Biology-1
Samecniero Kvlevis Metodis Mimdevrobaq
1. hipoteza
2. winaswari kvleva varaudis chamoyalibeba
3. varaudis shemowmeba experimentit
4.daskvna
5. teoria
6. "faqti"?
Eritrocitebis Damtvleli Aparatis Shecdoma
igi achvenebda 2dxvadasxva moculobis subpopulacias rac imis braliiyo rom
radiuss arasworad itvlida datrialebul eritrocitebze, amas sorteris
gamogonebisshemdeg mixvdnen
Cocxali Organizmis Tvisebebi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
homoestazi
struqturuli organizacia
metabolizmi
zrda
adaptacia
stimulze pasuxi
gamravleba
Stromatolitebi
cinobaqteriis koloniebi romlebic qmnian shav qvebisnair ragacebs
Pirvelad Organuli Molekulis Sintezi
Araorganulidan
vercxlis cianati + amonium qloridi -> shardovana
Sicocxlis Warmoshoba Pirvelad 3 Piroba
1. patarqa tbili gube - mineralebi,eleqtrooba, sinatle
2. tanamderoveatmosfero damjangavia adre ki aghmdgeneli iyo NH3, H2, CH3
3. energia organuli molekulebis sintezistvis:mis sinatle, elva, geotermuli sitbo
Romeli Molekulebia Aucilebeli Sicocxlis
Warmoshobistvis
1. polimerebi - cilebi,nukleinis mjavebi(dnm, rnm), naxshirwylebi
2. cximebi
Tanamedrove Sicocxlis Monomerebi(Atomebi An
Patara Molekulebi Romlebic Polimerebs
Sheadgenen)
1.aminomjavebi
2.nukleotidebi
3.pentozebi, heqtozebi
4.cximovani mjavebi
Molekuluri Biologiis Dogma
dnm-rnm-cila
Savaraudod Rogor Mimdianreobda Dnm-Is Da
Rnm-Is Evolucia
paralelurad
Ujreduli Kompartmentebis Shemqmneli
Komponentebi
amfifiluri naertebi(polarul da arapolarul nawilebs)
Tvit-Awyobadi Lipid-Magvari Molkulebi
1. cximovani mjavebi
2. fosfolipidebi
3. qolesteroli
---erti mxare hidofobulia meore hidrofiluri
Pirveladi Membranebis Sheqmna
marchinsonis meteeoridan gamoyofili amfifiluri nnaertebidan
Lipiduri Matrixi
hidratacia-dehidrataciit membranashishedian rnm-is msgavsi polimerebi xolo
lipiduri matroxo aris xsnari romelic sheicabs nukleotidebs
Raari Prebiotul Pirobebshi Sachiro Cxovrebis
Dasawyebad
1. araorganuli naertbidan aminomjavebis, nukleotidebis cximovani mjavebis
sintezi
2. spontanurad lipid-magvari wnaertbidan wyalshi bushtukebis awyoba
3.nukleotidebis shghwevalipidur bushtukebshi
4.lipiduri matriqsis arsebobisas nukleotidebis grdzeli jachvebis sheqmna
5. lipiduri matriqsis arsebobisass spontanurad nukleotidebis ormagi jachvis
awyoba
Pirveli Rnm-Is Arafermentuuli Repllikacia
Lipiduri Bushtukis Shignit
metalis ionebi sachiroa rnm-is replikaciistvis magram is destruqciuli.
