VOLUME I
PROF. PETER POPESKO, D.M.V., Dr.Sc.
ATLAS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ANA:TOMY
OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Adapted from the English translation by
PROF. Dr. R. GETTY, D.V.M., Ph.D.
HEAD. DEP.'\RTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
with the assistance of CYNTHIA ROSENBAUM, B. S.
ATLAS
OF TOPOGRAPHICAL
ANATOMY
OF THE DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
\
"tfROF. PETER POP_�SKO, f?.M.V., Dr._�c.
HL\D. DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY, SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, KOS ICE
VOLUME I
SIXTH EDITION
W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY PHILA[? ELPHIA, LONDC,N, TORONTO
i,,
·1
V Priroda Brat is lava 1990
Table of contents
BOVINE
1 :2
-W
I3
14
S11fwrffriol rl'gi()11s of the hrnd. - Fig I
L!-ji 1·ie1t'' of skufl. - Fig: 2
L<ft 1•ie1,• o/ skull. Bone outlines denwrcated
15
by color. - F(1.r J
Median section of skull. Bone outlines de111or­
I6
17
18
21
:22
:2:l
:24
42
exposing orbital and le111fmml regions. l.e/i
43
44
i.•iell''. - Fig. 6
Skull, cranial ,·ir·u• (oml-mstm/ surfr,ce). Skull, 1•ie1'' o/ caudal sur/oce. - Fig. 8
Skull, 1·i1'1,' 1'./ d1J1:sa/ s11r/r1Ce. Frontal sinns
and adjaC<'nl sinusr's scu/jJtured. - Fig. 9
Skull, 1•ir'1t'' o/ dorsal sur/ace. Bone outlines
de111arcated by col1Jr. - Fig. JO
Portion of skull, 1•entml 1·ieu•. - Fig. 11
I '1"11/ml ;·i1·1,· 11/ skull. R()ne outlines d!'lnar­
rn/('(I hr ml()r. - FiJ.i• 12
Dissl'Clion o/ the hrnd and nee!.; left 1•ie1t''.
First loye,: - Fig: 13
26
Dissection o/ the head ond neck, lift ,·int"'.
Second layer. - Fig 14
28
Dissection of tlw head and neck, left (•it'i..l".
17,ird foyer. - Fig� 15
Dissection of the head ond neck, le/I ;_•iei.:•.
Fourth layer. - Fig. 16
Heifer calf Sagittal section through tl,e l,Nld
29
30
31
32
45
45
46
46
46
47
47
-rn
49
50
51
52
Heifer. Skeletal loj){)grajJ/,y of a ,-tt-ri1-_, u/
54
head. Sujieificia/ 1•essels, left ,,if,,l"'. Drau•11
55
56
Heifer. Skeletal topograjJ/,_v of arteries oj
l,ead. DeejJ 1•essels, left 1•i1'«', after ren,01 °0/ o/
zygomatic arc/, and left /,al{ 1(1" 111andib/r,.
53
;) 7
Only the arteries 1'.{ the lift side are illus­
trated. Drawn Ji·o111 o corrosion spcci111en.
34
Fig. 20
Cross section tl,rough the l,Nld of tl,e /(',•el of
t!te _lhst J>remolor t(l(i/h. Rostml 1•ir·1,·· o/ s1·c­
58
Cross S<'Clion tl,roug!, tl,e l,eod ol //,e !!',•el of
36
tlti· lost 11111/or /(l(i//,. Roslrol ,,;,.,,, ()( sffti,,n.
- F(:.:. 21
Crnss sectio11 thmul,h //,e head of the ln•e/ of
th" ms/ml Iii/lits ()( tl,e orbital cw•i()·. Rostml
1·ir'i.l · ,�/ sr·c/i()J1. - I\!.!,_� 23
?,7
Cross section tl,rn11gh tl,e l,eod of tlw /e,•e/ of
t/11· ,()mnoid fnou·ss of ti,,, 1nondihle. Rostrr,I
i'il"i.l'
:\B
:l'l
r�/:wclin11.
�
59
60
61
Crnss section thro11,1;h tl,e /,e({d (If tl,e le1•el of
tl,e /,om. Rostm/ 1•ir-1t'• o/ sf'Clio11. - Fig. 26
ne,w•s ond blood wJ>jJ/_)' lo bmi11. - Fig'. J 1
Dorso/ ,·ie«• o/ bmin. - F(1.t: 32
Sagittal section lh/"/Jug!, the brain. - Fig. JJ
Polote. -- Fig. 34
Cartilagi11ous skeleton of lmy11x OIi(! !,yoid
bone. l.rji ,•ir·u•. - Fig 35
Hyoid bo11e. Tl,e cartilagino11s ports in blue.
- Fig: 36
Lory11geal 1n11scles. - Fig: 37
Vieu• <'./ //,e base of jJ/,a1y11geal cm•ity 11.fier
re11101•i11g dorsol 1t'•oll. - Fig. 38
Skeleton. Oblique ,'if'lc, cm11ial lateml. Fig. 39
Cervical and adjacent muscles, oblique (cra­
nial lateral) view. Cutaneous muscles removed.
(After Tschagge11y.) - Fig. 40
Cervical skeleton, left view. - Fig. 41
Dissection of the neck, left view. First layer.
Cutaneous muscles removed. - Fig. 42
Dissection of the neck, left view. Second layer.
- Fig. 43
Dissection of the neck, lateral view. Third layer.
- Fig. 44
Deep cervical muscles, left view. - Fig. 45
No/Je 1'.f tl,e neck. - Fig. 46
Calf (11eu•ho/"/I). Cer,•icul dim·ctio11, lrft ,·inc.
- Fig 47
Heifr'r (0111' _l'<'llr old). Crnss Sf'Cli1111 thm11g!,
//,,, 11/'Ck of the lr•1·el of tl,e s1·co11d cen•icol
;•ertebm. Vif'I,' of ((//{(/(I/ s11r/rt('(• 1if Sf'C!i1111.
- F(14. 48
Heifer (one year old). Cross section thm11g!t
the neck at //,e /e;•d of //,e caudal end o/ tl,e
_/rl("(· {{/St"C(i{{/1. - Fig. 49
Hei/<'r (mw year old). Crnss section tl,rn11gh
the neck of //,e ln•el of the ca11do/ end of" the
f1111r//, cen•icol ,,,,,kbra. Vi<'it' o( caudal SIii'·
face of" section - F(t.;: 50
Cen•ical segme11/ of 1•e1kbml co/,111111, dorso/
(left) ond 1·!'11/ml (right) ,•ieu•s. - Fig. 51
First t1r•o segme11ts 1'./ //,e cen•icol sjJi11al cord,
1•e11tml 1•ie«·. Meningr·s Jnesent 011 le/I side
ond rr'11101·ed 011 right side. - Fig. 52
F(r.{ 24
Cross section //,rough the head close lo lite!'.\·
tenwl eor ,0110!. Roslrol 1•ieu• o/ section. Fig. 25
Dissectio11 of lwod, 1·c11tml 1•ir·1<"'- - Fig: JO
Bose 11/ brni11, il/11slmting origin of cm11i({/
t!tird C"l'J"i'icol ,'t'1kbm. l'in,· of u111do/ s11r­
lin11. - F(:.{. 21
35
Veins of" tl,e crani({/ cm•itv ond eve cm•itv,
dorsal 1·ir'1t''. In //,e right /,of/ of the cmnio/
cm•ity, dum 1n({ter l,m been fftoined. (lldojJ­
ted f1"1J111 De11nstedt.) - Fig. 29
in //,e 111edion jJ/ane. - Fig. 17
Heifer calf Dissection 1(1" sagitta/ S<'Clio11
t/1m11g!, tlu· head in tl,e 111edian jJ/r111r·. !-"(::. /8
fro111 a corrosion speci111e11. - Fig. 19
33
rf'l11i111'd. lt){' extmd11ra/ ,11mtid 1·r-i11 has been
rnrcfit!ly re11101•ed. - Fig. 28
cated by color. - Fig. 4
Skufl fo·ithout 1nr11ulible), 111edia11 1·ie1''. Fig. 5
Portion 1Jf sk,il/ ,t'·ith zygonwtic arch l"/'111m·NI,
Fig. 7
19
20
-t 1
Bose o( cm11i({/ ca,·ity «•it/1 ,·,,11·1gi11_:; uw,iol
1/!'l'i'('S. - Fig. 27
Horizontal Sffli1111 of hmd (right) and dissff­
lion of orbit({/ cm•ity 01'.fiJ. In the rig/,/ ha((
of" the cmnio/ cm•i(V, dum /1/oter /,as br•1·11
'i HEEP
62
63
Skull fo•it/1011/ l,o/"/1), /a/em/ 1•ie1,·•. - Fig. 53
Medial 1·ie1,• o/ sk11ll fo•itllfi/11 1nm1dib/e).
Fig. 54
5
64
Skull of ra111. View of the d1Jrsa/ surface
showing left horn and right comual process.
- Fig: 55
65
Ram (young animal). Head dissection. SujJer­
ficial layer viewed fro111 left after re111m•al of
66
67
wta11eo11s fascia a11d 111uscles. - Fig. 56
Dissectio11 of the head. Deeper layer 1•iewed
fro111 left. - Fig. 5 7
Dissectio11 of the head. Deep layer after re­
moval of left half of 111a11dible. Left 1•iew. -
68
Fig. 58
Cross sectio11 through the head at the lei•el of
69
the third Jnemolar tooth. Rostral view of sec­
tion. - f1g. 59 ·
Cross section through the head at the level 1�(
87
Cross section through the \,eek at the le,•el of
the seve11th cerl'ical 1•ertebra. View of caudal
surface of section. - Fig: 79
SWINE
88
Sk11ll of swine (adult boar), left view.
Fig. 80
89
90
91
92
93
Sagi/la{ sectio11 through skull (without 111a11dible). - Fig. 81
Skull, 1•fr·«• of dorsal surface. - Fig. 82
Skull (without ma11dible). View of 1 1e11tral
swface. - Fig. 83
Skull, caudal 1•iew. - Fig: 84
the thirdnwlar tooth. Rostretf view 1l section.
- Fig. 60
94
Palate. - Fig. 85
Dissection of the head. Suj1e1ficial layer, cuta­
70
Skeletal topography of arteries of head, left
95
neous 11111sc/es re111011ed. Left 1•iew. - Fig. 86
Dissection of the head. Deep !aye,; left ,·iew.
71
Skeletal topograjJhy of 1•eins of head, left
uiew. - Fig. 6 I
72
73
74
74
1'iew. - Fig. 62
Dissection 1�( the neck. Superficial !aye,; wla­
neous 111uscles a11d fascia re11101•ed. - Fig. 63
Sheeji (young animal). Dissection of neck.
Deep laye1; right 1•iew. - Fig: 64
Cross section througf1 the neck at the le1•el of
the second cen•ical 1'ertebra. View of caudal
mrface of section. - Fig. 65
Cross section through the 11eck at the le1•el of
- Fig. 87
96
97
98
99
100
75
76
Male goat. Skull, left uiew. - Fig: 68
77
Goat (without horn). Skull, lateral 1'iew.
Fig: 69
78
79
80
Skull, ventral view. - Fig. 70
Skeletal topography of arteries of head. Left
view (fro111 a corrosion specimen). - Fig. 71
Dissection of the head. SujJe1ficial layer after
re111oval of cutaneous fascia a11d 111uscles. Leji
view. - Fig. 72
81
Dissectio11 of the head. Deep layer, left view.
- Fig. 73
82
Cross sectio11 through the head al the level of
Cross sectio11 through the head, le111Jmro1n(111-
I 02
dibular {ec,el. - Fig. 93
View of the cranial cavity with cah•ariwn
removed. - Fig. 94
103
Brain. View of dorsal s111face. - Fig: 95
Origi11 of cranial ner1•es and blood s11JJ/Jly to
104
brain. - Fig. 96
Dorsal 1·ie,i' of jJhmyngeal cm•i(V after in­
cising the soft /)((fate and dorsal wall.
105
106
84
Cross Sf'Clion through the head, througf1 caudal
end 1l1Jrbits. Viell' of rostral s111face. - Fig. 75
Dissection of neck. Superficial layer, cu­
ta11eo11s 111uscles a11d fascia removed. Left
/\:.;: 97
Skele/011 of the neck, left ,•iew. - Fig. 98
f
Dissection 1i the neck. S11pe1ficial layer, rnta­
nrnw muscles re11101•ed 011 the left. - Fig. 99
107
Dissection of the 11eck. Deep laye1; left 1•iew.
- Fig. 100
108
Cross section through the 11eck al the le,•el of
the second cervical 1•ertebra. View of caudal
surface of section - Fig: 101
Cross sectio11 through the neck at the le1•el of
I 09
the third cervical 1•ertebra. View of caudal
the third molar tooth. Vieu• 1;f rostml s111face.
- Fig. 74
83
uiew. - Fig. 91
Cross Sl'C/ion through the head al the ft,,,el of
the lost molar tooth. Vie«• of mstral s111face ,�f'
10 I
I 03
GOAT
Fig. 88
Sagi/ta! section through the head. - Fig: 89
Skeletal lojmgraj1hy with arteries of head. Left
half of the mandible re11101wl. - Fig. 90
Skeletal topography with ,•eins of head. Left
s,-c/ion. - Fig. 92
the fourth cer1•ical 1•ertebra. View of caudal
surface of section. - Fig. 66
Cross section th rough the 11eck at the lel'el of
the sixth ceruical vertebra. View of caudal
s111face of sectio11. - Fig. 6 7
Dissection of the head. DeejJ layer after remo­
ml of left half of mandible. Left 1•ie1<•. -
110
rnrface of sectirm. - Fig. I 02
Cross section through the 11eck al the fourth
cen•ical vertebra. View of caudal s111face of
section. - Fig. 103
view. - Fig. 76
85
Dissectio11 of 11eck. Deej1 layer, left view. -
HORSE
86
Fig. 77
Cross section through the neck at the level of
111
Lateral extemal transparent view of skull
the fourth cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section. - Fig. 78
111
through superficial surface. - Fig: 104
Supe,ficia/ regiom of the head. - Fig. 105
6
112
113
114
Skull of fual (newborn). - Fig: 106
138
Median section of skull. - Fig. 132
Skull, left 1•iew, with sc11ljJt11red 111axi//a,y
and c1mchal sinuses. - Fig. 107
Skull, left lateral ,•iew. Bone outlines de11wr­
139
Veins of the dura 1110/er a11d ,•eins of the
orbital ca1•ity. Left dorsal Jiortion <(f the skull
and zygonwlic arch re111m•ed. (After Den11-
cated by color. - Fig. 108
115
116
Median section of skull. Bone outlines
de111arcated by color. Right ,•iew. - Fig. 109
Skull, cranial 1•ie1c (oral-rostral s111face).
11 7
Fig. ! JO
Skull, 1•ie1c• <!f caudal s111face. - Fig. I I I
l 18
Skull, 1•iew of dorsal swjaCI' u•ith srnl/il111nl
119
j}(lranasa/ sinuses. - Fig: 112
Skull, dorsal ,•ieu•. Bone outlines de111a1"Cated
120
by color. - Fig. 113
Skull, 1•entml ,•iew. - Fig. 114
121
Skull, 1•entml ,•ie«•. Bone outlines de111arcated
122
by color. - Fig. 115
Te111/mro111andibular articulation, left z•iew.
123
Abm•e, intact; be/011•, oj1ened. - Fi_i;. 116
Musc/r,s 4 the head. Supe1ficial layn, le/i
124
,•iew. - Fig. 117
Muscles of the tongu<' and the phmyugea/
125
cm·ity, lr:ft ,•iew L<'ft half of 111andible u·ith
111asseter 111usc/e is re11101•('(/. - Fig. 118
Deep layer of the tongue muscles and the jilw-
1-IO
141
(.·ldaJ,tNI .Jiw11 EllenbNgN and Baum.) /)::: Ii,
142
143
143
Cross section through the head at the rostral
145
the last molar tooth. View of rostral swface.
146
148
Disseclio11 of the head a11d adjacent J>art n/
neck, l<:ft ,·in,·. First layer. - Fig. 120
I 'l.7
128
129
130
Di.H1·ctio11 n/ the h('({d a11d the adiace11/ j>arl of
th<" 1wck, lr:fi 1•if'1<'. Sernnd lr(rn. - Fig; 121
f?isseclion of the head and tlw adiacenl /iart
4 the 11ecl.-, left ,•irn•. Third layer. - Fig. 122
Sagi/la/ sertio11 tlmmgh the head. Section se1•e­
ral milli11wlers i<'fl of the median /ilane. Lrft
,•ieu•. - Fig. 123
150
152
153
Sagi/la/ section through the head, 111edia/ Sl/1'­
- Fig: 140
Cross section through the head at the level of
the orbital cavity. View of caudal surface of
section. - Fig. 141
Cross section through the head at the level of
the mandibular notch. View of caudal surface
of section. - Fig. 142
Cross section through thl' head i11 the ffgio11 of
//1{' external audito1y ca11al (parotid region).
View of caudal rn,face of sectio11. - Fig. 143
Disseclio11 o/ the head, 1•e11tra/ 1•ieli'. SujJer­
ficial fascia and cula11eous muscles remm•('(/.
- Fig. 144
Skeletal /oj}ogra/ihy of artl'ries of head. View
of the base of the skull. According lo 1me cor­
154
rosion speci111e11. - Fig. 145
Hyoid bo,w and lwy11gf'al cartilages frrn11 the
t1111.::11r· w·r· all re111m·1·d. l.e/i 1·ie1<'.
Fi,::. 12-./
Dissectio11 of sagillal section through the head.
- Fig. 125
154
155
left. - Fig. 146
Lmyngeal 111uscles, left z•iew. - Fig. 14 7
Dissection of a /ior/ion of the skull, dorsal
132
Skeletal toj><jgmj,hy of arteries of h('(/d. Sujier­
ficia/ 1•esse/s. Drown from a rnrrosion s/iffi111en. - Fig. 126
156
133
Skeletal topography of arl<'l'i<'S <(/ head. Dffj>
z•essels, left r·iezc,. Drra.1;,•JJ _{nun a corrosion
fac<'. Nasal septum, jiartiti,m betu·er'll tlw air
sinuses, part of the nasal turbinates, a11d !hr·
I3l
sfiecimen. - Fig. 12 7
134
I :l5
Midsagillal sectioJ1 through skull. Right ;•ieu•.
- Fig: 128
J\1idsogittal sectio11 through sk11I/ aft1•1
r1•11tr11·0I of the co11c!we. Right ;•iew
/
- Fig. 137
Middle and inner ear. Right side viewed in
front, semi-schematic. (After Elle11berger and
Baum.) - Fig. 138
level of the facial crest (crista facialis). View
of rostral surface. - Fig. 139
Cross section through the head at the level of
- Fig: 119
I 'l.6
Palate. - Fig. 136
Phary11geal cavity and entrance to the larynx.
144
1yngeal cm•i(v, left ,•iew. Left ha// of ma11dible 1<•ith 111asseter 111usc/e and sujier/irio/
11111scll's n/ t/w /ihmy11gea/ cm·ity <II'<' rt•11101·1·d
stedt.) - Fig: 133
Diss1,ctio11 '(/ tlt1· stmrtures 1:/ lite urbita/ m­
;•i/\' 011(/ the base uf th<' skull, left ,•in,•.
(.,lrfofited from Ellr-11berger a11d Baum.) Fig. /J4
S<"Ctio11 thnmgh th1· <J'e a11d c'.re rn,·i(J'.
,,if,w. (Ear 111uscles acc;,rding lo Ellenberger
and Br111111.J - Fig: 148
15 7
of cra11ia/ n!'n•es. - Fig. 150
/3mi11. l'ieil' of dorsal surface and tlw bmiu
st1•111 from tlw lr'.fi. - Fig. 15I
159 Base of brain, showing origin of cranial
11en•es and ,•essels. - Fig. I 52
160 Skeleton of the neck, leJi 1•iew. - Fig. 153
161 Sujierficial 11111scles of the neck, left 1•iew. C11la11eo11s muscles and rn/ie1ficia/ fascia re-
158
136
Fig. 12.11
Orbital a11d temporal regions, left 1'i<'w.
137
Fig. 130
Zygm11a/ic arch remm•ed exj)()si11g orbital and
I G'l.
1<·111/wml r1·gions. Vie,,• of left rn1:face. -
I 63
Fig. /,'JI
Horizontal seclio11 through the head. Vieil•
fm111 dorsal s111face. - Fig. 149
Base of the cranial C<11•ity showi11g e111ergence
111111•ed. - Fig. 154
Dn-ji 11111sc/es uf th1· 111'Ck, left ,·ieu·. First layn.
- Fig /5,"f
Dee/J muse/rs of the 11eck, leji ,•iew. Senmd
layer. - Fig. 156
7
164
DeejJ muscles of tl,e nee/.� left 1•ieu•. Tl,ird
165
layer. - Fig. 15 7
Nape of tl,e neck. Left 1•iew. - Fig. 158
166
Cutaneous 11111scles and ner,•es of tl,e neck, /r'.ft
1•iew. - Fig I 59
167
Dissection of tl,e nee!,� left 1•ie1,". Del'jJ layer.
168
- Fig: 160
Skeletal lojJOgrajJhy relati1•e to t!,l' 1•e.ucls,
nerves, tracl,ea, and esoJJ!wgus of //,t' neck.
Left 1'iew, showing only tl,e Jnincij)(/1 1•eins
and arteries. - Fig 161
169
S11perficial and adiacent regions of t!,e we!.-.
170
Oblique 1•ie«•, cranial lateral. - Fig. l 62
Skeleton. Oblique ,,if,u•, cranial lateml.
tl,e te111jJon1111andib11/ar artic11/atio11. - FiJ.)'.
182
J ()0
bel/.) - Fig. I 83
191
Base of brain, showing origin of cranial
192
nen•es.· - Fig. 184
Skdetal tojmgra/Jhy
Palate and dorsal 1c•al/ of upjJer phwy11x.
194
Fig. 186
Dorsal ,•ie«• of /Jhmy11geal cm•ity and base of
tongue. Dorsal u•a/1 and soft jmlatf' incised
and jJ11iled a/mrl. - Fig. 187
195
196
the second cen•ical 1•ertebm. Vie,c of rn11dal
197
1 73
swface of section. - Fig 165
Cross Sfftirm tl,m11gh tl,e neck at the /,,,,f'i of
the cranial <'nd of tl,e .fimrth cen•ical ,•Ntebra.
198
Vie,c• of"rnuda{ su,face ,�{section. - Fig. 166
Cross section through tl,e nt'Ck beli,•ee11 thl'
fourth and fifth cen•ical 1•ertebme. Vieu• of
199
174
200
1 76
caudal s111face of section. - Fig. 167
Cross section thm11gh the neck al the le1•el of
the se1•enth cen•irnl ,•ertebra. View of_caudal
s111face of section. - Fig 168
Cen•irn/ segment of 1•ertebral co/1111111, dorsal
177
Oeji) and 1•entral (rig!,/) 1•iews. - Fig. 169.
Head and suj1porling artic11/ations, dorsal
' 175
DOG
201
202
'.203
herd.) - Fig l 71
Left 1•iew t�{sk11{{. - Fig 172
204
180
Leji uie10 of sku{{. Bone outlines de111arcated
206
184
185
186
S!.11{{, uentral 1·iew. - Fig 176
Dissectio11 of the head. S11J1e1/icial layn 1c•ith
cutt11ie1111s 11111sclt's. Left 1•iew. - Fig. 177
Dissection of the hrnd. Seco11d lco·n. C11lant'o11s muscles and fascia rt'n11>1•NI. l,efi
l'ie11•. - F(i:: 178
Dissectio11 of the head. Deep layN. l,eft ha//
of 111a11dible re11101•('(/. Left 1•ie1i•. - F(1.;: l 79
187
188
Sag"ittal section thro11gh the l,t'ad in the 111('­
dir111 /1/ane. - Fig. /80
Cross section through the head at t/1(' le,•d o/
189
the 11w11dib11/or rnnmoid process. -. Fig. 18 !
Cross section through the head at thf' ln•t'I o(
8
Cmss section through the neck at the fe,•ef 1i/
thf' third cen•ica/ 1•Ntebm. Vieu• of caudal
Silr/c1ce o/ section. - Fig. 193
Cm.1.1 Sfftio11 tl,nmgh the neck al tl,e /{,,,el of
the Jifih cen•ical ,·ertebra. Vie1i' of rn11dal
s111/ace o/ Sfftion. - Fig: 194
TojJ/lgrajJhic anato111y of the ,•esscls in the
- Fig. 195
Topograj,hic ana/0111y !(/ the 1•e.m,/s in the
CAT
179
Median section of sku{{. - Fig: I 74
S/ru{/, ,•iew of c/01:m{ swface. - Fig. I 75
Df'f'/J layN of tlw 11111scfr,s of thf' 11f'Ck. f.t'./t
,,fr,,,,. - Fig. 191
Cross Sfftio11 thm11,i:h !hf' 11l'Ck at tlw fe,·el o/
caudal cen·irnf and thomcic area, right 1·iew
- Fig. 196
SujJe1ficial regio11s of the l,ead (German shep­
181
182
183
rcnun.•al of cutaneous ,nuscles. I.<�/! l'ir''lf'. Fig. 189
Dissection of the nffk Dr't'/J layer, left 1•ie1,•.
- Fig. 190
caudal cen•ical and thoracic area, /r'}t ,,fr,,c.
178
by color. DolichocejJ/wlic skull (gnyho11nd).
Fig 173
Skele/011 of the neck, /".ft ,•iew. - Fig. 188
Dissf'Clion o/ the 11f'Ck S11pe1jicial /aver o/te,·
tfw s('(ond Cf'n•ical i'f'1kbm. Vie,,· o{ caudal
Sil/face o/ section. - Fig. 192
,•iew. Opened 1•ertebral ca11al after ren101•al
of the crrmia! l'(J11/t and the dorsal arches o(
tlw .first and serond cen•ical 1·1Ttebme.
(. lco,rding tu Kolda.) - Fig I 70
1if head, leji
193
Muscles of the neck and adjacent J)(/rts. Ob­
lique l'iew, cranial lateral. C11tanrnus muscles
mu/fascia re1n01•ed. - Fig. 164
Cross section thm11gh the n<'Ck at the lt'i't'I o/
172
4 arteries
t•ieu.1• Drav:.•11 fnnn a corrosion sj>tcin1en.
Fig 185
Fig 163
171
Bmi11. Vie,c o( dorsal rnr/<1C('. (Cortex rli­
;•idl'd i11tu/i111ctional (1/NIS (l(Clll'rli11g tu C(//11/J­
205
Sk11/I, left 1·iew - Fig. 197
Sk11/I, ,•ieil'' of 1•e11traf s111:f<1ce. - Fig. 198
Dissection of the !wad. Suj,erficial fa_)'N after
ffnw,•al o( c11taneo11s 11111scles. l,('.f! ,•ie1i'. Fig 199
207
'.208
Dissffliun o{ the hmd. DeejJ layer after ff11111ml '!f /)(Ir/ o{1na11dible. Left 1•ie1,•. - Fig.
200
Dissection of tlw 11eck. Det'jJ layer, lt'.ft 1•ieu•.
- Fig. 201
RABBIT
209
Skull, left ,·in,·. - Fig: 202
210
Dissf'Ction of the head and adjacrnt cen•irnl
part. Suj1e1ficial layer after renw1•af rif C//­
'.211
ta11t'ous 11111scles. Left. 1•ie1c. - Fig: 203
Dissection of the neck. Superficial layer after
rr::11w1•af of c11ta11eous 11111sdt's. Left 1•iew. Fig. 204
Introduction
K,rncledge of tlze structure and function of the body of healtlzy a11i111als is a basic prerequisite to
111aste1y of dinirnl and certain /He-clinical dimplines. The first stejJ is study of tlze body according to
its scwral org((n systems, i. e., a dh ision of tlze body into its different parts for systematic and detailed
1
stur(J·. Hm,•e,·e1; systematic anatomy is only one asjJect of tlze study of Jmxtical anatomy for 1 1eteri11a-
1y jJmctice. Familiarity witlz both mutual interrelations/zips and positions of specific organs and
structures is also essential. Tlzis synthesis of knowledge is the goal of students and teaclzers, and
requires great efforts from both.
TV/zile �rstematic anatomy ini'Oh es a great deal of memorization, tlze ability to 111e11tally 1 1isualize
1
a11ato111ic structures in dejJt/z is required in tlze study of topographic anatomy. DevelojJ111e11t of tlzis
'�jXltia! jJercejJtion" in tlze student is tlze resjHmsibility of tlze anatomy teache1; to lze!p sujJp/y tlze best
possible jJrejx1ratio11 for clinical studies. In tlze teaching of a11ato1II)\ tlzerefore, great emplzasis is
jJ!aced 011 metlzodical and logical presentation of material. Here the Atlas. is intended to lze!p botlz tlze
teaclzer and tlze student.
Tlze jJractitioner occasionally encounters situatiom in which a review of topographic anato111y is
needer/, but ,d1en a return to "tlzeo1y" would be naturally undesirable and time-co11sumi11g:
/11
these
sit11atiom, ,c,J1e11 a s11111mmy of jJertinent i11for111atio11 is wanted, the author hopes the Atlas 1oill be
,·aluable to the practitio11e1; and ab01 1e all to the surgeon and the internist, esjJecially since at present
nu similar atlas is amilab!e.
In tlze JnejX1ration of tlze Atlas, tlze author has taken into consideration the demands imposed by
Jm1ctice of ,·eterinmy medicine. /11 selecting the material, howe1 1e1; he has considered it his duty to
include a11i111als frequently neglected in other anatomy texts, i. e., sheejJ, goat, and swine. Tlze anato111ic differences between small and large m111inants are so great that tlzey cannot be summarized
under tlze lzeading of small ruminants, as is the case in more co111prelze11sh e texts.
1
T/1(' Atlas is not intended to be a co111jJlete source for tlze study of 1 1eteri11my anatomy. Professional
peojJle 111<()' find it too general in scojJe, students too detailed. Students in partiwlar should be aware
tlzat tlze Atlas cannot be considered a rnbstitute for textbooks or handbooks (or other atlases), nor
a substitute for the jJractica! study of dissected sjJecimens. Neither tlze best atlas nor the best textbook
rnn rejJlace jJractirn! experience. The exact color and consistency as well as otlzer properties of the
org((I/S and tissues cannot be exjJressed by tlze written word, nor reproduced pe,fectly in illustrations.
In tlzis sense, m1 atlas has a limited use. Therefore less attention lzas been gil 1e11 to tlzose questions tlzat
can be better studied in textbooks of systematic anatomy. Finally, it was impossible, for teclznical
reasons, to jJresent all details in the drawings. This was especially true for some features whiclz could
9
hm·e been rejJresented only with loss of the gelleral view. In these cases, h6weve1� the reader call
obtaill a cu1njJrehellsiz•e jJicture either by utilizing a series of drawillgs or by studying textbooks of
:,ystenwtic anatomy.
The needs o/ jJractitiollers ill applied anatomy 1•ary fro111 one discijJ!ine to the next: The surgeon's
req11ire111ents ,t•i!l differ fro111 those of the internist or of the hygienist (e. g:, a 111eat insjxctor). It is
understood that one j)l{blication cannot satisfy the demands of all. Howel'e1� the author hopes that the
Atlas, in spite of these li111itations, will be a positfre contribution to the literature, and an aid to both
the student and the jJrofessional Last, it must be e111phasized that an atlas should not be dogmatic.
While the Atlas is quite inc!ushie in the J11aterial it />resents, the broad scale of indil'idual 1'(Jriations
o/age and sjJecies dif/erences cannot be presented in a single work.
All the figures, ,cith a few excejJtions, are origillal, drawn according to preparations made by the
author using the rnsto/J/m)' anatomic 111ethods. When drawings are taken from other authors, ajJ­
pmjJriate credit is gh•en ill the Table of Contents. Fresh as well as fixed materials were used for the
preparations, alld serial sections were prepared/ram frozen sjJecimens.
Most figures, including later corrections, were jJrejxtred by the author himself; Mrs. L. Suttm•a, artist
o/ the Department, heijxd u.:ith drawing of so111e preparations of bones, exteriors, and brains.
T'ol11111e 1 o/ the Atlas 1c•as published in 1960, Volume 11 in /962 and Volume 111 in 1968, alld it
has been translated into se,:eral languages. Despite deficiencies of which the author is aware, the Atlas
has ajJj)({rent(v jJro,•ed a 1•aluable reference, judging jrolll the response to the first jJrinting and the
number rl cujJies in use. Hozt1e1•e1; for this new edition, the J11aterial has been ujJdated in accordance
1cith the anatoJ11ic noJ11e11c!ature, NA. V., adopted in 1973. Where necessary, figures haz•e also been
1Nisecl, and the author has added se1•eral new topograjJhic and anatomic z·iews.
Pr o f. Pe t e r Po p e s k o , D .M . V ., D r .Sc .
Kofice, June 1975
10
VOLUME I - HEAD AND NECK
BOVINE, SHEEP, GOAT, SWINE,
HORSE, DOG, CAT, RABBIT
Bm•ine. Supe1ficial regions of the head.
Figure 1
/
24
21
. . ·,,.'. -..
I. - 3. regio nasalis - nasal region
I. regio dorsa{is 11asi - dorsal region of nose
(bridge of nose)
2. regio faterafis 11asi - lateral region of nose
3. regio 11aris - region of nostril
4., 8. regio oralis - oral region
4. jJ{a11u111 11asolabiafe - nasolabial surface
5. regio 111axilfaris - maxillary region
6. n·gio buccafis - region of cheek
7. l'!'gio 111a11dib11faris - mandibular region
B. regio labia/is superior et labia/is inferior - region
of upper and lower lips
9. regio 111e11talis - region of chin
12
I 0. re0io fro11tafis - frontal region (forehead)
I I. regio orbitalis (n•gio JmljJebralis su/Jerior et Jmlpebra­
fis i11ferir11) - orbital region (region of upper
and lower eyelids)
12. regio i11fraorbitafis - infraorbital region
13. regio 111asseterirn - masseteric region
14. 111argo 11wudibufae - margin of mandible
15. regio te111J)()rafis - temporal region (temple)
16. regio Jmrietalis - parietal region (poll)
17. regio zygo111atirn - zygomatic region
18. l'!'gio artirnlatio11is te111j){)n1111a11dibu{aris - region
of temporomandibular articulation
19., 20. l'!'gio aurirnlaris - region of external ear
25
/
:': .··
20. a11rirnfa - external ear
21. regio Jmrotidea - parotid region
22., 23. l'!'gio rofli ,·e11tra{is - ventral region of neck
22. rl'gio lr11y11gea -- laryngeal region
23. jJa/ror (J1lica ,·e11tralis mf{i)
ventral fold of
neck
24. processus tra11s,•ers11s atlr111tis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
25. sufrns jugu{aris - jugular sulcus
26. comu - horn
Bovine. Left uzew of skull.
Figure 2
. I
/
19
?.?----=.,,,,_.------
2
�
.,;,
, ·,� •1'�t �-:
,. I
4
42
\
31
1. co1p11s ossis i11cish·i - body of incisive bone
2. jm1cess11s 11asafis ossis i11cish•i - nasal process of
incisive bone
3. fora111i11a in/irn1rbitafia - infraorbital foramen
4. 111axifk1 (facies faciafis) - facial surface of maxilla
5. os 11a.wfe - nasal bone
6. i11cis11ra 1wsoi11cish•a - nasoincisive incisure
7. incisura nasafis - nasal incisure
8. .fissura 11asofacri111afis - nasolacrimal fissure
9. os facrima/e - lacrimal bone
10. fossa .wcci /acrima/is - fossa of lacrimal sac
I I. os Z)-gm11aticw11 - zygomatic bone
12. Jm1cesms fronta/is ossis ::i-g,1111atici - frontal pro­
cess of zygomatic bone
temporal
1 :1. j1mu·.u11s tm1/}()m/is ossis :rgm11atici
process of zygomatic bone
14. arrns Z)'gVllwfiws - zygomatic arch
15. b11ffa facri111a/is - lacrimal bulla
16. os .fiw!lafe - frontal bone
I 7. jm1ctss11s :1•.�IJ/1wtirns ossis .fim1tafis
zvgomatic
process of frontal bone
I 8. jm1cns11s rnm11afis - cornual process
19. Jm1t11bera11tia i11tercom11rdis - intercornual pro­
tuberance
20. fossa te111jJ11rafis - temporal fossa
21. finm lm1j)(Jmfis - temporal line
22. /Hm· sq11m11ma msis //'111f!omfis - squamous part
of temporal bone
23. Jnocesws ::ygm11atirns 11SSis tn11jJora/is - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
24. crmdyfus 11cri/Jita/is - occipital condyle
25. /J/lrus awstirns ex/fmlls - opening of external
acoustic meatus
26. jmJCi'ssus j!arac1111r6·faris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
27. fora11w11 st)'fo111asfoide11111 - stylomastoid fo­
ramen
28. bu/fa tr111/)(/11ica - tympanic bulla
29. 1'(/gina jm1rc.H11s str/oidei - rostrum of styloicl
process
30. d(!ns premolaris superior JI - second upper
premolar tooth
31. dens molaris superior I - first upper molar
tooth
32. dens premolaris inferior II - second lower premolar tooth
33. dens molaris inferior I - first lower molar tooth
34. dmtes inrish•i - incisors
35. 11wrgo i11terah•('()faris - interalveolar margin
36. fo1w11e11 111e11tafe - mental foramen
37. ra11111s 111a11dib11far' - ramus of mandible
38. a11g11!11s mandibufae - mandibular angle
39. jm1cess11s rnm11oide11s - coronoid process
40. jm1c,·ssus ro11d)'/aris - condyloid process
41. orbita - oriyit
42. tuberfaria/e - facial tuberosity
13
Bovine. Left view of skull. Bone outlines demarcated by color.
Figure 3
�
--1;
11
J I -::
,
, /,' .1
I
15
�1
'z
4
21
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
nasal bone
incisive bone
os locrinude - lacrimal bone
1110.ril/o - maxilla
os zygm11olic11111 - zygomatic bone
os ji'/)/1/0/e - frontal bone
os J){/rieto/e - parietal bone
pors sq110111oso ,,ssis le111J)()rafis - squamous part
of temporal bone
8' Jm1, ly111J)(J11ica ossis le111pora/is - tympanic part
of temporal bone
os nosale -
os i11cisii·11111 -
14
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
occipital bone
frontonasal suture
sutura 110s0/ocri1110/is - nasolacrimal suture
S11/11ra fro11tolocri1110/is - frontolacrimal suture
S11!11ra /acri111ozygo11wlica - lacrimozygomatic
suture
14. S11!11ra 1110.rilloi11cisi1'0 - maxilloincisive suture
15. ·s11/11ra /ocri1110111oxilloris - lacrimomaxillary su­
ture
16. S11/11ra zygo111olico1110.ri//oris - zygomaticomaxil­
lary suture
os orcij1itole -
wtura Jro11/011oso/is -
17 .. 18. .111/11msj1/11'110/im1tolis - sphenofrontal suture
19. sul11ra sj1he110J1orieto/is - sphenoparietal suture
20. 511/ura fro11/ozygo111otica - frontozygomatic su­
ture
21. 111a11dib11/o - mandible
temporozygomatic
22. s11/11ra le111jJorozyg,nnotiw
suture
23. s11/11ra corono/is - coronal suture
24. s11/11ra sq11a111oso - squamous suture
25. S11/11ra occi/Ji/0111osloidro - occipitomastoid su­
ture
Bovine. Median section of skull Bone outlines demarcated by color.
Figure 4
I. os Jro11lai!' - frontal bone
2. os J)(/rirlail' - parietal bone
3. os le111jJorttlt' (Jo. /101:f /Jelmsa, Jb. pars sq11m11,,sa, Jc
/)(//J 1y111/Ja11ica) - temporal bone (3a. petrous
part, 36. squamous part, 3c. tympanic part)
4. os occijiilalr - occipital bone
5. os sjJhe1111idaft, (os basisjJ/w11oida/e el os /Jmjihl'lloi­
r/a/r) - sphenoid bone (basisphenoid and
presphenoid bones)
6. os et/1111oidall' (6a. co11rlw rlorSfllis, 6b. /a111i11a jJn­
jJe11dicularis, 6c. co11cha 111edia, 6d. /abyri11lh11s elh11widalis) - ethmoid bone (6a. dorsal concha,
66. perpendicular plate, 6c. middle concha,
6d. ethmoidal labyrinth)
7. os ro11dwr 11amlis ,•t·11lralis :-- ventral nasal con­
chal bone
8. os 11aSfllr - nasal bone
9. os i11tisii•11111 - incisive bone
I0. 111axi//a - maxilla
I 1. ,•011wr - vomer
12. os jJa/ali1111m - palatine bone
13. os jJlnygoideum - p�erygoid bone
14. 1111111dib11/a - mandibk
15. forr1111e11 11w11dib11/ae - mandibular foramen
16. rnl11ra coro11alis - coronal suture
1 7. sulura sphe11ofro11lalis - sphenofrontal suture
18. s11l11rri sq11a1111,sa - squamous suture
19. s11t11m ,phr11osq11m11osa - sphenosquamous su­
ture
20. s11/11m lm11bdoidet1 - lambdoid suture
21. s11l11m occijJi/0111asl11idea - occipitomastoid su­
ture
22. sy11cho11drosis sjihe11ooccijiilalis - spheno-occipital synchondrosis
23. sul11m J>lnygoj)(f/ali11a - pterygopalatine.�uture
24. s11t11ra Jro11/rmasa/is - frontonasal suture
25. s11/11m j)(J/ati11a /m/lS,'NSa - transverse palatine
suture
26. sut11ra 11asoi11risfra - nasoincisive suture
27. sut11ra 11wxi//ni11cish•a - maxilloincisive suture
15
Bm•ine. Skull (without mandible)) median view.
