+85.3
+77.9
+13.2
+31
+19.0
−1.7
+89.0
+126
+56.2
+6.7
−4.45
−3.82
−5.82
−12.9
−3.56
−6.47
−9.0
−2.75
+0.56
−1.2
−4.13
−1.7
−0.8
−0.4
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
aq
aq
aq
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
Ba(BrO3)2·H2O
BaBr2
BaBr2·H2O
BaBr2·2H2O
Ba(ClO3)2
Ba(ClO3)2·H2O
BaCl2
BaCl2·H2O
BaCl2.2H2O
Ba(CN)2
Ba(CN)2·H2O
Ba(CN)2·2H2O
Ba(IO3)2
Ba(IO3)2·H2O
BaI2
BaI2·H2O
BaI2·2H2O
BaI2·2aH2O
BaI2·7H2O
Ba(NO3)2
Ba(ClO4)2
Ba(ClO4)2·3H2O
BaS
BeBr2
BeCl2
BeI2
BeSO4
BeSO4·H2O
BeSO4·2H2O
BeSO4·4H2O
BiI3
H3BO3
−15.9
+5.3
−0.8
−3.87
−6.7
−10.6
+2.4
−2.17
−4.5
+1.5
−2.4
−4.9
−9.1
−11.3
+10.5
+2.7
+0.14
−0.58
−6.61
−10.2
−2.8
−10.5
+7.2
+62.6
+51.1
+72.6
+18.1
+13.5
+7.9
+1.1
+3
−5.4
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
∞
∞
CdBr2
CdBr2·4H2O
CdCl2
CdCl2·H2O
CdCl2·2aH2O
Cd(NO3)2·H2O
Cd(NO3)2·4H2O
CdSO4
CdSO4·H2O
CdSO4·2wH2O
Ca(C2H3O2)2
Ca(C2H3O2)2·H2O
+0.4
−7.3
+3.1
+0.6
−3.00
+4.17
−5.08
+10.69
+6.05
+2.51
+7.6
+6.5
fluoride
iodide
sulfate
Ammonium bromide
chloride
chromate
dichromate
iodide
nitrate
perborate
sulfate
sulfate, acid
sulfite
Antimony fluoride
iodide
Arsenic acid
Barium bromate
bromide
chlorate
chloride
cyanide
iodate
iodide
nitrate
perchlorate
sulfide
Beryllium bromide
chloride
iodide
sulfate
Bismuth iodide
Boric acid
Cadmium bromide
chloride
nitrate
sulfate
Calcium acetate
Substance
Calcium—(Cont.)
bromide
Dilution*
Formula
Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
400
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
aq
aq
∞
∞
∞
aq
+24.86
−0.9
+4.9
+12.3
+12.5
+2.4
−4.11
+0.7
+28.0
+1.8
+4.1
+0.7
−3.2
−4.2
−7.99
−0.6
−1
+5.1
+3.6
−0.18
+18.6
+5.3
+2.0
+5.7
+18.4
−1.25
+18.5
+9.8
−2.9
+18.8
+15.0
−1.4
−3.6
+2.4
+0.5
+10.3
−2.6
−10.7
+15.9
+9.3
+3.65
−2.85
+11.6
Cuprous sulfate
aq
CaBr2
CaBr2·6H2O
CaCl2
CaCl2·H2O
CaCl2·2H2O
CaCl2·4H2O
CaCl2·6H2O
Ca(CHO2)2
CaI2
CaI2·8H2O
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(NO3)2·H2O
Ca(NO3)2·2H2O
Ca(NO3)2·3H2O
Ca(NO3)2·4H2O
Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O
CaHPO4·2H2O
CaSO4
CaSO4·aH2O
CaSO4·2H2O
CrCl2
CrCl2·3H2O
CrCl2·4H2O
CrI2
CoBr2
CoBr2·6H2O
CoCl2
CoCl2·2H2O
CoCl2·6H2O
CoI2
CoSO4
CoSO4·6H2O
CoSO4·7H2O
Cu(C2H3O2)2
Cu(CHO2)2
Cu(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2·3H2O
Cu(NO3)2·6H2O
CuSO4
CuSO4·H2O
CuSO4·3H2O
CuSO4·5H2O
Cu2SO4
Ferric chloride
1000
1000
1000
800
aq
400
400
400
aq
400
400
400
400
FeCl3
FeCl3·2aH2O
FeCl3·6H2O
Fe(NO3)3·9H2O
FeBr2
FeCl2
FeCl2·2H2O
FeCl2·4H2O
FeI2
FeSO4
FeSO4·H2O
FeSO4·4H2O
FeSO4·7H2O
+31.7
+21.0
+5.6
−9.1
+18.0
+17.9
+8.7
+2.7
+23.3
+14.7
+7.35
+1.4
−4.4
400
400
aq
aq
aq
400
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
Pb(C2H3O2)2
Pb(C2H3O2)2·3H2O
PbBr2
PbCl2
Pb(CHO2)2
Pb(NO3)2
LiBr
LiBr·H2O
LiBr·2H2O
LiBr·3H2O
LiCl
+1.4
−5.9
−10.1
−3.4
−6.9
−7.61
+11.54
+5.30
+2.05
−1.59
+8.66
chloride
formate
iodide
nitrate
phosphate, monodibasic
sulfate
Chromous chloride
iodide
Cobaltous bromide
chloride
iodide
sulfate
Cupric acetate
formate
nitrate
sulfate
nitrate
Ferrous bromide
chloride
iodide
sulfate
Lead acetate
bromide
chloride
formate
nitrate
Lithium bromide
chloride
aq
aq
aq
400
400
400
aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
200
200
200
800
*The numbers represent moles of water used to dissolve 1 g formula weight of substance; ∞ means “infinite dilution”; and aq means “aqueous solution of unspecified dilution.”
2-202
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-224
Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Continued )
Substance
Lithium—(Cont.)
fluoride
hydroxide
iodide
nitrate
sulfate
Magnesium bromide
chloride
iodide
nitrate
phosphate
sulfate
sulfide
Manganic nitrate
sulfate
Manganous acetate
bromide
chloride
formate
iodide
sulfate
Mercuric acetate
bromide
chloride
nitrate
Mercurous nitrate
Nickel bromide
Nickel chloride
iodide
nitrate
sulfate
Dilution*
Formula
Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
LiCl·H2O
LiCl·2H2O
LiCl·3H2O
LiF
LiOH
LiOH·fH2O
LiOH·H2O
LiI
LiI·aH2O
LiI·H2O
LiI·2H2O
LiI·3H2O
LiNO3
LiNO3·3H2O
Li2SO4
Li2SO4·H2O
+4.45
+1.07
−1.98
−0.74
+4.74
+4.39
+9.6
+14.92
+10.08
+6.93
+3.43
−0.17
+0.466
−7.87
+6.71
+3.77
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
aq
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
400
400
400
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
MgBr2
MgBr2·H2O
MgBr2·6H2O
MgCl2
MgCl2·2H2O
MgCl2·4H2O
MgCl2·6H2O
MgI2
Mg(NO3)2·6H2O
Mg3(PO4)2
MgSO4
MgSO4·H2O
MgSO4·2H2O
MgSO4·4H2O
MgSO4·6H2O
MgSO4·7H2O
MgS
Mn(NO3)2
Mn(NO3)2·3H2O
Mn(NO3)2·6H2O
Mn2(SO4)3
Mn(C2H3O2)2
Mn(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
MnBr2
MnBr2·H2O
MnBr2·4H2O
MnCl2
MnCl2·2H2O
MnCl2·4H2O
Mn(CHO2)2
Mn(CHO2)2·2H2O
MnI2
MnI2·H2O
MnI2·2H2O
MnI2·4H2O
MnI2·6H2O
MnSO4
MnSO4·H2O
MnSO4·7H2O
Hg(C2H3O2)2
HgBr2
HgCl2
Hg(NO3)2·aH2O
Hg2(NO3)2·2H2O
+43.7
+35.9
+19.8
+36.3
+20.8
+10.5
+3.4
+50.2
−3.7
+10.2
+21.1
+14.0
+11.7