citratis dmatebit Mg2+ neitralizacias aketebs
Rogor Sheidzleba Gayofiliyo Pirveliprotoujredi
rxevit
Ra Aris Geni
memkvidreobitobis fizikur da funqciur erteuls, romlis meshveobitac
xdebainformaciis gadatana organizmebis erti taobidan meoreshi
Ra Xdeba Wminda Xazis Jvaredini Damtvervit
F1 taobashi mxolod dominanti iqneba
F2 raobashi 3:1 shefardeba
Mendelis Datishvis Kanonis 4 Koncefcia
Genotipi Vs Fenotipi
genotipi aris genebi
fenotpi aris organizmis iersaxe
Genis Fenotipuri Eqspresia
genit ganpirobebuli nishnis garegnuli gamoxatuleba
Rogori Genotipuri Datishva Xdeba F2 Tobashi
1:2:1
PP homozigoturi
Pp heterozigoturi
pP heterozigoturi
pp homozigoturi
Homo Vs Hetero Zigoturi
homo aris ertnairi PP an pp
hetero aris gansxvavebuli pP an Pp
Monohibriduli Vs Dihibriudli
mono - mshoblebi 1 nishnit gansxvavdebian
di - mshoblebi 2 nishnit gansxvavdebian
Dihibridulis Dros Fenotipuri Datishvis
Koeficientebi
9:3:3:1
Genta Damoukideblobis Memkvidreobis Kanoni
gametebshi(sasqeso ujredebshi) alelta konkretuli wyvili sxva wyvilebisgan
damoukideblad nawildeba
Ra Aris Gameta
sasqeso ujredi
Yoveltvis Mushaobs Tuara Mendelis Meore
Kanoni
ara is mxolod idealizirebul pirobebshi mushaobs
Arasruli Dominantoba Devispirashi
Dominantobis Speqtri
Mravlobiti Alelebi
Epistazi
Pleotropia
erti geni - ramodenime nishani
Poligenuri Memkvidreoba
erti nishani - ramodenime geni
Garemos Gavlena Fenotipur Nishanze
Mitebi Adamianis Genetikashi
Dnm-Is Nukleotidis Shemadgenloba
azotovani fudze + shaqari + fosfati
Nukleotidis 4 Azotovani Fudze
1. adenini
2. guanini
1.2 - purinebi
3. citozini
4. timini
3.4 - pirimidinebi
Ra Aris Dnm-Is Monomeri
nukleotidebi
Nukleotidebis Komplementaroba
A-T
G-C
Riti Ukavshirdebian Dnm-Is Nukleotidebi
wyalbaduri bmit
Ra Aris Qromatini
dnm + struqturuli cilebi(histonebi)
Ujredis Dnm-Is Sigrdze Da Birtvis Zoma
2m dnm
2-20 μm birtvis zoma
Dnm-Is Sturqtura&Nbsp
dziritadad marjvnin daxveuli dnm spirali
Ra Qmnis Qromosomas
kompaqtizirebuli qromatini
Dnm-Is Organizacia
Rnm-Is Struqtura
timinis nacvlad - URACILI
dezoqsiribozis nacvlad - RIBOZA
Rnm-Is Transkripcia
Promotori Transkripciisas
Egzoni
cilis makodirebeli tanmimdevroba
Introni
aramakodirebeli tanmimdevrobebi
Splaisingi -&Nbsp
intronebis amochris procesi
Dnm-Cila Gza
1. dnm-is jachvi (yalibi)
2.transkripcia --> mrnm
3. translacia --> cila
Genis Eqspresiis Regulacia
Translacia
Kodoni
3 nukleotidi - tripleti
1 kodoni - 1 aminomjava
Stop Kodonebi
1. UAG
2. UAA
3. UGA
Ribosomis Struqtura
aketebs proteinebs
Ra Uzrunvelyofs Aminomjavebis
Transportirebas
transportuli rnm
trnm
Dnm-Is Replikacia
Topoizomeraza
cila, romelic shexveuli dnm-is gaxsnas uzrunvelyofs
Helikaza
jachvebis shoris wyalbadur bmebs shlis
calkeuli jachvisdamakavshirebeli cilebi - uzrunvelyofen jachvis gasworebas
Dnm-Polimeraza
axali jachvis awyobas uzrunvelyofs
Dnm-Ligaza
akavshirebs fragmentabs
Dnm-Replikacia Romeli Bolodan Xdeba Axali
Jachvis Awyoba
Epigenetika
Epigenetikuri Modifikaciebi
1. dnm-is metilireba(CH3-is damateba)
2. histonebis modificireba
- acetilireba(C2H3O-s damateba)
- metilireba(CH3-is damateba)
- fosforilireba(P-s damateba)
Rogoria Epigenetikuri Cvlilebebi
sheqcevadi
Epigenetika Make Tagvis Magaliti
Epigenetika Mzrunveli Deda Tagvi