\
Figure 5
1. osfmnla/e - frontal bone
JJmressus mmua/is - cornual process
3. cm·11111 cmnii - cranial cavity
4. os Jmril'lale - parietal bone
5 . .fomnu'n magn11111 - foramen magnum
6. J;mcess11s /H1raco11d)'laris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
7. rnnalis ni. hJ1Joglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
8. ranalis coml)'!aris - condyloid canal
9. aJ;er/ura exlerna aq1wduct11s 1•estibuli - external
aperture of aqueduct of vestibule
I 0. J;oms arnslic11s i11tem11s - opening of internal
acoustic meatus
11. /Hm J;e/msa 1,ssis le111p11m/is - petrous part of
temporal bone
12. JJ/1'({/us le111p11ralis - temporal meatus
13. cmw/is mndy/aris - condyloid canal
14., 14' . .foramen j11g11/are - jugular foramen
2.
16
15. bu/la l)'ln/Hmirn - tympanic bulla
16. Jm;cessus 11111srnlaris - muscular process
I 7. rana/is oJ;lirns - optic canal
18. .forrmwn 11rbil11m/und11111 - foramen orbitorotundum
19 . .f11ra111en m•ale - oval foramen
20. os nasale - nasal bone
21. c1111cha nasa/is dorsa/is - dorsal nasal concha
22. concha nasa/is media - middle nasal concha
23. os conchae nma/is 1•e11lralis - ventral nasal conchal bone
24. 1•0111a - vomer
25. sinus sJ;henoida/is - sphenoidal sinus
26. 111ml11s nmi do1wlis - dorsal nasal meatus
27. 1nea/11s nasi 111edi11s - middle nasal meatus
28. mealus nasi 1•enlralis - ventral nasal meatus
29. inrisura nasoincisim - nasoincisive incisure
:JO. Jm,ressus nasa/is ossis inrish•i - nasal process of
incisive bone
31. onpus ossis incisii•i - body of incisive bone
lamina J;e1pendirn/aris 1,ssis j)({/atini - perpendi_
cular plate of palatine bone
33. lwmulus jJll'lygoide11s - pterygoid hamulus
34. rnna/is in.fraorbitalis - infraorbital canal
35. sinus ,naxi//aris - maxillary sinus
36. .form1wn sjJhen11J)({fali1111111 - sphenopalatine foramen
37. sinus j)({/atinus - palatine sinus
38. denies j)remolares - premolar teeth
39. denies 11111/ares - molar teeth
40. os s/Jhenoidale (os basisjJhenoida/e el os j;resjJhe1111i­
dale) - sphenoid bone (basisphenoid and
presphenoid bones)
41. pars basilaris ossis orcij!il<1fis - basilar part of
occipital bone
42. sinusfrontalis - frontal sinus
32.
Bovine. Portion of skull with zygomatic arch removed, exposing orbital and temporal regions. Left view.
Figure 6
,,.
...
,; - ......;J>: .c, ..._ •�
....../
19
28
5
1. os zygomaticum - zygomatic bone
2. fossa sacci lacrimalis et apertura due/us nasolacrima­
lis - fossa of lacrimal sac and aperture of
nasolacrimal duct
3. arcui zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
4. bulla lacrimalis - lacrimal bulla
5. maxilla - maxilla
6. dens molaris III - third molar tooth
7. lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini - perpendi­
cular plate of palatine bone
8. hamulus pterygoideus - pterygoid hamulus
9. os frontale - frontal bone
l 0. canalis supraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
11. foramen ethmoidale - ethmoidal foramen
12. canalis opticus - optic canal
13. eris/a pterygoidea - pterygoid crest
14. foramen orbitorotundum - foramen orbitoro­
tundum
15. /inea temporalis - tern poral line
16. processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
17. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
18. processus comualis - cornual process
19. fossa temporalis - temporal fossa
20. processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis· - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
21. processus retroarticularis - retroarticular process
22. fossa pterygopalatina - pterygopalatine fossa
23. foramen ovate - oval foramen
24. corpus ossis sphenoidalis (basisphenoidalis et praesphe­
noidalis) - body of sphenoid (basisphenoid
·
and presphenoid) bone
25. processus muscularis - muscular process
26., 28. orificia extema meatus temporalis - external
orifice of temporal meatus
26. foramen retroarticulare - retroarticular fora­
men
27. bulla tympanica - tympanic bulla·
28. orificium temporale meatus temporalis - temporal
orifice of temporal meatus
29. crista temporalis - temporal crest
30. meatus acusticus extemus - external acoustic
meatus
31. sutura occipitomastoidea - occipitomastoid su­
ture
32. fossa condylaris ventralis - ventral condylar fos­
sa
33. condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
34. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
17
Bovine. Skull cranial view (oral - rostral surface).
Figure 7
20
I. os frontale - frontal bone
2. sulcus supraorbitalis - supraorbital sulcus
3. processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
4. processus comualis - comual process
5. processus fro11talis ossis zygomatici - frontal pro6.
7.
8.
9.
cess of zygomatic bone
os nasale - nasal bone
fissura nasolacrimalis - nasolacrimal fissure
os lacrimale - lacrimal bone
os zygomaticum - zygomatic bone
18
10. pars dorsalis ossis conchae nasalis ventralis - dorsal
part of ventral _nasal conchal bone
11. lamina basilaris - basilar plate
12. pars ve11tralis ossis conchae nasalis ventralis - ventral part of ventral nasal conchal bone
13. concha nasalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
14. vomer - vomer
15. processus nasalis ossis incisivi - nasal process of
incisive bone
16. corpus ossis incisivi - body of incisive bone
17. foramen infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
fissura palatina - palatine fissure
maxilla - maxilla
tuber faciale - facial tuberosity
ramus mandibulae -·ramus of mandible
synchondrosis intermandibularis - intermandibu-
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
foramen mentale - mental foramen
dens incisivus I - first incisor
dens incisivus II - second incisor
dens incisivus Ill - third incisor
dens incisivus IV (dens caninus) - fourth incisor
lar synchondrosis
(canine tooth)
Bovine. Skull view of caudal surface.
Figure 8
�
2.·
.1
I'
5
I. os frontale - frontal bone
2. processus comualis - cornual process
3. protuberantia intercomualis - intercornual pro­
tuberance
4. protuberantia occipitalis extema - external occipital protuberance
5. linea nuchae - nuchal line
6. os parietale - parietal bone
7. squama occipitalis - occipital squama
8. condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
9. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
/,l,
5
10. processus mastoideus ossis temporalis - mastoid
process of temporal bone
11. arcus zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
12. processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
13. processus coronoideus - coronoid process
14. bulla tympanica - tympanic bulla
14'. processus muscularis - muscular process
15. porus acusticus externus - opening of external
acoustic meatus
16. foramen stylomastoideum - stylomastoid fora­
men
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
hamulus pterygoideus - pterygoid hamulus
ramus mandibulae - ramus of mandible
angulus mentalis - mental angle
denies molares - molar teeth
sutura corona/is - coronal suture
sutura lambdoidea - lambdoid suture
sutura occipitomastoidea - occipitomastoid su­
ture
24. foramen magnum - foramen magnum
25. foramen mandibulae - mandibular foramen
19
Bovine. Skull view of dorsal surface. Frontal sinus and adjacent sinuses sculptured
Figure 9
12.
13.
14.
15.
I. os parietale - parietal bone
2. protuberantia intercomualis - intercornual pro­
tuberance
3. col/um processus comualis - neck of cornual pro­
cess
4. corona processus cornualis - crown of cornual
process
20
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
processus comualis - cornual process
sguamafrontalis - frontal squama
foramen supraorbitale - supraorbital foramen
sulcus supraorbitalis - supraorbital sulcus
crista temporalis - temporal crest
margo infraorbitalis - infraorbital margin
os lacrimale - lacrimal bone
os zygomaticum - zygomatic bone
fissura nasolacrimalis - nasolacrimal fissure
os nasale - nasal bone
faciesfacialis maxillae - facial surface of maxil­
la
16. processus nasalis ossis incisivi - nasal process of
incisive bone
1 7.. processus palatinus ossis incisivi - palatine pro­
cess of incisive bone
18. corpus ossis incisivi - body of incisive bone
19. recessus parietalis sinus frontalis - parietal recess
of frontal sinus
20. sinus frontalis caudalis - caudal frontal sinus
21. sinusfrontalis rostralis - rostral frontal sinus
22. sinus conchae dorsalis - dorsal conchal sinus
23. canalis supraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
24. septum transversum sinuum frontalium - trans­
verse septum of frontal sinus
25. recessus comualis sinus frontalis - cornual recess
of frontal sinus
Bovine. Skull view of dorsal surface. Bone outlines demarcated by color.
Figure 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
os frontale - frontal bone
os parietale - parietal bone
os zygomaticum - zygomatic bone
os lacrimale - lacrimal bone
os nasale - nasal bone
maxilla - maxilla
os i11cisivum - incisive bone
os temporale - temporal bone
sutura corona/is - coronal suture
sutura interfrontalis - interfrontal suture
suturafro11tolacrimalis - frontolacrimal suture
suturafrontonasalis - frontonasal suture
sutura lacrimozygomatica - lacrimozygomatic
suture
sutura zygomaticomaxillaris - zygomaticomaxil­
lary suture
sutura 11asolacrimalis - nasolacrimal suture
sutura lacrimomaxillaris - lacrimomaxillary su­
ture
sutura nasomaxillaris - nasomaxillary suture
sutura maxilloincisiva - maxilloincisive suture
21
Bovine. Portion of skull ventral view.
\
Figure 11
l. processus comualis ossis frontalis - cornual pro­
cess of frontal bone
2. collum processus cornualis - neck of cornual pro­
cess
3. processus paracondylaris ·- paracondyloid pro­
cess
4. condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
5. foramen stylomastoideum
stylomastoid foramen
6. fossa condylaris 1•e11tralis
ventral condyloid
fossa
7. pars basilaris ossis occipitalis - basilar part of
occipital bone
8. tuberculum musculare - muscular tubercle
9. porus acusticus ex/emus - opening of external
acoustic meatus
I 0. processus styloideus - styloid process
22
11. foramen jugulare - jugular foramen
12. foramen retroarticulare (orificium extemum meatus
temporalis) - r�troarticular foramen (external
opening of temporal meatus)
13. tuberculum articulare - articular tubercle
14. processus retroarticularis - retroarticular process
15. foramen ovale - oval foramen
16. bulla tympanica - tympanic bulla
17. processus muscularis - muscular process
18. crista pterygoidea - pterygoid crest
19. foramen orbitorotundum - foramen orbitoro­
tundum
20. corpus ossis sphenoidalis (basisphenoidalis et praesphe­
noidalis) - body of sphenoid (basisphenoid
and presphenoid) bone
21. canalis supraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
22. bulla lacrimalis - lacrimal b_ulla
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
arcus zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
foramen ethmoidale - ethmoid foramen
hamulus pterygoideus - pterygoid hamulus
vomer - vomer
foramen palatinum caudale - caudal palatine
foramen
28. foramen sphenopµlatinum - sphenopalatine fo­
ramen
29. foramen maxillare - maxillary foramen
30. lamina horizon/a/is ossis palatini - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
31. foramen palati11u111 minus - lesser palatine fo­
ramen
32. foramen magnum - foramen magnum
33. _meatus nasopharyngeus (clwana) - nasopharyn­
geal meatus (choana)
Bovine. Ventral view of skull Bone outlines demarcated by color.
Figure 12
I. rJs occipitale - occipital bone
2. pars orbitalis ossis frontalis - orbital part of
frontal bone
2'. processus cornualis ossis frontalis - cornual pro­
cess of frontal bone
3. pars squamosa ossis temporalis - squamous part
of temporal bone
3'. pars tympanica ossis temporalis - tympanic part
of temporal bone
4. corpus ossis sphenoidalis (basisphenoidalis et praesphe­
noidalis) - body of sphenoid (basisphenoid
and presphenoid) bone
4'. ala ossis basisphenoidalis (ala temporalis) - wing
of basisphenoid bone (temporal wing)
4". ala ossis praesphenoidalis (ala orbitalis) - wing of
presphenoid bone (orbital wing)
5. vomer - vomer
6. os pterygoideum - pterygoid bone
7. os zygomatiwm - zygomatic bone
8. maxilla - maxilla
8'. processus palatinus maxillae - palatine process
of maxilla
9. os palatinum - ·palatine bone
10. os lacrimale - lacrimal bone
11. os incisivum - incisive bone
12. os parietale - parietal bone
13. sutura occipitomastoidea - occipitomastoid su­
ture
14. synclwndrosis sphenooccipitalis - spheno-occipi­
tal synchondrosis
15. sutura sphenosquamosa - sphenosquamous su­
ture
16. sutura sphenofrontalis - sphenofrontal suture
17. sutura temporozygomatica - temporozygomatic
suture
18. sutura lacrimomaxillaris - lacrimomaxillary su­
ture
19. sutura zygomaticomaxillaris - zygomaticomaxil­
lary suture
20. sutura palatina transversa - transverse palatine
suture
21. sutura palatina mediana - median palatine su­
ture
22. sutura lambdoidea - lambdoid suture
23., 24. suturae maxilloincisivae - maxilloincisive su­
tures
M,.
M2.
MJ.
P2.
PJ.
P..
dens molaris I - first molar tooth
dens molaris II - second molar tooth
dens molaris Ill - third molar tooth
dens premolaris II - second premolar tooth
dens premolaris Ill - third premolar tooth
dens premolaris IV - fourth premolar tooth
23
f....
Bovine. Dissection qf the head and neck, left view. First layer.
Figure 13
l., 1 '. m. levator nasolabialis - levator nasolabialis
muscle
2. m levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
3. m. caninus - caninus muscle
4. m. depressor labii superioris - depressor muscle
of upper lip
!?- m. zygomaticus - zygomatic muscle
6. m. malaris - malar muscle
7.-. pars buccalis mi., buccinatoris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
8. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
9. m. mylohyoideus - mylohypid muscle
10. m. frontalis - frontal muscle
11. m. orbicularis oculi - orbicularis oculi muscle
12. m. cervicoscutularis - cervicoscutular muscle
13. m. interscutularis - interscutular muscle
14. 111. frontoscutularis - pars frontalis - frontoscu­
tular muscle - frontal part
15. m. frontoscutularis - pars temporalis - fronto­
scutular muscle - temporal part
24
16. m. scutuloauricularis superficialis dorsalis - dorsal
superficial scutuloauricular muscle
17. m. scutuloauricularis superficialis accessorius - ac­
cessory superficial scutuloauricular muscle
18. m. zygomaticoauricularis - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
19. m. scutuloauricularis superficialis medius - middle
superficial scutuloauricular muscle
20. m. parotidoauricularis - parotidoauricular
muscle
21. m. masseter - masseter muscle
22. m. trapezius - trapezius muscle
23. m. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
24. m. cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
25. m. stemomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
26. cartilago scutiformis - scutiform cartilage
27. mandibula - mandible
28., 29. ramus buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis - dorsal
buccal branch of facial nerve
30. ramus buccalis ventralis ni. facialis -· ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
i
31. a. transversa faciei, 11. auticulotemporalis - trans­
verse facial artery, auriculotemporal nerve
32. n. auriculopalpebralis - auriculopalpebral
nerve
33. 11. auricularis caudalis - caudal auricular
nerve
34. processus transversus atlantis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
35. ductus et 11. parotideus - parotid duct and nerve
36. a. et v. facialis - facial artery and vein
37. rarnus communicans rami buccalis ventralis ad r. buc­
calem dorsalem - communicating branch of
ventral and dorsal buccal branch
38. v. facialis (v. angularis oculi), ramus anastomoticus
ad a. malarem � facial vein (angular vein of
eye), anastomotic branch to malar artery
39. a. et v. temporalis superficialis - superficial tem­
poral artery and vein
40. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
n. auricularis magnus - great auricular nerve
transversus colli - transverse nerve of neck
n. cervicalis /If - third cervical nerve
v. jugularis extema - external jugular vein
ln. parotideus - parotid lymph node
glandula parotis - parotid gland
glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
/11. mandibularis - mandibular lymph node
v. maxillaris - maxillary vein
v. linguofacialis - linguofacial vein
11.
25
Bovine. Dissection of the head and neck, left view. Second layer.
Figure 14
I. m. levator nasolabialis - levator nasolabialis
muscle
2. m. levator labii superioris, m caninus et m. depressor
labii superioris - levator muscle of upper lip,
caninus muscle and depressor muscle of up­
per lip
3. 111. malaris - malar muscle
4. m. masseter � masseter muscle
5. pars molaris mi. buccinatoris - molar .part of
buccinator muscle
6. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
7. m. zygomaticus - zygomatic muscle
8. pars buccalis mi. buccinatoris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
9. m. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
10. m. frontalis - frontal muscle
11. m. orbicularis oculi - orbicularis oculi muscle
12. m. cervicoscutularis - cervicoscutular muscle
13. m. interscutularis - interscutular muscle
14. pars frontalis mi. frontoscutularis - frontal part
of frontoscutular muscle
15. pars temporalis mi. frontoscutularis - temporal
part of frontoscutular muscle
16. m. scutuloauricularis superficialis dorsalis - dorsal
superficial scutuloauricular muscle
17. 111. scutuloauricularis superficialis accessorius - ac­
cessory superficial scutuloauricular muscle
18. m. zygomaticoauricularis - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
19. m. scutuloauricularis superficialis medius - middle
superficial scutuloauricular muscle
20. m. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
21. v. maxillaris, 111. digastricus - maxillary vein, digastric muscle
22. m. rhomboideus - rhomboid muscle
23. m. splenius - splenius muscle
24. m. obliquus capitis cranialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
26
25.
111.
rectus capitis lateralis - lateral straight
muscle of head
26. m. longissimus capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
27. m. longissimus at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
28. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
29. 111. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
30. v. linguofacialis, m. sternothyroideus - linguofacial vein, sternothyroid muscle
31. m. sternohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
32. v. angularis oculi - angular vein of eye
33. a. et n. infraorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
34. a. et v. facialis, ductus parotideus - facial artery
and vein, parotid duct
35. plexus v. faciei profundae - plexus of deep faci­
al vein
36. a. buccalis, v. faciei profunda - buccal artery,
deep facial vein
37. 11. buccalis - buccal nerve
38. v. labia/is inferior - vein of lower lip
39. 11. parotideus - parotid nerve
40. a. carotis externa, 11. facialis - external carotid
artery, facial nerve
41. ramus buccalis dorsalis - dorsal buccal branch
42. ramus buccalis ventralis - ventral buccal branch
43. a. lateralis nasi - lateral nasal artery
44. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
45. a. labia/is inferior superficialis - superficial arte­
ry of lower lip
46. ramus zygomaticotemporalis ni. zygomatici - zygo­
maticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve
47. a. et v. temporalis superficialis - superficial tem­
poral artery and vein
48. n. auriculotemporalis, a. transversa faciei - auricu­
lotemporal nerve, transverse facial artery
49. ramus auricularis rostralis ni. auriculopalpebralis rostral auricular branch of auriculopalpebral
nerve
50. a. auricularis caudalis, n. auriculopalpebralis caudal auricular artery, auriculopalpebral
nerve
51. a. maxillaris - maxillary artery
52. u. jugularis intema, ramus uentralis ni. accessorii internal jugular vein, ventral branch of acces­
sory nerve
53. a. carotis communis, truncus uagosympathicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
54. esophagus - esophagus
55. ramus ni. ceruicalis III - branch of third cervical nerve
56. glandula parotis - parotid gland
57. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
58. glandulae buccales dorsales
dorsal buccal
glands
59. glandulae buccales uentrales - ventral buccal
glands
60. ln. retropharyngeus lateralis - lateral retropha­
ryngeal lymph node
61. ln. mandibularis - mandibular lymph node
62. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
63. ln. ceruicalis cranialis, m. intertransuersarius uentralis
(pars at/antis) - cranial cervical lymph node,
ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
64. trachea - trachea
65.· mandibula - mandible
66. cartilago scutiformis - scutiform cartilage
67. stylohyoideum - stylohyoid
68. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
69. 11. laryngeus recurrens - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
70. ramus ni. ceruicalis II - branch of second cervi­
cal nerve
27
Bovine. Dissection of the head and neck, left view. Third layer.
Figure 15
I. 111. 111asseter - masseter muscle
2. m. temporalis - temporal muscle
3. m. pterygoideus lateralis - lateral pterygoid
muscle
4. m. pterygoideus media/is - medial pterygoid
muscle
5. venter rostralis mi. digastrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
6. m. ge11iohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
7. m. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
8. m. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
9. venter caudalis mi. digastrici - caudal belly of
digastric muscle
I0. m. rhomboideus - rhomboid muscle
11. m. splenius - splenius muscle
12. m. obliquus capitis cra11ialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
13. m. longissimus capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
14. m. !011gus capitis - longus capitis muscle
15. m. longissimus at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
16. m. sternothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
17. m. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
18. m. sternohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
19. lingua - tongue
28
20. glandula sublingualis - sublingual gland
21. plexus v. faciei profu11dae - plexus of deep fa­
cial vein
22. a. et n. buccalis, v. faciei profunda - buccal artery
and nerve, deep facial vein
23. a., v. et n. alveolaris mandibularis - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve
24. n. lingua/is - lingual nerve
25. 11. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid nerve
26. a. maxillaris, v. sphenopalatina - maxillary arte­
ry, sphenopalatine vein
27. a. et v. temporalis superficialis, ma11dibula - super­
ficial temporal artery and vein, mandible
28. n. auriculotemporalis, v. temporalis profunda - au­
riculotemporal nerve, deep temporal vein
29. a. carotis externa, v. maxillaris, ramus buccalis dorsa­
lis ni. facialis - external carotid artery, maxil­
lary vein, dorsal buccal branch of facial
nerve
30. stylohyoideum, n. facialis, a. auricularis caudalis stylohyoideum, facial nerve, caudal auricular
artery
31. ramus buccalis ventralis ni. facialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
32. In. retropharyngeus lateralis - lateral retropha­
ryngeal lymph node
33. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
34. a. facialis, v. linguofacialis, In. mandibularis - fa­
cial artery, linguofacial vein, mandibular
lymph node
35. v. jugularis i11terna, ramus ni. cervicalis II - inter­
nal jugular vein, branch of second cervical
nerve
36. n. auriculopalpebralis - auriculopalpebral
nerve
37. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
38. m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars at/antis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
39. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
40. a. carotis communis, truncus vagosympathicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
,41. Inn. cervicales profundi craniales - cranial deep
cervical lymph nodes
42. esophagus - esophagus
43. trachea - trachea
44. tunica mucosa - tunica mucosa
45. n. laryngeus recurrens - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
46. ramus ni. cervicalis Ill - branch of third cervi­
cal nerve
Bovine. Dissection of the head and neck) left view. Fourth layer.
Figure 16
/
1. m. temporalis, processus coronoideus mandibulae, a.
maxillaris - temporal muscle, coronoid pro­
cess of mandible, maxillary artery
2. m. pterygoideus lateralis
lateral pterygoid
muscle
3. m. pterygoideus media/is
medial pterygoid
muscle
4. a. et n. buccalis, v. Jaciei profunda - buccal artery
and nerve, deep facial vein
5. m. tensor veli palatini - tensor muscle of soft
palate
6. m. levator veli palatini - levator muscle of soft
palate
7. m. stylopharyngeus caudalis - caudal stylopha­
ryngeal muscle
8. m. palatopharyngeus et m. pterygopharyngeus - pa­
latopharyngeal muscle and pterygopharyn­
geal muscle
9. m. masseter - masseter muscle
10. m. hyoglossus - hyoglossal muscle
11. m. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
12. m. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
13. m. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
14. m. geniohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
15. m. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
16. venter rostralis mi. digastrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
17. venter caudalis mi. digastrici - caudal belly of
digastric muscle
18. m. splenius - splenius muscle
19. m. longissimus capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
20. m. rectus capitis lateralis - lateral straight
muscle of head
21. m. obliquus capitis cranialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
22. m. rectus capitis ventralis, ramus dorsalis ni. accesson·i
- ventral straight muscle of head, dorsal
branch of accessory nerve
23. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
24. m. stylohyoideus - stylohyoid muscle
25. m. stemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
26. m. cricothyroideus - cricothyroid muscle
27. m. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
28. m. sternohyoideus et m. omohyoideus - sterno­
hyoid and omohyoid muscles
29. a. carotis communis, truncus vagosympathicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
30. a. carotis externa - external carotid artery
3 I. a. jacialis, 11. hypoglossus - facial artery, hypo­
glossal nerve
32. a. lingua/is, ductus mandibularis - lingual artery,
mandibular duct
33. n. lingua/is - lingual nerve
34. stylohyoideum, a. auricularis caudalis - stylohyo­
ideum, caudal auricular artery
35. discus articularis, rami ni. mandibularis - articu­
lar disc, branches of mandibular nerve
36. Inn. retropharyngei media/es - medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
37. a. thyroidea cranialis - cranial thyroid artery
38. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
39. v. thyroidea, glandula parathyroidea - thyroid
vein, parathyroid gland
40. esophagus -11:sophagus
41. trachea - trachea
42. processus transversus at/antis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
43. rami nervorum cer1Jicalium - branches of cervi­
cal nerves
44. glandula nwndibularis - mandibular gland
29
Bovine. Heifer calf. Sagittal section through the head in the median plane.
Figure 17
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
l0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.,
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
co11cha nasalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
concha nasalis media - middle nasal concha
concha nasalis ue11tralis - ventral nasal concha
meatus nasi ue11tralis - ventral nasal meatus
meatus nasi medius - middle nasal meatus
meatus 11asi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus ·
labyrinth us ethmoidalis - ethmoidal labyrinth
os nasale - nasal bone
si11us fro11talis rostralis - rostral frontal sinus
sinus frontalis caudalis - caudal frontal sinus
os frontale - frontal bone
mandibula - mandible
os occipitale - occipital bone
os sphenoidale (basisphe11oidale et presphe11oidale) sphenoid (basisphenoid and presphenoid)
bone
processus palatinus maxillae (palatum durum)
palatine process of mandible (hard palate)
sinus palatinus - palatine sinus
J 7'. atlas - atlas
axis - axis
basihyoideum - basihyoideum
m. dilatator naris 'Opicalis - apical dilatator
muscle of nose
glandulae nasolabiales - nasolabial glands
dens incisiuus - incisor
glandulae labia/es.- labial glands
recessus sublingualis caui oris proprii - recessus
sublingualis of oral cavity
30
25. lingua (m. genioglossus) - tongue (genioglossal
muscle)
26. 111. geniohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
27. 111. 111ylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
28. oslium pharyngeum tubae auditiuae - pharyngeal
opening of auditory tube
29. cauu111 phary11gis - pharyngeal cavity
30. palatu111 111olle (glandulae palatinae) - soft palate
(palatine glands)
31. epiglottis - epiglottis
32. m. hyoepiglotticus - hyoepiglottic muscle
33. m. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
34. glandula ma11dibularis - mandibular gland
35. cartilago thyroidea - thyroid cartilage
36. m. sternohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
37. pa/ear (plica ventralis colli) - ventral fold of
neck
38. cauum laryngis - laryngeal cavity
39. plica vocalis - vocal fold
40. cartilago cricoidea - cricoid cartilage
41. cartilago arytenoidea - arytenoid cartilage
42. trachea - trachea
43. funiculus nuchae - nuchal.funiculus
44. me111brana atla11tooccipitalis dorsalis - dorsal
atlantooccipital membrane
45. m. rec/us capitis dorsalis minor - minor dorsal
straight muscle of head
46. m. trapezius et m. sple11ius - trapezius muscle
and splenius muscle
47. m. rec/us capitis dorsalis major - major dorsal
straight !TlUScle of head
48. 111. obliquus capitis caudalis
caudal oblique
muscle of head
longus capitis
49. 111. longus capitis (dexter)
muscle (right)
50. m. longus capitis (sinister) - longus capitis
muscle (left)
51. In. retropharyngeus media/is - medial retropha­
ryngeal lymph node
52. 111. rec/us capitis ventralis, cauum articulationis atlan­
tooccipitalis - ventral straight muscle of head,
cavity of atlanto-occipital articulation
53. m. longus colli - longus colli muscle
54. esophagus - esophagus
55. hemispherium cerebri - cerebral hemisphere
56. sinus sagittalis, corpus callosum - sagittal sinus,
corpus callosum
57. fornix - fornix
58. adhesio interthalamica - interthalamic adhesion
59. chiasma opticum - optic chiasma
60. cerebellum - cerebellum
61. hypophysis - hypophysis
62. mesencephalon - mesencephalon
63. medulla oblongata - medulla oblongata
64. medulla spinalis - spinal cord
Bovine. Heifer calf. Dissection of sagittal section through the head in the median plane.
Figure 18
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
co11cha 11asalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
concha nasalis media - middle nasal concha
concha nasalis ventralis - ventral nasal concha
meatus nasi ventralis - ventral nasal meatus
meatus nasi medius - middle nasal meatus
meatus nasi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus
os nasale - nasal bone
sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
cartilago septi nasi - cartilaginous nasal sep-
tum
I0. os frontale - frontal bone
11. os occipitale - occipital bone
12. os sphenoidale (basisphenoidale et presphenoidale) sphenoid (basisphenoid and presphenoid)
bone
13. co11dylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
14. processus palati11us maxillae - palatine process
of maxilla
15. lamina horizontalis ossis palatini - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
16. tunica mucosa nasi - nasal mucosa
I 7. sinus palatinus - palatine sinus
18. mandibula - mandible
19. rugae palatinae - palatine ridges
20. papillae conicae buccales - conical buccal papil­
lae
21. de11tes premolares (decidui) - premolar teeth (deciduous)
22. dens 1110/aris I - first molar tooth
23. os hyoideum - hyoid bone
24. m. levator veli palatini - levator muscle of soft
palate
25. 111. tensor veli palatini - tensor muscle of soft
palate
26. 111. pterygoideus - pterygoid muscle
27. ve11ter caudalis mi. digastrici, 11ervus accessorius
caudal belly of digastric muscle, accessory
nerve
28. n. hypoglossus, In. retropharyngeus lateralis - hypo­
glossal nerve, lateral retropharyngeal lymph
node
29. n. laryngeus cranialis - cranial laryngeal nerve
30. n. vagus, a. occipitalis - vagus nerve, occipital
artery
31. a. carotis communis, truncus sy111pathicus - com­
mon carotid artery, sympathetic trunk
32. ga11glion cervicale craniale - cranial cervical
ganglion
33. 11. glossopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal nerve
34. m. stylohyoideus, truncus li11guofacialis - stylo­
hyoid muscle, linguofacial trunk
35. v. lingua/is, 11. hypoglossus - lingual vein, hypo­
glossal nerve
36. 11. et a. li11gualis - lingual nerve and artery
37. glandula subli11gualis, due/us 111a11dibularis - sublingual gland, mandibular duct
38. 111. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
39. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
40. v. jugularis extema - external jugular vein
41. hemispherium cerebri - cerebral hemisphere
42. ve11triculus lateralis encephali - lateral ventricle
of brain
43. ventriculus tertius encephali - third ventricle of
brain
44. tee/um mese11cephali (corpora quadrigemi11a) - tee­
tum of mesencephalon (corpora quadrigemi­
na)
45. cerebellum - cerebellum
46. medulla oblo11gata - medulla oblongata
47. sinus cavemosu.s - cavernous sinus
48. dura mater - dura mater
31
Bovine. Heifer; Skeletal topography of arteries of head Superficial vessels, left view. Drawn from
a corrosion specimen.
Figure 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
\
-- :"
a. carotis commu11is - common carotid artery
a. ram/is externa - external carotid artery
a. occipitalis - occipital artery
a. palati11a ascendem - ascending palatine arte-
ry
truncus.finguofacialis - linguofacial trunk
a. facialis - facial artery
a. fateralis 11asi - lateral nasal artery
a. submentalis - submental artery
a. labia/is inferior superficialis - superficial arte­
ry of lower lip
l 0. a. labia/is inferior profunda - deep artery of
lower lip
11. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
12. a. infraorbitalis - infraorbital artery
13. a. malaris - malar artery
14. · a. dorsalis nasi - dorsal nasal artery
15. a. a111icularis caudalis - caudal auricular artery
32
16. rami masseterici (a. carotidis externae et a. facialis)
- masseteric branches (of external carotid
artery and facial artery)
17. ramus pterygoideus a. maxillaris - pterygoid
branch of maxillary artery
18. a. temporalis superficialis - superficial temporal
artery
19. ramus parotideus a. carotidis externae - parotid
branch of external carotid artery
20. a. auricularis rostralis - rostral auricular artery
21. ramus auricularis media/is - medial auricular
branch
22. rami frontales - frontal branches
23. a. cornualis - cornual artery
24. ramus lacrimalis - lacrimal branch
25. a. palpebfalis superior lateralis - superior lateral
palpebral artery
26. a. tramversa faciei - transverse facial artery
27.
28.
29.
30.
a. buccalis - buccal artery
a. supraorbitalis - supraorbital artery
a. masseterica - masseteric artery
ramus bu/bi (a. ciliaris posterioris) - bulbar
branch (of posterior ciliary artery)
31. a. mentalis - mental artery
32. a. palpebralis inferior medialis - inferior medial
palpebral artery
33. ram� occipitalis a. occipitalis - occipital branch
of occipital artery
34. ramus stemocleidomastoideus a. carotidis communis
- sternocleidomastoid branch of common
carotid artery
35. a. spinalis ventralis - ventral spinal artery
36. a. thyroidea cranialis - cranial thyroid artery
37. ramus lmyngeus caudalis a. thyroideae cranialis caudal laryngeal branch of cranial thyroid
artery
38. a. stylomastoidea - stylomastoid artery
Bovine. Heifer. Skeletal topography of arteries of head Deep vessels) left view) after removal of zygomatic
arch and left half of mandible. Only the arteries of the left side are illustrated Drawn from a corrosion
specimen.
Figure 20
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
a. carotis communis - common carotid artery
a. carotis externa - external carotid artery
a. occipitalis - occipital artery
a. palatina ascendens :_ ascending palatine arte-
ry
truricus linguofacialis - linguofacial trunk
a. Jacialis - facial artery
ramus glandularis - glandular branch
a. lingua/is - lingual artery
a. mblirigualis - sublingual artery
a. profur1da liriguae - deep lingual artery
ranllls communicaris ad a. sublingualem dextra111
communicating branch to right sublingual
artery
a. irifraorbita/is - infraorbital artery
a. malaris - malar artery
a. dorsalis nasi - dorsal nasal artery
a. auricularis caudalis - caudal auricular artery
ramus massetericus - masseter branch
17. ramus pterygoideus - pterygoid branch
18. a. temporalis superficialis - superficial temporal
artery
19. ramus parotideus - parotid branch
20. a. auricularis rostralis - rostral auricular artery
21. ramus auricularis 111edia/is - medial auricular
branch
22. a. transversa faciei - transverse facial artery
23. ramus occipita/is a. occipitalis - occipital branch
of occipital artery
24. a. ahw,/aris 111a11dibu/aris - mandibular alveolar
artery
25. rarni pterygoidei (a. 111axi/laris et a. buccalis) - pte­
rygoip branches (of maxillary artery and buc­
cal artery)
26. ramus pterygoideus a. facialis - pterygoid branch
of facial artery
27. a. buccalis - buccal artery
28. a. supraorbitalis - supraorbital artery
29. a. te111poralis profunda caudalis - caudal deep
temporal artery
30. ramus temporalis a. te111pora/is profundae rostralis temporal branch of rostral deep temporal ar­
tery
31. a. 111axillaris - maxillary artery
32. ramus rostralis a. maxillaris ad rete mirabile epidu­
rale rostra/e - rostral branch of maxillary arte­
ry to -rostral epidural rete mirabile
33. a. ophthalmica externa - external ophthalmic
artery
34. aa. ciliares posteriores longae - long posterior
ciliary arteries
35. a. ethmoidalis extema - external ethmoidal ar­
tery
36. rete mirabile ophthalmicum - ophthalmic rete
mirabile
37. rami dorsa/es linguae - dorsal lingual branches
�8. a. 111asseterica - masseteric artery
33
Bovine. Cr:oss section through the head at the level of the first premolar tooth. Rostral view of section.
Figure 21
·�,·
�'.�{-!"�::. .·•··
r'
ll
�
l. os nasale - nasal bone
2., 3. sinus, conchae nasalis ventralis - sinus of ven­
tral nasal concha
2. sinus partis · dorsalis conchae ventralis -- sinus of
dorsal part of ventral concha
3. sinus partis ventralis conchae ventralis - sinus of
ventral part of ventral concha
4. apertura ma:xillopalatiria sinus ma:xillaris - maxil­
lopalatine opening of maxillary sinus
5. cartilago septi nasi - cartilaginous nasal sep­
tum
6. vomer - vomer
7. processus palatinus maxillae - .palatine process
of maxilla
8. tunica mucosa palati - palatine mucosa
9. dens premolaris II maxillaris - second premolar
tooth of maxilla
10. dens premolaris II mandibularis - second premo­
lar tooth of mandible
11. mandibula - mandible
12. v. dorsalis nasi, ductus nasolacrimalis - dorsal na­
sal vein, nasolacrimal duct
13. v. angularis oculi, m. levator nasolabialis - angular
vein of eye, nasolabial levator muscle
34
14. m. levator labii maxillaris, m. caninus et m. depressor
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
labii maxillaris - levator muscle of upper lip,
caninus muscle and depressor muscle of up­
per lip
a. et n. infraorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
a: lateralis nasi, ramus buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis lateral nasal artery, dorsal buccal branch of
facial nerve
m. zygomaticus - zygomatic muscle
a. et v. labia/is maxillaris - artery and vein of
upper lip
pars molaris mi. buccinatoris - molar part of
buccinator muscle·
pars buccalis mi. buccinatoris et m. depressor labii
mandibularis - buccal part· of buccinator
muscle and depressor muscle of lower lip
a. labia/is 111a11dib11/aris profunda, v. labialis man­
dibularis - deep artery of lower lip; vein of
lower lip
a. labialis mandibularis superficialis, ramus buccalis
ventralis ni. facialis - superficial artery of low­
er lip, ventral buccal branch of facial nerve
23. v. sublingualis, m. geniohyoideus - sublingual
vein, geniohyoid muscle
24. a. sublingualis, ductus mandibularis - sublin­
gual artery, mandibular duct
25. 11. lingualis, 111. digastricus - lingual nerve, digas- ·
tric muscle
26. a. et n. alveolaris mandibularis - mandibula"r al­
veolar artery and nerve
27. plexus venosi nasales - nasal venous plexus
28. recessus sublingualis lateralis - lateral sublingual
recess
29. corpus linguae - body of tongue
30. a. et v. lingua/is - lingual artery and vein
31. m. hyoglossus - hyoglossal muscle
32. m. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
33. glandula sublingualis, m. mylohyoideus - sublin­
gual gland, mylohyoid muscle
34. glandulae buccales dorsales - dorsal buccal glands
35. glandulae buccales ventrales - ventral buccal
glands
36. vestibulum buccale - buccal vestibule
37. m. cutaneus faciei, n. buccalis - cutaneous facial
muscle, buccal nerve
Bovine. Cross section through the head at the level of the last molar tooth. Rostral_ view of section.
Figure 22
,
I
.
,,
;,
..✓ � .
..,,,.,
..:, ..
. : .: i
.
'
;.-�
•✓ •
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
,
'-��
',1
.
�
'
os 11asale - nasal bone
meatus 11asi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus
meatus 11asi medius - middle nasal meatus
meatus 11asi ve11tralis - vent�al nasal meatus
cartilago septi 11asi - cartilaginous nasal sep-
tum
plexus venosi nasales - nasal venous plexus
sinus conchae dorsalis - dorsal conchal sinus
sinus conchae ventralis - ventral,conchal sinus
canalis i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital canal
sinus maxillaris - maxillary sinus
n. et a. infraorbitalis - infraorbital nerve and
artery
lamina infraorbitalis - infraorbital plate
sinus palatinus - palatine sinus
os palatinum - paiatine bone
maxilla - maxilla
tunica mucosa palati - palatine mucosa
dens molaris superior II - upper second molar
tooth
18. vestibulum buccale - buccal vestibule
19. dens molaris inferior II - lower second molar
tooth
20. recessus sublingualis iateralis -' lateral sublingual
recess
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
mandibula - mandible
medulla ossis /lava - yellow bone marrow
m. malaris - malar muscle
m. masseter - masseter muscle
glandulae buccales dorsales - dorsal buccal
glands
26. ductus parotideus, v. facialis - parotid duct,
facial vein
27. ramus buccalis dorsalis ni. fadalis, a. facialis - dor­
sal buccal branch of facial nerve, facial
artery
28. pars molaris mi. buccinatoris- - molar part of
buccinator muscle
29. ,·. labia/is 111a11dib11/aris, a. labia/is 111a11dibularis pro­
f1111da - vein of lower lip, deep artery of
lower lip
30. glandulae buccales ventrales - ventral buccal
glands
31. pars buccalis mi. buccinatoris et m depressor labii
inferioris - buccal part of buccinator _muscle,
depressor muscle of lower lip
32. a. l<!,bialis inferior. superficialis, ramus buccalis ven­
tralis ni. facialis - superficial artery of lower
lip, ventral buccal branch of facial nerve
33. m. cutaneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
34. a. palatina major - major palatine artery
35. corpus linguae - body of tongue
36. m. hyoglossus - hyoglossal muscle
37. m. genioglossus, a. lingua/is - genioglossal
muscle, lingual artery
38. v. lingua/is, 11. hypoglossus - lingual vein, hypoglossal nerve
39. m. digastricus - digastric muscle
40. m. ge11iohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
11. m. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
42. 11. lingua/is, ductus mandibularis - lingual nerve,
mandibular duct
43. a. et n. alveolaris ma11dibularis, m. styloglossus mandibular alveolar artery and nerve, stylo­
glossal muscle
44. v. angularis oculi, ductus 11asolacrimalis - angular
vein of eye, nasolacrimal duct
35
Bovine. Cross section thro ugh the head at the level of the rostral limits of the orbital cavity.