+4.9
+0.55
−3.18
+25.8
+12.9
−3.9
−6.2
+22
+12.2
+1.6
+15
+14.4
+16.1
+16.0
+8.2
+1.5
+4.3
−2.9
+26.2
+24.1
+22.7
+19.9
+21.2
+13.8
+11.9
−1.7
−4.0
−2.4
−3.3
−0.7
−11.5
aq
aq
800
800
800
800
aq
200
200
200
200
NiBr2
NiBr2·3H2O
NiCl2
NiCl2·2H2O
NiCl2·4H2O
NiCl2·6H2O
NiI2
Ni(NO3)2
Ni(NO3)2·6H2O
NiSO4
NiSO4·7H2O
+19.0
+0.2
+19.23
+10.4
+4.2
−1.15
+19.4
+11.8
−7.5
+15.1
−4.2
Substance
Dilution*
Phosphoric acid, orthopyroPotassium acetate
aluminum sulfate
∞
400
aq
aq
aq
∞
800
∞
aq
aq
∞
aq
∞
+2.79
−0.1
+25.9
+4.65
+3.55
+48.5
+26.6
−10.1
−5.1
−10.13
−5.13
+6.58
+4.25
−0.43
−10.31
−4.404
−4.9
+55
+42
+33
+7
−9.5
−3.0
−17.8
+3.96
−1.85
−6.05
+0.86
+1.21
+12.91
+4.27
+3.48
+0.86
−6.93
−5.23
−8.633
−4.6
−7.5
−12.94
−10.4
+4.7
−11.0
−10.22
−6.32
−3.10
−11.0
+1.8
+1.37
−6.08
−13.0
−4.5
aq
200
∞
∞
500
500
1800
900
900
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
800
800
800
200
200
AgC2H3O2
AgNO3
NaC2H3O2
NaC2H3O2·3H2O
Na3AsO4
Na3AsO4·12H2O
NaHCO3
Na2B4O7
Na2B4O7·10H2O
NaBr
NaBr·2H2O
Na2CO3
Na2CO3·H2O
Na2CO3·7H2O
Na2CO3·10H2O
NaClO3
NaCl
Na2CrO4
Na2CrO4·4H2O
Na2CrO4·10H2O
NaCN
NaCN·aH2O
−5.4
−4.4
+4.085
−4.665
+15.6
−12.61
−4.1
+10.0
−16.8
−0.58
−4.57
+5.57
+2.19
−10.81
−16.22
−5.37
−1.164
+2.50
−7.52
−16.0
−0.37
−0.92
2000
∞
∞
∞
chlorate
chloride
chromate
chrome sulfate
∞
∞
2185
600
cyanide
dichromate
fluoride
200
1600
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
400
hydroxide
iodate
iodide
nitrate
oxalate
perchlorate
permanganate
phosphate, dihydrogen
pyrosulfite
sulfate
sulfate, acid
sulfide
sulfite
thiocyanate
thionate, dithiosulfate
Silver acetate
nitrate
Sodium acetate
arsenate
bicarbonate
borate, tetrabromide
carbonate
chlorate
chloride
chromate
cyanide
Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole
H3PO4
H3PO4·aH2O
H4P2O7
H4P2O7·1aH2O
KC2H3O2
KAl(SO4)2
KAl(SO4)2·3H2O
KAl(SO4)2·12H2O
KHCO3
KBrO3
KBr
K2CO3
K2CO3·aH2O
K2CO3·1aH2O
KClO3
KCl
K2CrO4
KCr(SO4)2
KCr(SO4)2·H2O
KCr(SO4)2·2H2O
KCr(SO4)2·6H2O
KCr(SO4)2·12H2O
KCN
K2Cr2O7
KF
KF·2H2O
KF·4H2O
KHS
KHS·dH2O
KOH
KOH·eH2O
KOH·H2O
KOH·7H2O
KIO3
KI
KNO3
K2C2O4
K2C2O4·H2O
KClO4
KMnO4
KH2PO4
K2S2O5
K2S2O5·aH2O
K2SO4
KHSO4
K2S
K2SO3
K2SO3·H2O
KCNS
K2S2O6
K2S2O3
400
400
aq
aq
∞
600
600
bicarbonate
bromate
bromide
carbonate
hydrosulfide
Formula
HEATS OF SOLUTION
TABLE 2-224
Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water (Concluded )
Substance
Dilution*
Formula
200
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
600
∞
aq
∞
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
600
600
800
800
1600
1600
1200
1200
∞
∞
800
800
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
NaCN·2H2O
NaF
NaHS
NaHS·2H2O
NaOH
NaOH·aH2O
NaOH·wH2O
NaOH·eH2O
NaOH·H2O
NaI
NaI·2H2O
NaPO3
NaNO3
NaNO2
NaClO4
Na2HPO4
Na3PO4
Na3PO4·12H2O
Na2HPO4·2H2O
Na2HPO4·7H2O
Na2HPO4·12H2O
NaH2PO3
NaH2PO3·2aH2O
Na2HPO3
Na2HPO3·5H2O
Na4P2O7
Na4P2O7·10H2O
Na2H2P2O7
Na2H2P2O7·6H2O
Na2SO4
Na2SO4·10H2O
NaHSO4
NaHSO4·H2O
Na2S
Na2S·4aH2O
Na2S·5H2O
Na2S·9H2O
Na2SO3
Na2SO3·7H2O
NaCNS
Sodium—(Cont.)
fluoride
hydrosulfide
Sodium hydroxide
iodide
metaphosphate
nitrate
nitrite
perchlorate
phosphate di
triphosphate di
diphosphite, monodipyrophosphate
disulfate
sulfate, acid
sulfide
sulfite
thiocyanate
NOTE:
2-203
Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole
−4.41
−0.27
+4.62
−1.49
+10.18
+8.17
+7.08
+6.48
+5.17
+1.57
−3.89
+3.97
−5.05
−3.6
−4.15
+5.21
+13
−15.3
−0.82
−12.04
−23.18
+0.90
−5.29
+9.30
−4.54
+11.9
−11.7
−2.2
−14.0
+0.28
−18.74
+1.74
+0.15
+15.2
+0.09
−6.54
−16.65
+2.8
−11.1
−1.83
Substance
Sodium—(Cont.)
thionate, diSodium thiosulfate
Stannic bromide
Stannous bromide
iodide
Strontium acetate
bromide
chloride
iodide
nitrate
sulfate
Sulfuric acid, pyroZinc acetate
bromide
chloride
iodide
nitrate
sulfate
To convert kilocalories per gram-mole to British thermal units per pound-mole, multiply by 1.799 × 10−3.
Dilution*
Formula
Heat,
kg-cal/
g-mole
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
Na2S2O6
Na2S2O6·2H2O
Na2S2O3
Na2S2O3·5H2O
SnBr4
SnBr2
SnI2
Sr(C2H3O2)2
Sr(C2H3O2)2·aH2O
SrBr2
SrBr2·H2O
SrBr2·2H2O
SrBr2·4H2O
SrBr2·6H2O
SrCl2
SrCl2·H2O
SrCl2·2H2O
SrCl2·6H2O
SrI2
SrI2·H2O
SrI2·2H2O
SrI2·6H2O
Sr(NO3)2
Sr(NO3)2·4H2O
SrSO4
H2S2O7
−5.80
−11.86
+2.0
−11.30
+15.5
−1.6
−5.8
+6.2
+5.9
+16.4
+9.25
+6.5
+0.4
−6.1
+11.54
+6.4
+2.95
−7.1
+20.7
+12.65
+10.4
−4.5
−4.8
−12.4
+0.5
−18.08
400
400
400
400
400
aq
400
400
400
400
400
400
Zn(C2H3O2)2
Zn(C2H3O2)2·H2O
Zn(C2H3O2)2·2H2O
ZnBr2
ZnCl2
ZnI2
Zn(NO3)2·3H2O
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O
ZnSO4
ZnSO4·H2O
ZnSO4·6H2O
ZnSO4·7H2O
+9.8
+7.0
+3.9
+15.0
+15.72
+11.6
−5
−6.0
+18.5
+10.0
−0.8
−4.3
2-204
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-225 Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution
and Approximately Room Temperature)
Recalculated and rearranged from International Critical Tables, vol. 5, pp. 148–150. (g⋅cal)/(g⋅mol) = Btu/(lb⋅mol) × 1.799.
