ROTC REVIEWER FOR MIDTERM
BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION
a. Signal Communication: Method or means or a combination thereof, of conveying
information of any kind from one person or place to another except direct conversation.
b. Means of Communication: A medium by which a message is conveyed from one
person or place to another.
c. Agency of Communication : A facility which embraces the personnel and
equipment necessary to provide signal communication by any particular means of a
combination thereof.
d. Tactical Radio Sets – is the principal means of communication in tactical units. It
use for command, fire control, exchange of information and administrative purposes
between & within the units. It is especially adopted to rapid changing situation such as
air ground ship to shore, air to air communication. It also essential for communication
impassable terrain or in large wire & other means are impracticable to install.
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
WIRE – it is used as the principal means of commuication in all military units. This
means of commo embraces all equipment used for laying recovring wire, battery
operated & sound-powered telephones, switch boards & teletype equipment when their
use is authorized. The operating range of wire commo varies, depending principally on
the weather & the condition of wire. Wet weather, poor splices, & damage insulation are
factors that greatly reduce its operating range.
RADIO – This means of communication is the most rapid one. It is most frequently used
for maintaining command, control, contact & direction in contact. The radio has one
distinct advantage over other means of commo. It has a relatively high degree of
mobility & flexibility, resulting from the fact that physical circuits are unnecessary to
establish commo between radio stations. The radio set is the only adequate means of
commo available in the fast moving situations, such as armored attacks, amphibious
operation, naval gun fire support, serial bombing & straffing mission. The radio can
bridge gaps in a wire system & can provide commo accross a terrain where the use of
the other means of commo is not possible.
MESSENGER – The use of messenger as a means of communication is preferred over
the rest when maps & classified documents are to be transmitted to other operating
units. Since time immemorial, messengers have been used as a means of commo. It is
no less important today as it was in times gone by. It is the most secret means used by
infantry units. Maps & classified documents are delivered through this means. It also the
best means for the transmission of long messages over short distances.
VISUAL SIGNAL – Is used to control the action of a small unis. Over the years, a
visual signal has been relegated to the role of an auxiliary means of communication.
Any signal that is received by the eye regardless of how it is transmitted, is the
“common sense” definition of a visual signal. Flags, signal flares, & smoke signals have
been used throughout the ages as visual means of commo have been developed.
These included light, pyrotechnics panels & others. They are most effective during day
light or under conditions of clear visibility. Otherwise, they are ineffecient means of
commo.
SOUND SIGNAL – This means of communications is used primarily to spread alarms.
Normally, it used to warn troops of an impending hostile air, mechanized, or gas attack.
Signal received by the unaided ear, regardless of the method of transmission, are sound
means of commo. They may be transmitted by whistles, bugler, horns, weapons, &
other noise-making devices. Pre-arranged messages are transmitted through this
means. They are rapid means of communication over short distance but their effective
range is greatly reduced by battle noises. Like visual signals, they are not secure means
of commo. Their use may be prohibited for security reasons.
FAMILIARIZATION OF DIFFERENT RADIO EQUIPMENT
1. URC – 773M
CHARACTERISTICS
A. Frequency modulated (fm)
b. Transmission range – 10 kms (los)
c. Whip antenna d. Man pack
e. Power source – 12 vdc, 24 pcs ba – 30, 12v wet cell btry
f. Press to talk (hand set)
2. PRC – 77
CHARACTERISTICS A
. Frequency modulated (fm)
b. Transmission range – 8 kms (los)
c. Whip antenna d. Man pack
e. Power source – 12 vdc, 20 pcs ba – 30, 12v wet cell btry
f. Press to talk (hand set)
3. URC - 601
CHARACTERISTICS
A. Handheld
b. Press to talk
c. Whip antenna
d. Transmission range – 3 to 4 kms (los)
e. Power source – 8 pcs ba – 30
4. URC – 187
CHARACTERISTICS
A. Amplitude modulated (am)
b. Transmission range – 40 kms (sky wave propagation)
c. Dipole antenna
d. Press to talk (hand set)
e. Power source – 36 pcs ba-30, 12-24v wet cell btry
ADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS:
1. SPEED OF INSTALLATION – it is easy to establish than wire or other means of
communication.