Rostral view of section.
Figure 23
\
1. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
2. labyrinthus ethmoidalis - ethmoidal labyrinth
3. lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis - perpen­
dicular plate of ethmoid bone
4. plexus venosi - venous plexus
5. m. frontalis, v. frontalis - frontal muscle, frontal vein
·5_ os zygomaticum - zygomatic bone
7. sinus maxillaris - maxillary sinus
8. os palatinum - palatine bone
9. sinus palatinus - palatine sinus
I 0. choana - choana
11. septum nasi - nasal septum
12. m. masseter - masseter muscle
13. m. pterygoideus - pterygoid muscle
14. pars molaris mi. buccinatoris - molar part of
buccinator muscle
15. venter rostralis mi. digastrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
16. mm. geniohyoidei - geniohyoid muscles
17. radix linguae - root of tongue
36
18. os hyoideum (epihyoideum et stylohyoideum) hyoid boIJ.e (epihyoideum and stylohyo­
ideum)
19. m. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
20. a. et v. lingualis - lingual artery and vein
21. n. hypoglossus, ductus mandibularis - hypoglossal
nerve, mandibular duct
22. a. et v. facialis, n. parotideus - facial artery and
vein, parotid nerve
23. ductus parotideus, ramus buccalis ventralis ni. facialis
- parotid duct, ventral buccal branch of fa­
cial nerve
24. a., v. et n. alveolaris mandibularis - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve·
25. ramus buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
26. a. et n. buccalis, v. faciei profunda - buccal artery
and nerve, deep facial vein
27. n. lingua/is - lingual nerve
28. a. sphenopalatina, n. pterygopalatinus - spheno­
palatine artery, pterygopalatine nerve
29. a., v. et n. infraorbitalis - infraorbital artery,
vein and nerve
30. glandulae palatinae - palatine glands
31. isthmus faucium - isthmus faucium
32. m. mylohyoideus, glandula mandibularis - mylo­
hyoid muscle, mandibular gland
33. n. palatinus major, glandulae buccales - major palatine nerve, buccal glands
34. m. cutaneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
35. bulbus oculi - bulb of eye
36. m. orbicularis oculi - orbicularis oculi muscle
37. a. malaris, cartilago et glandula palpebrae tertiae malar artery, cartilage and gland of third eye­
lid
38. m. obliquus bulbi ventralis, periorbita - ventral
oblique muscle of bulb, periorbita
39. palpebra superior - upper eyelid
40. palpebra inferior - lower eyelid
41. mandibula - mandible
Bovine. Cross section through the head at the level of the coronoid process of the man�ible.
Rostral view of section.
Figure 24
<-/' - ---"'!!!"'--:::ii!!r-:.
I.
2.
3.
4.
sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
canalis supraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
crista pte1ygoidea - pterygoid crest
corpus ossis presphenoidalis - body of presphe­
noid bone
5. J>mcessus j>terygoideus ossis basisj>henoidalis, n. maxil­
/aris, osti11111 j>hary11ge11111 tubae - pterygoid pro­
cess of basisphenoid bone, maxillary nerve,
pharyngeal opening of tube
6. arcus zygomalicus - zygomatic arch
7. mandibula - mandible
8. stylolryoideum, 111. digastricus - stylohyoid, digas­
tric muscle
9., I 0. m. temporalis - temporal muscle
I I. pars pro/undo mi. masseteris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
12. pars superficialis mi. masseteris - superfiGial part
of masseter muscle
13. m. pterygoideus lateralis
lateral pterygoid
muscle
14. 111. pterygoideus media/is
medial pterygoid
muscle
15. m. frontalis - frontal muscle
16. m. lryoepiglotticus, cartilago thyroidea - hyoepi­
glottic muscle, thyroid cartilage
17. m. lry opharyngeus - hyopharyngeal muscle
18. thyrohyoideum, n. hypoglossus - thyrohyoid, hy­
poglossal nerve
19. m. stylopharyngeus, a. lingua/is, ramus lingua/is ni.
glossopharyngei - stylopharyngeal muscle, lin­
gual artery, lingual branch of glossopharyn­
geal nerve
20. m. stylohyoideus - stylohyoid muscle
21. m. stemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
22. m. omohyoideus et m. stemohyoideus - omohyoid
muscle and sternohyoid muscle
23. m. sternomandibularis, v. facialis - sternomandi­
bular muscle, facial vein
24. v. lingualis,·ductus parotideus - lingual vein, pa­
rotid duct
25. n. parotideus, m. cutaneus faciei - parotid nerve,
cutaneous facial muscle
26. ramus buccalis ventralis ni. facialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
27. a. facialis, ductus mandibularis - facial artery,
mandibular duct
28. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
29. In. mandibularis - mandibular lymph node
30. cavum pharyngis - pharyngeal cavity
31. paries lateralis pharyngis - lateral pharyngeal
part
32. epiglottis, m. thyropharyngeus - epiglottis, thyro­
pharyngeal muscle
33. n. opticus, recessus pharyngeus - optic nerve, pha­
ryngeal recessus
34. m. levator veli palatini, v. faciei profunda - leva­
tor muscle of soft palate, deep facial vein
35. m. tensor veli palatini, v. maxillaris - tensor
muscle of soft palate, maxillary vein
36. n. lingua/is, ramus pterygoideus a. maxillaris - lin­
gual nerve, pterygoid branch of maxillary ar­
tery
37. a., v. et n. _alveolaris mandibularis - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve
38. n. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid nerve
39. a. maxillaris, n. buccalis - maxillary artery, buc­
cal nerve
40. m. retractor bulbi, n. ophthalmicus, n. oculomotorius,
n. trochlearis et n. abducer)s - retractor muscle of
bulb, ophthalmic nerve, oculomotor nerve,
trochlear nerve and abducent nerve
41. ramus zygomalicotemporalis ni. zygomatici, v. oph­
zygomaticotemporal
thalmica · extema
branch of zygomatic nerve, external ophthal­
mic vein
42. a. et v. supraorbitalis - supraorbital artery and
vein
43. lobus frontalis neopallii - frontal lobe of neopal­
lium
44. tractus olfactorius rhinencephali - olfactory tract
of rhinencephalon
45. corpus adiposum temporale - temporal adipose
body
46. v. frontalis (s. supraorbitalis) - frontal vein (su­
praorbitai)
47. n. massetericus, v. transversa faciei - masseteric
nerve, transverse facial vein
48. ramus buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis, a. transversa faciei
- dorsal buccal ramus of facial nerve, trans­
verse facial artery
49. corpus adiposum orbitale - orbital adipose body
50. periorbita - periorbita
37
Bovine. Cross section through the head close to the external ear canal. Rostral view of section.
Figure 25
z:p
,/
1/'.;1 .-
� ,,
1,
J
'
I. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
2. recessus temporalis sinus frontalis - temporal re­
cess of frontal sinus
3. Jxm J1elrosa ossis temporalis - petrous part of
temporal bone
4. processus styloideus ossis temporalis - styloid process of _temporal bone
5. tympanohyoideum - tympanohyoid
6. stylohyoideum - stylohyoid
7. pars basilaris ossis occipitalis - basilar part of
occipital bone
8. bulla tympanica et cellulae tympanicae - tympanic
bulla and tympanic cells
9. m. frontalis - frontal muscle
10. m. temporalis - temporal muscle
1 1. a. temporalis profundo caudalis, v. temporalis pro­
funda - caudal deep temporal artery, deep
temporal vein
12. ramus meningeus a. auricularis tostralis, sinus trans­
versus - meningeal branch of rostral auricu­
lar artery, transverse sinus
13. m. interscutularis et m. frontoscutularis - interscu­
tular muscle andfrontoscutular muscle
14. corpus adiposum auriculae - auricular adipose
body
38
15. m. zygomaticoauricularis - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
16. m. parotidoauricularis - parotidoauricular
muscle
1 7. n. glossopharyngeus, m. rectus capitis ventralis glossopharyngeal nerve, ventral straight
muscle of head
18. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
19. m. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
20. n. vagus, flexura hyoidea carotidis (geniculum late­
rale) - vagus nerve, flexura hyoidea carotidis
(lateral geniculum)
21. a. carotis communis, ganglion cervicale craniale common carotid artery, cranial cervical
ganglion
22. m. digastricus, tendo mi. stylohyoidei, n. hypoglossus
- digastric muscle, tendon of stylohyoid
muscle, hypoglossal nerve
23. n. laryngeus cranialis :____ cranial laryngeal nerve
24. glandula parotis - parotid gland
25. n. f acialis - facial nerve
26. v. maxillaris, m. cutaneus faciei - maxillary vein,
cutaneous facial muscle
27. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
28. v. linguofacialis, m. stemomandibularis - linguofacial vein, sternomandibular muscle
29. 111. thyropharyngeus - thyropharyngeal muscle
30. cavum pharyngis - pharyngeal cavity
31. cartilago arytenoidea - arytenoid cartilage
32. 111. vocalis et ventricularis - vocal and ventricular muscle
33. 111. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
34. 111. stemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
35. cartilago thyroidea, cavum laryngis - thyroid cartilage, laryngeal cavity
36. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
37. hemispherium cerebri - cerebral hemisphere
38. tectum mesencephali - tectum of mesencepha­
lon
39. crura (s. peduncu/i) cerebri - crura cerebri (s. pe­
duncle)
40. sinus sagittalis - sagittal sinus
41. sinus rectus, glandula pinealis - straight sinus,
pineal gland
42. n. facialis et 11. vestibulocochlearis - facial nerve
and vestibulocochlear nerve
43. sinus basilaris - basilar sinus
44. a. el ,'. c11m1ialis, 1w1111s zygomaticotemporalis ni. zy­
gmnatici - cornual artery and vein, zygomati­
cotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve
Bovine. Cross section through the head at the level of the horn. Rostral view of section.
Figure 26
1., 2., 3. sinus frontalis caudalis - caudal frontal sinus
4. condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
5. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid process
6. comu - horn
7. m. temporalis - temporal muscle
8. cartilago scutifom1is - scutiform cartilage
9. cartilago auriculae - auricular cartilage
10. v. auricularis caudalis et rami a. auricularis caudalis
11.
12.
13.
14.
- caudal auricular vein and branches of cau­
dal auricular artery
m. scutuloauricularis superficialis - superficial
scutuloauricular muscle
m. scutuloauricularis profundus - deep scutulo­
auricular muscle
cavum conchae, m. zygomaticoauricularis - con­
chal cavity, zygomaticoauricular muscle
corpus adiposum auriculae - auricular adipose
body
15. insertio mi. cleidomastoidei, mi. longissimi capitis et
mi. splenii - insertion of cleidomastoid, lon­
gissimus capitis and splenius muscles
16. i11sertio mi. obliqui capitis cranialis - insertion of
cranial ob1ique muscle of head
1 7. m. re€lus capitis lateralis - lateral straight
muscle of head
18. m. rec/us capitis ventralis - ventral straight
muscle of head
19. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
20. m. digastricus - digastric muscle
21. n. accessorius - accessory nerve
22. n. vagus, m. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis - vagus
nerve, dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
23. a. thyroidea cranialis, glandula thyroidea - cranial
thyroid artery, thyroid gland
24. a. carotis communis, truncus sympathicus - com­
mon carotid artery, sympathetic trunk
25. rami ni. laryngei recurrentis (nn. laryngei caudales)
- branches of laryngeal recurrent nerve
(caudal laryngeal nerves)
26. cartilago thyroidea (comu caudale), m. cricothyroi­
deus - thyroid cartilage (caudal horn), crico­
thyroid muscle
27. cartilago cricoidea, m. stemothyroideus - cricoid
cartilage, sternothyroid muscle .
28. v. jugularis extema, m. omohyoideus - external
jugular vein, omohyoi<l muscle
29. m. stemomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
30. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
31. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
32. glandula parotis, m.- cutaneus faciei - parotid
gland, cutaneous facial muscle
33. esophagus - esophagus
34. cavum laryngis - laryngeal cavity
35. permis cerebelli - vermis cerebelli
36. medulla oblongata - medulla oblongata
37. ramus caudalis sinus transversi - caudal branch
of transverse sinus
38. sinus basilaris - basilar sinus
39. cavum articulationis atlantooccipitalis - cavity of
atlanto-occipital articulation
40. membrana fibrosa capsulae articularis - fibrous
membrane of articular capsule
39
Bovine. Base of cranial cavity with emerging cranial nerves.
Figure 27
I. fossa ethmoidalis - ethmoidal fossa
2. chiasma opticum - optic chiasma
3. n. oculomotorius - oculomotor nerve
4. n. trochlearis - trochlear nerve
5. n. trigeminus - trigeminal nerve
Sa. nn. ophtha/micus et maxi//aris - ophthalmic and
maxillary nerves
Sb. n. mandibu/aris - mandibular nerve
Sc. ganglion trigeminale - trigeminal gangiion
6. n. abducens - abducent nerve
7. n. intermediofacia/is - intermediofacial nerve
8. n. vestibu/ocochlearis - vestibulocochlear nerve
9. n. glossopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal nerve
I 0. n. vagus - vagus nerve
1 1. n. accessorius - accessory nerve
12. 11. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
40
I 3. crista galli - crista galli
14. foramen orbitorotundum - foramen orbitorotundum
15. foramen ovate - oval foramen
16. fossa hypophysialis - hypophysial fossa
I 7. dorsum se/lae - dorsum sellae
18. fissura J1etroocci/1italis (petrobasilaris) - petro-oc­
cipital fissure
19. meatus acusticus in/emus et cana/is facia/is - inter­
nal acoustic meatus and facial vein
20. foramen jugulare - jugular foramen
21. canalis ni. hypoglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
22. os fronta/e - frontal bone
23. orbita - orbit
24. bu/la /acrimalis - lacrimal bulla.
zygomatic
25. processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis
process of frontal bone
26. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
27. sept11111 si111111111 fro11taliu111 - septum of frontal
sinus
28. arcus zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
29. meatus temporalis - temporal meatus
30. pars petrosa ossis temporalis - petrous part of
temporal bone
31. recessus tempo.ralis sinus frontalis - temporal re­
cess of frontal sinus
32. canalis condylaris - condyloid canal
33. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
34. foramen magnum - foramen magnum
35. condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
Bovine. Horizontal section of head (right) and dissection of orbital cavity (lejt). In the right half of the
cranial cavity) dura mater has been retained The extradural carotid vein has been carefully removed
Figure 28
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
fossa ethmoidalis - ethmoidal fossa
11. opticus - optic nerve
11. oculomotorius - oculomotor nerve
11. troch/earis - trochlear nerve
11. trige111i11us - trigeminal nerve
n. abduce11s - abducent nerve
11. intermediofacialis - intermediofacial
nerve
B. 11. 1·estib11/ocochlearis - vestibulocochlear nerve
9. 11. glossr,jihmyngeus, rete mirabile epidurale cauda/e
- glossopharyngeal nerve, caudal rete
mirabile epidurale
I 0. 11. vagus - vagus nerve
I I. 11. accessorius - accessory nerve
I2. n. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
I3. bu/bus owli - bulb of eye
14. periorbita - periorbita
I5. v. frontalis, sinus frontalis - frontal vein, frontal
sinus
I6. m. rec/us media/is bulbi, n. nasociliaris - medial
straight muscle of bulb, nasociliary nerve
I7. trochlea - trochlea
18. 111. obliquus bulbi dorsalis - dorsal oblique
muscle of bulb
19. m. retractor bulbi - retractor muscle of bulb
20. m. rec/us dorsalis bulbi - dorsal straight muscle
of bulb
21. m. rec/us lateralis bulbi, a. supraorbitalis, n. "lacrima­
lis - lateral straight muscle of bulb, supra­
orbital artery, lacrimal nerve
22. n. et v. supraorbitalis - supraorbital nerve and
vein
23. glandula /acrimalis - lacrimal gland
24. m11111s zygo111aticote111poralis 11i. zygomatici, v. oph­
tha/111ica extema, a. te111/1oralis su/1erficialis - zygo­
maticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve,
external ophthalmic vein, superficial tem­
poral artery
25. a. temporalis profunda rostralis, v. temporalis profun­
da - rostral deep temporal artery, deep tem­
poral vein
26. 1w1111s 111e11i11ge11s a. auricularis rostralis, sinus tram­
versus - meningeal branch of rostral auricul­
ar artery, transverse sinus
27. ramus caudalis sinus transversi, a. condylaris - cau­
dal branch of transverse sinus, condyloid ar­
tery
42
28. m. levator palpebrae superioris - levator muscle
of upper eyelid
29. m. orbicularis oculi, corpus adiposum extraperiorbi­
tale - orbicularis oculi muscle, extraperiorbi­
tal adipose body
30. m. temporalis - temporal muscle
31. a. carotis intema (s. cerebra/is) - internal carotid
artery (cerebral)
32. rete mirabile epidurale rostrale, hypophysis cerebri rostral rete mirabile epidurale, hypophysis
cerebri
33. a. meningea media - middle meningeal artery
34. a. vertebra/is, dura mater - vertebral artery,
dura mater
35. corpus adiposum intraperiorbitale - intraperi­
orbital adipose body
36. corpus adiposum auriculae - auricular adipose
body
37. cartilago auriculae et mm. auriculares .- auricular
cartilage and auricular muscles
<
38. os frontale - frontal bone
39. septum sinuum fro11talium - septum of frontal
sinus
40. processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
41. eris/a galli - crista galli
42. processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
43. te11tori11111 cerebelli 111e111bra11ace11111
tentorium
cerebelli membrane
44. processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis
zygomatic
process of frontal bone
45. fossa pirifonnis - piriform fossa
46. pars petrosa ossis temporalis - petrous part of
temporal bone
47. condy,lus occipita/is - occipital condyle
48. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
49. processus coronoideus mandibu/ae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
41
Bovine.. Veins of the cranial cavity and eye cavity, dorsal view. In the right half of the cranial cavity, dura
mater has been retained (Adapted from Dennstedt.)
Figure 29
.
JO
1. bu/bus oculi - bulb of eye
2. 111. rec/us bu/bi dorsalis - dorsal straight muscle
of bulb
3. 111. obliquus bu/bi dorsalis - dorsal oblique
muscle of bulb
4. glandula lacrimalis - lacrimal gland
5. os frontale - frontal bone
6. sinus fron/a/is - frontal sinus
7. fossa ethmoidalis - ethmoidal fossa
8. crista galli - crista galli
9. v. fronlalis - frontal vein
10. introitus v. fronlalis ad canalem supraorbitale111
frontal vein within supraorbital canal
11. v. supraorbilalis - supraorbital vein
42
� � .,
--�l
.
� 1
_____,___
12. v. ophthalmica exlema - external ophthalmic
vein
13. v. temporalis profunda - deep temporal vein
14. plexus ophthalmicus - ophthalmic plexus
15. tentorium cerebelli - tentorium cerebelli
16. sinus intercavernosus rostralis - rostral interca­
vernous sinus
17. sinus intercavernosus caudalis - caudal intercavernous sinus
18. sinus basilaris - basilar sinus
19. v. occipitalis - occipital vein
20. sinus cavernosus et rete mirabile epidurale rostrale cavernous sinus and rostral rete mirabile
epidurale
21.
22.
23.
24.
n. opticus - optic nerve
n. abducens - abducent nerve
n. oculomotorius - oculomotor nerve
n. trigeminus (nn. ophthalmicus et maxillaris) - tri­
geminal nerve (ophthalmic and maxillary
nerves)
25. a. carotis cerebra/is - cerebral carotid artery
26., 27. sinus petrosus dorsalis - dorsal petrous sinus
27. orificium sinus petrosi dorsalis - openi�g of dor­
sal petrous sinus
28. ramus caudalis sinus transversi - caudal branch
of transverse sinus
29. ramus rostralis sinus transversi - rostral branch
of transverse sinus
30. condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
Bovine. Dissection of head, ventral view._
Figure 30
r/ ,
I. m. stemomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
2. m. sternomastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
3. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
4. m. sternothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
5. m. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
6. m. masseter - masseter muscle
7. m. digastricus (venter rostralis) - digastric muscle
(rostral belly)
8. 111. mylohyoideus - pars caudalis
mylohyoid
muscle - caudal part
mylohyoid"
9. m. mylohyoideus - pars rostralis
muscle - rostral part
I 0. m. depressor labii mandibularis - depressor
muscle of lower lip
11. pars buccalis mi. buccinatoris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
12. 111. orbicularis oris - orbicularis oris muscle
13. m. cervicoauricularis profundus major - major
deep cervicoauricular muscle
14. m. parotidoauricularis - parotidoauricular
muscle
15. m. zygomaticoauricularis - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
16. glandula parotis - parotid gland
17. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
18. v. linguofacialis, ramus buccalis ventralis ni. facialis
- linguofacial vein, ventral buccal branch of
facial nerve
19. ductus et n. parotideus - parotid duct and nerve
20. In. mandibularis - mandibular lymph node
21. a. facialis - facial artery
22. comu - horn
23. auricula - external ear
24. mandibula - mandible
43
Bovine. Base of brain, illustrating origin of cranial nerves and blood supply to brain.
Figure 31
17. lobus pirifom1is - piriform lobe
� 18. chiasma opticum - optic chiasma
/ 19. tractus opticus - optic tract
20. recessus neurohypophysialis - neurohypophysial
recessus
""21. corpus mamillare - mamillary body
22. fossa intercruralis - intercrural fossa
o 23. crus cerebri - cerebral crus • •;-, ,, ·., -�
u 24. pons - pons c/·' · 1•
25. corpus trapezoideum - trapezoid body
"' 26. pyramis medullae oblongatae - pyramid of me­
dulla oblongata;. ,1-.,,.,
27. fissura longitudinalis cerebri - longitudinal cerebral fissure
28. sulcus rhinalis lateralis - lateral rhinal sulcus
29. sulcus lobi piriformis - sulcus of piriform lobe
30. tela choroidea ve11triculi quarti - tela choroidea
of fourth ventricle·
31. cerebellum - cerebellum
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5'.
bu/bus olfactorius - olfactory bulb
n. opticus - optic nerve
n. oculomotorius - oculomotor nerve
11. trochlearis - trochlear nerve·
n. trigeminus - trigeminal nerve
radix motoria 11i. trigemini - motor root of trige-
minal nerve
5 ". radix semoria - sensory root
6. 11. abducem - abducent nerve
7. n. intem1ediofacialis - intermediofacial nerve
8. n. vestibulocochfearis - vestibulocochlear nerve
9. 11. gfossopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal nerve
44
I 0. n: vagus - vagus nerve
11. n. accessorius - accessory nerve
11'. radix spinalis ni. accessorii - spinal root of ac­
cessory nerve
12. n. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
13. tractus olfactorius media/is
medial olfactory
tract
14. tractus olfactorius lateralis
lateral olfactory
tract
15. trigonum olfactorium - olfactory trigone
16. substantia perforata rostralis - rostral perforated
substance
A.
B.
C.
D.
a. carotis intema - internal carotid artery
a. cerebri rostralis - rostral cerebral artery
a. communicans caudalis - caudal communicat­
ing artery
a. ethmoidalis interna - internal ethmoidal arte­
ry
a. meningea rostralis - rostral meningeal artery
a. cerebri media - middle cerebral artery
a. choroidea rostralis - rostral choroidal artery
a. cerebri caudalis - caudal cerebral artery
J. a. cerebelli rostralis - rostral cerebellar artery
K. a. cerebelli caudalis - caudal cerebellar artery
L. - a. basilaris cerebri - cerebral basilar artery
M. a. cerebri rostralis - rostral cerebral artery
E.
_ F.
G.
H.
Bovine. Dorsal view of brain.
Figure 32
1. bulbus olfactorius
olfactory
bulb
2. fissura longitudinalis cerebri - longitudinal cerebral fissure
3. sulcw corona/is - coronal sulcus
4. fissura sylvia - sylvian fissure
5. sulcus suprasylvius medius middle suprasylvian sulcus
6. sulcus endomarginalis - endomar­
ginal sulcus
7. sulcus marginalis - marginal sul­
cus
8. sulcus ectomarginalis - ectomargi­
nal sulcus
9. sulcus suprasylvius rostralis - ros­
tral suprasylvian sulcus
I 0. polus rostralis - rostral pole
I I. gyrus ectomarginalis medius
middle ectomarginal gyrus
12. gyrus occipitalis (po/us caudalis neo­
pallii) - occipital gyrus (caudal
pole of neopallium)
13. gyrus ectomarginalis medius (pars la­
teralis) - middle ectomarginal
gyrus (lateral part)
14. gyrus ectosylvius caudalis - caudal
ectosylvian gyrus
15. sulcus suprasylvius caudalis - cau­
dal suprasylvian sulcus
16. sulcus obliquus - oblique sulcus
I 7. fissura transversa cerebri transverse cerebral fissure
18. vem1is cerebelli - vermis cerebelli
19. hemispherium cerebelli - hemi­
sphere of cerebellum
'.20. 11wd11l/a oblongata - medulla
oblongata
16
Bovine. Sagittal section through the brain.
Figure 33
20.
21.
22.
23.
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
'11.
corpus callosum - corpus callosum
-12. aqueductus mesencephali - mesencephalic
aqueduct
septum telencephali - septum or' telencephalon
-13. crus cerebri - cerebral crus
fomix - fornix
tela choroidea ventriculi tertii - tela choroidea of -14. pons - pons
.. 15. ventriculus quaitus encephali - fourth ventricle
third ventricle
of encephalon
corpus pineale - pineal body
16. medulla oblongata - medulla oblongata
foramen interventriculare - interventricular forostral medullary
17. velum medullare rostrale
ramen
velum
adhesio intertlwlamica - interthalamic adhesion
caudal medullary
18. velum medullare caudale
commissure rostralis ...:... rostral commissure
velum
lamina tem1inalis grisea - gray terminal plate
19. recessus tegminis ventriculi quarti - recessus tegtectum mesencephali - tectum of mesencephalon
minis of fourth ventricle
ventriculus tertius - third ventricle
p24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
14.
35.
bu/bus olfactorius - olfactory bulb
chiasma opticum - optic chiasma
n. opticus (dexter) - optic nerve (right)
recessus neurohypophysialis (recessus i11/u11dibuli) -
neurohypophysial recessus (infundibular re­
cessus)
corpw mamillare - mamillary body
neurohypophysis - neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis - adenohypophysis
tn111rns rostmlis arboris ,·itae - rostral trunk of
arbor vitae
truncw caudalis arboris ,·itae - caudal trunk of
arbor vitae
plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti - choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
cerebellum - cerebellum -,0.-::..!J
sulcus corona/is - coronal sulcus
sulcus suprasplenialis - suprasplenial sulcus
sulcus splenialis - splenial sulcus
rn/cus e11dosj1le11ialis - endosplenial sulcus
sulcus corporis callosi - sulcus of corpus callo­
sum
45
Bovine. Palate.
Figure 34
I. pars plana palati duri - flat part of
hard palate
2. raphe palati - palatine raphe
3. rugae palatinae - palatine ridges
4. papilla incisiva - incisive papilla
5. orificium due/us incisivi - orifice of
the incisive duct
6. pulvinus den/a/is - dental cushion
7. labium superius - upper lip
8. papillae conicae buccales - conical pa­
pillae of cheek
M ,. dem 1110/aris I - first molar tooth
M2.
dens molaris II - second molar tooth
M,. dens molaris Ill - third molar tooth
Pz. dem premolaris II - second premolar
tooth
P,. dens premolaris Ill - third premolar
tooth
P.. dem premolaris JV - fourth premolar
tooth
Bovine. Cartilaginous skeleton of larynx and hyoid bone.
Left view.
Figure 35
Bovine. Hyoid bone. The cartilaginous parts
in blue.
1
Figure 36
I.
2.
3.
4.
stylohyoideum - stylohyoid
epihyoideum - epihyoid
ceratohyoideum - ceratohyoid
processus lingua/is - processus lingu­
alis
5. thyrohyoideum - thyrohyoid
6. pars cartilaginea thyrohyoidei - cartila­
ginous part of thyrohyoid
7, cartilago epiglottica - epiglottic car­
tilage
8. cartilago comiculata - corniculate
cartilage
9. cartilago arytenoidea - arytenoid car­
tilage
I. tympanohyoideum - tympanohyoid
2. stylohyoideum - stylohyoid
3. epihyoideum - epihyoid
4. ceratohyoideum - ceratohyoid
5. thyrohyoideum - thyrohyoid
46
I0. cartilago thyroidea (lamina) - thyroid
cartilage (plate)
11. comu rostra/e cartilaginis thyroideae rostral horn of thyroid cartilage
12. comu cauda/e cartilaginis thyroideae caudal horn of thyroid cartilage
13. incisura thyroidea rostralis - rostral
thyroid inci�ure
14. lamina carti/aginis cricoideae
of cricoid cartilage
- plate
15. arr:us cartilaginis cricoideae - arch of
cricoid cartilage
16. cartilagines trachea/es - tracheal car­
tilages
6. pars cartilaginea thyrohyoidei - cartila­
ginous part of thyrohyoid
7. basihyoideum - basihyoid
B. processus lingua/is - lingual process
Bovine. Laryngeal muscles.
Figure 37
I. m. aryte,wideus lramversus - transverse arytenoid muscle
2. m. venlricularis - ventricular muscle
3. m. vocalis - vocal muscle
4. 111. cricoarytenoideus lateralis - lateral crico­
arytenoid muscle
5. 111. crimmyte11oide11s dorsalis - dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
6. m. cricothyroideus - cricothyroid muscle
7. m. sternothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
8. 111. ceratolryoideus - ceratohyoid muscle
9. m. tlryrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
10. stylohyoideum - stylohyoid
11. epihyoideum - epihyoid
12. tlryrohyoideum - thyrohyoid
13. ceratohyoideum - ceratohyoid
14. processus lingualis - lingual process
15. cartilago epiglottica - epiglottic cartilage
16. processus muscularis cartilaginis arytenoideae
muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
17.. cartilago corniculata - corniculate cartilage
18. comu caudale cartilaginis thyroideae - caudal cornu of thyroid cartilage
19. cartilago thyroidea - thyroid cartilage
20. cartilago cricoidea - cricoid cartilage
21. cartilagi11es trachea/es - tracheal cartilages
Bovine. View of the base ofpharyngeal
cavity after removing dorsal wall.
Figure 38
I. esophagus - esophagus
2. trachea - trachea
3. arcus palatopharyngeus (in sectione) - palatopharyngeal arch (in section)
4. cartilago comiculata - corniculate cartilage
5. aditus laryngis - laryngeal entrance
6. glandu{ae pharyngeae - pharyngeal glands
7. arcus palatopharyngeus - palatopharyngeal
arch
8. fomix pharyrigis - fornix of pharynx
9. epiglottis - epiglottis
I 0. J>ola//1111 11101/e (i11 sectione) - soft palate (in se,tion)
/
11. m. palatinus - palatine muscle
12. glandulae palatinae - palatine glands
13. sinus tonsillaris - tonsillar sinus
14. radix linguae - root of tongue
15. papillae vallatae - vallate papillae
16. dorsum linguae - dorsal surface of tongue
47
Bovine. Skeleton. Oblique view, cranial lateral.
Figure 39
20'
I. atlas - atlas
2. axis - axis
3. -7. vertebra cervicalis Ill- VII - third-seventh
cervical vertebrae
8. vertebra thoracica I -first thoracic vertebra
9. vertebra lumbalis I - first lumbar vertebra
I 0. os sacrum - sacral bone
11. cos/a I -first rib
12. cos/a VI - sixth rib
48
20
13. manubrium stemi - manubrium of sternum
14. cartilagi11es cos/ales cos/arum verarum - costal
cartilages (true)
15. cartilagines costales cos/arum spuriarum - costal
cartilages (false)
16. scapula - scapula
I7. cartilago scapulae - cartilage of scapula
18. humerus - humerus
19. ulna - ulna
20. radius - radius
21. ossa carpi - cai:pal bones
22. os sesamoideum phalangis proximalis - sesamoid
bone of proximal phalanx
23. ossa metacarpalia - metacarpal bones
16'.-24'. ossa membri tlwracici dextri - bones of
right thoracic extremity
24. J1/wla11ges digiti 111w111s - phalanges of thoracic
limb
25. ala ossis ilium - wing of ilium
26. os ischii - ischium
27. os femoris - femur
28. patella - patella
29. tibia - tibia
30. ossa tarsi - tarsal bones
31. ossa metatarsalia - metatarsal bones
32. phalanges digiti pedis - phalanges of pelvic
limb
33. os frontale - frontal bone
34. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
35. mandibula - mandible
Bovine. Cervical and adjacent muscles)
oblique (cranial lateral) view.
Cutaneous muscles removed
(After Tschaggeny.)
Figure 40
I., 2., 3. 111. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
muscle
I. m. cleidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
I'. intersectio clavicularis - clavicular intersection
2. m. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
3. rn. cleidornastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
4., 5. m. stemocephalicus - sternocephalic muscle
4. m. stemoma11dibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
5. m. stemornastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
6. glandula parotis et glandula mandibularis - parotid gland and mandibular gland
7. m. masseter - masseter muscle
8. mandibula - mandible
9. m. ornohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
I0. m. stemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
11. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
12. m. subclavius - subclavian muscle
13. m. pectoralis descendens - descending pectoral
muscle
14. m. pectoralis transversus - transverse pectoral
muscle
15. m. parotidoauricularis - parotidoauricular
muscle
I 6. pars cervicalis mi. trapezii - cei:vical part of tra­
pezius muscle
16'., 17'. aponeurosis mi. trapezii - aponeurosis of
trapezius muscle
17. pars thoracica mi. trapezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
18. tuber spinae scapulae - spinous tuber of scapu­
la
19. pars scapularis mi. deltoidei - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
20. pars acrornialis mi. deltoidei - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
21. tendo mi. infraspinati - tendon of infraspinous
muscle
22. m. omotransversarius - omotransverse muscle
23. caput longum mi. tricipitis brachii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
24. caput laterale mi. tricipitis brachii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
25. m. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
26. m. extensor carpi radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
27. m. extensor digitorum communis - common digi­
tal extensor muscle
28. m. extensor digiti quarti proprius (m. extensor digita­
lis lateralis) - proper extensor muscle of
fourth digit Oateral digital extensor muscle)
29. m. abductor digiti I longus - long abductor
muscle of first digit
30. m. flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
3 I. m. flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
32. lacertusfibrosus - lacertus fibrosus
33. m. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
34. v. jugularis extema - external jugular vein
35. trachea - trachea
36. a. carotis communis, v. cephalica - common ca­
rotid artery, cephalic vein
37. corpus adiposum - adipose body
49
Bovine. Cervical skeleton, left view.
Figure 41
9
8
9
8
1
19
I. atlas - atlas
2. axis - axis
3.- 7. vertebrae cervicales III- VII - cervical verte­
brae III-VII
8. processus transversi - tubercula ventralia - trans­
verse process - ventral tubercle
8., I 0. lamina ventralis vertebrae cervicalis VI - ven­
tral plate of sixth cervical vertebra
9. processus transversi - tubercula dorsalia - trans­
verse process - dorsal tubercle
10. tuberculum ventrale caudale - caudal ventral tu­
bercle
11. processus transversus at/antis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
50
12. fossa at/antis - fossa of atlas
13. foramen vertebrate latera/e axis - lateral verte­
bral foramen of axis
14. processus transversus axis - transverse process of
axis
15. processus spinosi - spinous processes
16. processus spinosus axis - spinous process of axis
1 7. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid process
18. processus spinosus vertebrae thoracicae I - spinous
process of first thoracic vertebra
19. cos/a prima - first rib
20. canalis tra11sversarius - transverse canal
Bovine. Dissection of the neck) left view. First layer. Cutaneous muscles removed
Figure 42
l. j>ars cervicalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius,muscle
2. aponeurosis mi. trapezii - aponeurosis of trape­
zius muscle
3. - 5. 111. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
muscle
3. m. cleidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
4. m. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
5. m. cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
6., 7. 111. stemocephalicus - sternocephalic muscle
6. m. stemomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
7. m. sternomastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
8. m. deltoideus - deltoid muscle
9. pars acromialis mi. deltoidei - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
10. caput laterale mi. tricipitis brachii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
11. 111. extensor carpi radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
12. m. frontalis - frontal muscle
13. pars temporalis mi. frontoscutularis - temporal
part of frontoscutular muscle
14. m. zygomaticoauricularis, ramus transversus faciei ni.
zygomaticoauricular
auriculotemporalis
muscle, transverse facial branch of auriculo­
temporal nerve
15. m. parotidoauricularis, ramus buccalis dorsalis ni. fa­
cialis - parotidoauricular muscle, dorsal hue­
cal branch of facial nerve
16. m. masseter. - masseter muscle
17. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
18. giandula parotis - parotid gland
19. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
20. rami cutanei dorsales nervorum cervicalium - dor­
sal cutaneous branches of cervical nerves
21. rami cutanei dorsales nervorum thoracicorum dorsal cutaneous branches of thoracic nerves
22. n. auricularis magnus (ni. cervicalis JI) - large
auricular nerve (of second cervical nerve)
23. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
24. n. transversus colli - transversus colli nerve::
25. n. cervicalis III - third cervical nerve
26. n. cervicalis JV - fourth cervical nerve
27. n. supraclavicularis dorsalis ,al supraclavi­
_or'
cular nerve
28. v. cephalica, n. supraclavicularis ventralis - ce­
phalic vein, ventral supraclavicular nei-ve
29. n. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis (ni. axillaris) - cu­
.
taneus antebrachii cranialis nerve (of axillary .
nerve)
30. ramus superficialis ni. radirilis - superficial
branch of radial nerve
31. m. subclavius - subclavian muscle
32. palear (plica ventralis colli) - ventral fold of
neck
33. m. pectoralis superficialis (descendens) - super­
ficial pectoral muscle
34. spina scapulae - spine of scapula
35. v. jugularis externa - external jugular vein
51
Bovine. Dissection of the neck) left view.
Second layer.
Figure 43
cervical rhomboid
I. m. rhomboideus cervicis
muscle
2. m. rhomboideus thoracis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
3. m. splenius - splenius muscle
4. aponeurosis mi. splenii - aponeurosis of sple­
nius muscle
5. m. serratus ventralis cervicis - serratus ventralis
cervicis muscle
6. m. longissimus capitis
longissimus capitis
muscle
7. m. longissimus atlantis
longissimus atlantis
muscle
8. m. cleidomastoideus, ramus ventralis ni. accessorii, In.
cleidomastoid
retropharyngeus lateralis
mus�le, ventral branch of accessory nerve,
lateral retropharyngeal lymph node
9. m. longus at/antis - longus atlantis muscle
I 0. m. stemomastoideus, v. jugularis externa - sterno­
mastoid muscle, external jugular vein
11. m. omohyoideus,. 11. cervicalis III - omohyoid
muscle, third cervical nerve
12. m. scalenus medius - scalenus medius muscle
13. m. scalenus dorsalis - scalenus dorsalis muscle
14. m. �temomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
15. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
16. a. carotis communis, truncus uagosympathicus
common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
I 7. esophagus, radix ni. phrenici -' esophagus, root of
phrenic nerve
18. trachea - trachea
19. radix ni. phrenici, u. jugularis intema - root of
phrenic nerve, internal jugular vein
20. m. supraspinatus - supraspinous muscle
21. m. infraspinatus - infraspinous muscle
22. caput longum mi. tricipitis brachii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
52
23. caput /aterale mi. tricipitis brachii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
24. origo mi. stemocephalici (m, stemomandibularis et m.
sternomastoideus) --;- origin of sternocephalic
muscle (sternomandibular muscle and ster­
nomastoid muscle)
25. u. jugularis externa - external jugular vein
26. u. cephalica, origo mi. brachiocephalici (m. cleidobra­
chialis) - cephalic vein, origin of brachioce­
phalic muscle (cleidobrachial muscle)
27. m. biceps brachii - biceps brachii muscle
28. m. brachia/is, 11. cutaneus antebrachii crania/is
brachia! muscle, cutaneus antebrachii crani­
alis nerve
29. m. extensor carpi radialis, n. cutaneus antebrachii
lateralis - extensor carpi radialis muscle, cu­
taneus antebrachii lateralis nerve
30. h,. ceruicai,s superficialis (ln. prescapularis) - su­
perficia' �ervical lymph node (prescapular
lymph noc
31. rami cutanei dorsa/es neruorum ceruicalium - dor­
sal cutaneous branches of cervical nerves
32. rami cutanei dorsales nervorum thoracicorum dorsal cutaneous branches of thoracic nerves
33. processus transuersus at/antis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
34. glandula parotis, m. parotidoauricu/aris - parotid
gland, parotidoauricular muscle
35. m. masseter - masseter muscle
36. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
37. 11. ceruicalis II - second cervical nerve
38. 11. ceruicalis JV - fourth cervical nerve
39. n. cervicalis V:..... fifth cervical nerve
40. n. cervicalis VJ - sixth cervical nerve
41. 11. axillaris, a. et u. circumflexa humeri caudalis
axillary nerve, caudal circumflex artery and
vein of humerus
42. cartilago scapulae - cartilage of scapula
43. spina scapulae - spine of scapula
Bovine. Dissection of the neck,
lateral view. Third layer.