Solute
Acetic acid (solid), C2H4O2
Acetylacetone, C5H8O2
Acetylurea, C3H6N2O2
Aconitic acid, C6H6O6
Ammonium benzoate, C7H9NO2
picrate
succinate (n-)
Aniline, hydrochloride, C6H8ClN
Barium picrate
Benzoic acid, C7H6O2
Camphoric acid, C10H16O4
Citric acid, C6H8O7
Dextrin, C12H20O10
Fumaric acid, C4H4O4
Hexamethylenetetramine, C6H12N4
Hydroxybenzamide (m-), C7H7NO2
(m-), (HCl)
(o-), C7H7NO2
(p-)
Hydroxybenzoic acid (o-), C7H6O3
(p-), C7H6O3
Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (o-), C7H8O2
Inulin, C36H62O31
Isosuccinic acid, C4H6O4
Itaconic acid, C5H6O4
Lactose, C12H22O11·H2O
Lead picrate
(2H2O)
Magnesium picrate
(8H2O)
Maleic acid, C4H4O4
Malic acid, C4H6O5
Malonic acid, C3H4O4
Mandelic acid, C8H2O3
Mannitol, C6H14O6
Menthol, C10H20O
Nicotine dihydrochloride, C10H16Cl2N2
Nitrobenzoic acid (m-), C7H5NO4
(o-), C7H5NO4
(p-), C7H5NO4
Nitrophenol (m-), C6H5NO3
(o-), C6H5NO3
(p-), C6H5NO3
Heat of Solution,
G-cal/g-mole
Solute*
−2,251
−641
−6,812
−4,206
−2,700
−8,700
−3,489
−2,732
−4,708
−6,501
−502
−5,401
268
−5,903
4,780
−4,161
−7,003
−4,340
−5,392
−6,350
−5,781
−3,203
−96
−3,420
−5,922
−3,705
−7,098
−13,193
14,699
−15,894
−4,441
−3,150
−4,493
−3,090
−5,260
0
6,561
−5,593
−5,306
−8,891
−5,210
−6,310
−4,493
Solute
Oxalic acid, C2H2O4
(2H2O)
Phenol (solid), C6H6O
Phthalic acid, C8H6O4
Picric acid, C6H3N3O7
Piperic acid, C12H10O4
Piperonylic acid, C8H6O4
Potassium benzoate
citrate
tartrate (n-) (0.5 H2O)
Pyrogallol, C6H6O3
Pyrotartaric acid
Quinone
Raffinose, C18H32O16 (5H2O)
Resorcinol, C6H6O2
Silver malonate (n-)
Sodium citrate (tri-)
picrate
potassium tartrate
(4H2O)
succinate (n-)
(6H2O)
tartrate (n-)
(2H2O)
Strontium picrate
(6H2O)
Succinic acid, C4H6O4
Succinimide, C4H5NO2
Sucrose, C12H22O11
Tartaric acid (d-)
Thiourea, CH4N2S
Urea, CH4N2O
acetate
formate
nitrate
oxalate
Vanillic acid
Vanillin
Zinc picrate
(8H2O)
Heat of Solution,
G-cal/g-mole
Solute*
−2,290
−8,485
−2,605
−4,871
−7,098
−10,492
−9,106
−1,506
2,820
−5,562
−3,705
−5,019
−3,991
−9,703
−3,960
−9,799
5,270
−6,441
−1,817
−12,342
2,390
−10,994
−1,121
−5,882
7,887
−14,412
−6,405
−4,302
−1,319
−3,451
−5,330
−3,609
−8,795
−7,194
−10,803
−17,806
−5,160
−5,210
−11,496
−15,894
*+ denotes heat evolved, and − denotes heat absorbed. All values are positive unless otherwise noted. The data in the International Critical Tables were calculated by E. Anderson.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-205
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
EXPLANATION OF TABLES
The following subsection presents information on the thermodynamic
properties of a number of fluids. In some cases transport properties
are also included.
Notation
cp = specific heat
e = specific internal energy
h = enthalpy
k = thermal conductivity
p = pressure
s = specific entropy
t = temperature
T = absolute temperature
u = specific internal energy
µ = viscosity
v = specific volume
f = subscript denoting saturated liquid
g = subscript denoting saturated vapor
UNITS CONVERSIONS
For this subsection, the following units conversions are applicable:
cp, specific heat: To convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British
thermal units per pound–degree Fahrenheit, multiply by 0.23885.
e, internal energy: To convert kilojoules per kilogram to British
thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992.
g, gravity acceleration: To convert meters per second squared to
feet per second squared, multiply by 3.2808.
h, enthalpy: To convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal
units per pound, multiply by 0.42992.
k, thermal conductivity: To convert watts per meter-kelvin to British
thermal unit–feet per hour–square foot–degree Fahrenheit, multiply
by 0.57779.
p, pressure: To convert bars to kilopascals, multiply by 1 × 102; to
convert bars to pounds-force per square inch, multiply by 14.504; and
to convert millimeters of mercury to pounds-force per square inch,
multiply by 0.01934.
s, entropy: to convert kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin to British thermal units per pound–degree Rankine, multiply by 0.23885.
t, temperature: °F = 9⁄5 °C + 32.
T, absolute temperature: °R = 9⁄ 5 K.
u, internal energy: to convert kilojoules per kilogram to British thermal units per pound, multiply by 0.42992.
µ, viscosity: to convert pascal-seconds to pound-force–seconds per
square foot, multiply by 0.020885; to convert pascal-seconds to cp,
multiply by 1000.
v, specific volume: to convert cubic meters per kilogram to cubic
feet per pound, multiply by 16.018.
ρ, density: to convert kilograms per cubic meter to pounds per
cubic foot, multiply by 0.062428.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Bretsznajder, Prediction of Transport and Other Physical Properties of
Fluids, Pergamon, New York, 1971. D’Ans and Lax, Handbook for
Chemists and Physicists (in German), 3 vols., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Engineering Data Book, Natural Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tulsa, Okla. Ganic, Hartnett, and Rohsenow, Handbook of Heat
Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. Gray, American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Kay
and Laby, Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Longman, London, various editions and dates. Landolt-Börnstein Tables, many volumes and dates, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Lange, Handbook of
Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, various editions and dates. Partington, Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, 5 vols., Longman,
London, 1950. Raznjevic, Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables and
Charts, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976 and other editions. Reynolds,
Thermodynamic Properties in SI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 1979. Stephan and Lucas, Viscosity of
Dense Fluids, Plenum, New York and London, 1979. Selected Values
of Properties of Chemical Compounds and Selected Values of the
Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds, Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, looseleaf, intermittent publication. Vargaftik, Tables of the Thermophysical
Properties of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1975. Vargaftik,
Filippov, Tarzimanov, and Totskiy, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
and Gases (in Russian), Standartov, Moscow, 1978. Weast, Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Co., Boca Raton, FL,
annually.
2-206
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-226
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Acetone
Temperature, K
Pressure, bar
vg, m3/kg
hf, kJ/kg
hg, kJ/kg
sf, kJ/kg⋅K
sg, kJ/kg⋅K
c pf, kJ/kg⋅K
µ f, 10−6 Pa⋅s
k f, W/m⋅K
Pr
300
310
320
329.3 b
330
0.318
0.482
0.710
1.013
1.040
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
261
285
309
333
335
1.415
0.942
0.645
0.456
0.448
−67
−46
−22
0
2
466
476
490
506
506
−0.213
−0.144
−0.068
0
0.003
1.561
1.540
1.531
1.537
1.521
2.29
2.29
232
231
0.141
0.141
3.77
3.75
340
350
360
370
380
1.52
2.04
2.74
3.60
4.52
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
359
383
408
435
464
0.311
0.237
0.179
0.138
0.110
25
51
78
103
127
509
529
543
554
566
0.075
0.150
1.514
1.516
2.33
2.38
2.43
2.48
2.53
212
200
187
176
165
0.137
0.132
0.128
0.124
0.119
3.61
3.61
3.55
3.52
3.51
390
400
410
420
430
5.87
7.31
8.94
10.82
13.64
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
495
528
564
604
647
0.0854
0.0684
0.0556
0.0454
0.0356
151
184
207
231
256
577
588
598
608
618
2.59
2.65
2.73
2.82
2.92
153
141
130
119
109
0.115
0.111
0.107
0.103
0.099
3.45
3.37
3.32
3.26
3.21
440
450
460
470
480
16.37
19.42
22.79
27.52
32.52
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
695
748
81
88
98
0.0292
0.0240
0.0199
0.0159
0.0130
281
308
337
365
396
625
632
637
641
638
3.03
3.15
3.29
3.45
3.76
99
90
80
71
64
0.095
0.092
0.088
0.083
0.077
3.16
3.08
2.99
2.95
3.13
490
500
508.2c
37.73
43.08
47.61
0.002 15
0.002 46
0.003 67
vf, m3/kg
0.0091
0.0063
0.0037
b = normal boiling point; c = critical point
P, v, h, and s interpolated and converted from Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, vol. 5, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1983 and reproduced in Beaton, C. F. and
G. F. Hewitt, Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989 (394 pp.). Other values compiled by P. E. Liley
An enthalpy-pressure diagram to 1000 psia, 250–500 °F appears in J. Chem. Eng. Data 7, 1 (1962): 75–78.
