Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila
Applied Economics
Market Demand, Market Supply
and Market Equilibrium
https://www.thoughtco.com/supply-and-demand-practice-questions-1146966
Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3
Learning Competency :
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to
determine the concepts of market demand,
market supply and market equilibrium
ABM_AE12-Ie-h3
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks
that may disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple
instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit.
Have fun!
Follow carefully all the contents and instructions
indicated in every page of this module.
Write on your notebook the concepts about the
lessons. Writing enhances learning that is important
to develop and keep in mind.
Perform all the provided activities in the module.
Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers
using the answer key card.
Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you
have learned.
Enjoy studying!
PARTS OF THE MODULE

Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after
completing the lessons in the module.

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts
to be mastered throughout the lesson.
Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what
learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the


lesson.



Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications
of the lessons.
Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the
lesson.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the
entire module
2
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
LESSON
3
Market Demand, Market Supply, and
Market Equilibrium
EXPECTATIONS
You will represent real-life situations using the market demand, market
supply and market equilibrium. Specifically, this module will help you to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
determine the concepts of market demand, supply and equilibrium
state the laws of demand and supply
construct and analyze demand, supply and their curves
solve problems on demand, supply and equilibrium
Let us start your journey in
learning more on market demand,
supply and equilibrium Are you excited
to answer the Pretest. Smile and Enjoy!
PRE-TEST
Before you equip yourself with a new set of knowledge, let us
check your understanding about the topic. Enjoy answering!
PART I. GRAPH ANALYSIS
Directions: Please analyze the graph and answer the questions below.
a) Locate the equilibrium point on the demand
and supply graph. Put a point
on the graph
b) If the price is above the equilibrium level, what
could you predict with the demand and
supply?______________________
c) If below the equilibrium point what could you
predict with the demand and
supply?__________________________
https://www.thoughtco.com/calculating-economic-equilibrium-1147698
3
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
PART II. FILL IN THE BLANKS
Directions: Analyze the following statements carefulyy. Fill in the blanks.
1.
The law of ______________________________ applies during online sales of
shoes; that is when consumers rush to buy products at 50% discounts.
2.
The law of _______________________ applies when the producers supply
more pineapple juices at a higher price; selling at higher quantity at a higher
price increases revenue.
Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to check your
work. Congratulations and keep on learning!
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
Last module, we discussed the issues on the factors of production and how
these affect the economy, the basic problems facing the local and global
economics, and the roles of economics in solving these problems.
Identification. Identify the following problems that may exist in the local and
global economies during production of goods and services. Choose from the
factors below. Just write the letter.
Questions: If the economic problem is focused on
1.
2.
3.
4.
____
____
____
____
the
the
the
the
legalities of the production
nature of goods to produce
allocation of the products among members of the society
method of production of products
A. Whom to produce
C. What provision to implement
B. What to produce
D. What method or strategy
effective and efficient
4
is
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Economics helps us solve the problem on excess supply and excess
demand, and lead it to a balanced supply and demand. In our needs, we do not
want oversupply. It means wastage of income. For entrepreneurs, it is not
efficient if their stocks or supplies are greater than the actual demand. It is a
loss not revenue.
In economics, there are terms that you must learn to understand the
better market situations. A demand or the amount of good or service
consumers are willing to purchase at each price. If customers cannot pay for it,
there is no effective demand. Price is what a buyer pays for a unit of the
specific good or service. The total number of units purchased at that price is
called the quantity demanded.
Law of Supply and Demand
The law of supply and demand explains the interaction between
the sellers of a product and the buyers. It shows the relationship between the
availability of a particular product and the desire (or demand) for that product
has on its price.
The Law of Demand
If all other factors remain equal, the higher
the price of a good, the fewer people will
demand that good.
For example, if the price of video
game drops, the demand for
games may increase as more
people want the games.
“the higher the price,
the lower the quantity demanded”
and vice versa.
The amount of a good
that buyers purchase
at a higher price is
fewer because as the
price of good goes up,
the opportunity cost
of buying the good
also is less.
Consumers will avoid
buying a product.




Factors Affecting Demand
a) income of buyers
b) number of potential buyers
c) preferences
d) complementary products
The demand curve is always
downward sloping due to the law
of diminishing marginal utility.