Figure 44
I . m. semispinalis capitis
muscle
2. m. longissimus capitis
muscle
semispinalis capitis
longissimus capitis
3. m. obliquus capitis cranialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
4. m. longissimus at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
5. m. longus at/antis - longus atlantis muscle
6. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
7. m. serratus dorsalis cranialis - cranial serratus
dorsalis muscle
7'. aponeurosis mi. serrati dorsalis - aponeurosis of
serratus dorsalis muscle
8. m. longissimus cervicis· - longissimus cervicis
muscle
9. m. iliocostalis - iliocostal muscle
I 0. m. scalenus dorsalis - scalenus dorsalis muscle
11. m. rectus thoracis - straight thoracic muscle
12. mm. intercostales extemi - external intercostal
muscles
13. pars dorsalis mi. scaleni medii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
14. pars ventralis mi. scaleni medii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
15. m. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
16. m. masseter - masseter muscle
17. m. stemothyroideus - sternoth3/foid muscle
18. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
19. origo mi. stemocephalici - origin of sternoce­
phalic muscle
20. ln. retropharyngeus lateralis - lateral retropha­
ryngeal lymph node
21. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
In. mandibularis - mandibular lymph node
trachea - trachea
n. cervicalis III - third cervical nerve
n. cervicalis II - second cervical nerve
n. cervicalis IV - fourth cervical nerve
n. cervicalis V - fifth cervical nerve
n. cervicalis VI - sixth cervical nerve
n. cervicalis VII - seventh cervical nerve
n. cervicalis VIIl - eighth cervical nerve
n. suprascapularis et n. subscr;,pularis - suprasca­
pular nerve and subscapular nerve
32. n. musculocutaneus - musculocutaneous nerve
33. v. jugularis intema, n. pectoralis cranialis I - inter­
nal jugular vein, first cranial pectoral nerve
34. v. jugularis extema, n. pecioralis cranialis II - ex­
ternal jugular vein, second cranial pectoral
nerve
35. n. axil/ans - axillary nerte
36. nn. pectorales caudales - caudal pectoral nerves
37. a. et v. axillaris, n. ul,wris - axillary artery and
vein, ulnar nerve
38. n. medianus - median nerve
39. a. et v. thoracica extema - external thoracic ar­
tery and vein
40. n. thoracicus longus - long thoracic nerve
41. a. et v. scapularis dorsalis, 11. radialis - dorsal sca­
pular artery and vein, radial nerve
42. a. carotis communis, truncus vagosympathicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
43. esophagus - esophagus
44. rami cutanei dorsales nervorum cervicalium - dor­
sal cutaneous branches of cervical nerves
45. rami cutanei dorsales nervorum thoracicorum dorsal cutaneous branches of thoracic nerves
46. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
47. funiculus nuchae - nuchal funiculus
48. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
53
Bovine. Deep cervical muscles, left view.
Figure 45
I. funiculus nuchae - nuchal funiculus
2. lamina nuchae - nuchal plate
3. m. rectus capitis dorsalis major - major dorsal
straight muscle of head
4. m. rectus capitis dorsalis intermedius - intermedi­
ate dorsal straight muscle of head
5. m. rectus capitis dorsalis minor - minor dorsal
straight muscle of head
6. m. obliquus capitis cranialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
7. m. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
8. m. rectus· capitis lateralis - lateral straight
muscle· of head
9. insertio mi. stemomastoidei, cleidomastoidei et longi
capitis - insertion of sternomastoid, cleido­
mastoid and longus capitis muscles
10. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
54
11. m. stemomastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
12. m. cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
13. m. obliquus capitis caudalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
14. m. longissimus at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
15. m. intertramversarius · ventralis (pars at/antis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
multifidus cervicis
16. m. multifidus cervicis
muscle
longissimus capitis
17. m. longissimus capitis
muscle
18. mm. intertransversarii dorsales cervicis - cervical
dorsal intertransverse muscles
19. mm. int�rtransversarii ventrales cervicis - cervical
ventral intertransverse muscles
20. pars cervicalis mi. longi colli - cervical part of
longus colli muscle
21. pars thoracica mi. longi colli - thoracic part of
longus colli muscle
22. m. spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis - m.
spinalis et semi&pinalis thoracis et cervicis
23. m. longissimus cervicis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
24. m. intercostalis extemus - external intercostal
muscle
25. processus transversus at/antis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
26. processus spinosus vertebrae thoracicae I - spinous
process of first thoracic vertebra
27. ligamenta interspinalia - interspinal ligament
28. costa prima - first rib
Bovine. Nape of the neck.
Figure 46
I.
2.
3.
4.
atlas - atlas
axis - axis
vertebra cervicalis VI _:_ sixth cervical vertebra
us
processus spi,wsus vertebrae thoracicae I - spino
process of first thoracic vertebra
5. costa prima - first rib
6.-8. lamina nuchae (6. pars cranialis sinistra, 7. pars
cranialis dextra, 8. pars caua"alis impar) - nuchal
plate (6. left cranial part, 7. right cranial part,
8. unpaired caudal part)
9. funiculus nuchae - nuchal funiculus
I 0. ligamenta intersp_inalia - interspinal ligament
55
Bovine. Calf (newborn). Cervical dissection, left view.
Figure 47
1. m. serratus uentralis ceroicis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
2. m. serratus uentralis thoracis - thoracic serratus
ventralis muscle
3. m. rhomboideus cervicis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
4. m. splenius - splenius muscle
5. m. longissimus· capitis
longissimus capitis
muscle
6. m. longissimus at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
7. m. intertransuersarius uentralis (pars at/antis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
8. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
9. m. fongus colli - longus colli muscle
56
10. m. scalenus dorsalis et m. sea/enus medius - scale­
nus dorsalis muscle and scalenus medius
muscle
11. m. masseter - masseter muscle
12. m. parotidoauricularis, glandula parotis - paroti­
doauricular muscle, parotid �land
13. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
14. a. carotis communis, truncus uagosympathicus
common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
15. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii, processus transuersus
at/antis - dorsal branch of accessory nerve,
.. transverse process of atlas
16. costa prima - first rib
1 7. costa quinta - fifth rib
18. a. et u. subclauia sinistra - left subclavian artery
and vein
19. u. jugularis extema, origo mi. sternocephalici - ex­
ternal jugular vein, origin of sternocephalic
muscle
20. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
21. rm. cervicales' - cervical nerves
22. cartilago costalis II, a. et u. thoracica intema - se­
cond costal cartilage, internal thoracic artery
and vein
23. mm. pectorales - pectoral muscles
24. lobus cervicalis thymi - cervical lobe of thymus
25. lobus thoracicus thymi - thoracic lobe of thymus
26. pulmones - lungs
Bovine. Heifer (one year old). Cross section through the neck at the level of the second cervical vertebra.
View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 48
29
1. m. rhomboideus cervicis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
2. pars cervicalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
3. m. semispinalis capitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
4. m. splenius - splenius muscle
5. m. rectus capitis dorsalis major, minor et intermedius
- major, minor and intermediate dorsal
straight muscle of head
6. m. obliquus capitis caudalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
7. m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars atlantis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
8. m. longissimus capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
9., 10., 11. mm. intertramversarii - intertransverse
muscles
12., 13. m. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
muscle
12. m. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
13. m. cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
14., 15. m. stemocephalicus - sternocephalic muscle
14. m. stemomqstoideus - sternomastoid muscle
15. m. stemomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
16. m. omotransversarius - omotransverse muscle
17. m. longissimus atlantis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
18. m. longus colli - longus colli muscle
19. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
20. m. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
21. m. stemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
22. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
23. funiculus nuchae - nuchal funiculus
24. ligamentum interspinale et lamina nuchae - inter­
spinal ligament and nuchal plate
25. medulla spinalis - spinal medulla
26. plexus vertebralis intemus, ganglion spinale - inter­
nal vertebral plexus, spinal ganglion
27. n. cervicalis II - second cervical nerve
28. axis - axis
29. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
30. a. carotis communis, truncus vagosympathicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
31. esophagus - esophagus
32. vu. jugulares intemae - internal jugular veins
33. v. jugularis extema, ramus ventralis ni. accessorii external jugular vein, ventral branch of ac­
cessory nerve
34. nn. laryngei recurrentes - recurrent laryngeal
nerves
35. trachea - trachea
57
Bovine. Heifer (one year old). Cross section through -the neck at the level of the.caudal end of the third
cervical vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 49
I. m. rhomboideus cervicis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
2. pars cervicalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
3. m. splenius - splenius muscle
4. m. semispinalis capitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
58
5. m. multifidus cervicis
multifidus cervicis
muscle
6. m. longissimus capitis
longissimus, capitis
muscle
7., 8. m. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
muscle
7. m. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
8. m. cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
9., 10. m. stemocephalicus - sternocephalic muscle
9. m. stemomastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
I0. m. stemomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
11. m. longissimus atlantis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
12. m. omotransversarius - omotransverse muscle
13., 14. mm. intertransversarii - intertransverse
muscles
15. m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars at/antis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
16. m. longus colli - longus colli muscle
17. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
I8. funiculus nuchae - nuchal funiculµs
19. lamina nuchae - nuchal plate
20. a. et v. cervicalis profunda - deep cervical artery
and vein
21. processus articularis caudalis et arcus vertebrae cervi•
calis Ill - caudal articular process and arch
of third cervical vertebra
22. corpus vertebrae cervicalis Ill - body of third
cervical vertebra
23. processus articularis cranialis vertebrae cervicalis IV
- cranial articular process of fourth cervical
vertebra
24. processus transversus - transverse process
25. dura mater spinalis - spinal dura mater
26. medulla spinalis - spinal medulla
27. n. cervicalis IV, plexus vertebralis in/emus - fourth
cervical nerve, internal vertebral plexus
28. a. et v. vertebra/is - vertebral artery and vein
29. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
30. ramus ventralis ni. accessorii - ventral branch of
accessory nerve
31. v. jugularis extema - external jugular vein
32. esophagus - e.sophagus
33. m. stemo!ryoideus - sternohyoid muscle
34. m. stemot!ryroideus - sternothyroid muscle
35. a. carotis communis, truncus vagosympathicus
common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
36. v. jugularis intema, n. laryngeus recurrens - inter­
nal jugular vein, laryngeal recurrent nerve
37. trachea - trachea
38. cavum articulare - articular cavity
Bovine. Heifer (one year old): Cross section through the neck at the level of the caudal end-of the fourth
cervical vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 50
I. 111. rhomboideus cervicis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
2. pars cervicalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
3. m. splenius - splenius muscle
semispinalis capitis
4. m. semispinalis capitis
muscle
5. m. longissirnus capitis
longissimus capitis
muscle
6. m. longissimus at/antis
longissimus atlantis
muscle
7. m. longissimus cervicis
longissimus cervicis
muscle
8., 9. m. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
muscle
8. rn. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
9. m. cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
I 0., 11. m. sternocephalicus - sternocephalic muscle
I0. m. sternomastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
11. m. sternomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
12. m. multifidus cervicis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
13. m. serratus ventralis ceruicis - cervical serrafus
ventralis muscle
14. m. omotransversarius - omotransverse muscle
15. mm. intertramversarii - intertransverse
muscles
16. m. scalenus medius (m. scalenus primae costae) scalenus medius muscle (scalenus muscle of
first rib)
I7. m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars at/antis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
18. m. longus colli - longus co Iii muscle
19. m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
20. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
21. m. sternothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
22. processus articularis caudalis vertebrae ceruicalis IV
- caudal articular process of fourth cervical
vertebra
23. processus articularis cranialis vertebrae cervicalis V cranial articular process of fifth cervical ver­
tebra
24. corpus vertebrae cervicalis IV - body of fourth
cervical vertebra
25. funiculus 1wclwe - nuchal funiculus
26., 27. lamina nuchae (26. pars cranialis sinistra et dex­
tra, 27. pars caudalis impar) - nuchal plate (26.
left and right cranial part, 27. unpaired cau­
dal part)
28. a. et v. cervicalis profunda, ramus dorsalis ni. cervica­
lis IV - deep cervical artery and vein, dorsal
branch of fourth cervical nerve
29. processus spinosus vertebrae cervicalis V - spinous
process of fifth cervical vertebra
30. ramus dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
31. processus transversus vertebrae cervicalis V - trans­
verse process of fifth cervical vertebra
32. plexus vertebra/is internus, n. cervicalis V - internal vertebral plexus, fifth cervical nerve
33. a. et v. vertebra/is - vertebral artery and vein
34. medulla spinalis - spinal medulla
35. esophagus - esophagus
36. n. laryngeus recurrens sinister - left laryngeal re­
current nerve
37. a. carotis communis, truncus vagosympathicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
38. v. jugularis intema - internal jugular vein
39. 11. laryngeus recurrens dexter - right laryngeal
recurrent nerve
40. trachea - trachea
41. v. jugularis externa - external jugular vein
59
Bovine. Cervical segment of vertebral column, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views.
Figure 51
1.-VII. vertebra cervicalis I- VI/ - first-seventh
cervical vertebrae
I. atlas - atlas
II. axis - axis
I. arcus dorsalis atlantis - dorsal arch of atlas
2. massa lateralis (processus transversus) at/antis - la­
teral mass (transverse process) of atlas
60
3. foramen a/are at/antis - alar foramen of atlas
4, foramen vertebrate laterale atla11tis - lateral ver­
tebral foramen of atlas
5. fovea articularis cranialis at/antis - cranial arti­
cular fovea of atlas
6. fossa at/antis - atlantal fossa
7. tuberculum ventrale at/antis - ventral tubercle of
atlas
8. facies arlicularis cra11ialis axis - cranial articular
surface of axis
9. foramen vertebrate laterale axis - lateral verte­
bral foramen of axis
10. processus spinosus axis - spinous process of axis
11. processus transversus axis -: transverse process of
axis
12. eris/a ventralis - ventral crest
13. processus transversus - tuberculum dorsale
transverse process - dorsal tubercle
14. processus transversus - tuberculum ventrale
transverse process - ventral tubercle
15. processus transversus
tuberculum ventrale
caudale - transverse process - caudal ven­
tral tubercle
16. processus spinosus - spinous process
l 7. processus articularis caudalis - caudal articular
process
18. ftrocessus articularis cra,iialis - cranial articular
process
19. corpus vertebrae cervicalis VII - body of seventh
cervical vertebra
Bovine. First two segments of the cervical spinal cord, ventral view. Meninges present on left side and
removed on right side.
Figure 52
t
16
1
17
12
I
13
I. radix ventralis ni. cervicalis I - ventral root of
first cervical nerve
2. radix ventralis ni. cervicalis II - ventral root of
second cervical nerve
3. 11. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
4. radix cranialis ni. accessorii - cranial root of ac­
cessory nerve
5. radix spinalis ni. accessorii - spinal root of acces­
sory nerve
6. radix dorsalis ni. cervicalis I - dorsal root of first
cervical nerve
7. radix dorsalis ni. cervicalis II - dorsal root of
second cervical nerve
8. ganglion spinale ni. cervicalis I - spinal ganglion
of first cervical nerve
9. 11. cervicalis I - first cervical nerve
10. ganglion spinale ni. cervicalis II - spinal ganglion of second cervical nerve
11. 11. cervicalis II - second cervical nerve
12. arachnoidea - arachnoid
13. dura mater - dura mater
14. a. spinalis ventralis - ventral spinal artery
15. ligamentum denticulatum - dentate ligament
16. medulla oblongata - medulla oblongata
17. medulla spinalis - spinal medulla
11
61
Sheep. Skull (without horn), lateral view.
Figure 53
1. os incisivum - incisive bone
2. maxilla - maxilla
3. os nasale - nasal bone
4. os lacrimale - lacrimal bone
5. os zygomalicum - zygomatic bone
6., 7. os fronlale - frontal bone
8. os parielale - parietal bone
9. os i11lerparielale - interparietal bone
I 0. pars squamosa ossis temporalis - squamous part
of temporal bone
11. processus mastoideus ossis lemporalis - mastoid
process of temporal bone
12. denies incisivi - incisors
13. denies premolares - premolar teeth
14. denies molares - molar teeth
15. foramen infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
62
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
tuber faciale - facial tuberosity
margo interalveolaris - interalveolar margin
fossa lacrimalis - lacrimal fossa
fossa sacci lacrimalis - fossa of lacrimal sac
bulla lacrimalis - lacrimal bulla
canalis supraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
foramen ethmoidale - ethmoid foramen
canalis oplicus - optic canal
processus zygomaticus ossis fronlalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
arcus zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
linea temporalis - temporal line
crista temporalis - temporal crest
porus acusticus externus - external acoustic
opening
29. 'condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
_25.
26.
27:
28.
30. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
, 31. mandibula - mandible
32. foramen mentale - mental foramen
33. processus coronoideus mandibulae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
34. incisura mandibulae - mandibular incisure
35. processus condylaris mandibulae - condylar pro­
cess of mandible
36. angulus mandibulae - angle of mandible
3 7. incisura 1•as01w11 facialium - groove for facial
blood vessel
38. foramen supramastoideum - supramastoid fo­
ramen
39. canalis ni. hypoglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
Sheep. Medial view of skull (without mandible).
Figure 54
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6,
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
os nasale - nasal bone
os frontale - frontal bone
sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
co11cha nasalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
concha nasalis media - middle nasal concha
os conchae nasalis ventralis - ventral nasal con­
cha
processus nasalis ossis incisivi - nasal process of
incisive bone
processus palatinus ossis incisivi - palatine pro­
cess of incisive bone
processus palatinus maxillae - palatine process
of maxilla
meatus nasi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus
meatus nasi medius - middle nasal meatus
meatus nasi ventralis - ventral nasal meatus
labyrinthus ethmoidalis (ethmoturbinalia) - eth­
moidal labyrinth (ethmoturbinale)
sinus maxillaris et apertura maxillopalatina - ma­
xillary sinus and maxillopalatine aperture
38
15, foramen sphenopalatinum - sphenopalatine foramen
16. os parietale - parietal bone
17. os interparietale - interparietal bone
18. os occipitale - otcipital bone
19. pars petrosa ossis temporalis - petrous part of
temporal bone
20. corpus ossis basisphenoidalis - body of,basisphe­
noid bone
21. corpus ossis presphenoidalis - body of presphe­
noid bone
22. os pterygoideum - pterygoid bone
23. lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini - perpendi­
cular plate of palatine bone
24. lamina horizontalis ossis palatini - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
25. foramen palatinum majus - greater palatine fo­
. ramen
26. hamulus pterygoideus - pterygoid hamulus
27. canalis opticus - optic canal
28. foramen ovate - oval foramen
29. meatus temporalis - temporal meatus
30, canalis condylaris - condylar canal (orifice of
32)
31. meatus acusticus intemus et canalis facialis - inter­
nal acoustic meatus and facial canal
32. canalis condyla,rii (origo) - condylar canal (ori­
gin)
33. canalis ni. hypoglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
34. foramen jugulare - jugular foramen
35, tuberculum musculare - muscular tubercle
36. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid process
37. dentes premolares - premolar teeth
38. denies mo/ares - molar teeth
39. dorsum sellae - dorsum sellae
40. foramen orbitorotundum - foramen orbitoro­
tundum
63
Sheep.. Skull of ram. View of the dorsal surface showing left horn and right cornual process.
Figure 55
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
64
os occipitale - occipital bone
os parietale - parietal bone
os interparietale - interparietal bone
processus comualis - cornual process
comu - horn
os frontale - frontal bone
processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
canalis supraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
orbita - orbit
os lacrimale - lacrimal bone
os zygomaticum � zygomatic bone
os nasale - nasal bone
fissura nasolacrimalis - nasolacrimal fissure
tuber faciale - facial tuberosity
15. maxilla - maxilla
16. foramen infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
1 7. processus nasalis ossis incisivi - nasal process of
incisive bone
18. processus palatinus ossis incisivi - palatine pro­
cess of incisive bone
19. fissura palatina - palatine fissure
Sheep. Ram (young animal). Head dissection. Superficial layer viewed from left after removal of cutcmeu11.1
fascia and muscles.
Figure 56
I. 111. c11/a11e11s 11asi, 1·. d111'S(l/is 11asi - cutaneous
muscle of nose, dorsal vein of nose
2. 111. /el'(l/or 11as11/abialis - levator nasolabialis
muscle
3. 111. malaris - malar muscle
4. 111. dejiressor j}(l/jJebrac i11fni11ri, - depressor
muscle of lower eyelid
5. m. levator labii superioris, v. angularis oculi - leva­
tor muscle of upper lip, angularis oculi vein
6. m. cani11us, v. labia/is superior - caninus muscle,
vein of upper lip
7. 111. orbirnlaris oris - orbicularis oris muscle
8. j}(lrS buccalis mi. b11cci11atoris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
9. 111. dejiressor labii 111a11dib11/aris - depressor
muscle of lower lip
10. 111. rnla11eus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
I 1. 111. zygomalicus - zygomatic muscle
12. 111. 111ylohyoide11s - mylohyoid muscle
13. 111. fro11/a/is - frontal muscle
14. C<njms adi/Jos11111 lemporalc - temporal adipose
body
15. 111. zygo111alicoa11rimlaris - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
parotidoauricular
16. 111. j}(lro/idoaurirnlaris
muscle
17. /Jars Jmif1111da mi. 11wsseleris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
18. pars S11/Je1ficialis 111i. 111asselais - superficial part
of masseter muscle
19. 111. bmchioce/Jhalicus - brachiocephalic muscle
20. 111. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
21. /11. j}(lro/ideus - parotid lymph node
22. gla11d11/a /Jaro/is - parotid gland
23. gla11d11/a 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular gland
24. /11. relm/Jhary11ge11s· laleralis, ra11111s dorsalis 11i. acccs­
sorii - lateral retropharyngeal lymph node,
dorsal branch of accessory nerve
1•. aurirnlaris cm1dalis - caudal auricular
1'. jugularis - jugular vein
1•. ,w,xil/aris - maxillary vein
1•. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
1·. facialis, /11. 111a11dib11/aris - facial vein, man­
dibular lymph node
30. ,'. lram1·r,,w, facie,; ra11111s tram1•erws faciei 11i. a11ri­
rn/11tc111/}//ra/is - transverse facial vein, trans­
verse facial branch of auriculotem poral
nerve
31. r,. tra11s1·1·1J(( ji,ciei, ra11111s b11ccalis dorsalis 11i. f<1rio/i,
- trans·,erse facial artery, dorsal buccal
branch of faci·i.l nerve
;'; .L rr111111s bucca!i, ;:entralis ni. facialh� ductus Junutid1•11,
- v�ntral iJuccal branch of facial netTe, jM­
rotid durt
33. comu - horn
34. 111a11dib11/a - mandible
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
63
Sheep. Dissection of the head Deeper layer viewed from left.
Figure 57
.----
1. a. dorsalis 11asi, i'. a11g11/aris 0C11{i - dorsal nasal
artery, angularis oculi vein
2. a. lateralis 11asi, i'. dorsalis 11asi - lateral nasal
artery, dorsal nasal vein
3. a. et 11. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
4. 111. nwsseter - masseter muscle
5. /)(/rs 1110/aris 111i. b11cci11aloris
molar part of
buccinator muscle
6. 111w1dib11/a - mandible
7. v. labia/is inferior - vein of lower lip
8. i'. faciei Jmif1111da, 11. b11ccalis - deep facial vein,
buccal nerve
9. a. labia/is inferior, v. facialis - artery of lower
lip, facial vein
10. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
11. gla11d11lae bucrnles dorsoles
dorsal buccal
glands
12. gla11d11/ae b11cca/es i'e11trall'S
ventral buccal
glands
13. 111. feJ11Jwralis - temporal muscle
14. a. et i'. temjJomlis s11/Je1ficialis - superficial tem­
poral artery and vein
66
15. jJoms aC11stiC11s exlern11s - external acoustic
opening
16. 11. facialis, a. auricularis raudalis - facial nerve,
caudal auricular artery
1 7. 111. omjJitohyoide11s - occipitohyoid muscle
18. 1w1111s b11ccalis i'e11tralis ni. facialis, a. cam/is exl!'rna
- ventral buccal branch of facial nerve, ex­
ternal carotid artery
19. a. et i'. tm11H•ersa faciei, ra11111s fra11Si'Prs11s faciei 11i.
a11rirnlote111j}()ra/is - transverse facial artery
and vein, transverse facial branch of auricu­
lotemporal nerve
20. m11111s buccalis dorsolis 11i. facialis, 1•. 111axillaris dorsal buccal branch of facial nerve, maxilla­
ry vein
21. stylohyoide,1111 - stylohyoideum
22. 1•e,1/er caudalis mi. di,gastrici - caudal belly of
digastric muscle
23. 11. hyj}()g/ossus, 111. stylohyoideus - hypoglossal
nerve, stylohyoid muscle
24. 1·. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
25. gla11d11/a 111m1dib11/aris - mandibular gland
26. /11. 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular lymph node
27. f1111irn/11s 1111chae - nuchal funiculus
28. m. semispinalis capitis
semispinalis capitis
muscle
29. 111. lm1gissiJ1111s ca/Ji/is - longissimus capitis
muscle
30. m11111s dorsalis 11i. acc1,ss111·ii
dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
31. 111. obliq1111s ca/Ji/is cranialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
::'..!. 1w1111., ,·1·11tmliI 11i. accr•ssorii, a. occi/Jitalis - ventral
branch of accesson· nerve, occipital arten
:13. tn111c11s 1•agosy111/mthic11s, a. mmtis rn1111111111is - va­
gosympathetic trunk, common carotid artery
34. //1. crico111yte11oide11s dorsalis - dors�l cricoarytenoid muscle
35. m. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
36. 111. cricothymid('/{s - cricothyroid muscle
37. esoj1hag11s - esophagus
38. gla11d11/a thymidea - thyroid gland
39. 111. sternothyrnideus - sternothyroid muscle
40. 111. 01110/,yoideus - omohyoid muscle
41. 111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
42. 111. /011g11s cajJifis - longus capitis muscle
I.I. 111. 111r/11h_r11irkm - mylohvoid muscle
Sheep. Dissection of the head Deep layer after removal of left half of mandible. Left view.
Figure 58
I. 111. 111ass,,fer - masseter muscle
'.!. 111a11dibu/a - mandible
strlo!tyoidewu - stylohyoideum
4. 111. jJlerJg,,ideus media/is - medial pterygoid
muscle
5. ,'. 111axillaris, a. rnmlis nkma - maxillary vein,
external carotid artery
6. a., ,'. el 11. ahw,laris 111a11dibularis - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve
7. n. lingua/is - lingual nerve
8. urn/er ca11dalis 111i. digastrici - caudal belly of
digastric muscle
9. /endo mi. digastriri - tendon of digastric
muscle
10. ,•enter rostralis mi. digaslrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
11. m. stylol�)'oideus - stylohyoid muscle
12. 111. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
g-/a11d11/a j)(Jro/is
- parotid gland
111. j)(Jrofidoa11rirnlaris
parotidoauricular
muscle
gingim, ,'. facialis - gum, facial vein
lingua - tongue
glandu/a mbli11g11alis jJo()'S/0111atica - sublingual
gland - many orifices
g-/andu/a mbli11g11alis 111011osto111atirn, d11rt11s 111a11di­
bularis - sublingual gland - single orifice,
mandibular duct
111. ge11iohyoide11s - geniohyoid muscle
111. 111ylohyoide11s - mylohyoid muscle
a. li11g11alis, 11. h)1)(Jg/oss11s - lingual artery, hy­
poglossal nerve
111. occijJito!tyoide11s, ra11111s dorsalis 11i. accessorii occipitohyoid muscle, dorsal branch of acces­
sory nerve
/
23. 111. obliq1u1s cajJilis crania/is - cranial oblique
muscle of head
24. ram11s 1•e11tralis 11i. accessorii - ventral branch of
accessory nerve
25. 111. lrmg11s capitis - longus capitis muscle
26. a. cam/is COl/111/lllliS, l/"1/IICl/S 1·ag,,sy111j)({//ricus
common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
27. 111. cricomytenoideus dorsalis - dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
28. 111. cricothy mide11s - cricothyroid muscle
29. glandula t!tyroidea - thyroid gland
30. 111. t!tyro!tyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
31. 111. stemotlryroideus - sternothyroid muscle
32. 111. 0111o!tyoide11s -- omohyoid muscle
33. 111. stemo!tyoide11s - sternohyoid muscle
67
Sheep. Cross section through the head at the level of the third premolar tooth. Rostral view of section.
Figure 59
I. os 11asale, a. dorsalis 11asi - nasal bone, dorsal
nasal artery
2. 111. lemtor nasolabialis rt 111. c11ta11e11s nasi - naso­
labial levator muscle and cutaneous muscle
of nqse
3. rami a. malaris (a. lateralis 11asi), ductus nasolacri­
malis - branches of malar artery (nasal later­
al artery), nasolacrimal duct
4. 1•. lateralis 11as1; 111, 111alaris - lateral nasal vein,
malar muscle
5. m. levator labii superioris, m. caninus et m. depressor
labii superioris - levator muscle of upper lip,
caninus muscle and depressor muscle of up­
per lip
6. a. el 1•. labia/is 111axillaris, 1w1111s buccalis dorsalis 11i.
Jacialis - artery and vein of upper lip, _dorsal
buccal branch of facial nerve
7. 111. zygo111aticus - zygomatic muscle
8. /Jars buccalis mi. bucci,;aloris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
68
9. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
I 0. 111. cu/aneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
11. concha nasalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
12. /Jars dorsalis conc/,ae nasalis 1•e11tralis - dorsal
part of ventral nasal concha
13. pars ventralis conchae 11asalis 1•e11/mlis - ventral
part of ventral nasal concha
14. sinus maxillaris - maxillary sinus
15. glandulae buccales - buccal glands
16. a. et v. labia/is inferior, n. buccalis - . artery and
vein of lower lip, buccal nerve
I 7. cartilago septi nasi - cartilage of nasal septum
18. uo111er - vomer
19. a. el 11. infmorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
20. a. palati11a major, lunica mucosa palati - greater
palatine artery, tunica mucosa of palate
21. processus palalinus maxilla_e - palatine process
of maxilla
22. dens premolaris IV superior
upper fourth
premolar tooth
23. dens premolaris IV inferior - lower fourth
premolar tooth
24. corpus linguae - body of tongue
25. a. el v. lingua/is - lingual artery and vein
26. m. hyoglossus - hyoglossal muscle
27. 111. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
�8. gla11d11/a wbli11g11alis, a. et 11. ah-eolaris 111a11dib11/ari.,
- sublingual gland, mandibular alveolar ar­
terv and nerve
29. mandibula - mandible
30. m. geniohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
31. 111. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
32. venter rostralis mi. digaslrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
33. a. sublingualis, ductus mandibularis, 11. lingua/is sublingual artery, mandibular duct, lingual
nerve
34. mea/us nasi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus
35. mea/us nasi medius - middle nasal meatus
36. mea/us nasi 1•e11/ralis - ventral nasal meatus
37. plexus uenosi nasales - nasal venous plexus
38. aperl11ra 111axillopalati11a si1111s maxillaris - ma�il­
lopalatine aperture of maxillary sinus
Sheep. Cross section through the head at the level of the third molar tooth. Rostral view of section.
Figure 60
I. a. dorsalis 11asi, 1°. a11gu/aris orn/i - dorsal nasal
artery, angularis oculi vein
2. a. lateralis 11asi, due/us 11asolaeri11w/is - lateral
nasal duct, nasolacrimal duct
3. os 11asa/e - nasal bone
4. carti/ago sej,ti 11asi - cartilage of .nasal septum
5. 111eat11s nasi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus
6. eo11eha 1wsa/is media et dorsa/is - middle and
dorsal nasal concha
7. 1•0111er - vomer
8. jJlexus 1•e,10si 11asa/es - nasal venous plexus
9. canalis infraorbita/is - infraorbital canal
I0. a. et 11. infraorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
11. si11us Jxt!atinus - palatine sinus
12. sinus maxi//aris - maxillary sinus
13. 111eat11s nasi 1•e11/ra/is - ventral nasal meatus
14. 111. 11wsseter - masseter muscle
15. 111. ma/aris - malar muscle
I 6. 111. zyg,n11atirns - zygomatic muscle
I7. ramus bufcalis dorsalis ni. facialis, a. trmm•e1-sa faciei
- dorsal buccal branch of facial nerve, trans­
verse facial artery
18. 111. rntaneus faeiei - cutaneous facial nerve
19. due/us parotideus - parotid duct
20. 1•. facia/is, rm11us bueca/is 'l'entra/is ni. faeialis
facial vein, ventral buccal branch of facial
nerve
21. g/a11du/ae buecales - buccal glands
22. pars m_olaris mi. bucci11atoris - molar part of
buccinator muscle
23. 1°. faeiei profunda, 11. bucca/is - deep facial
nerve, buccal nerve
24. dens molaris III superior - upper third molar
tooth
25. a. palatina major - great palatine artery
26. proeessus palati1111s maxillae - palatine process
of maxilla
27. tunica 111ueosa pa!ati duri - tunica mucosa of
hard palate
28. empus /inguae - body of tongue
29. reeessus sublingua/is /a/em/is - lateral sublingual
recess
30. 111. geniog/ossus - genioglossal muscle
31. a. et 11. lingua/is - lingual artery and nerve
32. 111. hyog!osws - hyoglossal muscle
33. ·111. stylog/ossus, n. lryj>oglossus - styloglossal
muscle, hypoglossal nerve
34. 111. geniohyoideus ..:... geniohyoid muscle
35. 1•e11ter rostra/is 111i. digastrici, ductus 111a11dib11/aris rostral belly of digastric muscle, mandibular
duct
36. 1•. lingua/is, 111. nry/ohyoideus - lingual vein, my­
lohyoid muscle
37. dens molaris III inferior - lower third molar
tooth
38. a. et 11. all'eo/aris 111a11dibu/aris - mandibular al­
veolar artery and nerve
39. 111a11dib11/a - mandible
40. sinus i11fraorbita/is - infraorbital sinus
69
Sheep. Skeletal topography of arteries of head, left view.
Figure 61
I. a. carotis w1111111111is - common carotid artery
2. a. occij>ifalis - occi pita! artery
3. ra11111s a11asto111otic11s a. ,·ertebra/is c11111 a. occijJitali
- anastomotic branch of vertebral artery
with occipital artery
4. a. 111e11i11gea ca11da/is - caudal meningeal artery
5. a. 111e11i11gea media - middle meningeal artery
6. a. co11dylaris - condylar artery
7. a. a11riwlaris call(/a/is - caudal auricular artery
7'. a. l(//yngea - laryngeal artery
8. ra11111s parotide11s - parotid branch
9. a. maxi//([ris - maxillary artery
70
I 0. (/. te111pomlis sujJe1fici([/is - superficial temporal
artery
11. a. a11riwlaris mstra/is - rostral auricular artery
12. a. /acrim([/is - lacrimal artery
13. ([. jxtlpebra/is s11/>erior - artery of upper eyelid
14. a. tram,•e,,a faciei - transverse facial artery
15. m111i 11111mtlares masseterici - muscular branch
of masseter
16. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
17. a. labia/is inferior - artery of lower lip
18. a. buccalis - buccal artery
19. a. infmorbitalis - infraorbital artery
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
a. malaris - malar artery
(/. Jm/jJebm/is inferior - artery of lower eyelid
(/. /a/era/is 1wsi - lateral nasal artery
a. dorsa/is nasi - dorsal nasal artery
a. /i11g11([/is - lingual artery
a. 111e11talis - mental artery
([. oj>hthal111ica exfe/'/1([ et rete mirabi/e ophtha/111irn111
- external ophthalmic artery and ophthal­
mic rete mirabile
27. a. supraorbitalis - supraorbital artery
28. a. et/1111oida/is - ethmoidal artery
SheejJ. Skeletal topography of veins of head, left view.
Figure 62
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1 I.
;•. jugufaris - jugular vein
,'. li11g11ofacia!is - linguofacial vein
;•. lingua/is - lingual vein
,'. sub111e11ta!is - submental vein
;•. facia!is - facial vein
v. labia/is inferior - vein of lower lip
v. labia/is superior - vein of upper lip
,'. dorsalis nasi - dorsal nasal vein
;•. angufaris oCll!i - angularis oculi vein
,'. fm11ta!is - frontal vein
,'. faciei Jm1f1111da - deep facial vein
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
;•. 111axif!aris - maxillary vein
;•. a11riCllfaris cauda!is - caudal auricular vein
1•. offijiitalis - occipital vein
;•. 111asse/erirn ,•entra!is - ventral masseteric vein
;•. te111jioralis mjmficialis - superficial temporal
vein
1 7. ;•. oj1htha/111ica ex/ema - external ophthalmic
vein
18. 1•. facri111a/is - lacrimal vein
19. 1·. ah•eofaris 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular alve­
olar vein
'.20. ;•. limm•ena Jaciei - transverse facial vein
21. 1•. /e111J)l)ra/is J1mf1111da - deep temporal vein
22. /nt11Clls co1111111111is 1·. sjihe11ojialati11ae el 1'. i11fraorbi­
ta/is - common trunk of sphenopalatine and
infraorbital veins
23. 1·. infraorbitalis - infraorbital vein
24. 1•. 111e11/a/is - mental vein
25. v. emissaria foraminis jugularis - emissary vein
of the jugular foramen
26. 1•. auriCll!aris mstra/is - rostral auricular vein
71
Sheep. Dissection of the neck. Superficial layer; cutaneous muscles and fascia removed
Figure 63
parotidoauricular
I. 111. ;,amlia,,,iuric,:iaris
n,u,cle
'.2 .•�l,111duia parut,", - parotid gland
3. glw1d11/a 1,wndib11laris - mandibular gland
4. /1/. 111a,,l'in - masseter muscle
5. /11. 11,01;dib1ilaris - mandibular lymph node
6. 111. 011whyoidew, i'. linguofacialis ·- omohyoid
wuscle, linguofacial vein
111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
8. 111. slemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
9. trachea - trachea
I0. !11. retrophmyngeus /ateralis - lateral retropha­
ryngeal lymph node
11. m111i wta11ei ni. cen•icalis JI - cutaneous
branches of second cervical nerve
12. 1·. occipitalis, ra11111s dorsalis 11i. accessorii - occipi­
tal vein, dorsal branch of accessory nerve
72
13. m111i rnlanei 1,i. cer1•icalis Ill - cutaneous
br.rnches of third cervical nerve
14., I .:i., 16. 111. bmchiocej1halirns - brachioce ::phalic
muscle
14. 111. cleidooccij1italis - cleido-occipital 111 uscle
15. 111. cleidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
16. 111. cleido111astoide11s - cleidomastoid 111u,clt.
I 7. 111. stemrmwsloideus - sternomastoid muscle
18. pars cen·icalis mi. lraj1�zii - cervical p.,rr of (ra­
pezius muscle
19. pars thoracica 111i. lraj1ezii - thoracic pan of tra­
pe:zius muscle
20. m111i rnta11ei 11i. cen•icalis IV - cutaneous
branches of fourth cervical nerve
:..'I. m111i c11/l/llt'i ni. cen•icalis V (1111. sujno, lm·in,u,rn)
- cutaneous branches of fifth cervical nerve
(supraclavicular nerves)
·22. 111. 01110/ra11s1•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
23. J)(JrS scapularis 111i. deltoidei - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
24. pars acro111ialis 111i. deltoidei - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
25. i'. j11g11laris, 11. tmmi•ers11111 co/Ii - jugular vein,
transverse nerve of neck
26. ,'. ceJJl,alica, 11. rnlaneus antebrachii cranialis (ni.
axil/aris) - cephalic vein, cranial cutaneous
nerve of forearm (of axillary nerve)
27. rnj111/ /011g11111 111i. trici/1itis brae/iii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
28. caj111f laterale 111i. tricipitis brae/iii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
29. 1w1ws wpe1ficialis ni. radialis - superficial
branch of radial nerve
30. 111. bmchialis - brachia! muscle
Sheep (young animal). Dissection of neck. Deep layer, right view.