TABLE 2-227
Saturated Acetylene*
Temperature,
K
Pressure, bar
162.0
169.3
173.9
180.0
184.3
vcond,
m3/kg
vg,
m3/kg
hcond,
kJ/kg
hg,
kJ/kg
scond,
kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg,
kJ/(kg⋅K)
0.101
0.203
0.304
0.507
0.709
5.081
2.644
1.805
1.116
0.810
158
173
182
194
203
983
994
999
1007
1011
2.967
3.039
3.095
3.161
3.216
8.062
7.889
7.797
7.672
7.596
189.1
192.4t
1.013
1.283
0.5780
0.4617
214
221
1015
1018
3.272
3.312
7.511
7.455
192.4t
200.9
209.4
1.283
2.027
3.040
0.00164
0.00165
0.00169
0.4617
0.3011
0.2074
378
411
445
1018
1027
1035
4.127
4.296
4.461
7.455
7.362
7.280
221.5
230.4
240.7
253.2
263.0
5.066
7.093
10.13
15.20
20.27
0.00174
0.00179
0.00186
0.00195
0.00204
0.1264
0.0907
0.0635
0.0420
0.0309
493
528
565
602
628
1046
1052
1058
1061
1061
4.684
4.837
4.990
5.133
5.231
7.180
7.111
7.037
6.947
6.878
271.6
278.9
284.9
290.4
300.0
25.33
30.40
35.46
40.53
50.66
0.00213
0.00223
0.00232
0.00242
0.00270
0.0240
0.0193
0.0159
0.0133
0.0093
654
680
704
727
778
1060
1057
1051
1041
1017
5.326
5.414
5.494
5.576
5.737
6.822
6.767
6.716
6.658
6.534
307.8
308.7c
60.80
62.47
0.00335
0.00434
0.0061
0.0043
850
908
968
908
5.965
6.158
6.351
6.158
*Values recalculated into SI units from those of Din. Thermodynamic Functions of Gases, vol. 2, Butterworth, London,
1956. Above the solid line the condensed phase is solid; below the line it is liquid. t = triple point; c = critical point.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
TABLE 2-228
T,
K
2-207
Saturated Air*
Pf,
bar
Pg,
bar
vf,
m3/kg
vg,
m3/kg
h f,
kJ/kg
hg,
kJ/kg
sf,
kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg,
kJ/(kg⋅K)
5.55
3.73
2.57
1.82
1.313
−159.2
−155.2
−151.4
−147.8
−144.2
59.7
61.7
63.6
65.5
67.4
2.528
2.585
2.641
2.696
2.747
6.255
6.164
6.080
6.002
5.929
cpf,
kJ/(kg⋅K)
µ f,
10−4 Pa⋅s
k f,
W/(m⋅K)
3.25
2.98
2.75
2.54
2.36
0.180
0.176
0.173
0.169
0.166
60
62
64
66
68
0.123
0.174
0.239
0.071
0.104
0.147
1.040.–3
1.050.–3
1.060.–3
1.070.–3
1.080.–3
70
72
74
76
78
0.323
0.429
0.560
0.721
0.915
0.205
0.280
0.376
0.495
0.644
1.089.–3
1.101.–3
1.113.–3
1.125.–3
1.136.–3
0.968
0.728
0.556
0.431
0.339
−140.6
−137.1
−133.5
−129.9
−126.3
69.2
71.0
72.8
74.5
76.2
2.797
2.847
2.895
2.941
2.988
5.862
5.799
5.740
5.685
5.634
1.817
1.827
1.838
1.849
1.861
2.21
2.07
1.95
1.84
1.74
0.163
0.160
0.156
0.152
0.148
80
82
84
86
88
1.146
1.420
1.741
2.114
2.544
0.825
1.043
1.305
1.614
1.976
1.146.–3
1.160.–3
1.173.–3
1.187.–3
1.201.–3
0.270
0.217
0.177
0.145
0.120
−122.6
−118.8
−115.0
−111.2
−107.4
77.8
79.4
80.9
82.3
83.6
3.034
3.079
3.123
3.167
3.209
5.585
5.540
5.496
5.454
5.414
1.873
1.885
1.898
1.912
1.927
1.65
1.58
1.51
1.44
1.38
0.145
0.142
0.139
0.135
0.132
90
92
94
96
98
3.036
3.596
4.229
4.940
5.736
2.397
2.884
3.441
4.075
4.792
1.216.–3
1.231.–3
1.247.–3
1.265.–3
1.283.–3
0.1002
0.0843
0.0713
0.0607
0.0520
−103.5
−99.5
−95.5
−91.5
−87.5
84.8
85.9
87.0
87.9
88.7
3.251
3.293
3.335
3.376
3.416
5.376
5.340
5.304
5.270
5.236
1.944
1.962
1.982
2.003
2.027
1.32
1.27
1.23
1.18
1.14
0.128
0.125
0.121
0.117
0.114
100
105
110
115
120
6.621
9.265
12.59
16.68
21.61
5.599
8.056
11.22
15.21
20.14
1.302.–3
1.355.–3
1.418.–3
1.495.–3
1.596.–3
0.0447
0.0312
0.0222
0.0159
0.0115
−83.3
−72.8
−61.9
−50.3
−37.5
89.3
90.2
90.1
88.4
84.8
3.456
3.553
3.649
3.747
3.850
5.204
5.124
5.045
4.964
4.877
2.053
2.137
2.264
2.477
2.916
1.10
1.02
0.95
0.87
0.75
0.110
0.102
0.093
0.084
0.076
125
130
132.55c
27.43
34.16
26.14
33.32
37.69
1.757.–3
2.075.–3
3.196.–3
0.0081
0.0054
0.0032
−22.0
0.4
37.4
78.2
66.1
37.4
3.969
4.136
4.410
4.776
4.644
4.410
4.585
0.42
∞
0.067
∞
*Liquid properties extracted or converted from Vasserman and Rabinovich, Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and Its Components, Moscow, 1968, and NBSNSF transl. TT 69-55092, 1970. Copyrighted material. Reproduced by permission. Vapor properties extracted or converted from Vasserman, Kazavchinskii, and Rabinovich, Thermophysical Properties of Air and Its Components, Nauka, Moscow, 1966, and NBS-NSF transl. TT 70-50095, 1971. Copyrighted material. Reproduced
by permission. Note that on pages 150–151 of the TT 69-55092 publication certain values of TT 70-50095 were adjusted. As a complete retabulation was not given,
the tables here are based upon the two separate publications, as indicated. See also Table 2-235 for the argon-oxygen-nitrogen equilibrium data. c = critical point. The
notation 1.040.–3 signifies 1.040 × 10−3.