Epigenetika Mama Tagvebis&Nbsp Gamocdileba
Fda-S Agiarebuli Pirveli Epigenetikuri Wamali
Epigenetikis Daskvna
Ra Aris Mutacia
cvlilebebi ujredis genetikur masalashi
Mutaciis Tipebi
1 - genuri mutaciebi
2 - qromosomuli aberaciebi
Namgliseburi Anemia
Mutaciebit Ganpirobebuli Daavadebebi&Nbsp
Hemofilia
Kisturi Fibrozi
Ra Aris Genetikurad Modificirebuli Organizmi
organizmi romlis genetikuri masala shecvales genuri injineriis metodebitm anu
sheicavs rekombinantul dnm-s
Ra Aris Rekombinantuli Dnm
laboratoriuul pirobebshi sheqmnili tanmimdevroba, romelic moicavs genetikur
masalas sxvadasxva organizmebidan da tavisit ar xvdeba bunebashi
Ra Gcadzelvs Genebis Gadatanis
Shesadzleblobas
universaluri kodi A G T C
Pirveli Rekombinantuli Dnm
Ra Aris Plazmida
rgoluri formis orjachviani dnm-is molekula. gvxvdeba dziritadad baqteriebshi,
zog arqeashi, zog eukariotshi
Ra Instrumentebia Dnm-Is Rekombinaciistvis
Sachiro
Konugacia Baqtriebshi
genetikuri materialis gadacema erti baqteriidan meoreshi prdapiri shexebit
Ra Aris Genis Klonireba
genuri tanmimdevrobis mravali identuri aslis migheba
Pirveli Transgenuli Cxoveli
Ras Nishnavs Transgenuri
organizmi and ujredi romlis genomshic sheyvanilia axali dnm-is mimdevroba
Pirveli Bioteqnologiuri Kompania
Klonireba Sinjarashi&Nbsp
PCR
Pcr- Is Reacqciis Komponentebi
Pcr-Is Reaqciis Etapebi
Pcr Reaqciis Produqtis Analizi Gel-Eleqtroforezit
Dnm-Anabechdi Principi
Dnm Anabechdi - Etapebi
Organizmis Klonireba - Bayayi
Organizmis Klonireba Dolly
Organizmis Klanireba Pluropotenturi Ujredi
Konkretuli Genis Damateba
knock-in
Konkretuli Genis Gatishva An Amochra
knockout
Genis Klonireba Pirvelad
Genomis Procentuli Dayofa
Aramakodirebeli Rnm Molekulebi
Genis Gamortva- Silencing
1.diceri chris grdzel rnm-s mokle rnm-ebad
2. argonavti igebs an molke Sirna-s an mikro rna-s da ukavshirdeba mesenjer
rna-s
3. mesenjer rna-s nawili ichreba da "gamoritveba"
Sirna
Aramakodirebeli Rnm Da Epigenetika / Mamebis
Gamocdileba
Genuri Terapia
Imunologiuri Sistema Baqteriebshi
damcvelobiti sistema
1.virusis genomis mokle fragments romelsac achrian da sakutar genomshi
inaxaven
2.shemdeg mat shoris aris mokle tanmimderoba "speiseri"
3.aramakodirebeli rnm molekulebi ukavshirdebian am speisebs da fragmenti
ebmeva rnm-ze
4.gid rnm-s ukavshirdeba Cas9 romelsac dnm-is dachrashedzlua
5.gid rnm da Cas9 patrulireben virusebs da chrian
Crispr/Cas9 - S Gamoyeneba Molekulur
Biologiashi
tu gid-rnm-s davukavshirebt dazianebuuli genis komplimentaruls is amoicnobs
da gachris am gens respiraciis shemdeg aghdgeba dauzianebeli alelidan
Rodis Ikrdzaleba Crispr/Cas9 - S Gamoyeneba
Ujreduli Cikli
Rodis Aris Ujredi G0 Fazashi
roca ar mravldeba anu mosvenebulia
zrdasrul organizmshi umetesoba G0-shia
Ujreduli Ciklis Regulacia
Ujredis Ciklis Chekcpointebi
G1
G2
M
Ra Mowmdeba G1 Checkpointze
- ujredis zoma
- sakmarisi raodenobit sakvebi nivtierebebis arseboba
- zrdis faqtoris arseboba
tu ver gaiara chekpointi ujredi rcheba G1-shi
Ra Mowmdeba G2 Checkpointze
- dnm-is replikacia sworad moxdatu ara
- ujredis zoma
tu vergaiara ujredi kvdeba apoptozit
Ra Mowmdeba Metafazis Checkpointze
- yvela qromosoma miertebulia tu ara mikromilakebtan
ar gavlis shemtxvevasih ujredi kvdeba apoptazit
Mitozis Fazebi
1. interfaza
2. prometafaza
3.