Figure 64
I. 111. rh11111boideus cen•icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
semispinalis capitis
2. 111. se111isjJi11alis capitis
muscle
3. 111. l1111gissi111us cajJitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
4. 111. atla11/ooccijJitalis - atlanto-occipital muscle
5. m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars atlantis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
6. 111. l1111gissi111us at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
7. 111. longw cajJitis - longus capitis muscle
8. 111. sternothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
9. 111. slemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
I 0. 111. slernomastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
11. glandula jxmitis, 111. parotidoauricularis - parotid
gland, parotidoauricular muscle
12. Ill. occijJi/ohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
13. a. carotis c111111111111is, i'. 111axillaris - common ca­
rotid artery, maxillary vein
14. 111. 111asseter, glandula 111a11dib11laris - masseter
muscle, mandibular gland
15. 1•. linguofacialis, /11. 111m1dibularis
linguofacial
vein, mandibular lymph node
16. 11. accessorius, 111. rmwhyoideus - accessory nerve,
omohyoid muscle
I 7. tru11cus 1'(/gosy111pathicus - vagosympathetic
trunk
18. 111. splenius - splenius muscle
19. 111. serralus 1•e11tralis cen•icis
cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
20. 111. serratus 1•e11tralis thoracis
thoracic serratus
ventralis muscle
21. 111. scalenus 111edius - scalenus medius muscle
22. 1•. jugularis, thymus - jugular vein, thymus
23. a. el 1•. axillaris - axillary artery and vein
24. 111. rec/us thoracis, /1111. cen•icales jJrojundi caudall's
- straight thoracic muscle, caudal deep cer­
vical lymph nodes
25. 111111. intercostales i11temi - internal intercostal
muscles
26. cartilagines cos/ales - costal cartilages
27. 11. cen•icalis II - second cervical nerve
28. 11. cen•icalis Ill - third cervical nerve
29. 11. cen•icalis JV - fourth cervical nerve
30. 11. cen•icalis V - fifth cervical nerve
31. 11. cen•icalis VJ - sixth cervical nerve
32. 11. cen•icalis VII - seventh cervical nerve
33. 11. cen•icalis VIII - eighth cervical nerve
34. n. thoracicus longus - long thoracic nerve
35. plexus brachia/is - brachia! plexus
73
Sheep. Cross section through the neck at the level
of the second cervical vertebra. View of caudal
swface of section.
Sheep. Cross section through the neck at the level
of the fourth cervical vertebra. View of caudal
swface of section.
Figure 65
Figure 66
I. f1111irnlus 1111c/l({e - nuchal funiculus
2. 111. sn11isfii11alis wj1itis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
3. 111. sfile11i11s - splenius muscle
4. 111. cleido11ccij1ita/is - cleido-occipital muscle
5. 111. deid11111ast11ide11s - cleidomastoid muscle
6. 111. l011gissi11111s at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
7. 111. rfflus wjiitis drmalis major - major dorsal
straight muscle of head
8. 111. 11bliq1111s wj1itis wuda/is - caudal oblique
muscle of head
9. 111. l011gissi11111s cajiitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
10. n1. inlertrans1•ersari11s - intertransverse muscle
I I. 111. longus co/Ii - longus colli muscle
12. m. interlransversarius ventralis (pars atlantis) ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
74
13.
14.
15.
I 6.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
111. longus wjiitis - longus capitis muscle
111. slem11111ast11ide11s - sternomastoid muscle
,'. jugularis - jugular vein
11. lmyngeus 1'/'C11rrens - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
111. stemol()'oideus - sternohyoid muscle
111. slemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
trachea - trachea
es11J1fl({g11s - esophagus
a. cam/is c111mn11nis, lrunrns mgos)'lnjiathirns common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
axis - axis
111. 1111111/rans;•ersarius - omotransverse muscle
ra11111s dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
111. 1111111hy11ide11s - omohyoid muscle
11. trans1•ersus colli - transverse nerve of neck
Figure 66
I. funicu/11s nuchae - nuchal funiculus
2. /a111i11a 1111c/l({e - nuchal plate
3. fiars cen•icalis 111i. lm/11,::ii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
4. 111. r/11n11boide11s cen·icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
5. 111. se111is/1i11alis wjiilis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
6. 111. sj1le11i11s - splenius muscle
7. 111. 11111/tifidus ce1"1'icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
8. 111. /11ngissin111s wjiitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
9. 111. serra/us 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
10. 111. /1111gissi11111s at/a11/is - longissimus atlantis
muscle
Sheep. Cross section through the neck at the level of the sixth cervical
vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 67
Figure 66
I I. n1. bmchiocejJhrifirns (111. c/r,idooccijJitalis et 111. deido­
nwstoidms) - brachiocephalic muscle (cleido­
occipital and cleidomastoid muscles)
12. 111. 0111otrans,·r'1:wriw - omotransverse muscle
13. n1111. i11tntrans,·e1:mrii - intertransverse
muscles
14. m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars at/antis)
ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
15. 111. long11s rnjJitis - longus capitis muscle
16. 111. longus co/Ii - longus colli muscle
17. 111. on/f!hyoid('//s - omohyoid muscle
18. n1. sternoc11J!wlicw (111. s/l'rnm11astoide11s) - sternocephalic muscle (sternomastoid muscle)
19. 1·.rnplwg11s - esophagus
20. th)·1n11s - thymus
21. 111. stanohr11id1·11s el stnw,thymirll'IIS - sterno­
hyoid and sternothyroid muscles
22. ,•erll'bm ffn•irn/is 11' - fourth cervical vertebra
23. jJmC1'SSI/S artirnlaris rnudalis ,•ntebme cen·irnlis III
- caudal articular process of third cervical
vertebra
24. ,•. j11g11laris - jugular vein
25. a. rnmtis co1111n11nis, tn111rns ,•agos\'1J1j){/thirns common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
26. trachea - trachea
27. 1nNl11lla sjJinalis - spinal medulla
28. a., ,·. et 11. ,•e1kbmlis - vertebral artery, vein
and nerve
29. 11. lmy11g1·11.1· /'l'C/IITl'IIS - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
I. f1111irnlw 1111chae - nuchal funiculus
2. lm11i11a n11cll(/e - nuchal plate
3. 111. rho111boide11s cen·icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
4. j)(Jrs cen•irnlis 111i. lmjJl'::ii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
5. 1n. se111isjJi11alis rnjJilis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
6. 111. spi11alis et snnisjJinalis tlwmcis et cen•icis - m.
spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
7. 111. serm/11s 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
8. 111. 11111/tifidus cer,•icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
9. 1n. l011gissi11111s rnjJitis l'f at/antis - longissimus
capitis and atlantis muscle
10. 111. longissi11111s cen•icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
11. 1n. spleni11s - splenius muscle
12. 111111. i11ter/ra11s1•ersarii - intertransverse
muscles
13. 111. 0111otra11s,•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
14. pars dona/is 111i. srnleni 111edii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
15. j}(/rs ,•mtralis 111i. srnlmi 111edii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
16. 111. l011g11s co/Ii - longus colli muscle
17. 111. bmchiocejJhalirns - brachiocephalic muscle
18. 111. s11bdm•i11s - subclavian muscle
19. 111. sternocephaliws (111. stemo111astoide11s) - sterno­
cephalic muscle (sternomastoid muscle)
20. 111. sternohyoide11s et n1. sternothyroide11s - sterno­
hyoid and sternothyroid muscles
21. processus spi11osus ,•ertebrae cen•icalis VI - spinous
process of sixth cervical vertebra
22. liga111e11t11111 flm•111n - ligamentum flavum
23. jJmcessus artirnlaris cranialis - cranial articular
process
24. 111ed11lla sjJinalis - spinal medulla
25. jJ/ex11s ,•ertebralis in/emus - internal vertebral
plexus
26. cmjms 1•ertebrae cen•irnlis VI - body of sixth cer­
vical vertebra
27. la111i11a 1•e11tmlis jm1cesws trr111s1•ffsi ,•ertebrae cen·i­
rnlis VI - ventral plate of transverse process
of sixth cervical vertebra
28. a., ,'. et 11. ,•ertebralis - vertebral artery, vein
and nerve
29. trachea - trachea
30. esojJhagus - esophagus
31. a. rnrotis co1111111111is, tr1111rns 1•agmy111j}(/fhic11s common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
32. thy11111s - thymus
33. ,'. j11g11/aris, 11. la1y11ge11s rernrrem - jugular vein,
recurrent laryngeal nerve
34. /11. cen•icalis s11/mficialis (/11. jJreswjmlaris) superficial cervical lymph node (prescapular
lymph node)
75
Goat. Male goat. Skull, left view.
Figure 68
19
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
76
os nasale - nasal bone
os lacri111ale - lacrimal bone
os i11cisi1•11111 - incisive bone
os zygo111atirn111 - zygomatic bone
maxilla - maxilla
tuberfaciale - facial tuber
fora111e11 infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
os frontale - frontal bone
amalis supraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
b11/la lacri111alis - lacrimal bulla
os parietale -·parietal bone
12. linea te111j1oralis - temporal line
13.- pars squamosa ossis temjmralis - squamous part
of temporal bone
14. cristc/temporalis - temporal crest
15. squama occij1italis - occipital squama
16. processus mastoideus ossis temjioralis - mastoid
process of temporal bone
17. J1orus arnstirns externus - external acoustic
opening
18. bu/la tymjianica - tympanic bulla
19. condylus occijiitalis - occipital condyle
20. processus J1araco11dylaris - paracondyloid process
21. arws zygomalicus - zygomatic arch
22. dentes jJTemolares - premolar teeth
23. denies 1110/ares - molar teeth
24. processus coronoideus 111a11dib11/ae - coronoid process of mandible
25. c01Jms 111a11dib11/ae - body of mandible
26. dentes i11cisi1•i - incisors
27. fora111e11 111e11tale - mental foramen
28. com11 - horn
Goat (without horn). Skull lateral view.
Figure 69
18
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
os nasale - nasal bone
os lacri111ale - lacrimal bone
os zygo111atiru111 - zygomatic bone
maxilla - maxilla
os incish•wn - incisive bone
fora111en infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
t11berfaciale - facial tuber
os frontale - frontal bone
canalis s11jlraorbitalis - supraorbital canal
os j)(lrietale - parietal bone
li11ea temjloralis - temporal line
fossa te111/1oralis - temporal fossa
/Jrol11berantia occijlitalis extema - external occi­
pital protuberance
14. /Jars sq11a111osa ,mis te111jJOralis - squamous pan
of temporal bone
15. processus ,nastoideus ossis te111J1oralis - mastoid
process of temporal bone
16. sq11m11a occijlitalis - occipital squama
17. os interparietale - interparietal bone
18. condyl11s occi/Jitalis - occipital condyle
19. Jnvcess11s paracondylaris - paracondyloid process
20. bu/la t_y111jla11ica - tympanic bulla
21. erista te111poralis - tern poral crest
22. porus acustirns ex/emus - external acoustic
opening
23. jlrocessus styloideus - styloid process
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
denies premolares - premolar teeth
denies 1110/ares - molar teeth
foramen ethmoidale - ethmoid foramen
canalis 0/1/irns - optic canal
b11/la lacri111alis - lacrimal bulla
denies i11cish•i - incisors
111a11dib11/a - mandible
processus coro11oide11s 111a11dib11lae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
jJrocessus co11dylaris 111(111dib11lae - condyloid process of mandible
i11cisura 111a11dib11/ae - incisure of mandible
fora111en 111e11tale - mental foramen
angulus 111a11dib11/ae - angle of mandible
fissura 11asolacri111alis - nasolacrimal fissure
77
Goat. Skull ventral view.
Figure 70
ao
5
1
4
1
. .
,j
·-11 ! 61 �}
1?:iL
/
18-'9
1
13.
14.
15.
16.
2
21
22
I. for(l}llfll 111agnu111 -- foramen magnum
2. co11c6·lus occijiita/is - occipital condyle
3. Jmicessus pamw11c6·laris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
4. /Hm basilaris ossis occijiitalis - basilar part of
occipital bone
5. tuberculu111 111usC11lare - muscular tubercle
6. bu/la ty111j)(f11ica - tympanic bulla
78
7. jiums urn.,tirnH·r/1-mw - external acoustic open­
ing
8. tuberC11lu111 artiC11lare - articular tubercle
9. arClls :ygo111afiC11s - zygomatic arch
I 0. cu1p11s uuis lu1sisjJ/u·11uidalis - body of basisphl'
noid bone
I I. for(l}11e11 omle - oval foramen
12. m11alis m/imorbitalis - supraorbital canal
ha111ulus /1/e,ygoidl'us - pterygoid hamulus
cho(l}w - choana
os palatiuu111 - palatine bone
forcmw11 palatiuu111 111ajus - greater palatine fo­
ramen
1 7. su/11m j)(f/ati11a tm11s;•ersa - transverse palatine
suture
18. sutum palati11a 11wdia11a - median palatine su­
ture
19. JimCl'ssus j)(f/ati11us 111axilla1· - palatine process
of maxilla
20. Jimcnsus palati11us ossis i11cisii•i - palatine pro­
cess of incisive bone
21. J1mC/'sS11s 11asalis ,,ssis i11cisii·i - nasal process of
incisive bone
22. w,jms ossis i11cisii·i - body of incisive bone
23. fismm j)(f/ati11a - palatine fissure
24. ca11alis col/([)'laris - condylar canal
25. ca,wlis 11i. hyj}()g/ossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
'..!6. fomme11 j11gulare - jugular foramen
'.'.7. bu/la lacri11wlis - lacrimal bulla
'..!B. form11e11 sjihe11ojialati1111111 - sphenopalatine fo­
ramen
.!'). pmcess11s 11111sC11laris - muscular process
:\0. os :yg?1111atiC11111 - zygomatic bone
Goat. Skeletal topography of arteries of head. Left view (from a corrosion specimen).
Figure 71
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a. rnmtis co1111111111is - common carotid artery
a. ocripitalis - occipital artery
a. 111ri1i11gea rnudalis - caudal meningeal artery
a. w11r6·laris - condylar artery
a. li11gualis - lingual artery
a. a11rirnlaris rn11dalis - caudal auricular artery
a. tram,•f!JO farifi - transverse facial artery
r(//11i 11111srnlares (111asseterici) - muscular
branches (masseteric)
9. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
a. labia/is inferior - artery of lower lip
a. 1110/aris - malar artery
a. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital artery
a. 111e11talis - mental artery
a. tr:111/)()ra/is Sllj)('lficirdis - superficial temporal
artery
15. a. j}(f/jiebralis s11/Jeri,,r lateralis - artery of lateral
upper eyelid
15'. a. palpebralis i11(frior lateralis - artery of lateral
lower eyelid
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
I 7.
18.
19.
a. dorsalis 11asi - dorsal nasal artery
a. 111asseterirn - masseteric artery
a. bucrnlis - buccal artery
ra111i gla11d11/ares a. li11g11alis - glandular
bran_ches of lingual artery
20. a. w/Jra,,rbitalis - supraorbital artery
21. a. eth111oidalis - ethmoidal artery
22. a. ophtha/111irn extema - external ophthalmic
artery
79
Goat. Dissection of the head Superficia layer after removal of cutaneous fascia and muscles. Left view.
Figure 72
I. 111. lemtor nasolabialis - levator nasolabialis
muscle
2. 111. cutaneus nasi - cutaneous nasal muscle
3. m. levator labii superioris, m. caninus et m. depressor
labii superioris - levator muscle of upper lip,
caninus muscle and depressor muscle of up­
per lip.
4. 111. malaris - malar muscle
depressor
5. 111. depressor Jialjiebrae inferioris
muscle of lower eyelid
6. 111. zygmnaticus - zygomatic muscle
7. Jxm buccalis mi. buccinatoris - buccal .part of
buccinator muscle
8. 111. cutaneus labioru111 - cutaneous muscle of
lips
9. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
I 0. Jiars sujierficialis mi. masseteris - superficial part
of masseter muscle
11. pars profunda 111i. 11wsseteris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
80
12 111. frontalis - frontal muscle
13 r 111. parotidoauricularis
parotidoauricular
muscle
14 111. cleidooccijiitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
15 111. cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
16 111. stenumwndibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
I 7 111. zygomaticoaurirnlaris - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
18 111. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
19 {11. mandibufaris, 111. sternohyoideus - mandibular
lymph node, sternohyoid muscle
1•. angularis ornli - angularis oculi vein
21 1•. dorsalis nasi - dorsal nasal vein
:n 1•. fateralis nasi - lateral nasal vein
23 v. labia/is superior - vein of upper lip
24 a. et v. labia/is inferior - artery and vein of
lower lip
25 1•. Jacialis, due/us jiamtideus - facial vein, paro­
tid duct
26 a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip.
27. 1·. trann•ersa Jaciei, rm1111s tra11s1•erws faciei aurirn/,,.
te111Jioralis - transverse facial vein, transyerse
facial branch of auriculotemporal nerve
28. 1w1111s buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis, a. trann•ersa Jaciei
- dorsal buccal branch of facial nerve, trans­
verse facial artery
29. 1w11us buccafis ,'entralis ni. facialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
30. glandula parotis - parotid glan·d
31. 1•. auricularis caudalis, 11. aurirnlaris 111ag1111s caudal auricular vein, great auricular nerve
32. 11. cen•icalis II, 1•. maxillaris - second cervical
nerve, maxillary vein
33. ramus dorsolis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
34. 11. cer!'icalis III, ,,_ occijiitalis - third cervical
nerve, occipital vein
35. glandula 11w11dib11laris, l'. li11g11ofacialis - mandi­
bular gland, linguofacial vein
36. l'. jugularis - jugular vein
37. 111a11dib11/a - mandible
Goat. Dissection of the head Deep !aye� left view.
Figure 73
I. pars s11j>e1ficialis mi. masseteris - superficial part
of masseter muscle
2. J>ars J1mf1111da mi. 111asseteris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
molar part of
3. Jiars 1110/aris 111i. b11cci11atoris
buccinator muscle
4. /H/rs buccalis mi. b11cci11atoris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
5. 111. depressor labii 111a11dib11/aris - depresso1·
muscle of lower lip
6. a. dorsalis 11asi - dorsal nasal artery
7. a. 111alaris - rr:ialar artery
8. 1•. dorsalis ,wsi - dorsal nasal vein
9. a. et 11. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
10. a. et 1•. labia/is maxillaris - artery and vein of
upper lip
1 I. a. et 11. buccalis, 1•. faciei j>mf1i11da - buccal artery
and nerve, deep facial vein
• I 2. a. et 1•. labia/is 111a11dib11/aris - artery and vein of
lower lip
13. 1•. facialis, 111. 111ylohyoide11s - facial vein, mylo­
hyoid muscle
14. gla11d11/ae buccales dors(i/es- - dorsal buccal
glands
I 5. gla11d11/ae bucca/es 1•e11trale� - ventral buccal
glands
16. 111. te111j1oralis - temporal muscle
17. a. et 1•. te111poralis suj>e1ficialis, ra11111s tram1•e1,11s fa­
ciei 11i. a11riculote111J1oralis - superficial temporal
artery and vein, transverse facial branch of
auriculotemporal nerve
18. a. et 1•. tram1•e1,a faciei, rmnus buccalis dorsalis ni.
facialis - transverse facial artery and vein,
dorsal buccal branch of facial nerve
19. 111eatus acusticus externus, 11. facialis - external
acoustic meatus, facial nerve
20. 111. occijiitohyoideus, ra11111s buccalis 1•e11tralis 11i. faci­
alis - occipitohyoid muscle, ventral buccal
branch of facial nerve
21. stylohyoide11111, 1•. 111axillaris - stylohyoideum,
maxillary vein
22. a. li11g11alis, 111. stylohyoideus - lingual artery, sty­
lohyoid muscle
23. 111. digastricus, 11. hyjioglossus - digastric muscle,
hypoglossal nerve
24. 11. accessorius, 111. rec/us caj1itis 1•eutralis - accesso­
ry nerve, ventral straight muscle of head
25. a. carotis co1111111111is, tm11cus mgosy111j>athicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
26. 111. cleidooccij1ita/is - cleido-occipital muscle
27. 111. ob/iqi1us capitis crd11ialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
28. 111. rec/us caj1itis dorsalis - dorsal straight muscle
of head
29. f1111irn/11s nuchae, 111. obliquus caj1itis caudalis - nu­
chal funiculus, caudal oblique muscle of head
30. 111. /011gissi11111s capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
31. 111. atlantooccipiti:dis - atlanto-occipital muscle_
32. 111. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
33. 111. cricoarytenoideus d1malis - dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
34. 111. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
35. esophagus - esophagus
36. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
37. trachea - trachea
38. 111. stemothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
39. 111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
40. 111a11dib11/a - mandible
81
Goat. Cross section through the head at the level of the third molar tooth. View ofrostral surface.
Figure 7 4
1. os nasale - nasal bone
2. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
3. a. dorsalis nasi, 1•. angularis owli - dorsal nasal
artery, angularis oculi vein
4. due/us 11asolaeri111alis - nasolacrimal duct
.1. 111. 111alc�ris et 111. depressorjJalj1ebme i11ferioris - ma­
lar muscle and depressor muscle of lower
evelid
6. 111. zygomaticus - zygomatic muscle
7. 111. masseler - masseter muscle
8. a. transversa faeiei, m11111s buecalis dorsalis ni. facialis
- transverse facial artery, dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
9. jJa1J 11wlaris n;i: b11cci11atoris - molar part of
buccinator muscle
I 0. <'- faciei prof1111da, 11. buecalis - deep facial vein,
buccal nerve
82
11. 111. cu/anel/S faeiei, ra11111s buecalis 1•e11tralis 11i. faci­
alis - cutaneous facial muscle, ventral buccal
branch of facial nerve
12. due/us parotide!IS, 1•. facialis - parotid duct, fa­
cial vein
13. a. et 11. infraorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
14. tunica 111ucosa palati duri, a. palati11a 111ajor - tu­
nica mucosa of hard palate, greater palatine
artery
15. sep/11111 11asi - nasal septum
16. coneha 1wsalis media - middle nasal concha
17. eonclw nasalis ventralis - ventral nasal concha
18. sinus 111axillaris - maxillary sinus
19. aper/um 111axillopalati11a si1111s 111axillaris - maxil­
lopalatine opening of maxillary sinus
20. 111axilla - maxilla
lower third molar
21. dem molaris Ill inferior
tooth
upper third molar
22. dem molaris III superior
tooth
23. 1•estibul11111 buecale - buccal vestibule
24. eO/j)l(S li11g11ae - body of tongue
25. 111. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
26. 111. hyoglossus - hyoglossal muscle
27. 1•e11/er rostralis 111i. digastrici, due/us 111a11dibularis rostral belly of digastric muscle, mandibular
duct
28. os lryoide11111 (epil ryoide11111 el stylohyoide11111), a. /i,1gualis - hyoid bone (epihyoideum and stylo­
hyoideum), lingual artery
29. 111. geniohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
30. 1·. s11bli11gualis, ,111. 111ylohyoideus - sublingual
vein, mylohyoid muscle
31. 11. lingualis, 1•. s11b111e11talis - lingual nerv� sub­
mental vein
32. a. et 11. ah•eolaris 111a11(libularis - mandibular alveolar artery and nerve
Goat. Cross section through the hea� through caudal end of 9rbits. View of rosf.r.al .surface.
Figure 75
I.
2.
3.
4.
i'. frontalis - frontal vein
sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
os frontale - frontal bone
polus rostralis hemispherii cerebri - rostral pole of
cerebral hemisphere
5. tract11s olfactorius rhi11encej1hali - olfactory tract
of rhinencephalon
6. 111. obliquus bu/bi dorsalis - dorsal oblique
muscle of bulb
7. 111. rectus bu/bi dorsalis - dorsal straight muscle
of bulb
8. 111. retractor bu/bi - retractor muscle of bulb
9. 111. rec/us bu/bi i'entralis - ventral straight
muscle of bulb
I 0. J1eriorbita - periorbita
11. a. 111axillaris, 11. 111axillaris - maxillary artery,
maxillary nerve
I 2. "-' Jm·.1phl'l1oidall' - presphenoid bone
I 3. bulbus-ornli - bulb of eye
14. 11. 0/1/irns - optic nerve
15. 111. temj)l}ra/is - temporal muscle
16. 111. /1/erygoide11s lateralis
lateral pterygoid
muscle
1 7. 111. pterygDideus media/is
medial pterygoid
muscle
18. 111. 111asseler - masseter muscle
19. cm•u111 j1hmyngis - pharyngeal cavity
20. tuba auditii•a, 111. tensor 1•eli palatini - auditory
tube, tensor muscle of soft palate
21. 111. lemtor l'eli /1alati11i - levator muscle of soft
palate
22. 11. buccalis, 1•. faciei Jmifunda - buccal nerve,
deep facial vein
23. 11. lingua/is - lingual nerve
24. a., 1•, et 11. ah•eolaris 111andibularis - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve
25. 1 °. flw1s1•e1w faciei - transveirse facial vein
26. ramus buccalis dorsalis ni, facialis, a. tra11st•ersa faciei
- dorsal buccal branch of facial nerve, transverse facial artery
27. arws zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
28. mandibula - mandible
38
29. stylohyoide11111, 111. thyrophary11geus - stylohyoid,
thyropharyngeal muscle
30, 111. palatophary11geus et 111. /1te1ygo/1hary11geus - palatophary?geal
and
pterygopharyngeal
muscles
31. a. lingua/is, rc1111us lingua/is ni. glossoplwryngei lingual artery, lingual branch of glossopha­
ryngeal nerve
32. 111. digastricus et 111. stylohyoideus, d11ct11s mandibula­
ris - digastric and stylohyoid muscles, man­
dibular duct
33. 11. hypoglossus, 1°. ling11ofacialis - hypoglossal
nerve, linguofacial vein
34. ramus buccalis 1•e11tralis 11i. facialis, due/us parotideus
- ventral buccal branch of facial nerve, pa­
rotid duct
35. glandula parotis - parotid gland
40
36. glandula 111a11dibularis - mandibular gland
37. 111. stemo111a11dibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
38. 111. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
39. 111. omohyoidem - omohyoid muscle
40. 111. sternohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
41. cartilago thyroidea, 111. mcalis el 111. 1'e11tricularis
thyroid cartilage, vocal and ventricular
muscles
42. aditus laryngis - opening of larynx
43. palj1ebra sujierior - upper eyelid
44. palpebra inferior - lower eyelid
45. 111. cutaneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
46. c01pus adipos11111 infrajieriorbitale - intraperi­
orbital adipose body
47. c0Jp11s adipos11111 exlraj1eriorbitale - extraperior­
bital adipose body
83
Goat. Dissection of neck. Superficial layer, cutaneous muscles and fascia removed. Left view.
Figure 76
I., 2., 3. 111. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
muscle
·I. 111. cleidooccij>italis- - cleidoaoccipital muscle
2. 111. cleido111astoide11s - cleidomastoid muscle
3. 111. cleidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
4., 5. 111. sternocej>haliC11s - sternocephalic muscle·
4. 111•. stemm11a11dib11(aris (111. stemozygo111atiC11s) sternomandibular muscle (sternozygomatic
muscle)
5. 111. stemo111astoide11s - sternomastoid muscle
6. 111. pamtidoa11riC11laris - parotidoauricular
musclt;
7. gla11d11/a parotis -_ parotid gland
8. gla11d11la 111a11dib11/aris - mandibula.r gland
9. 111. nwsseter - masseter muscle
I0. pars cen•icalis 111i. lraj1ezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
11. jxm thoracirn 111i. lraj1ezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
84
12. aj)()11e11rosis 111i. traj>ezii - aponeurosis of trape­
zius muscle
13. sj>i11a scaj)l{/ae - spine of scapula
14. 111. 011wtrans1•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
15.. pars scapularis 111i. deltoidei - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
16. Jmrs acro111ialis 111i. deltoidei - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
17. caput lo11gw11 111i. tricipitis brae/iii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
18. ca/mt laterale 111i. tricij>ilis brae/iii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
19. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle .
20. n. aurirnlaris 111ag1111s, 1 °. aurirnlaris caudalis great auricular nerve, caudal auricular vein
2 I. 11. cen•icalis II, 1 °. 111axillaris - second cervical
nerve, maxillary vein
22. rm1111s dorsalis 11i. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
•
23. 11. cerz•icalis III, 1 °. occipitalis - third cervical
nerve, occipital vein
24. rm1111s buccalis drmalis 11i. facia/is, a. lra11n•rrsa faciei
- dorsal buccal branch of facial nerve, trans­
verse facial artery
25. ra11111s buccalis 1•r11tra/is 11i. facialis, d11c/11s paroti­
deus, In. 111a11dib11/aris - ventral buccal branch
of facial nerve, parotid duct, mandibular
lymph node
26. 1 °. li11g11ofacialis, 111. stemohyoideus, gla11d11/a thym­
idea - linguofacial vein, sternohyoid muscle,
thyroid gland
27. 11. cerz•icalis IV, 1 °. j11g11/riris - fourth cervical
nerve, jugular vein
28. n. cen•icalis V - fifth cervical nerve
29. ra111i 11i. cen•icalis VI - branch of sixth cervical
nerve
30. 11. rntwwus a11tebmchii crania/is (ra11111s ni. axillaris),
,·. ff/1halim - cranial cutaneous nerve of fore­
arm (branch of axillarv nerve), cephalic vein
Goat. Dissection of neck. Deep layer, left view.
Figure 77
1. f1111irn/11s nuc/we - nuchal funiculus
semispinalis capitis
2. II/. seJ11is/Ji11a/is ca/Ji/is
muscle
3. 111. /011gissiJ1111s caj1ilis - longissimus. capitis
muscle
4. II/. al/anloocci/Ji/a/is - atlanto-occipital muscle
5. JI/; /011gissiJ1111s at/an/is - longissimus atlantis
muscle·
6. m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars at/antis) ventral intertrans.verse muscle (atlantal part)
7. 111. J){/m/id1Ja11rim/aris - parotidoauricular
muscle
8. glr111d11/a j}(lro/is, rall/1/S b11cca/is dorscdis ni. facia/is
- parotid gland, dorsal buccal branch of fa­
cial nerve
9. a. lrann•ersa faciei, 1 °. 111axi//aris - transverse fa­
cial artery, maxillary vein
I 0. 1°e11/er cauda/is J11i. digaslrici, 1m1111s bucca/is 1•e11/m/is
11i. facia/is - caudal belly of digastric muscle,
ventral buccal branch of facial nerve
11. II/. 11/asseler - masseter muscle
12. /11. 111a11dib11/aris, 1 °. /i11g11ofacia/is, gla11d11/a J11a11di
bu/aris - mandibular lymph node, linguofa­
cial vein, mandibular gland
13. 1n. cricoaryte11oide11s dorsa/is, a. carolis COJ//11/llllis,
lrn11cw 1•agosy111pathicus - dorsal cricoarytenoid
muscle, common carotid anery, vagosympa­
thetic trunk
14. /1rocess11S lra11n•ers11s at/a11/is, mJ1111s dorsa/is 11i. acces­
sorii - transverse process of atlas, dorsal
branch of accessory nerve
15. glandu/a thyroidea - thyroid gland
16. i11. slenwthyroideus, trachea -' sternothyroid
muscle, trachea
17. 111. rho111boide11s cen•icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
18. 111. splenius - splenius muscle
19. ,n. serralus 1•e11/ra/is cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
thoracic serratus
20. 111. serralus 1•e11tralis thoracis
ventralis muscle
21. '/Jars dorsalis 111i. sca/eni J11edii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
22. II/. sca/e11w dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle
23. /Jars 1•l!11tralis 111i. scale11i 111edii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
24. esojJhagus - esophagus ··
25. · origo 111i. slemocephalici (111. slemoJ11a11dib11/aris el II/.
slenw111asloide11s) - origin of sternocephalic
· muscle (sternomandibular and sternomastoid muscles)
26. 111. reclw lhoracis - strnight thoracis muscle
27. 11. cen•icalis Ill - third cervical nerve
28. n. cen•ica/is IV - fourth cervical nerve
29. 11. cen•ica/is V - fifth cervical nerve
30. 11. cen•icalis VJ - sixth cervical nerve
31. 11. cen•icalis VII - seventh cervical nerve
32. 11. cen•ica/is VIII, 1•. jugularis - eighth cervical
nerve, jugular vein
:J3. a. el 1•. axi//aris - axillary artery and vein
34. n. thoracicus longus - long thoracic nerve
85
Goat. Cross section through the neck at the level of the fourth cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 78
I. f1.111iculus 1111chae - nuchal funiculus
2. lamina 1111chae - nuchal plate
3. pars cen•icalis 111i. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
4. 111. rlw111boide1.1s cen•icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
5. 111. se111ispi11alis caj1itis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
6. 111. sple11i11s - splenius muscle
7. 111. brachiocej1halicus - brachiocephalic muscle
8. 111. 11111/tifidus cerl'icis - multifidus cervicis ·
muscle
9. 111. sternomastoideus, 11. laryngeus recurrens - ster­
nomastoid muscle, recurrent laryngeal nerve
I 0. 111. lo11gissi11111s capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
86
11. 111. lo11gissi11111s at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
12. 111. omotra11s1•ersarius - omotransverse muscle
13. 111. serra/11s 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
intertransverse
14. mm. intertransversarii
muscles
15. m intertransversarius ventralis (pars at/antis) -
· ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
16. 111. longus rolli - longus colli muscle
17. 111. longus caj1itis - longus capitis muscle
18. 111. 011whyoideus - omohyoid muscle
19. arcus l'ertebrae cen•icalis./V - arch of fourth cer­
vical vertebra
20. cmpus l'ertebrae cen•icalis JV - body· of fourth
cervical vertebra
21. processus articularis cranialis ,•ertebrae cen•icalis V -
'.22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
cranial articular process of fifth cervical ver­
tebra
11. cerl'icalis V - fifth cervical nerve
medulla sjiinalis - spinal medulla
a., 1•. el 11. z•ertebralis - vertebral artery; vein
and nerve
plexus z•ertebralis in/emus - internal vertebral
plexus
esophagus - esophagus
a. carotis co1111111111is - common carotid artery
z•. jugularis - jugular vein
trunws 1•agosympathirns - vagosympathetic
trunk
111. sterno111a11dibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
trachea - trachea
111. sternothyroideus - sternothyroid muscle
111. sternohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
Goat. Cross section through the neck at the level of the seventh cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 79
13
18
I. f1111iculus 1111chae - nuchal funiculus
2. la111i11a 1111chae - nuchal plate
3. 111. dw111boideus cen•icis - cervical. rhomboid
muscle
4. pars cerl'icalis mi. lrajJezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
5. 111. serratus 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
6. 111. se111ispi11alis caj1itis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
7. 111. sjJinalis et se111isj1i11alis thoracis et cen•icis - m.
spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
8. 111. m11ltifid11s cen•icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
9. 111. l011gissi11111s cerl'icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
I 0. 111. l011gissi111us capitis et 111. l011gissi11111s at/antis
longissimus capitis and atlantis muscles
11. 111. l011gissi11111s thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
12. 111111. i11tertm11s,·ersrll'ii - intertransverse muscles
13. 111. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic muscle
14. pars dorsalis mi. scaleni medii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
15. 111. scale1111s dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle
16. pars 1•e11tra/is mi. scaleni medii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
17. 111. stemo111a11dib11laris - sternomandibular
muscle
18. 111. stemo111astoide11s - sternomastoid muscle
19. 111. !011g11s colli - longus colli muscle
20. 111. stemohyoideus et 111. stemothyroideus - stern<Y­
hyoid and sternothyroid muscles
21. medulla sjJinalis - spinal medulla
22. plexl/S vertebra/is in/emus -- internal vertebral
plexus
23. 1•ertebra cervicalis VII - seventh cervical verte­
bra
24. a., v. et 11. vertebra/is - vertebral artery, vein
and nerve
25. a. carotis co111111u11is, trunws vagosy111pathic11s common carotid ,J;rtery, vagosympathetic
trunk
26. esophagus - esophagus
27. 1•. jugularis - jugular vein
28. 11. cervicalis VII - seventh cervical nerve
29. trachea - trachea
30. 111. 01110/ra11Sversari11s - omotransverse muscle
31. 11. laryngeus recurre/lS - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
87
Swine. Skull of swine (adult boar), left view.
Figure 80
I. os incisiz,11111 - incisive bone
2. os nasale - nasal bone
3. os lacrimale - lacrimal bone
4. foramina lacrimalia - lacrimal foramen
5. maxilla - maxilla
6. foram�n infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
7. os zygomatiwm (J1rocess11s temporalis) - zygomatic bone (temporal process)
8. processus frontalis• ossis zygo111atici - frontal process of zygomatic bone
9. processus zygo111atims ossis le111Jmralis .:... zygomatic
process of temporal bone
10. os frontale - frontal bone
I I. processus zygo111aticus ossis frontalis
zygomatic
process of frontal bone
88
12. linea te111J1oralis - temporal line
13. crista 1111chae - nuchal crest
14. tuber faciale - facial tuber
15. J1orus acuslirns externus - external acoustic
opening
16. condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
1 7. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
18. co,pus 111a11dib11/ae - body of mandible
19. procesws coronoideus 111a11dib1rlae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
20. processus crmdylaris 111a11dib11lae - condylar pro­
cess of mandible
21. 1w11us 111andib11lae - branch of mandible
22. fora111i11a 111e11talia lateralia - lateral mental
foramen
23. incisura msorum faciali11111 - groove for facial,
vessels
24. dentes incisivi superiores - upper incisors
25. dens caninus superior - upper canine tooth
26. dentes incisivi inferiores - lower incisors
27. dens caninus inferior - lower canine tooth·
28. dentes premolares superiores - upper premolar
teeth
29. dentes mo/ares superiores - upper molar teeth
30. dentes premolares inferiores - lower premolar
teeth
31. dentes mo/ares inferiores - lower molar teeth
Swine. Sagittal section through skull (without mandible).
Figure 81
I. os nasa/e - nasal bone
2. concha 11asalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
3. os co11chae 1wsa/is ,,entra/is - yentral nasal conchal bone
4. 1'0111er - vomer
5. os jJalati1111111 - palatine bone
6. jJrocessus j}(l/ati11us maxillae - palatine process
of maxilla
7. 111eatus 11asi dorsa/is - dorsal nasal meatus
8. 111eatus 11asi 111edius - middle nasal meatus
9. 111eatus nasi ,'e11tralis - ve.ntral nasal meatus
I 0. concha nasa/is media - middle nasal concha
11. eth1110/11rbinalia - ethmoturbinate
12. chorma - choana
13 .. sinus fronta/is - frontal sinus
14. ca,,wn cra11ii - cranial cavity
15. lamina cribrosa - lamina cribrosa
16. cana/is o/Jtiws - optic canal
I 7. formnen orbitorolu11du111 - foramen orbitoro­
tundum
18. porus awsticus in/emus et cana/is facia/is - inter­
nal acoustic opening and facial canal
19. formnen jugulare - juguiar foramen
'.ZO. ji1m1111·11 lacN11111 (rostra/e} - foramen lacerum
(rostrall
_,, " •..
21. cana/is ni. h}1}1)g/ossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
22. foramen 11wg11w11 - foramen magnum
23 .. te11/oriw11 cerebel/i osseu111 - bony tentorium
cerebelli
24. bu/la ly111/Ja11ica - tympanic bulla
25. /Jrocessus /Jaracondylaris - paracondylar process
26. denies incish•i - incisors
27. dens ca11i11us - canine tooth
28. d1'11les jJremo/ares - premolar teeth
29. denies mo/ares - molar teeth
B9
Swine. Skull, view of dorsal surface.
Figure 82
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
I 7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
90
c1mdylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
eris/a 1111chae - nuchal crest
fossa te111JJ1Jralis - temporal fossa
li11ea te111poralis - temporal line
j1orus awstiws ex/emus - external acoustic
opening
zygomatic
Jm1cessus zygomatirns ossis fro11talis
process of frontal bone
os parietale - parietal bone
arws zygo111aticus - zygomatic arch
111argo i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital margin
fora111e11 s11J1raorbitale - supraorbital foramen
processus lacrimalis amdalis - ·caudal lacrimal
process
forami11a lacri111alia - lacrimal foramen
maxilla - maxilla
os fro11tale - frontal bone
fora111e11 i11fraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
os 1wsale - nasal bone
J1mcess11s 11asalis ossis i11cisil•i - nasal process of
incisive bone
deus cani1111s - canine tooth
os /acri111a/e - lacrimal bone
c01p11s ossis incish•i - body of incisive bone
fissura palati11a - palatine fissure
Swine. Skull (without mandible). View of ventral surface.
Figure 83
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
incisura intercondylaris - intercondylar incisure
processus paracondylaris - paracondylar process
canalis ni. hypoglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
foramen stylomastoideum - stylomastoid foramen
foramen jugulare - jugular foramen
foramen lacerum - foramen lacerum
bulla tympanica - tympanic bulla
fossa mar1dibularis - mandibular fossa
iuberculum articulare - articular tubercle
hamulus pierygoideus - pterygoid hamulus
processus pyramidalis ossis palaiini - pyramidal
process of palatine bone
processus pterygoideus ossis basisphenoidalis - pterygoid process of basisphenoid bone
choana - choana
os palatinum - palatine bone
foramen palatinum majus - greater palatine
foramen
arcus zygomaiicus - zygomatic arch
suiura palaiina iransuersa - transverse palatine
suture
suiura palatina mediana - median palat�ne su­
ture
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
sulcuspalatinus - palatine sulcus
Jissura palaiina - palatine fissure
uomer - vomer
denies mo/ares - molar teeth
denies premolares - premolar teeth
dens caninus - canine tooth
denies incisiui - incisors
91
Swine. Skull, caudal view.
Figure 84
I. jirol11bera11/ia occij1ilalis exlema - external occipital protuberance
2. eris/a 1111chae - nuchal crest
3. li11eae obliquae - oblique lines
4. linea te111J1orolis -'-'- temporal line
5. jiorus acustic11s extemus . - external acoustic
opening
6. t11berrnlum me111bta11ae atla11tooccij1ita/is et mi. recti
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
capitis dorsalis 111i11oris - tubercle for atlanto­
occipital membrane and minor dorsal­
straight muscle of head
co11dylus occij1italis - occipital condyle
fora111e11 111ag1111111 - foramen magnum
bu/la ty111J1a11im - tympanic bulla
choa11a si11istra - left choana
92
11.