The Law of Supply
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
The law of supply demonstrates the
quantities that will be sold at a given
Factors Affecting Supply
price.
a) Production capacity,
The higher the price, the higher
b) production costs such as
The quantity supplied and
labor and materials
vice versa.
c) the number of competitors
Producers supply
d) Ancillary factors such as
more at a higher price because
e) material availability,
selling at higher quantity at a higher pricef) weather, and
increases revenue.
g) reliability of supply chains
The law of supply says ……………….
―as the price of a product increases,
companies will produce more of the
Product‖.
When graphing the supply vs. the price, ,
the slope rises.
https://www.ducksters.com/money/supply_and_demand.php
How Do Supply and Demand Create an Equilibrium Price?
Equilibrium price or market-clearing price. is the price
at which the producer can sell all the units he wants to
produce and the buyer can buy all the units he wants.
Supply and demand are balanced, or in equilibrium.
the demand curve is downward sloping. This is
due to the law of diminishing marginal utility.
The supply curve is a vertical line; overtime, supply curve slopes upward; the
more suppliers expect to be able to charge, the more they will be willing to produce
and bring to market.
In the Equilibrium point, the two slopes will intersect. The market price is
sufficient to induce suppliers to bring to market that same quantity of goods that
consumers will be willing to pay for at that price.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/law-of-supply-demand.asp
https://www.thoughtco.com/calculating-economic-equilibrium-1147698
https://www.ducksters.com/money/supply_and_demand.php
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
ACTIVITIES
Activity No. 1 “Think, Learn and Challenge Opportunity”
Directions: Let’s analyse this passage. This will help you understand our
new topic on demand, supply and equilibrium. Please read carefully the
passage and answer the question below.
Supply, Demand and Marriage
By Robert H. Frank
In some cultures, romance isn’t nearly as important as cash when it
comes to choosing a marriage partner. And even when money plays no
explicit role in selecting a mate, courtship customs are governed by the
venerable economic model of supply and demand. Under the dowry
system in India, for example, parents of older brides would typically pay
more to prospective grooms. Men with better jobs would receive larger
payments, too. In short, there really is a marriage market in many
countries around the world, and economic principles apply to it. In
markets with a preponderance of women seeking partners, the terms of
trade shift in favor of men. If more men are seeking partners, the reverse is
true.
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/business/economy/marriage-and-the-law-of-supply-anddemand.html
1. Under the dowry system in India, a market with more women seeking
partners, the trade shift favors the men. What law or economic principle
is applicable?
______________________________________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. In the same system, men with better jobs receive larger payments. What
economic principle is applicable to this situation? Justify your
answer.________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. State the law of demand.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. State the law of supply.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
Activity 2. The Law of Demand and Supply
Directions: Analyse this problem. The following data were taken from an
invoice of Company X. The company imports gasoline from other country.
2.1) Plot or graph the data. Interpret the results.
Price
($ per gallon)
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
Quantity Demanded
(millions of gallons)
800
700
600
550
500
460
420
Table 1. Price and Quantity Demanded of Gasoline
Price
D
D
Qd
Figure 1. Price and Quantity Demanded of Gasoline
Legend: P – Price; D- Demand; Qd –Quantity Demanded
2.2 Analyze data and describe the curve.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
Activity 3. Problem Solving
Directions: Analyze the problem. The following are sets of data taken from the
invoice of Company X. The company imports gasoline from other country.
3.1) Plot or graph the data.
Price
($ per gallon)
Supply of Gasoline
(millions of gallons)
1.00
500
1.20
550
1.40
600
1.60
640
1.80
680
2.00
700
2.20
720
Table 2. Price and Supply of Gasoline
P
S
Qd
Figure 1. Table 2. Price and Supply of Gasoline
Legend: P – Price; S- Supply; Qd –Quantity Demanded
3. 2 Analyze data and describe the curve. Interpret the results.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
3.3) Using the data from demand and supply,
a) Determine the equilibrium point of the demand and supply curves.
P
D
S
Qd
Figure 3. The Equilibrium Price
b) How much is the price in the equilibrium point? Present your solution here.
Solution:
Answer:
Sources:
https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/3-1-demand-supply-and-equilibrium-in-marketsfor- goods-and-services/
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
REMEMBER
What Provison








A demand curve shows the relationship between quantity demanded and
price in a given market on a graph.
The law of demand states that a higher price typically leads to a lower
quantity demanded.
A supply curve shows the relationship between quantity supplied and price
on a graph.