4.
5.
6.
metafaza
anafaza
telofaza
citokinezi
Interfaza
dnm-is replikacia xdeba S fazis dros
adreuli profaza- qromosomebis kondensacia, centrosomebis gaormageba
Prometafaza
-
birtvis membrana ishleba,
iwyeba titistaras awyoba,
qromosomebi ukavshirdebian titistaris mikrotubulebs,
centrosomebi gadadian polusebtan
Metafaza
qromosomebi mimagrebulia titistaras mikrotubulebtan da lagdebian ujredis shua
xazze
Anafaza
iwyeba qromatidebis dashoreba da polusebtan gadasvla
Telofaza
- ujredis dayofis procesis dasruleba
- ori birtvuli membranis awyoba
- iwyeba citokinezi
Citokinezi
citoplazmis dayofa 2 nawilad
Citoplazma
aris sitxe romelic aris ujredshi
Meiozis Dros Krosing Overi
Mitozisa Da Meiozis Shris Gansxvaveba
mitozi - sqesobrivi ujredebistvis (gametebistvis)
Diploiduri(2N)
23 dedis qromosoma
23 mamis qromosoma
Ras Nishnavskondensireba Profazasih
cromosomebis gasqeleba da gamochena
Homologiuri Qromosomebi
erti zomis qromosomebi romlebic ert adgilas ert genebs inaxaven
Haploiduri Ujredi
mxolod 23 qromosoma erti mshoblis
Ra Miigeba Erti Diploiduri Ujredis Meiozit
4 haploiduri 23qromosomiani sqesobrivi ujredi(gameta)
Qromosomuli Aberaciebi
- shidaqromosomuli
- arahomologiur qromosomebs shoris
- sruli qromosomis dakargva
Shida Qromosomuli Aberaciis Tipebi
Ara Hmologiuri Qromosomuli Aberaciis Tipebi
Sruli Qromosomis Dakargva An Damateba
mag daunis sindromi aris 21-e qromosomis trisoma anu 21-e qromosois 3 aslia
Biologiuri Xmauri
aris cilebis da sxva molekulebis shemtxvevit raodenobriv variabelobas
individualur, genetikurad identur ujredebshi
Biologiuri Xmauris Mizezi
citokinezis dros citoplazmashi arsebuli molekulebs da organelebis aratanabari
dayofa
Telomera
Telomeraza
Signalis Gadacemis Mokle Axsna
Kanis Dazianeba Nabijebi
1.dazianeba
2. koagulacia
3. adreuli anteba 24st
4. gviani antba 48 st
5. gamravleba(proliferacia) 73 st
6. qsovilis remodielireba // kvirebi tveebi
Rogoraa Ganawilebuli Sisxldzarghvebis
Kapiarebi Da Ratom
Signalis Gadacmis Domeinebi
1.
2.
3.
4.