12.
13.
14.
1 °0111er - vomer
os palati1111111 - palatine bone
lw111ul11s J1te1ygoide11s - pterygoid hamulus
J1rocesS11s jiyramidalis ossis J1alati11i ..1.. pyramidal
process of palatine bone
15. J1rocesS11s jx11"aco11<6·laris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
16. J1rocess11s coro11oideus ma11dib11lae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
1 7. foramen maxi/fare - maxillary foramen
18. J1rocess11s temporalis rmis zygmnatici - temporal
process of zygomatic bone
19. foramen 111a11dib11lae - mandibular foramen
20. a11g11!11s mentrt!is - mental angle
21. a11g11!11s mandibulae - mandibular angle
Swine. Palate.
Figure 85
I. pala/11111 11wlle - .soft palate
:.!. 11. 11fr1·11/11ris 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular alveolar
nerve
3. 11. li11g11alis - lingual nerve
4. 111a.11dib11/a - mandible
5. 111. J1te1ygoideus media/is - medial pterygoid
muscle
6. 111. 111asseter -.masseter muscle
7. ,·. faciei Jm,f1111d11 - deep facial·vein
8. 111. C11/a11e11s faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
9. ,,. facialis - facial vein
I 0. lmrca (111. b11cci11ator et t1111ica 11111cosa) - cheek
(buccinator muscle and tunica mucosa)
I l. denies 1110/ares -. molar teeth
12. deutes jJre111olares - premolar teeth
13. deus ca11i1ws - canine tooth
14. deutes iucish'i - incisors •.
15. paj1illa i11cisim - incisive papilla
16. due/us i11cish'11s - incisive duct
I 7. raphe Jxilati - palatine raphe
18. rugae palati11ae -, palatine rugae
19. labium superius - upper lip
'.ZO. rostrum - rostrum .
93
Swine. Dissection of the head Superficial layer, cutaneous muscles removed Left view..
Figure 86
1. m levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
2. insertio camea mi. levatoris labii superioris - fle­
shy insertion. of levator muscle of upper lip
3. tendo mi. levatoris labii superioris - tendon of
levator muscle of upper lip
4. 111. deJ;ressor labii wpnioris (dejJressor mstri) - de­
pressor muscle of upper lip (depressor rostri)
depressor
5. 111. depressor J;a/J;ebrae inferioris
muscle of lower eyelid
6. 111. ca11i1111s - caninus muscle
7. 111. /el'(J/or 11aso!abialis - nasolabial levator
muscle
8. J;ars buccalis 111i. b11cci11atoris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
9. 111. zygomatirns - zygomatic muscle
94
I 0.
/II,
cuta11e11s labion1111 - cutaneous muscle of lip
I I. m depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
12. 111. mentalis - mental muscle
13. 111. 111asseter - masseter muscle
14. 111. Jmmtidor111rimlaris - parotidoauricular
muscle
15. pars cen•icalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of trapezius muscle
16. 111. bmchioceplwlirns - brachiocephalic muscle
17. 111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
18. 1w1111s buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis - dorsal buccal
part of facial nerve
19. 1°. facialis, rm1111s buccalis 1 °ei1tralis ni. facialis facial vein, ventral buccal branch of facial.
nerve
20. ductus j)(frofideus, ra11111s co1111111111icam (inter I 8 et
/9) - parotid duct, communicating branch
(between 18 and 19)
21. 1 °. angularis oculi - angularis oculi vein
22. 1•. lateralis nasi - lateral nasal vein
23. v. labialis superior - vein of uppedip
24. v. labialis inferior - vein of lower lip
25. 11. 111e11talis - mental nerve
26. ra11111s tra11si•ers11s faciei ni. aurirnlotemporalis
transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal
nerve
27. 111a11dibula - mandible
28. gla11d11la jJarotis - parotid gland
29. co1p11s adij}()Sll/11 - adipose body
30. 11. r111rirnf11/>"lf>ebralis - auriculopalpebral
nerve
Swine. Dissection of the head Deep layer, left view.
Figure 87
1. m. levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
2. insertio camea mi. levatoris labii superioris - fle­
shy insertion of levator muscle of upper lip
3. tendo mi. levatoris labii superioris - tendon of
levator muscle of upper lip
4. m depressor labii superioris (m. depressor rostri) depressor muscle of upper lip (depressor ros­
trO
5. a. et 11. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital artery and
nerve
6. ra11111s buccalis dorsalis 11i. facialis -' dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
7. Jmrs 1110/aris mi. b11cci11atoris - molar part of
buccinator muscle
8. a. et 11. buccalis, 1•. faciei J1rof1111da - buccai artery
and nerve, deep facial vein
9. Jmrs buccalis mi. b11cci11atoris - buccal part of
buccinator m,uscle
10. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
11. v. labia/is inferior, ramus buccalis ventralis ni. faci­
alis - vein of lower lip, ventral buccal branch
of facial nerve
12. a. et 11. 111e11talis - mental artery and nerve
13. d11ct11s parotideus, ra11111s co1111111111ica11s - parotid
duct, communicating branch
14. 1·. facialis - facial vein
15. 111. J>arotidoa11ricularis, 11. a11riculopalj1ebralis - pa­
rotidoauricular muscle, auriculopalpebral
nerve
16. arcus zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
I7. rm1111s tra11s1•ers11s faciei 11i. a11riculote111poralis
transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal
nerve
18. ra11111s buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
19. 111. 11wsseter - masseter muscle
20. pars cen•icalis mi. traj>ezii - cervii;:al part of tra­
pezius muscle
21. 111. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
22. 111. cleido111astoide11s, 1•. a11ric11laris ca11dalis - clei­
domastoid muscle, caudal auricular vein
23. /1111. parotidei - parotid lymph nodes
24. /11. r/'lm/Jhmy11g/'11s latemlis - lateral retropha­
rvngeal lymph node
25. te11do mi. stemomastoidei, ra11111s co/Ii 11i. facialis tendon of sternomastoid muscle, cervical
branch of facial nerve
26. /1111. cen•icales superficiales 1•entrales
ventral
superficial cervical lymph nodes
27. 1•. maxillaris - maxillary vein
28. 1•. jugularis extema - external jugular vein
29. 111. stemo111astoide11s - sternomastoid muscle
30. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
:l I. /11. 111r111dib11k1ris acr/'s;,1ri11s - accessory mandibular lvmph node
32. 1•. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
33. !11. 111a11dib11laris - mandibular lymph node
34. 111. stemohyoide11s - sternohyoid muscle
35. 111a11dib11la - mandible
95
Swine. Dissection of the head Deep layer after removal of left half of mandible. Left view.
Figure 88
1. 111. 11wsseter - masseter muscle
2. 111. J>lerygoide11s media/is - medial pterygoid
muscle
3. trmsi//a jxilatii1a - palatine tonsil
4. stylohyoide11111, 111. hyoglossus - stylohyoideum,
hyoglossal muscle
5. 111. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
6. 111mrdibu/a - mandible
7. glandula J>arotis, 11. aurimloj>alj>rbralis - parotid
gland, auriculopalpebral nerve
8. 111. J>arotidoaurirn/aris (Jmrtio suj>e1ficialis) - paro­
tidoauricular muscle (superficial part)
9. 11. facialis - facial nerve
10. glandula s11blingua/is J)l)6's/0111atirn :_ sublingual
gland - many orifices
11. 11. lingua/is, due/us 111andibularis � lingual nerve,
mandibular duct
I 2. 11. hyj>oglosws - hypoglossal nerye
96
13. j>rocessus Jmraco11dylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
14. a. facia/is, 111. stylohyoidrus - facial artery, stylo­
hyoid muscle
15. 111. digastrirns - digastric muscle
16. n. ah•rolaris 111a11dibu/aris - mandibular alveol­
ar nerve
17. glandu/a sub/i11g1wlis 11101111sto111atirn - sublingual
gland - single orffice
18. due/us wblingualis, 11. h)1>oglossus
sublinguar
duct, hypoglossal nerve
19. a. lingua/is - lingual artery
20. 111. grnioglossus - genioglossal muscle
21. 111. geniohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
22. 111. 111y/11hy11ide11s - mylohyoid muscle
23. 11. 111ylohyoideus, <t. cam/is externa - mylohyoid
nerve, external carotid artery
24. 111. rec/us caj>ifis lateralis - lateral straight
muscle of head
25. 111. cleidooccij>ifalis - cleido-occipital muscle
26. 111. cleido111astoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
27. 111. /ongus caj>ifis - longus capitis muscle
28. tn111c11s i'(lgosymj)(lfhirns - vagosympathetic
trunk
29. a. carotis co111111u11is, 1•. jugu/aris intema - common carotid artery, internal jugular vein
30. glandula 111a11dibularis - mandibular gland
31. 111. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
32. 111. sternohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
33. z•. linguofacialis - linguofacial vein
34. 1•. /i11gualis - lingual vein
35. 111. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
36. ca1•u111 oris - oral cavity
37. lingua - tongue
Swine. Sagittal section through the head
Figure 89
�
�
. 20
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
I7.
18.
19.
sinw frontalis - frontal sinus
os nasale - nasal bone
cartilago septi nasi - cartilage of nasal septum
os rostrale - rostral bone
os incish•wn - incisive bone
111eat11s nasi uentralis - ventral nasal meatus
111eat11s nasi 111edius - middle nasal meatus
111ea/11s nasi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus
concha nasalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
conc/,a nasalis 1•e11tralis - ventral nasal concha
pala/11111 d11ru111 - hard palate
labyri11th11s eth111oidalis - ethmoidal labyrinth
os fro11ta{e - frontal bone
os j)(lrietale - parietal bone
os occipitale - occipital bone
he111ispheriu111 cerebri - cerebral hemisphere
cerebell11111 - cerebellum
mesencepha/011 - mesencephalon
111edulla spinalis - spinal medulla
20. 111. se111ispi11alis capitis - semispipalis capitis
muscle
21. 111. rec/us capitis dorsalis minor
minor dorsal
straight muscle of head
22. 111. rec/us capitis dorsalis 111ajor
major dorsal
straight muscle of head
23. atlas - atlas
24. axis - axis
25. 111. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
26. 111. longus co/Ii - longus colli muscle
27. pala/11111 molle (gla11d11/ae et 111. palatinus) - soft
palate (glands and palatine muscle)
28. ca1•11111 pharyngis - pharyngeal cavity
29. lingua - tongue
.
30. recessus s11bli11g11alis C<H'I oris proprii - sublingual
recess of oral cavity
3 I. m. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
32. 111. geniohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
33. 111. mylohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
34. 111. cuta11e11s faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
35. 111. orbirnlaris oris, glandulae rostmles - orbicula­
ris oris muscle, glands of snout
36. 111a11dib11la - mandible
37. basihyoide11111, 111. hyoglossus - basihyoideum,
hyoglossal muscle
38. Ill. hyoejJiglotticus, cartilago ejJiglottirn - hyocpi­
glottic muscle, epiglottic cartilage
39. cartilago thyroidea, 111. thyrohyoide11s - thyroid
cartilage, thyrohyoid muscle
40. ostiu111 phory11ge11111 tubae - opening of pharyn­
geal tube
41. arcus jJalatojJhmyngms •- palatopharyngeal
arch
42. rnrtilagQ aryte11oidea - arytenoid cartilage
43. esophagus, cartilago cricoidea - esophagus, cricoid cartilage
44. cm•wn laryngis - laryngeal cavity
45. plica. 1•ocalis � vocal fold
46. m. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
47. recessus pharyngeus - pharyngeal recess
97
Swine. Skeletal topography with arteries of head. Left half of the mandible removed.
Figure 90
---
-
35
I --
33-
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
a. carolis co1111111111is - common carotid artery
a. carotis intema - internal carotid artery
a. occipitalis - occipital artery
ra11111s a11aslo11111ticus a. 1•ertebralis w111 a. occijJitoli
- anastomotic branch of vertebral artery
with occipital artery
ra11111s occipitalis a. occipitalis - occipital branch
of occipita! artery
ranws a11aslo111otirns rn111 a. basilari - anastomotic branch with basilar artery
a. carotis intema - internal carotid artery
a. cundylaris - condylar artery
ra11111s caudalis a. carotidis intemae - caudal
branch of internal carotid artery
I 0. ra111us rostralis a. carotidis i11temae (ra11111s ad rete)
- rostral branch of internal carotid artery
(branch to rete)
l 1. a. carolis extema - external carotid artery
98
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
lingua/is - lingual artery
a. sublingualis - sublingual artery
a. sub111e11talis - submental artery
a. facia/is - facial artery
a. facialis (rudi111.) - facial artery (rudimen­
r1.
tary)
1 7. ra11111s 111asseteric11s a. carotidis extenwe - masse­
teric branch of external carotid artery
18. ra11111s jJarotideus a. carotidis extemae - parotid
branch of external carotid artery
19. a. auricularis ca11dalis - caudal auricular artery
20. ramus auriculoris /a/era/is
lateral auricular
branch
medial auricular
21. ra11111s a11ric11/aris media/is
branch
22. a. te111poralis supe,ficialis - superficial temporal
artery
23. a. tra11s1•ersa faciei - transverse facial artery
24. a. aurirnlaris rostralis - rostral auricular artery
25. o. 111e11i11gea 111edio - middle meningeal artery
26. a. oh•eolaris 111m1dib11/aris - mandibular alveo­
lar artery
27. a. te111poralis Jmif1111da caudalis - caudal deep
tern poral artery
28. a. ophtha/111ica extema - external ophthalmic
artery
29. a. 111axillaris - maxillary artery
30. a. buccalis - buccal artery
31. a. te111pomlis jJroj1111da rostralis
rostral deep
temporal artery
32. a. 111alaris - malar artery
33. a. palatina major - major palatine artery
34. a. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital artery
35. a. sphe11opalati11a - sphenopalatine artery
36. a. 111asseterica - masseteric artery
Swine. Skeletal topography with veins of head Left view.
Figure 91
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6'.
1•. j11g11/aris exlema - external jugular vein
1•. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
1•. li11g11alis - lingual vein
v. labia/is inferior - vein of lower lip
1•. facialis - facial vein
1•. faciei Jmif1111da - deep facial vein
si1111s 1•. faciei jJroj1111dae - sinus of deep facial
vein
7. m11111s r111aslo11wlic11s c11111 1•. ojJhthalmica exlema 1•r·11trali - anastomotic branch with ventral ex­
ternal ophthalmic vein
8. 1•. palati11a major - major palatine vein
9. v. labialis superior - vein of upper lip
I0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1•. la/era/is 11asi - lateral nasal vein
1•. fro11lalis - frontal vein
1·. 111a.u!'lnirn 1·e11lralis - ventral mass_eteric vein
1•. maxillaris - maxillary vein
1•. auricularis caudalis - caudal auricular vein
1•. auricularis prof1111da - deep auricular vein
u. auricularis roslralis - rostral auricular vein
v. le111poralis supe1ficialis - superficial temporal
vein
18.· 1•. temporalis prof1111da - deep temporal vein
I 'J. 1·. ah•eolaris 111a11dib11laris - mandibular alveo­
lar ve.in
20. 1•. sphe11opalati11a - sphenopalatine vein
:21. plexus 1•e11ows orbilae - orbital venous plexus
22. 1•. ophthal111ica extema - external ophthalmic
vein
23. 1•. lra11sversa faciei - transverse facial vein
24. 1•. cerebra/is 1•e,1/ralis - ventral cerebral vein
25. 1•. occipitalis - occipital vein
26. 1•. phary11gea ascendens - ascending pharyngeal
vein
27. 1•. laryngea cranialis - cranial laryngeal vein
28. u. jugularis i11tema - internal jugular vein
29. 1•. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital vein
99
Swine. Cross section thro ugh the head at the level of the last molar tooth. View of rostral surface of section.
Figure 92
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
si1111s fronla/es - frontal sinuses
1•. fro11ta/is - frontal vein
/abyrinlhus elh111oida/is. - ethmoidal labyrinth
/a111ina pe,pendicu/aris ossis elh111oida/is - perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
carti/ago septi nasi - cartilage of nasal septum
111ea/11s 11asi 1•e11tra/is - ventral nasal meatus
1•0111er - vomer
sinus 111axi//aris - maxillary sinus
a., 1°. el 11. infraorbita/is - infraorbital artery,
vein and nerve
due/us 11aso/acri111a/is - nasolacrimal duct
pala/11111 dur11111 - hard palate
a. el n. palatinus 111ajor - greater _palatine artery
and nerve
dens molaris III superior - upper third molar
tooth
dens mo/,aris III inferior
lower third molar
tooth
100
15. pars 1110/aris 111i. b11cci11aloris - molar part of
buccinator muscle
16. m depressor labii inferioris, ramus cammunicans ra­
morum buccalium ni. facialis - depressor
muscle of lower lip, communicating branch
of buccal branches of facial nerve
17. ductus parotideus, v. labia/is inferior - parotid
duct, vein of lower lip
18. ra11111s bucca/is ventra/is 11i. facia/is, 111. wla11e11s fa­
ciei - ventral buccal branch of facial nerve,
cutaneous facial muscle
19. m. levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
:20. m. depressor labii superioris (m depressor rostri) depressor muscle of upper lip (depressor ros­
tri)
21. 111. zygo111alicus, ramus bucca/is dorsa/is ni. facia/is zygomatic muscle, dorsal buccal branch of
facial nerve
22. a. el 11. b11cca/is, i'. facia/is - buccal artery and
nerve, facial vein
23. aa. afi.eo/ares 111a11dib11/ares et 11. ah•eo/aris 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular alveolar arteries and nerve
24. 111a11dib11/a, 1•e11ter rostra/is mi. digastrici - mandible, rostral belly of digastric muscle
25. !i11g11a - tongue
26. 111. hyog/oss11s - hyoglossal muscle
27. a. lingua/is, 11. hypog/ossus - lingual artery, hy­
poglossal nerve
28. 111. ge11iog/oss11s, 11. /i11g11a/is - genioglossal
muscle, lingual nerve
29. gla11d11/a sub/i11g11a/is (po!ysto111alica), due/us 111a11di­
b11/aris _:_ sublingual gland (many orifices),
mandibular duct
30. d11c/11s sub/i11g11a/is, 111. my/ohyoideus - sublingual
duct, mylohyoid muscle
31. 111. geuiohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
32. 111. orbiw/aris ocu/i - orbicularis oculi muscle
Swine. Cross section through the head, temporomandibular level.
Figure 93
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cartilagu auriculae - auricular cartilage
111111. a11riwlares - auricular muscles
os parietale - parietal bone
arws zygo111atiws - zygomatic arch
processus pterygoideus ossis palatiui el ossis basisphe­
noidalis - pterygoid process of palatine bone
and basisphenoid bone
6. 111. te111poralis - temporal muscle
7. pars prof11nda 111i. 111asse/eris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
8. pars superficialis 111i. 111asseteris - superficial part
of masseter muscle
9. 111. jJ/erygoide11s lateralis
lateral pterygoid
muscle
I 0. 111. pterygoide11s 111edialis
medial pterygoid
muscle
11. sinus sagittalis - sagittal sinus
12. substrmtia grisea neopallii - gray substance of
neopallium
13. ventriwlus la/era/is telencephali - lateral ven­
tricle of telencephalon
14. hypophysis, 11. orn/01110/orius, n. troch/earis, 11. abdu­
cens - hypophysis, oculomotor nerve, troch­
lear nerve, abducent nerve
15. sinus cavernosus, 11. ophtha/111iws et ii. 111axillaris cavernous sinus, ophthalmic nerve and
maxillary nerve
16. cm·11111 jJhmyngis, /Ja/a/11111 11101/e
pharyngeal
cavity, soft palate
I7. 1•. 111axillaris - maxillary vein
18. n. 111ylohyoideus - mylohyoid nerve
I9. 11. liugualis - lingual nerve
20. a., v. el 11. ah•eolaris 111andibularis - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve
21. isthmus faucium - isthmus faucium
22. radix linguae - root of tongue
23. glandula sublingualis (111onosto111atica), 111. styloglos­
sus - sublingual gland (single orifice), stylo­
glossal muscle
24. 111. hyoglossus, epihyoide11111, due/us 111andib11/aris hyoglossal muscle, epihyoid; mandibular duct
25. ceratohyoideu111, a. lingua/is - t':eratohyoid, lin­
gual artery
26. n. hypoglossus, 111. geniohyoideus - hypoglossal
nerve, geniohyoid muscle
27. 111. digastriws - digastric muscle
28. m. stylol,yoideus - stylohyoid muscle
29. 111a11dibula, glandula parotis - mandible, parotid
·gland
30. ra11111s buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
3 I. due/us parotideus, 1•. facialis - parotid duct,
facial vein
32. ra111us buccalis ventralis ui. facialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
33. 111. cutaneus Jaciei - cutaneous facial muscle
34. 111. stemohyoideus, 1•. /ii1gualis - · sternohyoid
muscle, lingual vein
101
Swine. View of the cranial cavity with calvarium removed
Figure 94
Figure 95
I. ca11a/is supraorbita/is - supraorbital canal
medial rostral
2. sinus fronlalis rostra/is media/is
frontal sinus
3. sinus fronlalis rostra/is la/era/is - lateral rostral
frontal sinus
4. septum si111111111 fro11tali11111 - septum of frontal
sinus
5. fossa et/111widalis - ethmoidal fossa
6. eris/a ga/li - crista galli
7. fora111e11 orbitorotu11dw11 - foramen orbitoro­
tundum
8. su/cus ni. ophtha/111ici et maxi/laris - sulcus of
ophthalmic and maxillary nerves
9. fossa hypophysia/is - hypophysial fossa
I 0. d11rsu111 se/lae - dorsum sellae
11., I 7. fora111e11 /acen1111 - foramen lacerum
I 2. j}(lrs petrosa ossis lempora/is - petrous part of
temporal bone
102
13. j}l)rtlS acuslirns in/emus - internal acoustic
opening
14. fora111e11 jugulare - jugular foramen
15. cmw/is 11i. hypoglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
16. sulcus chiasmatis el rnigo cana/is o/Jlici - sulcus fo,
optic chiasma and origin of optic canal
I 7. i11cis11ra om/is el spinosa fora111i11is laceri - oval
and spinous incisure of foramen lacerum
18. arcus zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
19. 11,ea/us ac11stic11s ex/emus - external acoustic
meatus
20. processus /Jaracrmdylaris - paracondyloid pro­
ce_ss
21. eris/a lenlorica - crista tentorica
22. co11dy/11s occipitalis - occipital condyle
1. bu/bus olfr1c/orius - olfactory bulb
2. fisrnra /011giturli11alis ceH'bri - longitudinal fis­
sure of cerebrum
3. m/rns diagona/is - diagonal sulcus
4. S11!c11s suprasyh·ius rostralis - rostral suprasylvian sulcus
,1. sulcus corona/is - coronal sulcus
G. fismra syh•ia - sylvian fissure
7. sulcus S11prasyh•ius rnuda/is - caudal suprasyl­
llian sulcus
8. sulcus 11bliq11us - oblique sulcus
9. sulcus suprasyh•ius medius - middle suprasylvian sulcus
I 0. su/rns e11d11111argi11alis - endomarginal sulcus
I I. sulcus 111argi11alis - marginal sulcus
12. su/cus ecto111argi11alis - ectomarginal sulcus
13. sulcus ectmyh-ius cauda/is - caudal ectosylvian
sulcus
14. 1m11us sulci diag1111a/is - branch of diagonal sul­
cus
15. he111ispheriu111 cerfbf//i - hemisphere of cerebel­
lum
16. 1•en11is cerebe//i - vermis of cerebellum
I 7. medulla 11b/011gata - medulla oblongata
Swine. Brain. View of dorsal surface.
Figure 95
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Im/bus olfactorius - olfactory bulb
11. opticus - optic nerve
11. oculomotorius - oculomotor nerve
11. /rochlearis - trochlear nerve
11. trigemi11us (radix moloria el semoria)
trigeminal nerve (motor and sensory root)
6. 11. abduce11s - abducent nerve
7. 11. i11ten11ediofacialis - intermediofacial nerve
8. 11. 1•estibulocochlearis - vestibulocochlear nerve
9. 11. glossoplw1y11gn1s - glossopharyngeal nerve
I 0. 11. mg11s - vagus nerve
I I. 11. accessori11s (radix cra11ialis) - accessory nerve
(cranial root)
I I'. 11. accessorius (radix spi11a/is) - accessory nerve
(spinal root)
12. 11. hypoglosms - hypoglossal nerve
Swine. Origin of cranial nerves and blood
supply to brain.
Figure 96
13. tractus o/factorius media/is - medial olfactory
tract
I 4. trigo11um olfactorium - olfactory trigone
15. tractus olfaclorius /a/era/is - lateral olfactory
tract
16. lobus jJirifon11is - piriform lobe
17. s11bsta11tia perfora/a rostralis - rostral perforated
substance
18. traclus optirns - optic tract
19. tuber ci11ere11m et recessus 11eurohypophysialis - tu­
ber cinereum and neurohypophysial recessus
20. co,pus 111a111illare - mamillary body
21. crus (pedu11culus) cerebri - crus (peduncle) of
cerebrum
22. j)IJIIS - pons
23. 111ed11lla oblo11gata - medulla oblongata
24. 111edulla spi11alis - spinal medulla
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.,
H.
J.
L.
N.
a. cam/is i11/ema (cerebra/is) - internal carotid
artery (cerebral)
a. co1111111111ica11s caudalis - caudal communicating a-rtery
a. cerebri caudalis - caudal cerebral artery
a. cerebelli rostralis - rostral cerebellar artery
a. cerebelli caudalis - caudal cerebellar artery
a. basilaris (cerebri) - basilar artery (cerebral)
a. eth111oidalis inlema - internal ethmoidal
artery
K., M. a. cerebri mstralis - rostral cerebral
· artery
a. corporis callosi - artery of corpus callosum
a. co111mu11ica11s rostralis - rostral communica­
ting artery
a. cerebri media - middle cerebral artery
a. choroidea rostralis - rostral choroid artery
103
Swine. Dorsal view of pharyngeal cavity after incising the soft palate
and dorsal wall.
Figure 97
.
''
\.
\
'
''' . ! . I'/.
,, :, !,
11
.,·.1.'1,.,
ff.
I. esophagus - esophagus
2. trachea - trachea
3. tunica mucosa et tunica muscularis arcus palatopharyngei (in sectione) - tunica mucosa and tunica
muscularis of palatopharyngeal arch (in section)
4. vestibulum esoj,hagi - esophageal vestibule
5. fomix j,haryngis - pharyngeal fornix
6. arcus palatopharyngeus (in sectione) - palatopharyngeal arch (in section)
7. arcus palatopharyngeus
palatopharyngeal
arch
104
8. palatwn 1110lle (tonsil/a palatina) - soft palate
(palatine tonsil)
9. palatum molle (in sectione) - soft palate (in section)
10. radix linguae - root of tongue
11. papilla vallata - vallate papilla
12. papilla foliata - foliate papilla
13. plicae cricocomiculatae - cricocorniculate folds
14. cartilago comiculata - corniculate cartilage
15. plica aryepiglottica - aryepiglottic fold
16. epiglottis - epiglottis
17. aditus laryngis - laryngeal entrance
Swine. Skeleton of the neck) left view.
Figure 98
VI
I.-VII. vertebra cerz,icalis I- VII - first-seventh
cervical vertebrae
I. tuberculum drmale at/antis - dorsal tubercle of
atlas
2. processus spinosus axis - spinous process of axis
3. processus sj1i11osi 1•ertebraru111 cer1•icali11111 - spi­
nous processes of cervical vertebrae
4. processus spinosw 1•ertebrae thoracicae I - spinous
process of first thoracic vertebra
5. fora111e11 1'ertebrale laterale at/antis - lateral ver­
tebral foramen of atlas
6. processus /rans1•erms atlantis
transverse process of atlas
7. arcus ventralis at/antis - ventral arch of atlas
8. tubercu/11111 ventrale at/antis - ventral tubercle of
atlas
9. fora111e11 vertebrate laterale axis - lateral verte­
bral foramen of axis
I 0. canalis transversarius - transverse canal
11. processus articulares caudales - caudal articular
processes
12. processus articulares craniales -. cranial articular
processes
13. fora111i11a vertebralia lateralia - lateral vertebral
forarnina
14. foramen vertebrate laterale ,•ertebrae thoracicae I -
15.
16.
I 7.
18.
19.
lateral vertebral forarnen of first thoracic
vertebra
Jm1cns11s lrans,•ersi (t11berrnla do;-salis) - trans­
verse processes (dorsal tubercles)
tubercula 1•e11tralia processu11111 trw1S1•ersoru111 1•erle­
brarw11 ceruicaliwn Ill- V - ventral tubercles
of transverse processes
cos/a pri111a - first rib
processus lra11S1•erms 1°ertebrae thoracicae I - trans­
verse prncess of first thoracic vertebra
lamina 1'e11tralis processus tranS1'ersi frertebrae cerui­
cali VD - ventral plate of transverse process
(of sixth cervical vertebra)
105
Sidne. Dissection of the neck. Superficial layer, cutaneous muscles removed on the left.
Figure 99
..--,,,,,
fil I, ' .
.
1. j)(lrs cen•icalis 111i. lm/Jezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
2. Jxm lhomcica 111i. lm/Jezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
3. apo11e11msis 111i. lrapezii - aponeurosis of trape­
zius muscle
4. spi11a scapulae - spine of scapula
5., 6., 7. 111. brachiocejJhalirns - brachiocephalic
muscle
5. 111. c/eidooccijJilalis - cleido-occipital muscle
6. 111. c/eido111asloide11s - cleidomastoid muscle
7. 111. c/eidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
8. 111. slemoceplw/irns (slemo111asloide11s) - sternoce­
phalic muscle (sternomastoid)
106
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
I :l.,
15.
16.
17.
18:
19.
111. s11bc/m•i11s - subclavian muscle
111. 011wtra11S1•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
111. wjm1sjJi11al11s - supraspinatus muscle
111. delloideus - deltoid muscle
14. ca/ml /011gu111 111i. lricijJilis brachii - long head
of triceps brachii muscle
ca/ml lalera/e ini. lricijJilis bmc/Jii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
111. 111asseter - masseter muscle
111. stemohyoidew - sternohyoid muscle
111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
ra11111s buccalis dorsalis 11i. facialis - dor·sal buccal
branch of facial nerve
20. ra11111s co/Ii 11i. facialis, 1'. 111axillaris - cervical
branch of facial nerve, maxillary vein
21. gla11dula 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular gland
22. 1w11us dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
23. 1111. cen•icales - cervical nerves
24. 11. supraclm•irnlaris - supraclavicular nerve
25. 1•. jugularis extema - external jugular vein
26. 1'. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
27. 11. axillaris - axillary nerve
28. 1•. cejJhalica, 11. rnta11eus anlebrachii cra11ialis - ce­
phalic vein, cranial cutaneous nerve of fore­
arm
Swine. Dissection of the neck. Deep layer, left view.
Figure 100
I. 111. rlun11boidcus cen•iris - cervical rhomboid
muscle
I'. 111. r/11n11boide11s caj1ilis - rhomboideus capitis
muscle
2. 111. cm11/1lex11s - complexus muscle
3. 111. sple11i11s - splenius muscle
:l'. m. .,j1ln1i11s - i11sertio atlanlirn - spleniu,
muscle - atlantal insertion
4. 111. lo11gissim11s ca/1itis - longissimus capitis
muscle
5. m. serm/11s 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
caudal oblique
6. Ill. obliq1111s capitis caudalis
muscle of head
cranial oblique
7. Ill. obliq1111s capitis cmnialis
muscle of head
8. pmcessus lra11n•ers11s at/antis - transverse process of atlas
9. Jm1cess11s fmmconr{vlaris, 111. rec/us ca/Ji/is la/era/is paracondyloid process, lateral
straight
muscle of head
I 0. m11111s dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
11. 111. i11/erlram1•ersari11s cen:icis d,,rm/is - dorsal cer­
vical intertransverse muscle
12. 111. i11ter/ram1•ersari11s cen•iris ,•e11tralis - ventral
cervical intertransverse muscle
13. 111. scaln111s dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle
14. 111. scale1111s 111edi11s - scalenus medius muscle
15. 111. l1111g11s raj1itis - longus capitis muscle
I G. 111. thyrohyoide11s - thyrohyoid muscle
I 7. 111. slernothymidew - sternothyroid muscle
18. j111rtio dorsalis mi. stemothyroidei - dorsal part of
sternothyroid muscle
19. j)l)r/io 1•e11tralis mi. sternothyroidei - -ventral part
of sternothyroid muscle
20. 111. slenwhyoidew - sternohyoid muscle
21. 111. s/ern11ce/1halirns (stemm11as/11ide11s) - sternoce­
phalic muscle (sternomastoid)
22. 111. 111asse/er - masseter muscle
23. 11u11. intercostales extenii - external intercostal
muscles
24. 111. rec/us thoracis - straight thoracic muscle
25. a. carotis co1111111111is, lmncus 1'agosy111J1athic11s, 1•. j11g11laris interna - comtnon carotid artery, vago­
sympathetic trunk, internal.jugular vein
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
n cen•icalis III - third cervical nerve
11. cen•icalis IV - fourth cervical nerve
11. cen•icalis V - fifth cervical nerve
11. cen•icalis VI - sixth cervical nerve
11. cen•icalis Vil - seventh cervical nerve
11. cen•icalis VIII - eighth cervical nerve
1•. j11gularis extema - external jugular vein
a. el 1•. axillaris - axillary artery and vein
glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
trachea - trachea
thymus, 1•. cej1halica - thymus, cephalic vein
thyroh_y11ide11m - thyrohyoideum
107
Swine. Cross section through the neck at the level of the second cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 101
,
.. '
I. 111. rho111boide11s cerl'icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
1 '. 111. rho111boide11s capitis - rhomboideus capitis
muscle
2. pars cerz,icalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
3., 4. 111. se111isj,inalis capitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
3. 111. complexus - complexus muscle
4. 111. biz,enter cerl'icis - biventer cervicis muscle
5. 111. splenius - splenius muscle
major dorsal
6. 111. rec/us capitis dorsalis 111ajor
straight muscle of head
108
7. m. cleidooccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
8. 111. longissimus capitis et 111. longissi11111s atla11tis
longissimus capitis and atlantis muscles
9. 111. obliquus capitis caudalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
10. 111. serratus 1'entralis cerz,icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
11. dura mater spinalis - spinal dura mater
12. medulla spinalis - spinal medulla
13. atlas - atlas
14. ·plexus 1'eriebralis in/emus - internal vertebral
plexus
15. dens axis - dens of axis
16. m. inlertranst'ersarius cen'icis dorsalis el l'entralis dorsal and ventral cervical intertransverse
muscle
17. 111. cleido111astoide11s - cleidomastoid muscle
18. 1'. vertebra/is - vertebral vein
19. 111. longus colli et 111. longus capitis - longus colli
and longus capitis muscles
20. 111. sternocephaliC11s (sternmnastoideus) - sternoce­
phalic muscle (sternomastoid)
21. /1111. retropharyngei la/era/es - lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes
22. 111. rnla11t·11s mlli - cutaneus colli muscle
23. glandula parotis - parotid gland
24. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
25. tn111C11s 1•agosympathiC11s, 1•. jugularis intema - vagosympathetic trunk, internal jugular vein
26. ,'estibulu111 esophagewn - esophageal vestibule
27. 1'. maxillaris - maxillary vein
28. a. carotis co111111u11is - common carotid artery
29. 1'. linguofacialis - linguofacial vein
30. cartilago arytenoidea, 111. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis et
la/era/is - arytenoid cartilage, dorsal and late­
ral cricoarytenoid muscle
31. cartilago thyroidea - thyroid cartilage
32. 111. 0111ohyoide11s - omohyoid muscle
33. 111. stemotfryroideus - sternothyroid muscle
34. cm•11111 laryngis - laryngeal cavity
35. 111. s/ernohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
Swine. Cross section through the neck at the level of the third cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 102
14
1
1
I
�
/✓
27
I. 111. rho111boide11s capitis - rhomboid capitis
muscle
2. J1ars cer,,ica/is 111i. traj>ezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
3. 111. rho111boide11s cerl'icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
4., 5. 111. sple11i11s - splenius muscle
6., 7. 111. se111ispi11a/is capitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
6. 111. bii'enter cerz,icis - biventer cervicis muscle
7. 111. co111plex11s - complexus muscle
longissimus capitis
8. 111. /011gissi11111s capitis
muscle
9. 111. /011gissi11111s at/antis
longissimus atlantis
muscle
10. 111. serrat11s l'entra/is cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
I I. 111. 01110/ra11s1•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
12. 111. rect11s capitis dorsalis major - major dorsal
straight muscle of head
13. 111. ob/iq1111s caj>itis cauda/is - caudal oblique
muscle of head
14., 15. 111. brachiocepha/irns - brachiocephalic
muscle
14. 111. c/eidooccipita/is - cleido-occipital muscle
15. 111. c/eido111astoide11s - cleidomastoid muscle
16. 111. i11tertra11S1•ersarius cerz•icis dorsalis - dorsal cer­
·vical intertransverse muscle
\
�r:T.)
28
I7. 111. i11tertra11s1•ersari11s cerl'icis. 1•e,itra/is - ventral
cervical intertransverse muscle
18. 11_1. /ongus co/Ii - longus _colli mµscle
19. 111. /ongus capitis - longus capitis muscle
20. 111. wta11e11s co/Ii - cutaneus colli muscle
21. 111. sternocepha/irns (111. sterno111astoide11s) - sterno­
cephalic muscle (sternomastoid muscle)
22. trunrns l'agosy111j)(lfhirns, 111. 0111ohyoide11s - vago­
sympathetic trunk, omohyoid muscle
23. a. carotis co1111111111is, 1•. j11g11/aris inierna - com­
mon carotid artery, internal jugular vein
24. 1'. jugularis extema, /1111. cen,ica/es suj>erficia/es l'eJl­
tra/es - external jugular vein, ventral superfi­
cial cervical lymph nodes
25. gla11d11/a parotis - parotid gland
29
( 30)
Q_.,,,
26. cartilago cricoidea, 111. cricothyroideus - cricoid
cartilage, cricothyroid muscle
27. 111. stemothyroideus (j)(Jrfio dorsa/is) - sternothy­
roid muscle (dorsal part)
28. 111. stemothyroideus (portio uentra/is) - sternothyroid muscle (ventral part)
29. 111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
30. gla11d11/a 111011dib11/aris - mandibular gland
31. processus spinosus axis - spinous process of axis
32. l'ertebra cerz•icalis Ill - third cervical vertebra
33. 111ed11//a spinalis - spinal medulla
34. liga111e11t11111 f/01'11111 - ligamentum flavum
35. a. et 1'. 1•ertebra/is - vertebral artery and vein
36. esoj>hag11s - esophagus
37. cau11111 lary11gis - laryngeal cavity
109
Swine. Cross section through the neck at the fourth cervical vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 103
I. 111. rhmnboideus cen•icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
2. JI/. rhomboideus caj1itis - rhomboideus capitis
muscle
3. pars cen•icalis mi. lraJ1ezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
4. m. splenius - splenius muscle
5., 6. JI/. semisjiinalis cajiifis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
5. 111. bil•enter cen•icis - biventer cervicis muscle
6. 111. comj1lex11s - complexus muscle
7. a. et 1•. cer1•icalis J1rof1111da - deep cervical arterv
and vein
110
B. 111. serralus 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical serratw,
ventralis muscle
9. 111. 11111/tifidus ceri'icis
multifidus cervicis
muscle
I0. 111. /011gissi11111s cajiitis et. 111. /011gissi11111s at/antis longissimus capitis and atlantis muscles
1 1. JI/. longissimus cen•icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
12. medulla sj1i11alis -.spinal medulla
13. plexus 1•ertebralis 1 · ternus - internal vertebral
plexus
14. a. et 1•. 1•ertebralis - vertebral artery and vein
15. 1•ertebra cen•icalis IV - fourth cervical vertebra
16. 111. omotra,m•enariw - omotransverse muscle
! 7. 111. Sll/1rasj1i11a/11s - supraspinatus muscle
18. 111. i11tertra11n•e1-sr1ri11s cen·icis dorsalis - dorsal cer­
vical intertransverse muscle
19. 111. scale1111s 111edi11s - scalenus medius muscle
20. 111. i11tertra11s1•enari11s cen•icis 1•e11tralis - ventral
cervical intertransverse muscle
21. JI/. longus co/Ii - longus colli muscle
22. 111. subclw•ius (111. J1ectoralis cleidoscaf!ularis; pan
J1rescajmlaris 111i. pectoralis J1rofu11di) - subclavian
muscle (cleidoscapular pectoral muscle; pre­
scapular part of deep pectoral muscle)
23. 111. bmchiocej1halirns - brachiocephalic muscle
24. esophagus, 11. lmyngeus recurrens - esophagus, re­
current laryngeal nerve
25. a. carotis co111111u11is, lruncus 1•agmym/1athi[ltS common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
26. 1•. jugularis inlema - internal jugular vein
27. 111. stemocej1halicus (stemomasloideus) - sternoce­
phalic muscle (sternomastoid)
28. 1•. jugularis extema, m. sternothyroideus - external
jugular vein, sternothyroid muscle
29. 111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
30. /1ars mj1erficialis 111i. rntanei co/Ii - superficial
part of cutaneus colli muscle
31. pars f!rofunda mi. wtanei colli - deep part of
cutaneus colli muscle
32. trachea - trachea
Horse. Lateral external transparent view
of skull through superficial surface.