2. FLEXIBLE – it is no fixed circuit are required to be constructed.
3. It provide communication across terrain over which it may be impractical to install
wire.
DISADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS:
1. LACK OF SECURITY – radio is the least secured means. It is always assumed that
interception every time the transmitter is place on operation.
2. Subject for interception radio is less vulnerable to enemy terrorist activity than wire,
however, it is subject for interference from precipitation & jamming to other mission.
FUNDAMENTAL OF TACTICAL RADIO COMMUNICATION:
1. RADIO NET – a group of several stations working together in the same frequency.
2. Call sign a combination of pronounceable words that identifies the facility or station.
3. INDIVIDUAL CALL SIGN – this call sign identifies a single call to any station within
the net.
4. COLLECTIVE CALL SIGN – this call sign identifies two or more stations in particular
radio net but not all stations in the net.
5. NET CALL SIGN – this call sign indetifies all radio station calling rnsmits the identify
of the station called as well as his own identity.
6. PRO WORDS – are pronounceable words which have assigned meaning to facilitate
transmission by radio communication.
PROWORDS
A. OVER – my transmition is ended & i expect a response from you
B. ROGER – i received your last message statisfactorily.
C. OUT – my transmission is ended & i expect no response from you.
D. WILCO – i will comply to your instruction.
E. QUERY - clarification.
F. LIMA CHARLIE – i received your message loud & clear.
G. SAY AGAIN - i did not understand your transmission, request repeat your last
transmission.
H. REQUEST NET WITH – can i talk with msg nemer of tsg obena.
I. WAIT ONE – request that you wait for a minute.
J. READ BACK – read back the message you have copied.
K. RADIO SILENCE – cease transmission immediately, however, keep on lestining on
the same frequency.
L. BREA-BREAK – stop your conversation & allow me to this net to transmit for an
urgent message.
INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence objective
The acquisition of knowledge concerning the insurgency movement, the population, the
weather and the geographic features to provides a basis for political and military
decision- making essential to counterinsurgency activities.
Responsibility
Intelligence is a command responsibility. Individuals soldiers are respnsible in reporting
to higher unit all the collected information on the terrain insurgents and the civilian
community within the area.
Tasks
Intelligence in platoon level is simply information gathering and not the whole
intelligence system. Intelligence in counterinsurgency falls into three categories:
Background intelligence
Local intelligence
Contact intelligence
Information
In unevaluated materials of every description that derived from observation common
reports, rumors, imagery and other sources.
Intelligence
Is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation and other interpretation of all
evaluating information.
Source of information
Are persons, things or actions from which information about the enemy, weather of
terrain is derived.
Collection
Is the systematic exploitation of sources of information by the collection agencies.
Collection agency
Is any person, unit or activity that collects and/or process information by research,
surveillance , interrogation or other exploitation of resources.
COMBAT INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
-Actions to neutralize the activities of hostile intelligence organizations
a. Denying the enemy information and army plans, intentions and activities.
b. Detecting the enemy efforts to get information.