2-208
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-229
Pressure,
bar
1v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Air*
Temperature, K
80
Mix
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0.251
87.9
5.650
1.044
0.064
0.0084
0.281
98.3
5.759
1.032
0.071
0.0093
0.340
118.8
5.946
1.020
0.085
0.0112
0.399
139.1
6.103
1.014
0.097
0.0129
0.457
159.3
6.238
1.010
0.109
0.0147
0.515
179.5
6.357
1.008
0.121
0.0164
0.537
199.7
6.463
1.007
0.133
0.0181
0.631
219.8
6.559
1.006
0.144
0.0198
0.688
239.9
6.647
1.006
0.154
0.0214
0.746
260.0
6.727
1.006
0.165
0.0231
0.803
280.2
6.802
1.006
0.175
0.0247
0.861
300.3
6.871
1.007
0.185
0.0263
5v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00115
−122.3
3.031
1.868
1.794
0.146
0.00122
−103.3
3.250
1.941
1.163
0.128
0.0509
90.6
5.246
1.212
0.077
0.0103
0.0646
113.6
5.455
1.107
0.087
0.0119
0.0773
135.3
5.623
1.065
0.098
0.0135
0.0895
156.4
5.763
1.045
0.110
0.0151
0.102
177.1
5.885
1.033
0.122
0.0168
0.114
197.7
5.994
1.025
0.134
0.0185
0.125
218.1
6.092
1.020
0.145
0.0201
0.137
238.5
6.180
1.017
0.155
0.0217
0.149
258.8
6.262
1.015
0.165
0.0234
0.160
279.1
6.337
1.013
0.175
0.0250
0.172
299.4
6.406
1.013
0.185
0.0265
10 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00115
−122.0
3.028
1.863
1.816
0.146
0.00121
−103.1
3.246
1.932
1.177
0.128
0.00130
−83.2
3.452
2.041
0.838
0.111
0.0298
106.2
5.214
1.270
0.089
0.0126
0.0370
130.2
5.398
1.146
0.101
0.0141
0.0436
152.5
5.548
1.093
0.112
0.0157
0.0499
174.1
5.675
1.065
0.124
0.0173
0.0561
195.2
5.786
1.049
0.135
0.0189
0.0621
216.1
5.885
1.038
0.146
0.0205
0.0681
236.7
5.975
1.031
0.156
0.0221
0.0741
257.3
6.058
1.026
0.166
0.0237
0.0800
277.8
6.134
1.023
0.176
0.0253
0.0859
298.3
6.204
1.201
0.186
0.0268
20 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00114
−121.3
3.022
1.853
1.859
0.147
0.00121
−102.5
3.239
1.916
1.205
0.130
0.00129
−82.9
3.442
2.010
0.857
0.112
0.0116
85.2
4.882
2.237
0.098
0.0152
0.0167
118.5
5.140
1.390
0.106
0.0157
0.0206
144.3
5.312
1.215
0.116
0.0169
0.0241
167.7
5.450
1.141
0.127
0.0182
0.0274
190.1
5.568
1.101
0.137
0.0197
0.0306
211.9
5.672
1.076
0.148
0.0212
0.0337
233.2
5.765
1.061
0.158
0.0228
0.0368
254.3
5.849
1.050
0.168
0.0243
0.0398
275.2
5.927
1.042
0.178
0.0258
0.0428
296.0
5.998
1.037
0.187
0.0273
40 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00114
−120.0
3.011
1.834
1.943
0.149
0.00120
−101.4
3.225
1.886
1.261
0.132
0.00128
−82.2
3.424
1.958
0.896
0.115
0.00153
−39.8
3.807
2.432
0.516
0.0814
0.0058
83.6
4.745
3.193
0.132
0.0460
0.0090
125.3
5.025
1.610
0.129
0.0201
0.0114
154.3
5.196
1.335
0.135
0.0206
0.0131
179.7
5.330
1.221
0.144
0.0217
0.0148
203.5
5.444
1.159
0.154
0.0229
0.0165
226.3
5.543
1.122
0.163
0.0242
0.0182
248.5
5.632
1.097
0.172
0.0256
0.0198
270.2
5.712
1.081
0.182
0.0270
0.0214
291.7
5.786
1.068
0.191
0.0284
60 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00113
−118.6
3.000
1.818
2.028
0.150
0.00119
−100.3
3.211
1.860
1.318
0.134
0.00126
−81.4
3.407
1.915
0.936
0.117
0.00147
−40.8
3.773
2.205
0.559
0.0861
0.00222
22.8
4.260
4.808
0.277
0.0480
0.00505
90.0
4.798
2.338
0.153
0.0360
0.00687
132.6
5.020
1.594
0.149
0.0238
0.00833
163.9
5.174
1.361
0.154
0.0240
0.00963
191.1
5.298
1.249
0.161
0.0248
0.0108
216.1
5.404
1.186
0.169
0.0258
0.0120
240.0
5.497
1.146
0.178
0.0270
0.0131
263.1
5.581
1.119
0.186
0.0283
0.0142
285.6
5.657
1.100
0.195
0.0296
80 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00113
−117.2
2.989
1.802
2.12
0.152
0.00119
−99.1
3.198
1.838
1.38
0.134
0.00126
−80.4
3.391
1.881
0.977
0.120
0.00145
−41.3
3.745
2.078
0.597
0.0901
0.00188
9.0
4.138
2.992
0.356
0.0599
0.00327
78.4
4.597
3.029
0.194
0.0420
0.00480
125.3
4.875
1.887
0.167
0.0278
0.00601
158.7
5.051
1.510
0.166
0.0268
0.00706
187.1
5.186
1.342
0.170
0.0269
0.00803
212.9
5.299
1.250
0.177
0.0276
0.00894
237.3
5.396
1.194
0.184
0.0286
0.00981
260.8
5.484
1.156
0.191
0.0296
0.0107
283.7
5.562
1.130
0.200
0.0308
100 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00112
−115.8
2.978
1.789
2.21
0.154
0.00118
−97.8
3.186
1.818
1.44
0.137
0.00125
−79.4
3.376
1.852
1.02
0.122
0.00142
−41.3
3.721
1.992
0.631
0.0936
0.00174
3.9
4.076
2.506
0.405
0.0669
0.00252
61.7
4.457
2.874
0.249
0.0500
0.00366
111.8
4.753
2.114
0.193
0.0327
0.00467
148.8
4.949
1.650
0.181
0.0299
0.00556
179.4
5.095
1.431
0.181
0.0293
0.00637
206.7
5.214
1.311
0.185
0.0295
0.00713
232.2
5.315
1.239
0.191
0.0302
0.00785
256.4
5.406
1.191
0.198
0.0311
0.00855
279.9
5.486
1.158
0.205
0.0320
150 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00111
−112.2
2.954
1.789
2.44
0.157
0.00116
−94.5
3.157
1.818
1.60
1.142
0.00122
−76.6
3.342
1.852
1.13
0.127
0.00137
−40.1
3.673
1.992
0.709
0.101
0.00158
0.5
3.988
2.506
0.490
0.0785
0.00194
45.2
4.287
2.874
0.349
0.0588
0.00247
89.5
4.548
2.114
0.266
0.0455
0.00309
129.2
4.757
1.650
0.229
0.0389
0.00369
163.2
4.919
1.431
0.215
0.0360
0.00425
193.4
5.051
1.311
0.211
0.0348
0.00478
221.0
5.161
1.239
0.212
0.0346
0.00529
247.0
5.257
1.267
0.215
0.0349
0.00578
271.8
5.343
1.220
0.220
0.0354
200 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00110
−108.5
2.930
1.733
2.70
0.161
0.00115
−91.2
3.130
1.747
1.78
0.146
0.00120
−73.6
3.312
1.761
1.25
0.132
0.00133
−38.0
3.634
1.809
0.782
0.107
0.00150
0.2
3.931
1.905
0.561
0.0868
0.00174
40.2
4.198
1.988
0.420
0.0691
0.00206
79.8
4.432
1.953
0.331
0.0559
0.00245
117.6
4.631
1.814
0.279
0.0476
0.00287
152.2
4.796
1.643
0.253
0.0429
0.00328
183.6
4.932
1.501
0.241
0.0405
0.00368
212.5
5.048
1.396
0.236
0.0393
0.00407
239.6
5.149
1.321
0.235
0.0389
0.00446
265.5
5.238
1.266
0.237
0.0389
250 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00109
−104.8
2.909
1.712
2.96
0.165
0.00114
−87.6
3.106
1.722
1.97
0.150
0.00119
−70.3
3.285
1.733
1.39
0.137
0.00130
−35.4
3.601
1.767
0.855
0.113
0.00144
1.3
3.886
1.824
0.625
0.0935
0.00162
38.9
4.138
1.854
0.476
0.0769
0.00186
75.8
4.355