Figure 104
Horse. Superficial regions of the head
Figure 105
I. - 3. regio 11asalis - region of nose
1. regio dorsalis nasi - dorsal region of nose
2. regio lateralis nasi - lateral region of nose
3. regio naris - region of nostril
4. regio maxillaris - maxillary region
5. regio buccalis - region of cheek
6. regio mandibularis - mandibular region
7. regio oralis (regio labialis superior et labialis inferior)
- oral region (region of lips)
8. regio menlalis - region of chin
9. regio illfraorbilalis - infraorbital region
1 0. regio masseterica - masseteric region
11. regio orbitalis fregio palpebralis inferior el palpe­
bralis superior) - orbital region (region of
eyelids)
12. regio fronta/is - frontal region
13. regio parieta/is - parietal region
14. regio temporalis - temporal region
15. fossa supraorbitalis - supraorbital fossa
16. regio zygomalica - zygomatic region
1 7. regio arlicu/ationis lemporomandibu/aris region of temporomandibular articulation
18. regio parotidea - parotid region
I 9. regio /aryngea - laryngeal region
20. margo mandibu/ae - margin of mandible
A. naris - nostril
B. labium superius - upper lip
C. labium inferius - lower lip
D. incisura vasorum facia/ium - notch for facial
vessels
E. eris/a facia/is - facial crest
F. cirrus capitis - foretop
G. juba - mane
H. auricu/a - external ear
transverse
J. processus lransversus at/an/is
process of atlas
K. su/cus jugu/aris - sulcus furrow
111
Horse. Skull of foal (newborn).
Figure 106
19
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
os i11cish•11111 - incisive bone
os 11asale - nasal bone
maxilla - maxilla
os zygo111atic11111 - zygomatic bone
as lacri111ale - lacrimal bone
us frontale - frontal bone
os parietale - parietal bone
os interparietale - interparietal bone
os occijJitale - occipital bone
condylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
112
11. pars sq11a111osa ossis temporalis - squamous part
of temporal bone
12. pars tympanica ossis tempora{is - tympanic part
of temporal bone
13. porus acusticus ex/emus - external acoustic
opening
14. processus paracondylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
15. arws zygo111aticus - zygomatic arch
16. foramen infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
1 7. Joramen supraorbitale - supraorbital foramen
18. fora111en me11tale - mental foramen
19. denies incish•i I (decidui) - first incisors (deci­
duous)
20. denies incisi1'i II (decidui) - second incisors (de­
ciduous)
21., 22., 23. dentes premolares superiores (decidui) upper premolar teeth
24. 111andibula - mandible
25. sutura fro11/011asalis - frontonasal suture
Horse. Skufl left view, with sculptured maxillary and conchal sinuses.
Figure 107
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
1 4.
11/(/_\'illa - maxilla
os 11asall' - nasal bone
/JS incisi.·11111 - incisive bone
i11ris11m nasoincisim - nasoincisive incisure
d1'11//'s inrish·i - incisors
si1111s condwfrontalis - conchofrontal sinus
cm1alis 11asolacrf111((/fs - nasolacrimal canal
sinus condw<' ,•e11tmlis - sinus of ventral concha
bu/la co11c/l((e nasalis ,'<'llimlis - bulla of ventral
nasal concha
sr'/1/u111 si11u11111 11/{/_\'il/ariu111 - septum of maxil­
lary sinus
si11us 111axillaris rnudo/is
caudal maxillary sinus
sinus 1110.rillaris rostralis - rostral maxillary si­
nus
eris/a facia/is - facial crest
aj>ert11ra sinus sj>he110J)(/lati11i - opening of sphe­
nopalatine sinus
15. fom1111'11 suj1raorbita!t• - supraorbital foramen
16. os frrmtale - frontal bone
I 7. f"sSII 111i. ,,b/iq11i ,.,,,11ralis bu/bi - fossa of ventral
oblique muscle of bulb
18. fossr, sacci lacrit11alis - fossa of lacrimal sac
19. cana/is infraorbita/is - infraorbital canal
20. os J>aril'lole - parietal bone
21. eris/a 1111char• - nuchal crest
22. eris/a te111j>omlis - temporal crest
23. J1rocessm zygo11wtirns ossis frnntalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
24. arrns zyg,,111atirns - zygomatic arch
25. j>oms arnstirns e.\'lem11s - external acoustic
opening
26. rnno/is o/Jtirj,s - optic canal
27. fiss11ra orb/to/is et fom111e11 a/ore rnstm/e - orbital
fissure and rostral alar foramen
28. j>rncess11s rrtroartirnlaris - retroarticular process
29. jJrocess11s 111astoidl'11s ,mis te111J)(}m/is - mastoid
process of temporal bone
30. c1J11r{)'l11s occij>italis - occipital condyle
31. Jm,cess11s J>oraconr{rloris - paracondyloid process
32. drnll's jJ/'1'111,,/arl's - premolar teeth
33. rle11tes 11wlares - molar teeth
34. m11111s 111011dib11/r"' - ramus of mandible
35. lw11111/11s jJ/1'1)'goirl/'II.\' - pterygoid hamulus
36. f{//jJ/ls mm,dibukw - body of mandible
37. i11cis11m ,•ason1111 .focio/iu111 - notch for facial
vessels
38. a11g11/11s 111mu/ibu/ae - angle of mandible
39. j>rocessus C/Jro11oirleus 111(111dib11/ae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
40. jJmcesws condylaris 11w11dib11ial' - condylar pro­
cess of mandible
41. .fora111e11 mentole - mental foramen
-12. ,t,.,.,,,.., rn11i11i - canine teeth
113
Horse. Skull left lateral view. Bone outlines demarcated by color.
Figure 108
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
111m1dib11fa - mandible
maxiffa - maxilla
os incisii'lllll - incisive bone
os 11asafe - nasal bone
os facrimafe - lacrimal bone
os zygomaticw11 - zygomatic bone
osfro11tafe - frontal bone
os presphe1111idafe - presphenoid bone
lamina pe,penclirnfaris ossis pafati11i - perpendi-
cular plate of palatine bone
10. os lempomfe - temporal bone
11. os J1arietafe - parietal bone
12. "s occi/1itafe - occipital bone
114
13.
14.
15.
16.
"s i11le1parietafe - interparietal bone
mlura 111axiff"i11cisim - maxilloincisive suture
s11l11ra 1ws"11wxifftiris - nasomaxillary suture
sulura facrh11011wxiffaris - lacrimomaxillary su­
ture,
17. sut11m zygmnaticomaxiffaris - zygomaticomaxillary suture
18. s11/11ra nasoincisim - nasoincisive suture
19. suturafro11to11asafis - frontonasal suture
20. sutura 11asofacrimafis - nasolacrimal suture
21. sulumfro11tofacrh11afis - frontolacrimal suture
22. s11l11m facri111ozygomatica - lacrimozygomatic
suture
23.. sulura lemJ1oro::ygo111atica - temporozygomatic
suture
24. sulura sq11amosofro11lafis - squamosofrontal suture
25. sutura temj)l)rofmntafis - temporofrontal suture
26. sutura corona/is - coronal suture
27. sutura squmuosa - squamous suture
28. sutura fa111bcloidea - lambdoid suture
29. sulura occipito111astoidea - occipitomastoid su­
ture
30. sutura sphe11oj)(l/ali110 - sphenopalatine suture
31. s11111ra sq11a111oso111asloidea - squamosomastoid
suture
Horse. Median section of skull Bone outlines demarcated by color. Right view.
Figure 109
1. liS incish,11111 - incisive bone
2. 111oxilla - maxilla
3. j>mffssus J)(/lati1111s 11wxillrw
palatine process
of maxilla
4. Jmicessus rJ/,,elilaris 111a.rillae
alveolar process
of maxilla
5. liS 1wsole - nasal bone
6. co11cha 11asolis dona/is - dorsal nasal concha
7. liS cone/we nosolis ,'e11/ra/is - ventral nasal con­
chal bone
8. elh1110/11rbi110/ia - ethmoturbinate
9. ,'0111er - vomer
I0. /0111i110 horizo11tolis ossis j)(l/alini - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
I I. la111i11a Jmpe11dirnlaris ossis j)(l/atini - perpendicular plate of palatine bone
12. os j>lnygoide11111 - pterygoid bone
13. os fro11/o/e - frontal bone
14. cm/J/ls ossis bosisj>henoidolis - body of basisphe­
noid bone
15. ala ossis basisjJhe11oidalis - wing of basisphenoid
bone
I 6. C/)/j)/(S ossis jJresj>henoidalis - body of presphe­
noid bone
I 7. ala ,,ssis j)l'l'SjJhe11oidalis - wing of presphenoid
bone
18. jHIJ'S sq11a111osa ossis /e111j>oralis - squamous part
of temporal bone
19. j>ars j>elrasa ,mis le111j>omlis - petrous part of
temporal bone
20. os i11/e1/Jorietale - interparietal bone
21. os parielole - parietal bone
22. j>ars lo/era/is ossis occiJ1ilolis - lateral part of oc­
cipital bone
23. sq11a111a occij>ilolis - occipital squama
24. Jxm basilaris ossis occij>itolis - basilar part of
occipital bone
25. sulum 111oxilloi11cisii'(t - maxilloincisive suture
26. rn/11m 11asoi11cisii'(t - nasoincisive suture
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
sulura 11aso111oxilloris - nasomaxillary suture
su/ura fm11/rmasolis - fruntonasal suture
sulura coro110/is - coronal suture
sulum sjJhe11ofro11/o/is - sphenofrontal suture
sulura sj>he11osquo111oso - sphenosquamous su­
ture
sulura squm11oso - squamous suture
wtura occijJi/011wsloideo - occipitomastoid su­
ture
sy11cho11drosis sj>he11ooccipitalis - spheno-occipi­
tal synchondrosis
processus jJlerygoideus ,mis bosisj1he11oidolis - pte­
rygoid process of basisphenoid bone
sy11cho11drosis i11/ersjJhe11oidalis - intersph'etwidal
synchondrosis
sulura J1ala/0111axilloris - palatomaxillary
sutui·e
111r111dibulo - mandible
115
Horse. Skull cranial view (oral-rostral surface).
Figure 1 10
I. os/i-011/all' - frontal bone
os /l({Sale - nasal bone
os lacrinl({fe - lacrimal bone
os ::ygo111aticu111 - zygomatic bone
111axilla - maxilla
os i11cish•11111 - incisive bone
'i.'<nnrr - vomer
jimcesms ::ygo11wtirns r,ssis fmntalis
process of frontal bone
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
116
9. fom11U'II i11fraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
IO. Jnocesms lacri111alis rostralis
II.
zygomatic
12.
13.
14.
15.
rostral lacrimal
process
J1rocesms lacrimalis caudalis
caudal lacrimal
process
i11cis11m 11asoi11cish•a - nasoincisive incisure
canalis i11teri11cisii·11s - interincisive canal
eris/a facialis - facial crest
m11111s 111a11dib11lae - ramus of mandible
'i.'(ISfJrll/Jl faciali11111 - notch for facial
vessels
17. orbita - orbit
18. d1oa11a de.rim - right choana
16. i11cis11m
I,. dens incisivus superior { - upper first incisor
I2. dens incisivus superior II - upper second incisor
l3,
dens incisivus superior III - upper third incisor
Horse. Skull vzew of caudal surface.
Figure l 11
1
I. eris/a 1111dwe - nuchal crest
2. Jm1t11bem11tia 11crij>ita/is e.rtema - external occipital protuberance
3. c1111dy/11s occipita/is - occipital condyle
4. fom111en mag1111111 - foramen magnum
5. Jmicessus rnron11ide11s 1nandib11/ae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
6. arrns zygo111atirns - zygomatic arch
7., 8. pmcessus C/!11(6'/aris 111a11dib11/ae - condyloid
process of mandible
7. w/1111111a11dib11/ae - mandibular condyle
8. co//11111 111ml(/ib11/ae - notch of mandible
9. fom111en sj1he110J1a/ati1111111 - sphenopalatine fo­
ramen
I 0. for(1111e11 111axi//a/'/' - maxillary foramen
11. hm1111/11s J1/e,)'g11ide11s - pterygoid hamulus
12. form11e11 j)(l/ati1111111 w11da/e - caudal palatine
foramen
13. w11a/is 11i. hJ1wg/ossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
14. J1mcess11s j)(lraC/!11(6'/aris - paracondyloid process
15. fom111en 111a11dib11/ae - mandibular foramen
16. dwww - choana
17. 1•0111er - vomer
18. fom111e11 J1a/atim1111 111ai11s - greater palatine foramen
19. a11g11/11s 111mta/is - mental angle
20. m1g11/11s 111a11dib11/ae - angle of mandible
21. fiswm j>alati11a - palatine fissure
22. process11s j)(l/ati1111s 111axi//ae - palatine process
of maxilla
23. Jm,cessus j>alatin11s 11ssis i11cisi1·i - palatine pro­
cess of incisive bone
117
Horse. Skull view of dorsal surface with sculptured paranasal sinuses.
Figure 112
10
\ 20
-,
I
I
(
)
I
-�
I
t
;
l
I
I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
I 6.
I 7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
118
eris/a nuchae - nuchal crest
eris/a sagittalis extema - external sagittal crest
os j)(frietale - parietal bone
pars squr111wsa rJSSis te111pomlis - squamous part
of temporal bone
li111'a te111poralis - temporal line
os frontale - frontal bone
fora111en supraorbitale - supraorbital foramen
os lacri111ale - lacrimal bone
os zygo111aticu111 - zygomatic bone
os nasale - nasal bone
111axilla - maxilla
os incisi1•w11 - incisive bone
Jimcessus zygo111atirns rJSSis tnnj)l)m/is - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
orbita - orbit
Jirocessus zygo111aticus ossis frontalis
zygomatic
process of frontal bone
fora111en infraorbitale - infraorbital foramen
canalis interincisi,•us - interincisive canal
sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
la111ina tectoria rJSSis eth111oidalis - tectorial lami­
na of ethmoid bone
sinus conchofrontalis - conchofrontal sinus
ajiertura frontrmwxillaris - frontomaxillary
opening
sinus 111axillaris caudalis - caudal maxillary si­
nus
sinus 111axillaris rostralis - rostral maxillary sinus
fissura palatina - palatine fissure
Horse. Skull dorsal view. Bone outlines demarcated by color.
Figure 113
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
I 7.
os occi/1itole - occipital bone
os i11te1J1arietale - interparietal bone
os porietale - parietal bone
os te111porale - temporal bone
os fro11tale - frontal bone
11s 11asa/r, - nasal bone
11s lacri111ale - lacrimal bone
os zygo111atirn111 - zygomatic bone
111axi{/a - maxilla
11s i11cish•11111 - incisive bone
mtura sagittalis - sagittal suture
wtura i11terfm11talis - interfrontal suture
s11/11ra i11temasalis - internasal suture
s11t11ra lm11bd11idea - lambdoid suture
wtura sq11a11wsa - squamous suture
wtura corona/is - coronal suture
sutum sq11m11osofro11talis - squamosofrontal su-
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
wtura te111porofro11tolis - temporofrontal suture
su/11ra fro11/011osalis - frontonasal suture
s11t11m 11asolacri1110/is - nasolacrimal suture
s11t11ra fm11tolocri111alis - frontolacrimal suture
s11t11m lacri111ozygo11,a/ica - lacrimozygomatic
ture
suture
23. s11/11ra lacri1110111axi{/aris - lacrimomaxillary su­
ture
24. sutura 11aso111axi{/aris - nasomaxillary suture
25. wt11ra 11osoincisi1'a - nasoincisive suture
119
•
Horse. Skull ventral view.
Figure 114
I
I. fom111en 111ag1111111 - foramen magnum
2. condy/11s occiJ1ita!is - occipital condyle
3. J1ars basilaris ossis occi/1ita!is - basilar part of
occipital bone
4. fima co11r�)'laris ,rntmlis - ventral condylar
fossa
5. Jm,cessus pamcomfrlaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
6. J1ars ty111panirn ,mis te111pomlis - tympanic pan
of temporal bone
7. 111ea/11s arnstirns ex/emus - external acoustic
opening
8. Jm1cess11s 11111srnlaris - muscular process
9. cana/is ni. Jm1og/,,ssi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
I 0. formneJl lacen11n - foramen lacerum
11. firm J1etrosa ossis le111J}()m/is - petrous part of
temporal bone
12. Jm1cessus styloideus - styloid process
13. fossa 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular fossa
14. J1mcess11s retmartirnlaris - retroarticular process
15. cmjms ossis basisj1henoidalis - body of basisphenoid bone
16. tuberrn/11111 articu/are - articular tubercle
I7. fi1m111e11 a/are caudale - caudal alar foramen
18. fomnwJl etlunoida/e - ethmoidal foramen
19. os J1te1ygoide11111 - pterygoid bone
20. 1•01Jler - vomer
21. /a111iJla pe1J1eJldirnlaris ossis J)(/latiJli - perpendi­
cular plate of palatine bone
22. lamina hori:wJltalis ossis /1a/atini
horizontal
plate of palatine bone
23. tuber maxillae - maxillary tuber
24. os zygiJlnaliC/1111 - zygomatic bone
25. facies facia!is 11w.ri//ae - facial surface of ma­
xilla
26. procesS11s j)([/atiJl11s ma.ri//ae - palatine process
of maxilla
27. Jm1cess11s /1alatin11s ,,ssis iJlcish·i - palatine process of incisive bone
28. Jissum jJalatiJla - palatine fissure
29. dens caJlinus - canine tooth
30. os incisi,•11111 - incisive bone
31. canalis i11teri11cisfr11s - interincisive canal
32. fom111e11 /1a/atin11111 111ajus - greater palatine fo­
ramen
33. fim1111en S11/1morbitale - supraorbital foramen
120
Horse. Skull uentral uiew. Bone outlines demarcated by color.
Figure 115
1. os 11ccij1ilale - occipital bone
2. j)((rs sq11m11osa ossis lemj/llrulis - squamous part
of temporal bone
2'. j)((rS 1)·111/1m1irn el jl(m j>elrosa ossis le111J/l)m/is tympanic and petrous parts of temporal bone
3. os basisplzenoidale - basisphenoid bone
3'. os presplzenoidale - presphenoid bone
4. os />ll'lygoide11111 - pterygoid bone
5. 1•11111n - vomer
6. os j>alali1111111 - palatine bone
7. os zygo111alirn111 - zygomatic bone
8. 111axi/la - maxilla
9. os fronlale - frontal bone
10. os i11ci.1i1'11111 - incisive bone
I I . .111l11m 11crif>il1111wsl11idl'a - occipitomastoid su­
ture
12. sy11d11mdrosis s/1he111111ccij1ilalis - spheno­
occipital synchondrosis
13. s11l11ra s/1he11osq11m11osa - sphenosquamous su­
ture
14. fissum sq11(111111s0111asloidea - squamosomastoid
fissure
·15. fissum /1elrosq11a11111sa - petrosquamous fissure
16. wl11ra sq11m110s,ifrrmlalis - squamosofrontal suture
1 7. wl11ra le111j>orofm11talis - temporofrontal suture
18. s11/11ra s/1he1111/ro11talis - sphenofrontal suture
19. s11/11ra le111J/l)ro::ygm11atirn - temporozygomatic
suture
20. s11l11ra f>le1ygoj>alati11a - pterygopalatine suture
21. s11/11m j/(/lat1111wxillaris - palatomaxillary su­
ture
22. s11l11ra zygomalico111axillaris - zygomaticomaxil­
lary suture
23., 26. s11/11ra j>alatina 111edia11a - median palatine
suture
23. s11/11ra /1alali11a 111edia11a (,1ssi11111 /1alati1111m111) median palatine suture (of palatine bones)
24. w/11ra /1alali11a lra11s1•e1-sa - transverse palatine
suture
25. wl11ra sj>he1111j>alali11a - sphenopalatine suture
26. s11l11ra /)((/ali1w 111edia11a (111axi/lan1111 el 11ssi11111 i11ci­
simn1111) - median palatine suture (of maxil­
lae and incisive bones)
'27., 28. s11l11ra 11wxilloi11cisi1'(( - maxilloincisive su­
ture
121
Horse. Temporomandibular articulation) left view. Above) intact below) opened
Figure 116
1. processus co,:011oide11s 111r111dib11fae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
2. J1rocesws zygo111atirns ossis te111poralis - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
3. jJOrus arnsliws ex/emus - external acoustic
opening
4. Jm,cessus paraco11dyfaris - paracondyloid process
5. procesws styfoideus - styloid process
6. ty111Jxmohyoide11111 - tympanohyoid
7. styfohyoide11111 - stylohyoid
8. fig. faterafe - lateral ligament
9. capsufa arlicufaris - articular capsule
10., I 1. fig. caudafe - caudal ligament
12. discus arlicufaris - articular disc
13. caput 11w11dib11fae - mandibular condyle
122
Horse. Muscles of the head Superficial laye0 left view.
Figure 11 7
1. m. ilicisivus inferior - incisive muscle of man­
dible
2. 111. orbiwlaris oris - orbicularis oris muscle
3. m. levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
4. 111. /em/or nasolobio/is - levator nasolabialis
muscle
5. 111. ca11i1111s - caninus muscle
6. 111. zygo111atiws - zygomatic muscle
7. 111. zygo111aticob11ccalis - zygomaticobuccal
muscle
8. jxll's 1110/aris mi. b11cci11a/oris
molar part of
buccinator muscle
buccal part of
9. j)(Jrs buccalis mi. b11cci11atoris
buccinator muscle
I 0. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
IO'. tendo mi. depressoris labii inferioris - tendon of
depressor muscle of lower lip
I I. 111. rnlaneus faciei - facial cutaneous muscle
12. Jxm caudalis mi. /a/era/is 11asi
caudal part of
lateral nasal muscle
13. pars dorsalis mi. /atera/is 11asi - dorsal part of
lateral nasal muscle
14. pars 1•e11tra/is mi. /a/era/is 11asi - ventral part of
lateral nasal muscle
15. 111. di/otalor noris ojJica/is - dilatator naris api­
calis muscle
16. 111. fem/or 011g11/i orn/i 111edia/is - levator anguli
oculi medialis muscle
I 7. 111. orbiwlaris orn/i � orbicularis oculi muscle
18. 111. depressor Jxt!pebrae inferioris - depressor
muscle of lower eyelid
19. pars su/Jerficia/is mi. 111osseteris - superficial part
of masseter muscle
20. pars jJmfunda 111i. 111osseleris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
2 I. 111. te111JJOra!is - temporal muscle
22. pars occij1ito111a11dib11/aris 111i. digastrici - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
23. 111. occi/1itolryoide11s - occipitohyoid muscle
24. 111. sty/ohyoideus - stylohyoid muscle
25. 111. ob/iq1111s ca/Ji/is cm11ia/is - cranial oblique
muscle of head
26. 111. se111is/Ji11alis ca/Ji/is - semispinalis capitis
muscle
27. 111. ob/iq1111s ca/Ji/is ca11dalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
28. tendo mi. /011gissi111i at/antis - tendon of longissi­
mus atlantis muscle
29. 111. /011gus capitis - longus capitis muscle
30. 111. cricoaryte11;Jide11s dorsa/is - dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
31. 111. cricophmy11ge11s - cricopharyngeal muscle
32. 111. stemothyroidew - sternothyroid muscle
33. 111. omohyoide11s - omohyoid muscle
34. 111. s/emohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
35. stylohyoidewn - stylohyoid
36. processus lransz•ersus at/a11tis - transverse process of atlas
37. eso/1hag11s - esophagus
38. gla11d11/a thyroidea - thyroid gland
39. trachea - trachea
123
Horse. Muscles of the tongue and the phmyngeal cavity, left view. Left half of mandible with masseter
muscle is remoz:ed.
Figure 118
I. 111. /e111J)()m/is - temporal muscle
2. 111. orcij1itohyoide11s - occipitohyoid muscle
3. J1ars orci/1ilo111a11dib11/aris 111i. digaslrici - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
4. ,•e11/er rnudalis 111i. digmtrici - caudal belly of
digastric muscle
5. lemlo 111i. digaslrici - tendon of digastric
muscle
6. ,•e11/er mstm/is 111i. digmlrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
7. 111. stylohyoideus - stylohyoid muscle
8. 111. i<'IISor i·eli J10/ati11i - tensor muscle of soft
palate
9. 111. ft,,,alor ,·eli J}((/ati11i - levator muscle of soft
palace
10. 111. J10/alojlhmy11g1'11S el 111. J1le1:i;�ojlhmy11gms palatopharyngeal and pterygopharyngeal
muscles
124
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
2 I.
22.
23.
24.
111. hyogloss11s - hyoglossal muscle
111. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
111. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
Ill. ge11iohyoide11s - geniohyoid muscle
caudal part of
jlars caudalis 111i. 111ylohyoidei
mylohyoid muscle
jlars mstmlis 111i. 111ylohy"idei
rostral part of
mylohyoid muscle
111. stylophmy11ge11s - stylopharyngeal muscle
111. kyo/1hmy11ge11s - hyopharyngeal muscle
111. thym/1ha1y11ge11s - thyropharyngeal muscle
111. cricojlhmy11ge11s - cricopharyngeal muscle
111. hyothymideus - hyothyroid muscle
111. slemothymid<'IIS - sternothyroid muscle
111. 011wl1roide11s el 111. stemohy"ide11s - omohyoid
and sternohyoid musc�es
111. obliq1111s caJ1ilis cmniolis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
25. 111. m11isj1i110/is cajlilis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
26. 111. obliq1111s rnjlilis rnudalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
27. tendo 111i. l011gissi111i at/antis - tendon of longissimus atlantis muscle
28. 111. l011g11s rn/1itis - longus capitis muscle
29. esoj1hag11s - esophagus
30. gla11d11/a thymidea - thyroid gland
31. /mchea - trachea
32. li11g11a - tongue
33. 111m1dib11/a - mandible
34. stylohy"ide11111 - stylohyoid
35. thy mhyoide11111 - thyrohyoid
36. dh•erlirn/11111 tubae auditime
diverticulum of
auditory tube
Horse. Deep layer of the tongue muscles and the pharyngeal cavity) left view. Left half of mandible with
masseter muscle and superficial muscles of the pharyngeal cavity are removed
Figure 119
I. 111. te111pomlis - temporal muscle
2. 111. occi/Jitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
3. /){/rs ocrijJit11111a11dibularis mi. digastriri - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
4. 111. n'clus ca/Ji/is ,·entmlis - ventral straight
muscle of head
5. 111. s(rlohyoid/'1/s - stylohyoid muscle
6. 111. s(rlojJhmyngeus - stylopharyngeal muscle
7. 111. temor ,•e/i prdatini - tensor muscle of soft
palate
8. 111. /em/or ,•e/i j){{/atini - levator muscle of soft
palate
9. 111. f!lnygophmyngeus - pterygopharyngeal
muscle
I 0. 111. jJa/atojJhrnyngeus - palatopharyngeal
muscle
11. 111. styloglosws - styloglossal muscle
I 2. 111. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
13. 111. grniohyoid/'1/s (dert,,,-J - geniohyoid muscle
(right)
14. 111. cemtohyoideus - ceratohyoid muscle
15. 111. thyrohroideus - thyrohyoid muscle
16. 111. cricor11yte1111ideus dorsa/is - dorsal cricoaryte­
noid muscle
I 7. 111. cricothyroid/'1/s - cricothyroid muscle
18. 111. obliquus ca/Jitis cmnialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
19. 111. se111is/Ji11alis ca/Ji/is - semispinalis capitis
muscle
20. 111. obliquus ca/Ji/is cauda/is - caudal oblique
muscle of head
'.Z 1.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
111. longus ca/Jitis - longus capitis muscle
lingua - tongue
/!a/Ji/la foliata - foliate papilla
towil/a f!alatina - palatine tonsil
esophagus - esophagus
glandufa il()'midea - thyroid gland
tmchea - trachea
s(r!ohyoidewn - stylohyoid
jJrocessus li11g11alis - lingual process
cerat11hyoideu111 - ceratohyoid
fl(J"mhy11ide11m - thyrohyoid
cartilago thy midm - thyroid cartilage
cartilago cricoidea - cricoid cartilage
dh•erticu/u111 tubae auditime - diverticulum of
auditory tube
125
(\
Horse. Dissection of the head and the adjacent part
of the neck) left view. First layer.
Figure 120
.,
I. 111. leuator 11asolabialis - levator nasolabialis
muscle
2. 111. a111i11us - caninus muscle
3. pars dorsalis 111i. /a/era/is 11asi - dorsal part of
lateral nasal muscle
4. m. leuator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
5. 111. dilatator 11aris apicalis - dilatator naris api­
calis muscle
6. 111. zygo111aticus - zygomatic muscle
7. pcm buccalis 111i. b11cci11aforis - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
8. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
9. 111. orbicularis oris - orbicularis oris muscle
I 0. 111. depressor pa!JJebrae i11ferioris - depressor
muscle of lower eyelid
11. 111. /em/or anguli ornli 111edialis (111. cormgator super­
ci/ii) - levator anguli oculi medialis muscle
(corrugator supercilii muscle)
12. pars s11J;e1ficialis 111i. 111asseteris - superficial part
of masseter muscle
13. Jxm Jm1f1111da 111i. 111asseteris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
14. 111. parotidoaurirnlaris - parotidoauricular
muscle
126
15. 111. i11terscut11/aris - interscutular muscle
16. Jxm frontalis 111i. frontosrntularis - frontal part
of frontoscutular muscle
17. Jmrs te111poralis 111i. fro11/osrnt11/aris - temporal
part of frontoscutular muscle
18. 111. splenius - splenius muscle
19., 20., 21. 111. brachioceplwlirns - brachiocephalic
muscle
22. 111. slemo111a11dib11/aris - sternomandibular
muscle
23. 111. 0111ohyoide11s el 111. stemohyoideus - omohyoid
and sternohyoid muscles
24. Jxm occipito111a11dib11/aris mi. digastrici - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
25. processus trann•ersus at/antis - transverse process of atlas
26. a. et 1'. facialis - facial artery and vein
27. due/us parotideus - parotid duct
28. a. labia/is inferior - artery of lower lip
29. a. el 1•. /a/era/is 11asi - lateral nasal artery and
vein
·io. a. labia/is superior-= artery of upper lip
31. a. et 1•. angularis oculi - angularis oculi artery
and vein
:12. a. el 1•. /ra1m•ersa faciei - transverse facial arte­
ry and vein
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
1•. jugularis - jugular vein
1•. 111axil/aris - maxillary vein
1°. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
1•. aurirnlaris caudalis - caudal auricular vein
ra11111s masselerirns a. carotidis exlemae, 1•. masseteri­
ca 1•e11tralis - masseteric branch of external
carotid artery, ventral masseteric vein
1w1111s t1:m1s1•e1-s11s faciei ni. a11rirnlole111j}l)ra/is transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal
nerve
rm1111s co1111111111ica11s ni. a11ric11/ote111poralis (ad 11. Ja­
cialem) - communicating branch of auriculo­
temporal nerve (to facial nerve)
11. facialis - facial nerve
ra11111s bucca/is 1•e11trcNis ni. facialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
ra11111s buccalis domilis 11i. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
11. auricularis 11wg1111s - great auricular nerve
11. trm1s1-ers11s co/Ii - transversus colli nerve
ra11111s co/Ii 11i. facia/is - cervical branch of facial nerve
carlilago scutifonnis - scutiform cartilage
glandula parolis - parotid gland
Horse. Dissection of the head and the adjacent part of
the neck, left view. Second layer.
Figure 121
1. 111. /ei'{(/or naso/abialis - levator nasolabialis
muscle
- frontal part
of frontoscutular muscle
I 7. pars te111j}()ra/is 11li. fmntoscu/11/aris - temporal
2. 111. ca11i1111s - caninus muscle
3.
16. j)([rs fmntaiis 11li. fmntoscutularis
rn. levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
34. i'. auricu/aris rnuda/is - caudal auricular vein
35. 11. facia/is - facial nerve
36. a. et
1•. tram,•ena faciei, 1m1111s tm11s1•erws facir'i 11i.
auriculote111/1om/is - transverse facial artery
part of frontoscutular muscle
18. 1/1. j)([m/idoa11riwlaris
parotidoauricular
and vein, transverse facial branch of auricu­
lotemporal nerve
muscle
upper lip
4. pm, dona/is 111i. /atem/is nasi - dorsal part of
lateral nasal muscle
19. j)([rs occipitol/la11dib11/aris 111i. digastrici
- occipito-
mandibular part of digastric muscle
37. 11. auriculoj)([/jJebra/is - auriculopalpebral
nerve
38. 11. fronta/is - frontal nerve
5. 111. di/a/a/or naris ajJica/is - dilatator naris api­
calis muscle
20. 111. sjJ/enius - splenius muscle
21. 1/1. brachiocepha/iws - brachiocephalic muscle
39. 11. /acri111a/is - lacrimal nerve
6. 111. zygonwticus - zygomatic muscle
22. 111. stemo111andib11/aris - sternomandibular
40. a., ,'. et 11. buccalis - buccal artery, vein and
7. j)([rs 1110/aris 111i. b11cci11atoris
buccinator muscle
molar part of
muscle
23. n,. 011whyoide11s et 111. stenwhyoideus - omohyoid
nerve
41. sinus ,,. faciei fmifundae
8. prm b11ccalis 11li. buccinatoris
buccinator muscle
buccal part of
and sternohyoid muscles
24. ,'. jugularis - jugular vein
9.
m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
25. 11. cen•ica/is 11 - second cervical nerve
of lower lip
26. 11. aurirnlaris 11lag1111s - great auricular nerve
1 0. 111. depressor j)(//jJebrae inferioris - depressor
muscle of lower eyelid
I l. 1/1. /el'(l/or a11g11/i oculi media/is (111. corrugalor sujJer­
ci/ii) - levator anguli oculi medialis muscle
(corrugator supercilii muscle)
12. 1mn11s 1na11dib11/ae - ramus of mandible
13. pan pmfunda 11li. 111asseteris
branches of facial nerve
44. 11. infraorbitalis - infraorbital nerve
29. m11111s ,•entm/is ni. accessorii - ventral branch of
45. a. et 1•. facia/is, d11ct11s parotide11s - facial artery
and vein, parotid duct
accessory nerve
30. mn111s ,•e,1/m/is 11i. ce1Ticalis I - ventral branch
of first cervical nerve
14. pan supe,ficia/is 11li.. 1/lasse/Nis - superficial part
ca ,•entra/is - masseteric branch of external
of masseter muscle
cal branches of facial nerve
43. rami bucca/es dorsa/es 11i. facialis - dorsal buccal
27. ,'. 111axillaris - maxillary vein
31. 1•. occipitalis - occipital vein
32. ra11111s 111asseteric11s a. camtidis extemae, ,'. n1oss,,frri­
15. n,. intencutularis - interscutular muscle
42. ra111i bucrn/es ,•entra/es ni. facia/is - ventral buc­
28. ,,. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
- deep part of mas­
seter muscle
sinus of deep facial
vein
carotid artery, ventral masseteric vein
33. a. carotis extema - external carotid a1·tery
46.
a. labialis inferior, v. labialis cornrnunis - artery
of lower lip, common labial vein
4.7,. a. et 1•. angularis oculi - angularis oculi artery
and vein
48. a. la/era/is ,wsi - lateral nasal artery
49. glandula j)([ro/is - parotid gland
50. glandula 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular gland
127
Horse. J?issection of the head and the adjacent part of the neck) left l'lfii.J. Third layer.
Figure 122
I. 111. ll'i'(lfor 11asolabialis - levator nasolabial
muscle
2. m. levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
3. 11. i11Jim1rbitalis - infraorbital nerve
-+., 5. m))/i 11asa/('s 1·rl!'l"lli - external nasa I
branches
6. ramus labia/is superior - maxillary labial
branch
7. gla11d11lal' bucrnles dorsa/1·s - dorsal buccal
glands
8. gla11d11/a subli11g11alis /Jo/rs/r1))/afim - polystoma­
tic sublingual gland
9. gingii'({ - gums
I 0. 111. ))/OSSl'ler - masseter muscle
11. 1'. faciri Jm,fumla - deep facial vein
12. /Jars ))/O!aris mi. b11cci11atoris - molar part of
buccinator muscle
13. 1'. bucca/is - buccal vein
14. 11, li11g11alis, 1·. dorsrtlis li11g11ae
lingual nerve,
dorsal lingual vein
15. m11111s s11jJc1ficialis 11i. /i11g11a/is - supe1·ficial
branch of lingual nerve
I 6. 1w1111s Jmif1111d11s iii. li11g 11alis, due/us 111m1dib11/aris
- deep branch of lingual nerve, mandibular
duct
128
I 7. 111. s(rloglossus - styloglossal muscle
18. 11. f( )1}()g/msus, a. subli11g11alis - hypoglossal
nerve, sublingual artery
19. ))/. gmiohyoidl'us - geniohyoid muscle
rostral part of
20. j}((rs rostmlis 111i. ))/ylohyoidei
mylohyoid muscle
21. /Hm mudalis 111i. ))/y/ol1)'oidl'i
caudal part of
mylohyoid muscle
22. a., 1'. l'I 11. ah,eolaris 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve
23. 1w1111s /Jtnx�·oidcus - pterygoid branch
24. 111. jJl/'JJgoideus ))/Cdialis - medial pterygoid
muscle
25. 111a11dib11/a - mandible
26. 11. 111ylohyoidn1s - mylohyoid nerve
27. a. et v. transversa faciei, ramus transversus faciei ni.
auriculotemporalis - transverse facial artery
and vein, transverse facial branch of auricu­
lotemporal nerve
28. a. et t'. te111jJomlis suj)(')ficialis, 11. aurirnlojJaljJebmlis
- superficial temporal artery and vein, auri­
culopalpebral nerve
29. 11. facialis - facial nerve
30. 111. te111jJomlis - temporal muscle
31. a. et 1'. aurirnlaris mudalis - caudal auricular
artery and vein
32. 11. digmtrirns - digastric nerve
:33. j}((rs occi/Ji/0111a11dib11/aris 111i. digmtrici - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
:l4. tm11rns 1•agmr111jJathirns, a, mrotis rn1111111111is, 1'. occi­
/Jitalis - vagosympathetic trunk, common ca­
rotid artery, occipital vein
35. gla11d11/a thy roidea, 1·. li11g11ofacia/is - thyroid
gland, linguofacial vein
36. a. rnrotis i11t1·1"11a, 11. aurirnlaris 111ag1111s - internal
carotid artery, great auricular nerve
37. a. occi/Jitalis - occipital artery
38. 1'. jugularis - jugular vein
39. 1'. 11w.rillaris - maxillary vein
39'. sinus 1'. 111a.ri/laris - sinus of maxillary vein
40. 111. s1'111is/Ji11a/is rnjJilis
semispinalis capitis
muscle
t I. 111. l011gissi11111s mjJitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
42. rsojJhagus, 11. la1y11g('IIS 1ff11rrem, trachea - eso­
phagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, trachea
43. 111. cll'idoocci/Jitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
44. 111. 01110/Jw1s1'l'l1ari11s (111. clcidotra11s1'l'rsarius) omotransverse
muscle
(cleidotransverse
muscle)
45. 111. 0111ohyoid1'11s - omohyoid muscle
46. m. sfl'n11n11a11dib11/aris
sternomandibular
muscle
47. rm1111s dorm/is ui. acc/'ssorii - dorsal branch of
accesso,·y nerve
Horse. Sagittal section through the head. Section se1_ieral millimeters left of the median jJlane. Left z 1eu
1
1
•
Figure J '.23
56
/1111im 11111/'IJS/11·/ Jifnw ,·1·1/l!si /J11f11ti - tunica mucosa and palatine ,·cnous plexus
'2 k mg111· JJ11foli11111· - palatine rugac
'2.:). li11g11a - tongue
'2.6. 111. g('//iug{u.H11.1 - genioglossal muscle
'2.7. 111. g1·11iuhruidl'11., - geniohvoid muscle
'2.8. j,bmr· {1111git11di11a/1·.1 .rn;,n/iri11ff'.1 111i. fi11g1111/is ;,m­
Jnii - superficial longitudinal fibers of prop­
er lingual muscle
'2.9. 111. 111_rf11h_r ,,idt11s - mdohyoid muscle
:10. /1111. 1111111difmf11n·.1· - mandibular lymph nodes
:l I. 111. hr,w/Jig/111/irn., - hvoepiglottic muscle
:l'2.. 111. st1·m11hr"idt11.1 1•/ 111. ,,muhr11id1•11s - sterno- ·
hvoid
and omohvoid
muscles
.
.
:1:l. mrlifagu 1·/!z�lutlirn - epiglottic cartilage
34. mrtifago thrmir/1·11 - thvroid cartilage
35. ;,rt/11111111 111u{fl' - soft palate
:16. 1!/J/'l'('///11111 - covering of :n
:17. 11.1/i11111 ph111y11g1·11111 t11h/ll' - opening of pharvngeal tube
:l8. rn,·11111 jJh111y11gis - pharyngeal cavitv
:11). cl/1!11110 - choana
rn. jim1i1 jJh111y11gi., - pharvngeal fornix
t I. orC11.1/Jo/11tojJlt111y11ge11.,· - palatopharvngeal arch
1'2.. sr•JJ/11111 di,•1·rlirnf111w11 - septum between diverticuli
43. 111. ari·te1/l!ide11s /1'/IJl.l'i'l'/'.1'11.1 - transverse aryte­
noid muscle
1 11wdi111111.1·
44. ,·1•11/rirn/11.1 farr11�i.