ligand-damakavshirebeli
ujredgare
transmembranuli
ujredshida
Ra Aris Receptoris Ligandi Da Ras Iwvevs
Ligandidad Genebis Eqspresiashi Cvlilebamde
Gza
Ra Aris Apoptozi
Ramdeni Ujredi Kvdeba Dgeshi Apoptazit Da
Ramdeni Ujredi Gvaq Jamshi
Apoptozis Procesi
Nekrozi
Apoptazi Fosfalidilserini
Fagociti
ujredi romelsac sheudzlia shtantqos, moinelos sxvadasxva sxeuli
Apopturi Ujredi Da Fagociti
Simsivnis Chamoyalibbis Mizezi
Simsivnuri Grova
Transformirebuli Ujredis Gansxvaveba
Chveulebrivisgan
Rogori Kiboebia
Metastazireba
Simsivnuri Zrda Angiogenezi
Angiogenezis Gadamchreli
angiogenezis inhibitors sheudzlia am procesis ukan dabruneba
Antisxeulebbit Kibos Mkurnaloba
1. zrdis faqtoris sawinaaghmdego antisxeulebi
2. zrdis faqtorebis receptorebis blokingi antisxeulebit
Simsivnuri Arakontrolirebadi Zrdis Mizezebi
Ra Or Jgufshi Undaiyos Darghveva
Simsivnestvis
Protonkogenebi
Simsivnis Damtrgunveli Genebi
Nurmaluri Ujredi Simsivnes Gareshe
Simsivnuri Ujredi 1 Mutaciit
Simsivnuri Ujredi 2 Mutaciit
Simsivnuri Zrdis Nishnebi
Mkurnalobis Midgomebi Simsivnes`
Coxovrebis Ra Nawils Vatarebt Dzilshi
36%
Ra Aris Qronobiologia
sheiswavlis periodul(ciklur)fenomenebs cocxal organizmebshi da imas tu
rogor xdeba organizmta adaptacia mzestan da mtvarestan dakavshirebul
ritmebtan, am ciklebs biologiur ritmebs uwodeben
Anderostenesi
4BC, makedonelis ert-ertma kapitanma aghwera tamarindis fotlebis modzraobis
dghe-ghamuri cikli
Pirveli Qronobiologiuri Eqsperimenti
1729, De Mairan-ma daxurul sivrceshi omatavsa mimoza da fotlebi mainc
ixureboda da ixsneboda dghe-ghamuri ciklis mixedvit
Vin Sheqmna Yvavilebis Saati&Nbsp
Ramdeni Xania Adamianis Cirkaduli Ritmi
24.2 - 25.5 st
Cirkaduli Ritmi Drois Mixedvit
Cirkaduli Ritmi, Inteleqtualuri Davalebebis
Xvelaze Dabali Efetiurobis Dro
4-6am
Cirkadiuli Ritmi- Midrekileba Dzilisadmi, Xshiri
Avariebi
2pm
Cirkadiuli Ritmis Gansxvaveba Mozardebsa Da
Zrdasrulebshi
Zeitgebers-Caitgeberebi
Cirkadiuli Ritmi Scn
supraqiazmaturi birtvebi(SCN)(hipotalamusshi)
Supraqizmatulis Axnsa
Kortezolis Efeqti
- sisxlshi glukozis donis aweva
- pro-antebiti reaqciebis datrgunva
Melatoninis- Dzilis Hormonis Efeqti
- aregulirebs sisxlis wnevas
- aqvs proteqtoruli gavlena mitoq. da birtvul dnm-ze
Cirkadiuli Ritmit Garemos Faqtorebidan
Qcevamde Gza
Rogor Daadgines Shida Saattan Dakavshirebuli
Genis Ganlageba
Cirkadiuli Saatis Pirveli Genetikuri Komponentis
Aghmochena
Clock Da Bmal&Nbsp
Rebs Aregulirebs Clock Da Bmal1 - It Sheqmnili
Trankripciuri Faqtori
mravali genis transkrifcias, magalitad metabolizmis maregulirebeli genebis mtel
did jgufs
Epigenetikuri Regulacia Ccg-S Histonebis
Acetilirebit Da Deacetilirebit
Rodis Dadgines Dnm-Is Struqtura Da Ra Qna
Aman
1953 wels ram daiwyo biologiis axali era
2008 Wels Ris Gamo Aiges Nobelispremia
Qimiashi
GFP-mwvane flourescentuli cila green flourescent protein
Ra Miighes Urei-Mileris Eqsperimentit
rogor miiges aminomjavebi araorganulidan
Rnm Romelsac Aqvs Reaqciebis Katalizis Unari
ribozimi
Rnm-Samyaro
rnm-s tvitreplikacia sheudzlia da anu shesadzloa mxolod rnm-it sicocxlis
dawyeba
Rnm-Is Shemadgeneli Nukleotidebis Sintezi
Probiotur Pirobebshi
2009wels moxda da imis gamo rom ingrendientebis mimdevrobasac didi
mnishvneloba aqqvs
Riboza+Uv =&Nbsp
2-dezoqsiriboza rogor miigeba
Ribonukleotebi + Uv
dezoqsiribonukleotidebi rogor miigeba
Iniciacia: Ra Ubidzgebs G0 Fazashi Myof Ujreds
G1 Fazashi Gadavides
ras shveba ZRDIS FAQTORI
Ras Qmnian Periodis Da Qriptoqromis Cilebi
ra qmnian homo da hetero dimerebs