1.831
0.385
0.0641
0.00214
111.7
4.544
1.748
0.327
0.0552
0.00244
145.6
4.706
1.635
0.292
0.0495
0.00276
177.1
4.843
1.522
0.272
0.0460
0.00307
206.6
4.961
1.427
0.262
0.0441
0.00338
234.3
5.064
1.353
0.257
0.0430
0.00368
260.8
5.155
1.297
0.256
0.0426
*For sources, units, and remarks, see Table 2-228. v = specific volume, m3/kg; h = specific enthalpy, kJ/kg; s = specific entropy, kJ/(kg⋅K); cp = specific heat at constant
pressure, kJ/(kg⋅K); µ = viscosity, 10−4 Pa⋅s; and k = thermal conductivity, W/(m⋅K). For specific heat ratio, see Table 2-200; for Prandtl number, see Table 2-369.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-209
Temperature, K
350
400
450
500
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2500
1.005
350.7
7.026
1.009
0.208
0.0301
1.148
401.2
7.161
1.014
0.230
0.0336
1.292
452.1
7.282
1.021
0.251
0.0371
1.436
503.4
7.389
1.030
0.270
0.0404
1.723
607.5
7.579
1.051
0.306
0.0466
2.297
822.5
7.888
1.099
0.370
0.0577
2.872
1046.8
8.138
1.141
0.424
0.0681
3.446
1278
8.349
1.175
0.473
0.0783
4.020
1515
8.531
1.207
0.527
0.0927
4.594
1764
8.695
1.248
0.584
0.106
5.168
2017
8.844
1.286
0.637
0.120
5.743
2279
8.983
1.337
0.689
0.137
7.200
3011
9.308
1.665
0.818
0.222
0.201
350.0
6.563
1.014
0.208
0.0303
0.230
400.8
6.698
1.017
0.230
0.0338
0.259
451.8
6.818
1.024
0.251
0.0372
0.288
503.2
6.927
1.032
0.270
0.0405
0.345
607.4
7.116
1.053
0.306
0.0467
0.460
822.6
7.426
1.100
0.370
0.0578
0.575
1046.9
7.676
1.142
0.425
0.0681
0.690
1279
7.887
1.175
0.473
0.0783
0.805
1516
8.069
1.208
0.527
0.0927
0.920
1764
8.233
1.248
0.584
0.106
1.034
2017
8.382
1.285
0.637
0.120
1.149
2278
8.520
1.326
0.689
0.136
1.438
2981
8.832
1.516
0.818
0.195
0.101
349.2
6.361
1.019
0.209
0.0305
0.115
400.2
6.497
1.021
0.231
0.0340
0.130
451.4
6.618
1.027
0.252
0.0374
0.144
502.9
6.727
1.034
0.271
0.0407
0.173
607.3
6.917
1.055
0.306
0.0469
0.231
822.7
7.226
1.100
0.370
0.0579
0.288
1047.2
7.477
1.142
0.425
0.0682
0.345
1279
7.688
1.175
0.473
0.0784
0.403
1516
7.870
1.208
0.527
0.0927
0.460
1765
8.034
1.248
0.584
0.106
0.518
2018
8.183
1.284
0.637
0.120
0.575
2279
8.321
1.324
0.689
0.135
0.720
2974
8.630
1.481
0.817
0.187
0.0503
347.7
6.158
1.030
0.210
0.0309
0.0577
399.1
6.295
1.029
0.232
0.0344
0.0650
450.7
6.417
1.033
0.253
0.0377
0.0723
502.4
6.526
1.039
0.272
0.0410
0.0868
607.2
6.716
1.057
0.307
0.0471
0.116
823.0
7.027
1.102
0.371
0.0581
0.145
1047.7
0.277
1.143
0.425
0.0685
0.173
1280
7.489
1.176
0.474
0.0787
0.202
1517
7.671
1.209
0.527
0.0928
0.231
1766
7.835
1.249
0.584
0.106
0.260
2019
7.984
1.284
0.637
0.120
0.288
2279
8.121
1.322
0.689
0.135
0.360
2970
8.428
1.456
0.817
0.181
0.0252
344.6
5.950
1.051
0.213
0.0318
0.0290
397.0
6.090
1.044
0.235
0.0351
0.0327
449.2
6.212
1.044
0.255
0.0384
0.0364
501.5
6.323
1.049
0.274
0.0416
0.0438
606.9
6.515
1.063
0.309
0.0476
0.0583
823.7
6.826
0.105
0.372
0.0584
0.0728
1048.8
7.077
1.145
0.426
0.0687
0.0872
1281
7.289
1.177
0.474
0.0789
0.102
1519
7.473
1.210
0.527
0.0928
0.116
1768
7.636
1.249
0.584
0.106
0.130
2021
7.785
1.284
0.637
0.120
0.145
2281
7.922
1.322
0.689
0.135
0.181
2969
8.229
1.438
0.817
0.177
0.0169
340.4
5.824
1.072
0.217
0.0328
0.0194
394.0
5.967
1.059
0.237
0.0359
0.0220
447.1
6.091
1.055
0.257
0.0391
0.0245
500.6
6.202
1.057
0.275
0.0422
0.0294
606.8
6.396
1.069
0.310
0.0481
0.0392
824.3
6.708
1.108
0.373
0.0588
0.0489
1050.0
6.960
1.147
0.427
0.0690
0.0585
1283
7.172
1.178
0.475
0.0790
0.0681
1521
7.355
1.210
0.527
0.0929
0.0776
1770
7.520
1.249
0.584
0.106
0.0872
2023
7.669
1.286
0.637
0.120
0.0968
2284
7.806
1.322
0.689
0.134
0.1207
2969
8.112
1.430
0.817
0.176
0.0127
339.0
5.733
1.091
0.220
0.0337
0.0147
393.1
5.878
1.073
0.240
0.0368
0.0166
446.5
6.004
1.066
0.259
0.0398
0.0185
499.8
6.116
1.065
0.278
0.0428
0.0223
606.7
6.311
1.075
0.312
0.0486
0.0296
825.1
6.624
1.111
0.374
0.0592
0.0369
1051.1
6.877
1.149
0.428
0.0693
0.0442
1284
7.089
1.180
0.475
0.0793
0.0513
1522
7.273
1.210
0.527
0.0929
0.0585
1772
7.437
1.249
0.584
0.106
0.0657
2025
7.586
1.286
0.637
0.120
0.0729
2285
7.723
1.322
0.689
0.134
0.0908
2971
8.029
1.426
0.817
0.175
0.0102
336.5
5.661
1.110
0.224
0.0347
0.0118
391.3
5.807
1.087
0.243
0.0376
0.0134
445.3
5.935
1.076
0.262
0.0405
0.0149
499.0
6.048
1.073
0.280
0.0434
0.0180
606.6
6.244
1.080
0.314
0.0491
0.0239
825.8
6.559
1.114
0.375
0.0595
0.0298
1052.4
6.812
1.151
0.429
0.0696
0.0356
1286
7.024
1.181
0.477
0.0795
0.0413
1524
7.208
1.211
0.527
0.0930
0.0470
1774
7.373
1.250
0.584
0.106
0.0528
2027
7.522
1.288
0.637
0.120
0.0584
2288
7.659
1.323
0.689
0.134
0.0729
2972
7.964
1.423
0.817
0.175
0.00695
330.9
5.525
1.151
0.235
0.0374
0.00806
387.5
5.677
1.117
0.252
0.0398
0.00914
442.9
5.807
1.099
0.270
0.0424
0.0102
497.5
5.922
1.092
0.286
0.0451
0.0123
606.6
6.121
1.093
0.318
0.0504
0.0163
827.8
6.439
1.121
0.379
0.0605
0.0202
1055.5
6.693
1.155
0.431
0.0703
0.0241
1290
6.906
1.184
0.478
0.0801
0.0279
1529
7.092
1.213
0.527
0.0932
0.0317
1779
7.256
1.252
0.584
0.106
0.0356
2033
7.405
1.290
0.637
0.120
0.0394
2294
7.543
1.325
0.689
0.133
0.0490
2977
7.848
1.418
0.00534
326.5
5.426
1.184
0.248
0.0400
0.00620
384.5
5.581
1.141
0.262
0.0420
0.00702
440.9
5.715
1.119
0.278
0.0423
0.00783
496.6
5.831
1.108
0.293
0.0467
0.00940
607.0
6.033
1.104
0.324
0.0517
0.0125
829.9
6.353
1.128
0.382
0.0614
0.0154
1058.7
6.608
1.160
0.434
0.0711
0.0184
1294
6.822
1.187
0.481
0.0808
0.0212
1533
7.009
1.214
0.528
0.0934
0.0241
1783
7.173
1.254
0.585
0.106
0.0269
2038
7.323
1.292
0.638
0.120
0.0298
2299
7.460
1.326
0.0370
2982
7.765
1.415
0.00440
323.2
5.348
1.208
0.262
0.0429
0.00509
382.3
5.506
1.161
0.273
0.0443
0.00576
439.6
5.641
1.135
0.286
0.0462
0.00642
496.0
5.760
1.121
0.301
0.0484
0.00770
607.6
5.963
1.115
0.329
0.0531
0.0102
832.2
6.286
1.135
0.386
0.0624
0.0126
1062.0
6.542
1.164
0.437
0.0718
0.0149
1298
6.757
1.190
0.483
0.0814
0.0172
1538
6.944
1.216
0.528
0.0937
0.0195
1789
7.108
1.256
0.585
0.106
0.0218
2043
7.258
1.294