-Principles of intelligence operations
a. Intelligence operations and tactical operations are interdependent.
b. Timely and useful
c. Flexibility in procedure
-Sources of information
a. Prisoners of war
b. Captured documents
c. Enemy activity
d. Local civilians
-What to report
a. Size
b. Activity
c. Location
d. Unit
e. Time
f. equipment
-Prisoners of war and captured document
a. Handling POWS
- Search, silence, speed, safeguard POWS
b. Handling captured documents and equipment
- Give them to your leader quickly, tag each item
-Counterintelligence measures
a. Practice camouflage principles and techniques
b. Practice noise and light discipline
c. Practice field sanitation
d. Use proper radiotelephone procedure
e. Use the challenge and password properly
f. Not take personal letters or pictures into content areas
g. Not keep diaries in combat ares
h. Be careful when discussing military affairs
i. Use only authorized code
j. Abide by the code of conduct
k. Report any soldier or civilian who is believed to be serving or sympathetic with
the enemy.
l. Report anyone who tries to get information about army operations
m. Destroy all maps or important documents if captured is imminent
n. Not discuss military operations in public areas
o. Discuss military operations only with those persons having a need to know the
information
p. Remind fellow soldiers of their counterintelligence responsibilities
EVALUATION OF REPORT
-Reliability source
Completely reliable
Usually reliable
Fairy reliable
Not usually reliable
Unreliable
Reliability cannot be judged
-Accuracy of information
Confirmed by other sources
Probably true
Possibly true
Doubtful true
Improbable
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE
Passive or offensive Cl- those measures design to conceal information from the
enemy.
Active or defensive Cl- those measures design to physically block an attempt of the
enemy to gain infor or his effort to engage in sabotage and subversion.
CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS
CMO are planned activities undertaken independently or in coordination with civilian
entities to gain popular support and weaken the enemy’s will to fight in support to the
accomplishment of the AFP mission.
Old CMO Pillars (before 2004)
a. MILE – Military Livelihood Enhancement
b. MILVED – Military Values Education
c. PI – Public Information
d. COMREL – Community Relations
e. CIVAC – Civic Action
f. RSS – Research and Special Studies
g. PSYOPS – Psychological Operations
Transition CMO Pillars (2004 to 2006)
a. MILITARY AFFAIRS
1) Military Livelihood Enhancement
2) Military Values Education
3) CI – Command Information
b. CIVIL RELATIONS
1) Public Information
2) Community Relations
3) Military Civic Action
c. PSYOPS
1) Words PsyOps
2) Deeds PsyOps
3) Counter-Propaganda
3. New CMO Pillars (Present)
a. PUBLIC AFFAIRS
1) Public Information
2) Community Relations
b. CIVIL AFFAIRS
1) Civil Relations
2) Civic Action
c. Information Support Affairs (ISA)
1) Words
2) Deeds
3) Counter-Propaganda
4. Advantages of New CMO Pillars/Categories:
Simple and easy to remember
b. Clearly defined target audience
c. ISA is strengthened
The three pillars
Public affairs
Civil affairs
Psychological operations
The three pillars
Civil relations affairs pillar
Public affairs pillar
information support pillar
INTERIOR GUARD DUTY
Guard - term used when referring to:
1. A special unit responsibilities to the Officer of the Day for the protection and security
of an installation or area. This unit includes a Commander of the Guard, Sergeant of the
Guard, Commander of the Relief and the Guard.
2. An individual responsible to keep watch over, protect, shield, defend, warn or any
duties prescribed by general orders. Also referred to as Sentinel, Sentry or lookout.
Sentry - guard Sentinel or Lookout. Sentinel - an individual of the guards whose duties
are prescribed by general or special orders. Also referred to as guard, sentry or lookout.
Officers of The Day - an Officer acting directly under the commanding officer who is
responsible on a given day for the execution of all orders of the commanding officer
relating to interior guard duty and other as maybe assigned. Commander of The Guard senior officer or non-commissioned officer who is responsible for the instruction,
discipline and performance of duty of the guard. He is the member of the guard next
junior to the Officer of the Day.
Sergeant of The Guard - senior of non-commissioned officer of guard. He supervise
the enlisted members of the guard and responsible to the Commander of the Guard for
the execution of all orders relating to the guard duties.
Company - includes battery, or any other similarly organized unit.
Guard House - a building occupied by men detailed for interior guard duty. It might
guard tent or any other designated location for the headquarters for the guard.
