• Homo Sapiens Scientist have dated the oldest
known fossils with skeletal features typical of
modern humans from 195,000 years ago.
• Points to remember:
• ➢ Homo habilis, meaning 'handy man' because
they made tools.
• ➢ Homo erectus or 'upright man' was the first
creature to stand fully upright. He was probably
also the first to use fire
• ➢ Homo sapiens, “man the wise,” is the only
currently existing species of the genus Homo
• THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION -This period is
characterized by a major shift in economic subsistence
of the early humans from foraging to agriculture. This
dramatic shift affected the other aspects of their
lifestyle as foraging made them nomads and
agriculture encouraged permanent settlement. This
shift in itself changed the entire array of behaviors,
attitudes, beliefs and corresponding material
inventions
• Evolution of Society Here is a brief discussion on how human
socio- and political evolution came about.
 1.Paleolithic Stage. This is also called the Old Stone Age
because men used unpolished and crude stones as their tool
implements.
• ➢ The Term Paleolithic came from two Greek word “ Palacious”
which means Old and “lithos” means stone.
2. Mesolithic Stage. This is known as the Period of Transitional
Culture. Because of the glaciers that occurred, some of the
animals became extinct and they adjusted to the new
environment. People live along the coast fishing and gathering
shellfish white others. Live in Land where they made bow and
arrow for hunting, devise skis and sled and dug-out canon and
domesticated dogs
3. Neolithic Stage. This is called the Polished Stone
Age. The word Neolithic is derived from two Greek
words namely “neos” which means “new” and
“lithos” or stone.
4. Metallic Stage. This stage is characterized by the
presence of metals; the copper used as tool
implement, Bronze was used for people’s tolls and
weapons.
• 1.Nature- biological inheritance
• 2. Nurture- cultural inheritance
• 3. Socialization- refer to the process by which an
individual is oriented and taught by his or her society’s
norms.
• 4. Identity Formation – the compilation of the values,
attitudes, and beliefs that individuals receive from their
family, peers, and community enables them to create a
personal identity.
• 5. Primary Identity- consist of the roles and statutes that
an individual learns as a child. Theories on Identity Norms
and values- it refers to all those ideas held in society that
are considered good, acceptable, and right.
• Four categories of Norms
• 1. Folkways- the socially approved behaviors that
have no moral underpinning.
• 2. Mores- the norms related to moral conventions.
• 3. Taboos- behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in
specific culture. 4. Laws- consist of the rules and
regulation that are implemented by the state.
• Status and Role Status
• STATUS- is an individual’s position in his or her
society, which carries with it a set of defined rights
and obligations.
• ROLES- sets of expectation from people who occupy
a particular status
•Conformity and Deviance
•Conformity- is the act of following the roles and
goals of one’s society. Deviance- the act of
violating the prescribed social norms.
• Several Theories that explain the existence of
deviants(human/groups) and deviance(acts)
• Social Control Theory- deviance is primarily caused by a lack in
stronger social bonds within a society.
Rational Choice Theory- the individual’s decision to follow or to
go against social norms is dependent on their perceived cost and
benefit of such action. Differential Association Theory- conformity
or deviance is learned by an individual from those he or she
associates with.
• Labeling Theory- actions are initially not considered deviant until they are
labelled as such by members of the community.
• Conflict Theory- society consists of opposing groups of people whose
access to power is unequal.
• Structural-functionalist Theory- this theory proposes two perspectives in
the formation of deviant behavior. the macro level- deviance is a product
of the breakdown of social norms. On the macro level- deviance is a
product of the role strain that an individual experience due to lack of
resources to cope with the demands of the social norms.
• Socialization (in psychology/sociology) is the process of learning to live in
a way acceptable to one’s own society, said especially young people while
Enculturation is the process by which individual adapts the behavior
patterns of the culture in which he or she is immersed