The law of supply says that a higher price typically leads to a higher
quantity supplied.
The equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity occur where the supply and
demand curves cross.
The equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded is equal to the
quantity supplied.
If the price is below the equilibrium level, then the quantity demanded will
exceed the quantity supplied.
Excess demand or a shortage will exist. If the price is above the equilibrium
level, then the quantity supplied will exceed the quantity demanded.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Let us check your understanding on the topic. Have fun!
Fill in the Blanks.
Directions: Read the sentences and fill in the blanks.
1.
The ______________________________________ explain the interaction
between the sellers of a resource and the buyers for that resource.
2.
The __________________________ states that, higher the price, the higher
the quantity supplied.
3.
A movement refers to a change along a _________________.
4.
A shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when a good's quantity
demanded
or
supplied
changes
even
though
price
remains
__________________________.
5.
When Supply and demand are balanced, it is called ____________________.
6.
The _______________________________________states that ―the higher the
price, the lower the quantity demanded‖.
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
POST-TEST
PART I True or False
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if incorrect.
Write your answer before the number.
________1.The upward slope of the supply curve illustrates the law of demand—
―higher price leads to a higher quantity supplied, and vice versa‖.
________2.The downward slope of the demand curve illustrates the law of
supply—the inverse relationship between prices and quantity demanded.
________3.Time is important to supply because suppliers must react quickly to
a change in demand or price.
________4.A shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when quantity demanded
or supplied changes even though price remains the same.
________5.The law of supply says that ―at higher prices, sellers will supply more
of economic goods‖.
PART II Multiple Choice Questions
Directions: Read the sentences carefully. Encircle the correct answer.
6. An increase in the price of electricity bill will force you to:
a. increase your demand for kerosene heaters and coal.
b. increase your demand for light bulbs and aircon.
c. increase your demand for stereos and videokes.
d. increase your demand for TVs and use of gadgets.
7. The market demand curve for apple shows the
a. effect on market supply of a change in the demand for apple
b. quantity of an apple that consumers like to buy at different prices.
c. marginal cost of producing and selling different quantities of an apple.
d. effect of advertising expenditures on the market price of an apple.
8. Economies experience an increased in unemployment and a reduced of
activity during recession. How does recession affect the market demand for new
cars?
a. Demand for new cars shifts to the right.
b. Demand for new cars shifts to the left.
c. Demand for new cars has no shift
d. Demand for new cars either has or no shift
12
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
9. The market supply curve for gasoline shows the
a. effect on market demand of a change in the supply of gasoline.
b. quantity of gasoline that firms offer for sale at different prices.
c. quantity of gasoline that consumers are willing to buy at different prices.
d. All of the above are correct.
10. If Toyota firm is producing a car faster than people want to buy, there is
a. an excess supply of car and price can be expected to decrease.
b. an excess supply of car and price can be expected to increase.
c. an excess demand of car and price can be expected to decrease.
d. an excess demand and price can be expected to increase.
https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199811786/student/chapt2/multiplechoic
PART III. Solving Problem and Critical Thinking Analysis
Directions: Analyze the problem carefully. In December, the price of ―hamon‖
rises and the number of ―hamon‖ sold also rises. Is this a violation of the law
of demand? Justify your answer.
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Our case today can be
compared to our topic. Let us
understand that everything has
limitations in our consumption –our
basic needs like food, shelter and
water. Even our consumption on the
mode
of
transportation
has
limitation.
The
challenge
to
us,
consumers, is how we make use of
our imitative, and utilize our income
to satisfy our demands at the most
affordable prices;
for the sellers to supply the
needs of the consumers while
making profit; for the government to
legislate the economy while helping
all the agents and to protect the
monetary and fiscal transactions.
As a consumer, how can you
sustain
your
needs
(basic
commodities) despite the challenges
in increased price of these items in
the market?