Challenge - the command ―HALT‖ WHO IS THERE? is used to cause an unidentified.
If secret challenge is used, it follows the original challenge and consists of a word or
distinctive sound. Any process carries-out by one unit or person with the objects of
ascertaining the friendly or hostile character or identify of another.
Password - a word, or distinctive sound, used to answer a challenge identifies the
person or party desiring to enter or pass and is always secret.
Countersign - a countersign consist of a secret challenge and password. The words
comprising the countersign are issued from the principal headquarters of a command to
aid guards and sentinels in their security of person who apply to pass the lines. Fixed
Post - a specific post with defined limits. Sentinel Post - an area for which the sentinel is
responsible. Within his post a sentinel performs the duties required by general and
special order.
Confinement Officer - a military police assigned to a stockade and charge with the
security, administration, care, and custody of all prison confined in the local stockade or
hospital prisoner ward.
Relief - the procedure whereby members of the post are relieved and members are
posted in place.
Relieved – to direct any members of the guard to cease performance of duty.
Sentry - enlisted personnel assigned to duty as member of the guard to keep watch,
maintain order, protect property and given alarm of any attack or disorders.
Watch - a period of time during which member of the guard performed the prescribed
duties beginning when he is posted and terminated his duties.
Stockade - a confinement facility under the jurisdiction of an installation commander,
used for the confinement of the military prisoners.
TYPE OF ORDERS FOR INTERIOR GUARD
1. General Orders - orders applied to all sentries to the main and special guard.
2. Special Orders - orders promulgated by the Commanding Officer prescribed the
special Duties for the main and special guards.
THE ELEVEN (11) GENERAL ORDERS
1. To take charge of this post all government properties and view.
2. To walk my post in a military manner keeping always on alert and observing
everything that takes place within sight or hearing.
3. To report all violation of orders I am instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from post more distance from the guardhouse then my own.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass on the sentinel who relieved me all order from the
Commanding Officer of the day and noncommissioned Officer of the guard only.
7. To talk to no one except in line of duty.
8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
9. To call the commander of the relief in any case not covered by instruction.
10. To salute all officers and all colors and standard not case.
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time for challenge all persons or
near my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.
GUARD COMPOSITION
1. Interior Guard - detailed by the commanders of the military installation to preserve
orders protect property and enforce military regulation. The installation commander is
responsible for the interior guard of the installation and he prescribed the composition of
the guard. When brigade and separate units are responsible for an interior guard with
their own areas, their composition, duties and responsibilities are similar to those
outlined in this manual, Commanders’ of Unit furnishing personnel for guards are
responsible to insure that these men are qualified or familiar with the weapons they use
on guard.
2. Exterior Guard- are those guards whose duties and responsibilities are different
from those set down for interior guard Exterior guard is not as formal and restricted as
interior guard. Classified as exterior guards lookout, listening post outpost specially
designated patrols and other guard in combat zone. Field training alerts, and guard
outside the limits of military installation. The exterior guard performs their duties as
prescribed by special orders and instruction.
Marching
The Adjutant commands PINUNO (OR) MGA PINUNO) AT PINUNONG HINDI
HIRANG, NA. The procedures for marching to center is the same as in parade of
informal Guard Mounting except that when there are two commanders of the guard, the
senior is designated ―Punong Tanod‖ and the junior ―Pangalawang Punong Tanod
PROCEDURE FOR CHALLENGING AND REPLY WITH THE PASSWORD
Reporting a sentry post
Challenging one person
Person Challenged
Challenging a group
INFORMAL GUARD MOUNTING
Sequence of Activities
Inspection of Guards
Presenting the Guards to the Officer of the Day
Disposition of the New and Old Guards
FORMAL GUARD MOUNTING
Sequence of the Activities
Assembly and Forming the Guard
Marching the Guard to the Parade Ground
Dressing of the Guard
Sergeant of the Guard
Marching