0.0241
2304
7.396
1.328
0.0298
2988
7.701
1.414
2-210
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-229
Pressure,
bar
Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Air (Concluded )
Temperature, K
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0.00112
−84.0
3.083
1.703
2.18
0.154
0.00117
−67.0
3.260
1.713
1.53
0.141
0.00127
−32.4
3.572
1.740
0.932
0.118
0.00139
3.1
3.849
1.769
0.687
0.0996
0.00155
39.2
4.090
1.777
0.529
0.0836
0.00173
74.5
4.298
1.751
0.433
0.0710
0.00195
109.0
4.480
1.689
0.370
0.0619
0.00219
142.0
4.637
1.607
0.329
0.0555
0.00243
173.2
4.773
1.518
0.303
0.0514
0.00269
202.7
4.891
1.438
0.288
0.0487
0.00294
230.8
4.995
1.370
0.280
0.0471
0.00318
257.7
5.088
1.316
0.276
0.0462
400 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00110
−76.6
3.042
1.674
2.63
0.161
0.00114
−59.8
3.216
1.686
1.86
0.149
0.00123
−25.9
3.523
1.704
1.10
0.127
0.00133
8.3
3.788
1.702
0.802
0.110
0.00145
42.4
4.016
1.685
0.631
0.0946
0.00158
75.8
4.214
1.654
0.500
0.0823
0.00173
108.5
4.386
1.607
0.446
0.0729
0.00189
140.1
4.537
1.550
0.397
0.0660
0.00206
170.5
4.669
1.490
0.364
0.0610
0.00224
199.7
4.786
1.431
0.341
0.0574
0.00242
227.8
4.890
1.378
0.325
0.0550
0.00260
254.8
4.983
1.331
0.316
0.0533
500 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
0.00109
−69.0
3.005
1.655
3.13
0.167
0.00112
−52.3
3.177
1.670
2.24
0.156
0.00120
−18.7
3.482
1.686
1.31
0.135
0.00128
14.4
3.743
1.667
0.924
0.119
0.00138
47.4
3.966
1.644
0.710
0.104
0.00148
79.8
4.151
1.598
0.0560
0.0916
0.00160
111.4
4.317
1.557
0.512
0.0822
0.00173
142.0
4.463
1.509
0.459
0.0749
0.00186
171.7
4.593
1.461
0.420
0.0694
0.00199
200.5
4.708
1.415
0.391
0.0653
0.00213
228.4
4.811
1.371
0.370
0.0622
0.00227
255.4
4.905
1.331
0.356
0.0599
0.00151
116.0
2.263
1.525
0.00161
146.1
4.406
1.480
0.516
0.0828
0.00172
175.3
4.533
1.438
0.472
0.0769
0.00183
203.6
4.646
1.398
0.439
0.0724
0.00194
231.2
4.749
1.361
0.414
0.0689
0.00205
258.1
4.842
1.327
0.396
0.0662
0.00147
157.4
4.318
1.445
0.00155
185.9
4.442
1.406
0.0964
0.0901
0.00163
213.7
4.553
1.372
0.529
0.0850
0.00171
240.3
4.653
1.342
0.497
0.0809
0.00179
267.3
4.745
1.314
0.473
0.0776
0.00151
226.4
4.482
1.355
0.00157
253.2
4.582
1.327
0.0961
0.0916
0.00163
279.5
4.672
1.303
0.546
0.0878
300 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
600 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
800 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
1000 v
h
s
Cp
µ
k
80
0.00108
−101.0
2.888
1.694
3.24
0.168
0.0903
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
2-211
Temperature, K
350
400
450
500
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2500
0.00379
320.9
5.283
1.226
0.276
0.0457
0.00437
380.9
5.443
1.176
0.284
0.0466
0.00493
438.9
5.580
1.148
0.296
0.0481
0.00548
495.9
5.700
1.133
0.308
0.0501
0.00656
608.5
5.906
1.124
0.335
0.0544
0.00864
834.5
6.230
1.140
0.390
0.0634
0.0107
1065.3
6.488
1.168
0.440
0.0726
0.0126
1302
6.703
1.193
0.485
0.0820
0.0145
1542
6.891
1.217
0.529
0.0940
0.0164
1794
7.056
1.257
0.0183
2049
7.206
1.298
0.0202
2310
7.344
1.330
0.0250
2993
7.648
1.413
0.00304
319.1
5.181
1.246
0.307
0.0513
0.00348
380.0
5.344
1.195
0.308
0.0512
0.00390
439.0
5.483
1.166
0.315
0.0521
0.00432
496.8
5.605
1.149
0.325
0.0535
0.00514
611.0
5.813
1.138
0.348
0.0571
0.00673
839.4
6.142
1.151
0.398
0.0653
0.00826
1072.0
6.401
1.176
0.446
0.0740
0.00977
1310
6.618
1.199
0.490
0.0832
0.0111
1552
6.808
1.222
0.0126
1804
6.972
1.258
0.0140
2059
7.123
1.301
0.0155
2321
7.261
1.333
0.0190
3004
7.566
1.412
0.00262
319.9
5.103
1.255
0.338
0.0568
0.00296
381.3
5.267
1.206
0.333
0.0557
0.00330
440.8
5.408
1.176
0.336
0.0560
0.00364
499.1
5.531
1.159
0.343
0.0569
0.00430
614.3
5.741
1.148
0.361
0.0598
0.00558
844.6
6.072
1.159
0.407
0.0672
0.00683
1078.8
6.333
1.183
0.452
0.0755
0.00804
1318
6.550
1.205
0.495
0.0844
0.00911
1561
6.743
1.226
0.0103
1814
6.907
1.265
0.0114
2070
7.058
1.306
0.0126
2332
7.196
1.337
0.0154
3015
7.501
1.412
0.00234
322.6
5.041
1.258
0.370
0.0620
0.00262
384.2
5.205
1.211
0.359
0.0602
0.00290
444.0
5.346
1.182
0.358
0.0598
0.00318
502.6
5.470
1.166
0.361
0.0603
0.00374
618.5
5.681
1.154
0.375
0.0625
0.00481
850.1
6.014
1.166
0.416
0.0691
0.00586
1085.5
6.277
1.189
0.459
0.0770
0.00689
1326
6.495
1.210
0.501
0.0857
0.00776
1570
6.690
1.231
0.00873
1824
6.854
1.267
0.00970
2080
7.005
1.310
0.0107
2343
7.144
1.341
0.0130
3026
7.449
1.412
0.00200
331.6
4.943
1.257
0.432
0.0718
0.00221
393.8
5.108
1.216
0.411
0.0688
0.00242
453.4
5.250
1.188
0.402
0.0673
0.00263
512.3
5.374
1.172
0.399
0.0669
0.00304
625.8
5.586
1.161
0.405
0.0679
0.00385
862.0
5.922
1.175
0.436
0.0730
0.00465
1099.3
6.136
1.198
0.474
0.0800
0.00544
1341
6.407
1.219
0.512
0.0881
0.00608
1588
6.605
1.240
0.00681
1844
6.769
1.275
0.00754
2101
6.921
1.318
0.00826
2365
7.060
1.347
0.0101
3049
7.366
1.412
0.00180
343.4
4.869
1.254
0.494
0.0810
0.00196
405.1
5.034
1.217
0.463
0.0768
0.00213
465.3
5.176
1.192
0.446
0.0744
0.00230
524.4
5.300
1.175
0.438
0.0733
0.00262
641.2
5.513
1.164
0.435
0.0732
0.00328
875.1
5.850
1.179
0.456
0.0768
0.00392
1113.3
6.115
1.204
0.489
0.0830
0.00455
1356
6.337
1.225
0.524
0.0906
0.00507
1606
6.539
1.248
0.00565
1863
6.703
1.283
0.00624
2121
6.856
1.325
0.00681
2386
6.995
1.354
0.00825
3071
7.302
1.413
2-212
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-230
Enthalpy and Psi Functions for Ideal-Gas Air*
T, K
h, kJ/kg
Ψ
T, K
h, kJ/kg
Ψ
T, K
h, kJ/kg
Ψ
200
210
220
230
240
200.0
210.0
220.0
230.1
240.1
−0.473
−0.400
−0.329
−0.262
−0.197
650
660
670
680
690
659.8
670.5
681.1
691.8
702.5
1.339
1.364
1.388
1.412
1.436
1200
1220
1240
1260
1280
1278
1301
1325
1349
1372
2.376
2.406
2.435
2.463
2.491
250
260
270
280
290
250.1
260.1
270.1
280.1
290.2
−0.135
−0.076
−0.018
0.037
0.090
700
710
720
730
740
713.3
724.0
734.8
745.6
756.4
1.459
1.482
1.505
1.528
1.550
1300
1320
1340
1360
1380
1396
1420
1444
1467
1491
2.519
2.547
2.574
2.601
2.627
300