www.kahanasunset.com
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
E-SITES
To further explore the concept learned today and if it possible to connect the internet,
you may visit the following links:
https://www.slideshare.net/lntrullin/supply-and-demand-1184484
https://www.ducksters.com/money/supply_and_demand.php
REFERENCES
Articles
Amadeo, K. (2020) Elastic Demand: Definition, Formula, Curve, Examples. Retrieved on
Jun 03 2020 from https://www.thebalance.com/elastic-demand- definition-formulacurve-examples-3305836; https://www.thebalance.com/inelastic-demand- definitionformula-curve-examples-3305935
Buensuceso, N. (2011)Demand Supply and Market Equilibrium. Retrieved on June 3 2020
fromhttps://www.slideshare.net/opaprb/demand-supply-and-market-equilibrium8463331
Chappelow, J (2019) Law of Supply and Demand. Retrieved on June 03 2020 from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/law-of-supply-demand.asp
Danabalan, K. (2014) The Price System. Retrieved on Jun 03 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/kalaiyarasidanabalan/a-level-economics-chapter-2-core
Patindol J L (2012)The Law of Supply and Demand . Retrieved on Jun3 03 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/shufflejoy000/the-law-of- supply-and-demand
Websites
https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/3-1-demand-supply-andequilibrium-in-markets-for-goods-and-services/
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/041615/what-are-some-examples-lawdemand-real-markets.asp
https://www.ducksters.com/money/supply_and_demand_examples.php
https://www.thebalance.com/shift-in-demand-curve-when-price-doesn-tmatter-3305720
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/012915/what-difference-betweeninelasticity-and-elasticityhttps://www.sparknotes.com/economics/micro/elasticity/problems/
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199811786/student/chapt2/m
ultiplechoice/
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/business/economy/marriage-and-the-law-ofsupply-and-demand.html
https://www.majortests.com/essay/Supply-And-Demand-571384.html
https://study.com/academy/popular/supply-and-demand-activities-for-kids.html
https://www.slideshare.net/shufflejoy000/the-law-of-supply-and-demand
https://www.thoughtco.com/supply-and-demand-practice-questions-1146966
Acknowledgment
Writer:
Ellaine I. Dela Cruz, DBA
Editors: Isabel A. Gumaru, DBA
Ellaine I. Dela Cruz, DBA
Validators & Reviewers:
Remylinda T. Soriano, EPS
Angelita Z. Modesto, PSDS
George B. Borromeo, PSDS
Management Team
:
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, Schools Division
Superintendent-Manila
Aida H. Rondilla, Chief Education Supervisor
Lucky S. Carpio, EPS In Charge of LRMDS
Lady Hannah C. Gillo, Librarian II-LRMDS
16
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
Name_______________________________Year/Section_______________Date__
Teacher____________________________School_____________________________
Worksheet (Additional Activity)
Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Analysis
Directions: Analyze this diagram below. “In the goods market, no seller would be
willing to sell for less than the equilibrium price.” State and explain the theory
related to this statement. Note: The chart is your reference for your answer.
https://www.slideshare.net/shufflejoy000/the-law-of- supply-and-demand
Please answer here
17
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
ANSWER KEY
PRETEST
PART I
A
B. Oversupply/surplus – the
quantity supplied is greater
than the quantity demanded
C. Shortage/scarcity The quantity supplied is less
than quantity demanded
PART II
1. The law of demand
2. The law of supply
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
PART I
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. D
ACTIVITIES:
Activity 1
1. The law of demand - According to the model above, ―Supply, Demand and
Marriage‖ excess demand for grooms should have caused the terms of
courtship to shift in favor of men. Economics teaches us that when there
is excess demand for a good, its price rises.
2. The law of supply - ―Men with better jobs would receive larger payments.
This can be compared to the supply of product at a given price. ―As the
price of a product increases, companies will produce more of the
product‖.
3. The law of demand – ―the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded‖
and vice versa
4. The law of supply – ―the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied’
and vice versa.
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
Activity 2.1
2.2 Downward sloping
Activity 3: 1
3.2 Upward sloping
3.3 a
Sources:
https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/
3-1-demand-supply-and-equilibrium-in-markets- for- goods-and-services/
3.b. The two curves intersect/meet at a price of 1.40; the equilibrium
point of the two curves
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Learning Module for Business Mathematics
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1) The laws of supply and demand
2) The Law of supply
3) Curve
4) Constant
5) Equilibrium
6) The law of demand
POST TEST
PART I. True or False
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
PART II Multiple Choice
9. B
10.A
6. A
7. B
8. B
PART III. Answer: No. This is not simply a move along the demand curve. In
December, demand for ―hamon‖ rises, causing the curve to shift to the right.
This allows both the price of ―hamon‖ and the quantity sold of Christmas trees
to rise.
Work Sheet
1. Law of Supply (TRUE)
―a higher price leads to a greater quantity supplied; and a lower price
leads to a lower quantity supplied. Assume that all other variables are
held constant.‖
20