310
320
330
340
300.2
310.3
320.3
330.4
340.4
0.142
0.191
0.240
0.286
0.332
750
760
770
780
790
767.3
778.2
789.1
800.0
811.0
1.572
1.594
1.615
1.637
1.658
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1515
1539
1563
1587
1612
2.653
2.679
2.705
2.730
2.755
350
360
370
380
390
350.5
360.6
370.7
380.8
390.9
0.376
0.419
0.461
0.502
0.541
800
810
820
830
840
821.9
832.9
844.0
855.0
866.1
1.679
1.699
1.720
1.740
1.760
1500
1520
1540
1560
1580
1636
1660
1684
1709
1738
2.779
2.803
2.827
2.851
2.875
400
410
420
430
440
401.0
411.2
421.3
431.5
441.7
0.580
0.618
0.655
0.691
0.727
850
860
870
880
890
877.2
888.3
899.4
910.6
921.8
1.780
1.800
1.819
1.838
1.857
1600
1620
1640
1660
1680
1758
1782
1806
1831
1855
2.898
2.921
2.944
2.966
2.988
450
460
470
480
490
451.8
462.1
472.3
482.5
492.8
0.761
0.795
0.829
0.861
0.893
900
910
920
930
940
933.0
944.2
955.4
966.7
978.0
1.876
1.895
1.914
1.932
1.950
1700
1720
1740
1760
1780
1880
1905
1929
1954
1979
3.010
3.032
3.054
3.075
3.096
500
510
520
530
540
503.1
513.4
523.7
534.0
544.4
0.925
0.956
0.986
1.016
1.045
950
960
970
980
990
989.3
1000.6
1011.9
1023.3
1034.7
1.969
1.987
2.004
2.022
2.039
1800
1820
1840
1860
1880
2003
2028
2053
2078
2102
3.117
3.138
3.158
3.178
3.198
550
560
570
580
590
554.8
565.2
575.6
586.1
596.5
1.074
1.102
1.130
1.158
1.185
1000
1020
1040
1060
1080
1046.1
1068.9
1091.9
1114.9
1138.0
2.057
2.091
2.125
2.158
2.190
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2127
2152
2177
2202
2227
3.218
3.238
3.258
3.277
3.296
600
610
620
630
640
607.0
617.5
628.1
638.6
649.2
1.211
1.238
1.264
1.289
1.314
1100
1120
1140
1160
1180
1161.1
1184.3
1207.6
1230.9
1254.3
2.223
2.254
2.285
2.316
2.346
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2252
2315
2377
2440
2504
3.215
3.362
3.408
3.453
3.496
*Values rounded off from Chappell and Cockshutt, Nat. Res. Counc. Can. Rep. NRC LR 759 (NRC No. 14300), 1974. This
source tabulates values of seven thermodynamic functions at 1-K increments from 200 to 2200 K in SI units and at other increments for two other unit systems. An earlier report (NRC LR 381, 1963) gives a more detailed description of an earlier fitting
from 200 to 1400 K. In the above table h = specific enthalpy, kJ/kg, and Ψ2 − Ψ1 = log10 (P2 /P1)s for an isentrope. In terms of
the Keenan and Kaye function φ, Ψ = (log10 e/R) ⋅ φ.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
FIG. 2-5 Temperature-entropy diagram for air. [Landsbaum, Dadds, Stevens, et al., Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 1(3), 303 (1955). Reproduced by
permission of the authors and of the editor, American Institute of Chemical Engineers.]
2-213
2-214
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
TABLE 2-231
Air
Other tables include Stewart, R. B., S. G. Penoncello, et al., University of Idaho CATS report, 85-5, 1985 (0.1–700 bar, 85–750 K), and a revision is in process of publication. Tables including reactions with hydrocarbons include Gordon, S., NASA Techn. Paper 1907, 4 vols., 1982. See also Gupta, R. N., K-P. Lee, et al., NASA RP
1232, 1990 (89 pp.) and RP 1260, 1991 (75 pp.). Analytic expressions for high temperatures were given by Matsuzaki, R., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 21, 7 (1982): 1009–1013
and Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory report NAL TR 671, 1981 (45 pp.). Functions from 1500 to 15000 K were tabulated by Hilsenrath, J. and M. Klein,
AEDC-TR-65-58 = AD 612 301, 1965 (333 pp.). Tables from 10000 to 10,000,000 K were authored by Gilmore, F. R., Lockheed rept. 3-27-67-1, vol 1., 1967 (340 pp.),
also published as Radiative Properties of Air, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1969 (648 pp.). Saturation and superheat tables and a chart to 7000 psia, 660°R appear in Stewart, R. B., R. T. Jacobsen, et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1986 (521 pp.). For specific heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity see Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE, 1993.
AIR, MOIST
An ASHRAE publication, Thermodynamic Properties of Dry Air and Water and S. I. Psychrometric Charts, 1983 (360 pp.), extensively reviews moist air properties.
Gandiduson, P., Chem. Eng., Oct. 29, 1984 gives on page 118 a nomograph from 50 to 120°F, while equations in SI units were given by Nelson, B., Chem. Eng. Progr.
76, 5 (May 1980): 83–85. Liley, P. E., 2000 Solved Problems in M.E. Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989, gives four simple equations with which most
calculations can be made. Devres, Y.O., Appl. Energy 48 (1994): 1–18 gives equations with which three known properties can be used to determine four others. Klappert, M. T. and G. F. Schilling, Rand RM-4244-PR = AD 604 856, 1984 (40 pp.) gives tables from 100 to 270 K, while programs from −60 to 2°F are given by Sando,
F. A., ASHRAE Trans., 96, 2 (1990): 299–308.
Viscosity references include Kestin, J. and J. H. Whitelaw, Int. J. Ht. Mass Transf. 7, 11 (1964): 1245–1255; Studnokov, E. L., Inz.-Fiz. Zhur. 19, 2 (1970): 338–340;
Hochramer, D. and F. Munczak, Setzb. Ost. Acad. Wiss II 175, 10 (1966): 540–550. For thermal conductivity see, for instance, Mason, E. A. and L. Monchick, Humidity and Moisture Control in Science and Industry, Reinhold, New York, 1965 (257–272).
TABLE 2-232
Saturated Ammonia*
P, bar
vf, m3/kg
vg, m3/kg
h f, kJ/kg
h g, kJ/kg
s f, kJ/(kg⋅K)
sg, kJ/(kg⋅K)
c pf, kJ/(kg⋅K)
µ f, 10−4 Pa⋅s
k f, W/(m⋅K)
195.5t
200
210
220
230
0.0608
0.0865
0.1775
0.3381
0.6044
1.327.–3
1.372.–3
1.394.–3
1.417.–3
1.442.–3
15.648
11.237
5.729
3.135
1.822
−1110.1
−1088.8
−1044.1
−1000.6
−957.0
380.1
388.5
406.7
424.1
440.7
4.203
4.311
4.529
4.731
4.925
11.827
11.698
11.438
11.207
11.002
4.73
4.61
4.38
4.35
4.38
4.25
4.07
3.69
3.34
3.02
0.715
0.709
0.685
0.661
0.638
240
250
260
270
280
1.0226
1.6496
2.5529
3.8100
5.5077
1.468.–3
1.495.–3
1.524.–3
1.551.–3
1.589.–3
1.115
0.712
0.472