- median laryn­
,
geal ventricle
t5. ,·1·11/rirn/11.,· fmr11gi.1 fatn11/i.1 - lateral larvngeal
ventricle
'2.:l.
I. st'ji/11111 .,i111111111 jim1tafi11111 -
sinus
'2. .
septum of frontal
occipital squama
ucctjJi/11/is - basal part of occi­
.1q11011111 u/'/'i/Ji/11/i.1 -
:1. pors IJ11.1iloris ussis
pital bone
4.
"·' hosisjJ/11·11"itlo/1· 1·! os jJr1·.1;,h1·111,itloft. -
noid and presphenoid bones
"" 11os,d1· - nasal bone
Ci. us i11ci.,i,·11111 - incisive bone
basisphe-
,1.
7.
B.
9.
I 0.
I I.
12.
13.
14.
15.
I G.
17.
18.
I 9.
'2.0.
�I.
'2.'2..
/011111111 huri::1,11/11/is u.His JJ11fr1ti11i - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
111a11tli/mlo - mandible
orc11.1 don11/is 0//1111/i.1 - dorsal arch of atlas
orClls ,·1·11/mlis ot/1111/is - ventral arch of atlas
u.1 hr11id1·11111 - hvoid bone
labium inferius - lower lip
labium superius - upper lip
111. difotol1Jr 1wris 11;,imfiI - dilatator naris api­
calis muscle
m. incisivus superior - incisive muscle of maxil­
la
111. "rbirnfaris "ris - orbicularis oris muscle
m. incisivus inferior - incisive muscle of man­
dible
1111·11/11111 l'I 111. 1111·11!11/is - chin and mental
muscle
r/1'11/r·.1 i11cisii·i - incisors
a. i111'i.1ii·o - incisive arten·
sr'jJ/11111 11mi - nasal septum
jJ/n11.1 i'l'/1/),\ i 11a.\'(/fr.s - nasal venous plexus
l<i.
4 7.
..J.7'.
18.
jJ/im ,•,1mli., -
vocal fold
11/'l'I/S mrtif11,�i11is crimit/1'111· -
arch of cricoicl c;1r­
tilage
/11111i110 mrtilogi11i.1 crimitl/'/lc -
cartilage
49.
1·.w;,h11p1., - esophagus
111. /1111g11.1 m;,itis - longus
50.
111. aim11rrt1•1111itl1•11.1 tl11nafi.1 -
noid muscle
51.
111. f'l•c/11.,·m/Jitis dur.111/i.1 -
of head
52.·
5'.I.
54.
55.
1111•11tfnw10
lamina of cricoid
capitis muscle
dorsal cricm1n·tc­
dorsal straight muscle
11//011/tHiffi/Jilafis
donofi.,
atlanto-occipital membrane
11wd11flo .1J1i11afi.1 - spinal medulla
1111·111/m11111 otfr111/or,ffij)ilolis ,•1·11/m{i.,
atlanto-occipital membrane
111.
rl'/'/11s m/Ji/is ,'1•11/m/is
-
-
dorsal
vent r;i I
ventral suaight
muscle of head
sagittal sinus
straight sinus
58. ji,cil's 11wdi11fis hl'Jl1i.,jJhl'l'ii - medial surface of
hemisphere
59. o. rntj){)ris mffosi - arterv of corpus callosum
5G.
si1111s mgiltofis -
57.
si1111s 1fflm -
.60.
fi I,
6'2..
63.
64.
(i5.
rn1/m.1· C11ffm11111, jim1i.1 f'I .11•/J!11JII /1•/1•11c1·;,l111{i (jJl'f/11-
cir/11111) - corpus callosum, fornix and telence­
phalic septum (pellucidum)
1111•.1·1•11c1'jJ!t11/1J11 - mesencephalon
mr·r/11/{a 11bl,mgoto - medulla oblongata
si1111s m,'l'l'/IIJS/IS 1•/ o. Cllmlis in/1'1'1111 - cavernous
sinus and internal carotid artery
a. basiforis cnebri - cerebral basilar arten·
tl'nhl'f/11111 - cerebellum
129
I
Horse. Sagittal section through the head, medial surface. Nasal septum, partition between the air sinuses,
part of the nasal turbinates, and the tongue are all removed. Left view.
Figure 124
16
I. si1111sfrrmta/is - frontal sinus
2. sq11w11a occij1italis - occipital squama
3. Jmrs basilaris ossis omjiitalis - basilar part of
occipital bone
4. os basisj1he11oidale et os presj1he11oidale - basisphenoid and presphenoid bones
5. os nasa/e - nasal bone
6. os i11cisiu11111 - incisive bone
7. 111a11dibula - mandible
8. arrns dorsalis at/antis - dorsal arch of atlas
9. arrns 1•e11tra/is at/a.11tis - ventral arch of atlas
10. basihyoide11111 - basihyoid
11. labium superius - upper lip
12. labium inferius - lower lip
13. 111. orbirnlaris oris - orbicularis oris muscle
14. 111. di/ala/or naris apicalis - dilatator naris api­
calis muscle
15. m. incisivus superior - incisive muscle of ma­
xilla
16. de11tes incish•i I - first incisors
17. 111e11t11111 et 111. 111e11talis - chin and mental
muscle
18. m. incisivus inferior - incisive muscle of mandible
19. cartilago alaris - alar car,ilage
20. a. incisim , incisive artery
21. conc/,a nasa/is drmalis - dorsal nasal concha
22. crmcha nasalis 1·e11tralis - ventral nasal concha
23. plica rec/a - straight fold
24. plica alaris - alar fold
130
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
3 l.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
plica basalis - basal fold
J1alatu111 durum - hard palate
Jxdatum mo/le - soft palate
radix linguae - root of tongue
glm1dula sublingualis, due/us mandibularis, 1•. J1ro­
fu11da linguae - sublingual gland, mandibular
duct, deep lingual vein
11. hyj1oglossus - hypoglossal nerve
1'estib11/11111 buccale - buccal vestibule
111. 111ylohyoideus, 11. lingua/is - mylohyoid
muscle, lingual nerve
/1111. 111a11dibulares - mandibular lymph nodes
111. hyoepiglottirns - hyoepiglottic muscle
cartilago epig-/ottica - epiglottic cartilage
cartilago tlryroidea - thyroid cartilage
cartilago cricoidea - cricoid cartilage
m. sternohyoideus et m. omohyoideus - sterno­
hyoid and omohyoid muscles
sinus co11chrifro11ta/is - conchofrontal sinus
se/1/11111 sinuum crmchaliu111 - septum of conchal
sinus
bu/la conc/1(/e 11asalis dorsa/is - bulla of dorsal
nasal concha
sinus co11c/l(le 11asalis 1•ei1tra/is - sinus of ventral
nasal concha
bu/la conchae nasalis 1•e11tralis - bulla of ventral
nasal concha
111eatus nasi 111edius - middle nasal meatus
labyrinthus eth111oidalis - ethmoidal labyriAth
111ea/us nasi 1•e11tralis - ventral nasal meatus
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
111ea/us 11asi dorsa/is - dorsal nasal meatus
cm•11111 j1hary11gis - pharyngeal cavity
oj1ercu/um - covering of 50
ostiu111 phmy11geu111 tubae - opening of pharyn­
geal tube
111. mytenoideus trm1S1•ersus - transverse aryte­
noid muscle
1•ei1trirnl11s la1y11gis /a/era/is - lateral laryngeal
ventricle
/1/ica 1•oca/is - vocal fold
di1•erticu/u111 tubae auditime
diverticulum of
auditory tube
sty/ohyoide11111 - stylohyoid
esophagus - esophagus
funicu/w nuchae - nuchal funiculus
111. rec/us capitis dorsalis - dorsal straight muscle
of head
111e111bra11a at/a11/ooccij1ita/is dorsalis - dorsal
atlanto-occipital membrane
111e111bm11a at/a11/ooccij1ita/is 1•e,1tra/is - ventral
atlanto-occipital membrane
sj1atiu111 i11ter111usrn/are - intermuscular space
111. /ongus caj1itis - longus capitis.muscle
facies media/is he111isj1herii - medial surface of
hemisphere
adhesio i11tertha/m11ica - interthalamic adhesion
1•e11trirn/us tertius e11cej1ha/i - third ventricle of
encephalon
cerebellum - cerebellum
111edu//a spi11a/is - spinal medulla
Horse. Dissection of sagittal section through the head
Figure 125
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
I 2.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
se/J/11111 11asi - nasal septum
os i11cisi.•11111 - incisive bone
111r111dib11la - mandible
co11cha 11asalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
co11cha 11asalis 1•ei1tralis - ventral nasal concha
labyri11th11s eth111oidalis - ethmoidal labyrinth
j)(f/a/11111 1110/le - soft palate
rug(le j)(f/ati11ae - palatine rugae
gla11d11la subli11g11alis /}()6's/1111wtica
polystomatic sublingual gland
111. ll(y/ohyoideus - mylohyoid muscle
1'. dorsalis /i11g11ae - dorsal lingual vein
11. lingua/is - lingual nerve
si1111s 1'. 11wxil/aris, a. maxillaris, 11. 111a11dib11laris
sinus of maxillary vein, maxillary artery,
mandibular nerve
1·. maxillaris, a. carotis exlema - maxillary vein,
external carotid artery
a. carotis co1111111111is, 1•. occipitalis - common ca­
rotid artery, occipital vein
i'. j11g11laris - jugular vein
a. occijJita/is - occipital artery
18. a. mmtis intema, 11. hJ1Jogloss11s - internal caro­
tid artery, hypoglossal nerve
19. 11. glossophmy11ge11s, 111. stylohyoideus, ln111rns li11g110facialis - glossopharyngeal nerve, stylohyoid
muscle, linguofacial trunk
20. a. li11g11alis, due/us 111a11dib11laris, 1'. li11g11alis - lin­
gual artery, mandibular duct, lingual vein
21. 1•e11ter caudalis mi. digastrici - caudal belly of
digastric muscle
21 '. pe11/er mstralis 111i. dig(ls/rici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
22. i11serlio 111i. ge11iolryoidei - insertion of genio­
hyoid muscle
23. origo mi. ge11iohyoidei - origin of geniohyoid
muscle
24. chorda ty111JJm1i - chorda tympani
25. 111. jJ/e1ygoide11s lateralis
lateral pterygoid
muscle
26. 111. jJle1ygoide11s media/is
medial pterygoid
muscle
27. 111. occi/Jitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
28. 111. stylojJhmy11ge11s caudalis - caudal stylopharyngeal muscle
29. stylohyoide11111 - stylohyoid
30. 111. ceratohyoideus - ceratoli.yoid muscle
31. thyrolryoide11111 - thyrohyoid
32. basihyoide11111 - basihyoid
33. Jxm occijJi/0111a11dib11/aris mi. digaslrici - occipitomandibular part of digastric muscle
34. 1•. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
35. a. et 1•. facialis - facial artery and vein
36. facies media/is hemispherii - medial surface of
hemisphere
37. cerebel/11111 - cerebellum
38. 111ed11lla oblo11gata - medulla oblongata
39. labium superius - upper lip
40. 111eat11s 11asi dorsa/is - dorsal nasal meatus
41. 111eal11s 11asi medius - middle nasal meatus
42. meatus nasi 1•entra/is - ventral nasal meatus
43. jJlica rec/a - straight fold
44. plica alaris - alar fold
45. jJ/ica basalis - basal fold
131
Horse. Skeletal tojJography of arteries of head. Supe1ficial vessels. Drawn from a corrosion sjJecimen.
Figure 126
(
\
\
1. 11. mmlis m1111111111is - common carotid arterv
'.Z. o. lhy mid('{/ u-011io/i.( - cranial thvroid artery
:L o. phan·11gr·11 asffndr·m - ascending pharvngeal
arterv
4. a. lar1'11,�m rmniolis - cranial laryngeal arterv
5. 11. ocri/Jila/is - occipital arterv
6. o. 1111·11i11g('({ m11dolis - caudal meningeal arterv
7. a. rom{)'/aris - condvlar artery
8. /'//11111.1· ()(fi/Jilali.,· 11. offi/Jitalis - occipital branch
of occipital artery
9, m11111s d1·srl'lld!'//s 11. ,·1•rlcbmlis - descending
branch of vertebral artery
132
I 0.
I 1.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
o. mm/is i11/cm11 - internal carotid arterv
1w1111x gla11d11l11ris - glandular branch
11. mm/is e.1·/n1111 - external carotid artery
/'//11111.1 11111Ssl'll'l'ic11s - masseteric branch
11. 111,rirnlorix m11d11/is - caudal auricular arterv
r1111111s /J/lmlid1•11s - parotid branch
m11111s 011rir11/oris l11!n11/is 1·/·i11/1•m1Nli11s - inter­
mediate and lateral auricular branch
I 7. a. a11rirn/11ris jJm(1111do - deep auricular arterv
18., 19, 11. fl'lllj}(J/'11/is wp1•1jicia/is - superficial tem­
poral arterv
20. a:·1mm,•1·1:111 ji1ri1·i - transverse facial arten·
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
o. b11rralis - buccal arterv
a. wjmtorbi/11/is - supraorbital arterv
a. 111/1/aris - malar artery
o. ji,ria/is - facial artery
a. labia/is inferior - artery of lower lip
a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
a. lalnofo nmi - lateral nasal arterv
o. dors11/is 11asi - dorsal nasal artery
a. 1111g11laris ornli - angularis oculi arterv
o. i11jirn1rbilolis - infraodJital arterv
11. i11risii'(I - incisive arterv
Horse. Skeletal topography of arteries of head Deep vessels, left view. Drawn from a corrosion specimen.
Figure l '27
\
)
I. "· mrotis c"1111111111i., - common carotid anen·
2. "· thrmirlm cmni"lis - cranial thvroid arterv
;3. a. jJh<uyn,!.{f'O ftscnu/n,s - ascending pharyngeal
arten·
4. "· l{//y11g1·0 rm11iolis - cranial larvngeal arterv
5. u. wnjJit"li., - occipital arterv
6. "· 1111·11i11gm rnud"lis - caudal meningeal arten
7. m111u.,· g/111,rlulr!/'is - glandular branch
8. "· rnmtis i11tn11" - internal carotid artery
9. rt. mm/is 1•.r/1•mo - external carotid arten·
I0. 1w11us 111nm·lnirns - masseteric branch
I I. 1w11u., j)ll'ly�oidl'lls - ptervgoid branch
12. o. ourirnl"ris rnud"lis - caudal auricular artery
I :l. 1m11us J)(/mtid!'ll.1 - parotid branch
14. lm11rn.1 li11g1tl!/tffi{{/is - linguofacial trunk
I:i. "· /)"loti11" nm·111km - ascending palatine
arterv
I G. 11. li11.�'//{{/i.\ - lingual arterv
I 7 ., 20. a. facialis - facial artery
I B. m111i dl!r.wi!!'s li11g11a1· - dorsal branches of
tongue
I!J. 11. •,uh/i11gu"/i., - sublingual arterv
211. "· _/1/1 iu/i, - facial arterv
21. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
22. "· /{(/em/is 1111si - lateral nasal arterv
23. a. dl!rsalis ""·'·i - dorsal nasal artery
24. "· "11g11laris ornli - angularis oculi artery
25. "· i11/iw,rbir"li.1 - infraorbital arterv
26. "· 1111·11/a/is - mental arterY.
27. "· 11'111/)(Jm/is rnj)('lfici"li., - superficial temporal
artery
28. "· 11111.rilluri.1 - maxillary arterv
29. a. "h·('IJ/oris 1111111dilmlori., - mandibular alve­
olar artery
·w.
:l I.
:l2.
:l3.
34.
:15.
36.
37.
38.
:l9.
m11111s "· 11111xill"ris od tubm11 a11ditim111 et ad 111,
/1•11sl!rr·111 1•/ 111. l<w1/orr•111 ,•!'Ii palati11i - branch of
maxillary artery to tube and to tensor and
levator muscles of soft palate
m11111s j)ln1gl!id1·11s - pterygoid branch
o. /1'111/)(Jm/is Jm1(1111da rnudalis
caudal deep
temporal artery
"· 1!•111/)l}m/is Jmi1111da mstralis - rostral deep
temporal artery
"· rnjmtorhitolis - supraorbital artery
a. ojJhthol,nira <'Xfer11a - external ophthalmic
arterv
a. h11crn/i., - buccal artery
"· 111alaris - malar artery
"· i11_/iw,rhit"lis - infraorbital artery
m111i l!rbitales a. ojJhtha/111irne extemae - orbital
branches of external ophthalmic artery
133
Horse. Midsagittal section through skull. Right view.
Figure 128
22
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
os nasale - nasal bone
os frontale - frontal bone
sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
cm•llm cranii - cranial cavity
concha nasalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
concha nasa/is media - middle nasal concha
/abyrinthus eth111oida/is - ethmoidal labyrinth
os cone/we nasalis 1•entralis - ventral nasal con­
chat bone
9. /1rocessus nasalis ossis incisil·i - nasal process of
incisive bone
10. cmp11s ossis incisil•i - body of incisive bone
134
11. jJrocessus jJalatinus ossis incisil•i - palatine process of incisive bone
12. canalis interi11cisi1'11s - interincisive canal
13. 111eat11s nasi dorsalis - dorsal nasal meatus
14. 111eat11s nasi medius - middle nasal meatus
15. meat11s nasi 1•ei1tra/is - ventral nasal meatus
16. pmcessus jJalatin11s maxillae - palatine process
of maxilla
I 7. /Jmcessus ah•eolaris maxillae - alveolar process
of maxilla
18. lamina horizon/a/is ossis jJalalini - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
19. lamina Jmpendicularis ossis jmlatini - perpendicular plate of palatine bone
20. os jJle1ygoide11111 - pterygoid bone
21. ha11111/us jJlerygoideus - pterygoid hamulus
22. sinus sj1henojJalatinus - sphenopalatine sinus
23. foramen s/Jhenopalatin11111 - sphenopalatine foramen
24. denies incisil·i - incisors
25. dens ca11in11s - canine tooth
26. denies jJrenwlares - premolar teeth
27. denies 1110/ares - molar teeth
Horse. Midsagittal section through skull after removal of the conchae. Right view.
Figure 129
I. os 11asale - nasal bone
2. os fm11/a/e - fronta! bone
3. sinus fm11talis - frontal sinus
4. cm•11111 cranii - cranial cavity
5. co11clw 11asa/is dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
6. eris/a galli - crista galli
7. co11cha 11osa/is 111edia - middle nasal concha
8. e11dot11rbi11ale VI - sixth endoturbinate
9. si1111s co11chofm11talis - conchofrontal sinus
I 0. rn11a/is i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital canal
11. ,i1111s 111(nil/arisrn11dalis - caudal maxiliary sinus
l '.Z •.,i1111s 111a1•illflris mstralis - rostral maxillary sinus
13. si1111s cone/we lwsalis ,'1'11/ra/is - sinus of ventral
nasal concha
14.
si1111s 111axi//aris caudalis (aj1ert11ra si1111s sj1he11oidalis)
- caudal maxillary sinus (opening of sphe­
noid sinus)
15., eris/a co11chalis (111axillae) - conchal crest (of
maxilla)
16. ca11alis /acri111a/is - lacrimal canal
17. s11/c11s laeri111a/is - lacrimal sulcus
18. fom111e11 sphe11opalati1111111 - sphenopalatine fo­
ramen
19. fora111e11 Jmlati1111111 111aj11s -' greater palatine foramen
20. si1111s sj)he110Jmlati1111s - sphenopalatine sinus
21. lw11111l11SJ1te1yg11ide11s - pterygoid hamulus
22. 1•0111er - vomer
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
maxillary tuber
body of incisive bone
canalis i11teri11cisi1•11s - interincisive canal
processus 11asalis ossis incisil•i - nasal process of
incisive bone
pmcesms jxilatinus ossis incish•i - palatine pro­
cess of incisive bone
alveolar process
j)mcessus ah•eolaris maxillae
of maxilla
palatine process
processus J1alati1111s 111axillae
of maxilla
/a111i11a horizontalis ossis /1alati11i - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
tuber 111axillae -
cmpus ossis incish•i -
135
Horse. Orbital and temporal regions) !�ft z 1 1eu'.
Figure 1
:rn
I. 11.1 ji-1111/ul, _.:. frontal bone
:Z.
:L
4.
5.
"-' loai11lf,/1· - lacrimal bone
us ;1::..:n111ulicun1 - zygo1natic bone
111a\ill,1 - maxilla
f(JJJJiJJo /1r1j)('J1r/irnlori.1 flssis j)(J/atiJJi - perpendi­
cular plate of palatine bone
6. "-' .1J1!wJJ11ir/r,I,. (fio. 011J1w 11ssis hmisp!u-JJ11irlolis. Iii>.
olo msis bmis/>hr•JJ"irlalis, fie. p,.,,r,·ssw ptn\gflir/r-w)
- sphenoicl bone (Ga. bodv of basisphenoid
bone. Gh. wing of basisphenoid bone, Ge. pte­
rygoid process)
7. fl.I" /('IJJjJflmlr· (io. J)(Jrs sqJJmJJ11so. ,b. J>r11u·srn., :1:�o­
JJ1alirns. ,c. pm,·r•.uJJs JJl(J.1/oid1·11s, id. //fin tr111/H111im)
- temporal bone (7a. squamous part. 7b. z, gomatic process, 7c. mastoid process, 7d.
tvmpanic part)
8. ;1.1 j)(Jrit·to/1• - parietal bone
'). //S occij1ito/1' mo. /HJJS lmsilaris, 91>. sq/J(IJ/1(1 f/((JjJilfl·
/is) - occipital bone <9a. basilar part, 9b. occi •
pita! squama)
136
I 0. J1mu·ss11s larri111ali.,· murloli., - caudal lacrirnal
process
I I. ji,.,.w .11,rci lacriJJl(Jfis - fossa of lacri111,d sac
I :Z. ji,.,.w, 111i. obliq11i 1·1•JJ!mlis /111/hi - fossa or vt'ntral
oblique muscle of bulb
I :1. ji,,w, lmrhlr·ori., - trochlear· fon·a
14. ji1m1111•JJ .111/nm,rhitol,· - supraurliital fora men
15. Jmwc.u11s !f'Jllj>omlis 11.1.,i., :y�u1Jlf1liri -· tempo1·,1I
process of zygomatic !,one
1 fi. jJrr1f'f'SJ11s ::._1�w>111utinn n.Hi.\ _lr1111/u/i, -- i':·go111atic
process of frontal bone
17. jimJJ11t11 sj>hf'J10/mlotin111n •- splH'nopal.1ti11c fo­
ramen
I B. _!in 1JJ1w11 Jioloti1111111 , 011rlul, - ca ucl;1I pal,1ti11,·
foramen
1 '), _li.1.1111a 11rhitolis - orbital fis,u1e
:ZO. jumJJll"II rdon· r11.,tml,· .- rost/al ,dar foramen
:Zl. /11/H·rrn/11111 ortirnlwr· - ;rrticular tulicrcle
'l.2. J>n,o·ss11s n•/r1Jurtin1/u,i, - n:tro,1rticular procc,;;;�
2;1, jf1r<n111·11 alun· JJ;1rr.·1t111 - s111all alar fora111en
:Z4 . fi,r11111t11
olurt m1alolr· - caudal alar fora111c11
.
2�>- linm /1•1JJJ)(/mli.1 - temporal line
:Z(i. J>ml11IH·m11lio offi/1itoli.1 n/1-r110
external occipital protuherance
:Z7. ai.,to 1111d/fl1• - nuchal crest
:ZB .. :Z!). 11rijirio nlr-rnu tJJr•olm /u11J111mli., - ex1,-r11;,I
orifices of temporal meat us
2H. ori/icio lm1/J11mlir1 - temporal orifices
:Z!) . .fim11JJ1•11 rr-lmorlirn/uu· - rctroani,11lar fora­
men
:\O. rri.1/11 lr·111J>nmli., - temporal crest
;� l. jJont.\ on1sticus t'\frr1111., - external itcou.._, ic
opening
:::z. J>mu·ss11.1 sfd,,ir/1·11., - stdoicl proccs,
J:L Jnocn.H1., 11111.,cu!ori., - 111uscular process
:\4. .,r11d1ut{(/msi.1 .1j>h1·11,,,1n-i/1it,t!i., - spheno�occi­
pital svnchondrosis
sulctl', fo1;ic.1uclal
:��- .Htlc11s n 111r·11i11_!/t·or· ro11duli.,
meningeal anerv
:\(i. /1run·.Htts /Htmo111rldori.1 - paraconrh loid pro­
cess
Horse. Zygomatic arch removed exposing orbital and temjJoral regions. Viezo of left swface.
--,
Figure I :l I
"/
I 0.
frontal bone
'2. "·' loni111ulr· - lacrimal bone
:L ns ::_1:�u111r1lin1111 - zygo1natic bone
-1-. 11/!/\ill!I - maxilla
1.
1,.,jm11!0l1· -
l11111i11" Ju·1p1·11rlirnlori.1 o.1 .1i.1 j)(/loli11i - perpendi­
cular plate of palatine bone
(i. "·' .1J,lr1·11uirlok (/iu. rmjm.1 u.ui.1 l,mi.1/J/r1·11oido/i.1. fil,.
"·
"'" 0.1. , i.1 Jm·.1j1/w11uidoli.1. fie. Jm,u·.1.111.1 /Jl/'ly�,,;r/,·w.
sphenoid bone
Wa. bodY of basisphenoid bone. Gb. wing of
presphenoid bone, Ge. ptervgoid process, Gd.
wing of basisphenoicl bone)
fir/. olo 11.1 . , i.1 l,!l.li.,j,lw11uido/i.1') -
7. ,,s /!·111/Jom/1· (7o. Ju11:i .l"f/111111111.m, 7b. /Jmn·.1sw :1:�011111/irn.1. 7r. jl/"IICl'.H/1.\ /1/{l.\/oirll'II.\. 7rl. /)(II:\" l\'llljlflllim)
B.
<J.
- temporal bone Ua. squamous part. 7b. z\·­
gomatic process, 7c. mastoid process, 7d.
t\·mpanic part)
us /)(/ri1·/o/1· - parietal bone
11.1 wcij,il"k mo. /)((JS l,osilori.1,
'II,.
sq11a1110 orci/Jila­
occipital bone (<Ja. basilar pan, !Jb. occi­
pital squama)
lis) -
11.
I '2.
I :L
14 .
15.
16.
17.
I B.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
'25.
26.
'27.
/Jmc1·ss11J larri11/(//is m11dalis -
caudal lacrimal
process
fossa of lacrimal sac
fossa of ventral
oblique muscle of bulb
/i1,w1 lmrh/('{,ris � trochlear fovea
.,i1111s/i-011!0/is - frontal sinus
si11w 111arilloris m11dolis - caudal maxillarv
sinus
eris/a ,,rliilo/l'Jl1j,omlis - orbitotemporal crest
ji1m1111·11 l'il1111oirlo!t· -- ethmoid foramen
m11alis ojJ/irns - optic canal
ji.u11m orbitalis - orbital fissure
jim11111•11 ala/"/' mslm!t· - rostral alar foramen
_(r,m1111·11 1m1rillrm· - maxillarv foramen
jim11111·11 .,plrrw1j1ololi1111111 - sphenopalatine fo­
ramen
jrm11111·11 j1alati1111111 m11da/1· - caudal palatine
foramen
jim11111·11 a/rm· /Hm·11111 - small alar fora men
eris/a i11/i·a1t•111ju1mli.1 - infratemporal crest
jim11111•11 a/art• a111da/1• - caudal alar foramen
rnlcus 11i. m11alis jllr·n:�,,it!t·i - sulcus for pten
goid canal of nerve
ji,ssr1 .wcri lacri11111/is -
ji,.ua 111i. ul,/iq11i ,•1•11/mlis Im/I,; -
28.
29.
jJmC/'ss11s l"l'lmurlirnluris -
retroarticular process
spheno-occipi-
()'11d11,11dmsi.
.
1 sj1lr1•111H1rt1j1ilalis -
tal svnchondrosis
30. jlmffSS/IS 11111.mdaris - muscular process
31. J,mc1·s.111s slr/oidl'lls - stdoid process
32. _(rirm111•11 /ac/'1"11111 - foramen lacei:um
33., 42. 1Jri/irit1 1·1//'1"1111 11m1/11., ln11/1um!i., - external
orifice of temporal mcatus
retroarticula r fora­
men
f!"rw arn.1/irn.1 r-1km11.1 - external acoustic
opening
rn/rns a. 11w11i11.�r·rw m11rluli.1 - sulcus for caudal
meningeal arterv
eris/a /n11jlomlis - temporal crest
Jm,t11b1·1w1/iu ()ffi/iilolis 1·1/!'mu - external occipital protuberance
eris/a 1111d1111· - nuchal crest
linf'a /1•111/i"mli.1 - temporal line
J,mcr•.u11s /H1mo,111/duri.1 - paraconcldoicl pro­
cess
m11dd11.1 "rnj,it!l!i., - occipital cond\ le
"rijicia /1•111/)//mli" 11wol11.1 lr·111Ju1mli., - temporal
orifice of temporal mcatus
:l:l. jim11111·11 rt'/murlirnlarr· :14.
35.
36.
'.17.
38.
39.
-iO.
11.
l2.
137
Horse. Median section of skull
Figure 132
1
...,. .
/
.
;..__J
,,..
t..'::: �""�-4;- ........
..._...,._
�
""
oil - •
�
I. sq11a111a fnmta/is - frontal squama
2. facies i11terna ossis fm11/a/is - internal surface of
frontal bone
3. sejJ/11111 si111111111 fro11ta/i11111 - septum of frontal
sinus
4. os jmrietale - parietal bone
5. sq11m11a occijJi/a/is - occipital squama
6. Jmit11bera11tia occipitalis i11fl'rna - internal occi­
pital protuberanc.e
7. /a111i11a JmjJendimlaris ossis rth11111ida/is - perpen­
dicular plate of ethmoid bone
8. 1'011/er - vomer
9. co1Jms ossis basisjJheuoidalis - body of basisphe­
noid bone
I 0. /Jml basi/aris ossis occijJi/a/is - basilar part of
occipital bone
I I. eris/a gal/i - crista galli
138
t f'' .·
12. fossa pirifon11is - piriform fossa
13. ca11a/is optiC11s - optic canal
14. i11cisum sjJinosa f11ra111i11is /aceri - spinous inci­
sure of foramen lacerum
15. i11cis11ra om/is foraminis /aceri - oval incisure of
foramen lacerum
16. i11cis11ra camtica f11ra111i11is /aceri - carotid inci­
sure of foramen lacerum
sulcus for maxillary
I 7. su!C11s 11i. 11wxillaris
nerve
sulcus for ophthalmic
18. su!Clls 11i.. ojJht/wl,11ici
nerve
19. eris/a jmrtis jJe/rosae - crest of petrous part
20. fossa cerebe//aris - cerebellar fossa
21. 111ea/11s aC11slic11s in/emus - internal acoustic
meatus
22. i111/Jrrssio 1n111ialis - impression of vermis
23. cmw/is 11i. hy/Joglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
24. fora111e11 111ag1111111 - foramen magnum
25. Jmicessus paraco11dylaris - paracondyloid process
26. si1111s sphenoidalis - sphenoid sinus
27. procrsrns 11111sc1tlaris - muscular process
28. synchondrosis ijJhe1111occijJita/is - spheno-occipi­
tal synchondrosis
29., 30. form11e11 j11g11/o/aceru111 - jugulolacerate foram-en
29. f11ra111e11 laceru111 - foramen lacerum
30. fora111e11 j11g11/are - jugular foramen
31. s11!C11s sinus trans,•ersi - sulcus of transverse si­
nus
32. sinw jJa/ali1111s - palatine sinus
Horse. Veins of the dura mater and veins of the orbital cavity. Left dorsal portion of the skull
and zygomatic arch removed (After Dennstedt.)
Figure 133
I. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
2. jJmcesws te111/1oralis ossis zygo111atici - temporal
process of zygomatic bone
3. Jm1cessus zygo111atirns ossis te111jJoralis - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
4. 111eatus arnstirns ex/emus - external acoustic
meatus
5. condylus occi/1italis - occipital condyle
6. bu/bus oculi - bulbus oculi
7. glandula lacrimalis - lacrimal gland
8. 111. rec/us bu/bi lateralis - lateral straight muscle
of bulb
9. 1•. faciei /1rofunda - deep facial vein
I 0. ,•. oj1hthalmirn extema ,•entralis - ventral exter­
nal ophthalmic vein
11. ,•. oj1hthalmirn externa dorsalis - dorsal external
ophthalmic vein
12. 1•1•. lacri111ales - lacrimal veins
13. 1•. ethmoidalis - ethmoid vein
14. i'. frontalis - frontal vein
15. ,'. temJ1omlis J!rofunda rostralis - rostral deep
temporal vein
16. 1wn11s /1eriorbitalis ,'. o/1ht!wlmirne extemae dorsalis
- periorbital branch of dorsal external oph­
thalmic vein
17. 1•. emissaria foraminis orbitorotundi - vena emis­
saria foraminis orbitorotundi
18. 1·. temjJoralis /1mfu11da caudalis - ·caudal deep
temporal vein
I 9. plexus 1•enows subte111J1omlis - subtemporal venous plexus
20. ,'. cerebra/is dorsalis - dorsal cerebral vein
21. sinus /1etrows 1•entralis - ventral petrous sinus
22. v. emissaria foraminis laceri (v. cerebralis ventralis)
- vena emissaria foraminis laceri (ventral
cerebral vein)
23. sinus J1etrows ,•entralis - ventral petrous sinus
24. sinus occij1italis 1•en//:alis - ventral occipital si­
nus
"25. sinus trans,•ersus sinister - left transverse sinus
26. sinus fie/rows dona/is - dorsal petrous sinus
27. sinus sagittalis - sagittal sinus
28. sinus rec/us - straight sinus
29. i'. cmporis rnllosi major - major vein of corpus
callosum
30. ,•. cmj)()ris rnllosi minor - minor vein of corpus
callosum
31. ,•. cerebri magna - great cerebral vein
32. 1•1•. cerebri internae - internal cerebral veins
·33_ 1•. epiphysis - epiphysial vein
34., 35. 1•1•. cerebri dorsales - dorsal cerebral veins
36. cerebellum - cerebellum
37. Jab: cerebri - falx cerebri
38. te11/oriu111 cerebelli membra11osu111 - membranous
tentorium cerebelli
39. crnjJ11s rnllos111i1 - corpus callosum
40. adhesio interthalamica - interthalamic adhesion
41. a. 1naxillaris - maxillary artery
42. rami J1te1ygoidei - pterygoid branches
139
Horse. Dissection of the structures of the· orbital cavity and the base of the skull, left t'zew.
C--1.dajJted from Ellenberger and Baum.)
Figure 134
1.
:Z.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
I I.
J
:z.
I:L
I L
mm1·a - cornea
b11/b11s ornli (srlem) - bulbus oculi (sclera)
g/m1d11l11 l11rri11wlis - lacrimal gland
111. obliq1111S Im/bi i'/'11/m/is - ventral oblique
muscle of bulb
111. l1•i'llior j)({fjH·lmw .rnJ!nioris - levator muscle
of upper eyelid
111. 1fff11s Im/bi dorm/is - dorsal straight muscle
of bulb
111. r/'C/11s Im/bi /11/r•m/i., - lateral straight muscle
of bulb
111. r1•c/11s Im/bi i•rntm/i., - ventral straight
muscle of bulb
j)('riorbit11 - periorbita
si11m 111nri/111ris m11drr/i.,·
caudal maxillarv
sinus
aislo/i1rirrlis - facial crest
/J/"(){'(·S.\/1,\ :_1:w111111/in,s (I.His .fi'rlllitrlis
zvgomatic
process of frontal bone
11. l/1(1\'il/11ris - maxillarv arterv
11. 11w11i11,::1·" 111/'dil/ - middle meningeal arterv
140
15. 11. l/'111j1ora/is pro(1111da m11d11/is - caudal deep
temporal artery
16. ra,1111s j1/e1ygoide11s 11. 111ari/111ris - pterygoid
branch of maxillary artery
17. 11. fellljJoralis Jmif1111d11 rostmlis - rostral deep
temporal artery
18. 11. ophth11lllliC11 exlem11 - external ophthalmic
artery
19. 11. s11praorbit11/is - supraorbital artery
20. ra,1111s 11111srn/11ris a. oj1hth11/111ime exlemae - muscular branch of external ophthalmic artel'y
21. a. larrilllalis - lacrimal artery
22. a. 1/1(//aris - malar artery
23. a. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital artery
24. a. sj1he11ojm/ati11a - sphenopalatine artery
25. a. Jmlati11a llll(ior - greater palatine artery
26. a. et 11. Jmlati1111s llli11or - lesser palatine artery
and nerve
27. a. bucca{is - buccal artery
28. 11. 111axiffaris - maxillary nerve
29. 11. of!hlhaflllirns - ophthalmic nerve
:rn.
:l 1.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
11. lrocl,/('({ri.,· - trochlear nerve
11. larrilllali., · - lacrimal nerve
11. :::ygr111/(//irns - zvgomatic nerve
11. ornlr1111,,/ori11s - oculomotor nerve
11. sujnrn1rbit11lis (fi.,,,1/11/is) - supraorbital nerve
(frontal)
11. i11fraorbit11/is - infraorbital nerve
11. sj1he11ojmlati1111s - sphenopalatine nerve
11. jmlati1111s 11111jor - greater palatine nerve
11. 1111111dib11l11ris - mandibular nerve
11.f11ri11/is - facial nerve
11. mg11s - vagus nerve
11. gforn1phmy11g('f1s - glossopharn1geal nerve
11. accessoriu., - accessorv nerve
11. h)1)()g/osws - hvpoglossal nerve
a. mrotis i11tn1111 I'/ 11. mmlirn., i11IN1111., - internal
carotid arterv and nerve
ra11111s co1111111111imm (i11ta 11. ,'11,::11111 ,,t 11. jr1ri11l/'111)
- communicating branch (between vagus
nerve and facial nerve)
J1rocess11S ::1:::1111111/irn.1 ,,ssis fr·111/Hmtli.1 - zvgomatic
process of temporal bone
Horse. Section througJ1 the eye and eye cavity. (Adapted from Ellenberger and Baum.)
Figure I 35
I.
'.Z.
�L
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
!).
I0.
I I.
I'.Z.
J)({f/H'hm .wj1ni11r - upper evelid
j)({IJH·lm, i11/i-ri11r - lower evelid
conu·a - cornea
l'm111·m m1frri11r IJ/1/hi -. anterior chamber of
bulb
iris - iris
/'111111·m j}()s/1·ri11r /}l(/bi - posterior chamber of
bulb
m1j}l(s cilirm· l'I ::111111/0 cilioris - ciliarv bodv and
suspensorv ligament of lens
/1'1/_1· - lens
/u11in"' bu/bi (nkma, /1/('dia 1·/ i11/n110) - bulbar
tunics (external, middle and internal)
c111111·m ,·ilrm l'I m1j}l(s ,•i/J'/•11111 - vitreous cham­
ber and vitreous bodv
11. ojilirns - optic nerve
pmct·.l'.l'us .::_1;�m11alirns 11.uis jiw1/alis
process of frontal bone
13. gfo11d11/a laai111alis - lacrimal gland
14. rnlis - skin
15. cmj}l(S adi/111.\"11111 nlm/H·ri11rbito/1· - extraperior­
bital adipose body
15'. cmjJ/ls adijJos11111 ji,.,·sa1· ln11J1omlis - adipose bodv
of temporal fossa
16. 111. /1•111/)()m/is - temporal muscle
17. jini11rbila - periorbita
18. fmcia orbitalis mj)/'/jicia/i.,· - superficial orbital
fascia
19. fascia orbilalis J1m(1111da_ - deep orbital fascia
20. 111. /1•,•o/or j)(/ljil'bm1· rnjJnioris - levator muscle
of upper evelid
:Z 1. 111. r1·clm /}l(/bi dorntli.1· - dorsal straight. muscle
of bulb
-'.22., 22'. 111. 1'!'/mclor /}1(//Ji - retractor muscle or
bulb
23. 111. /'l'/'l11s /}l(/bi ,•1·11/mli., - ventral straight
muscle of bulb
24. jr1scia 11111.,ntlaris - muscular fascia
25. .Jr1scia orhilalis wj1!'r/icia/i., - superficial orbital
fascia
26. m,•11111 cm11ii - cranial cavity
27. 111. obliq11m /}l(/bi ,·1•11/mlis - ventral oblique
muscle of bulb
28. 111. o/Jliq1111s /}1(//Ji dona/is - dorsal oblique
muscle of bulb
29. f())jJ/ls adi/His11111 i11/m/)/'riorl1ilal1· - intraperi­
orbital adipos� bodv
:HJ. si1111s 111arillaris - maxillarv sinus
141
Horse. Palate.
Figure 136
-...___
I
-
-
'"
.. ·�
/-=.::::
__,.,...
.
1. mgae j)({/atinae - palatine rugae
2. mjJhe jmlati - palatine i-aphe
3. jxda/11111 11101/e - soft palate
.-7,
C.
I,.
L.
L.
M ,.
M,.
.;,,,,__I
�
142
dens caninus - canine tooth
dens incish•us I - first incisor
dens incish•us II - second incisor
dens incish•us III - third incisor
dens 1110/aris I - first molar tooth
dens 1110/aris II - second molar tooth
M:1. dens 1110/aris III - third molar tooth
P,. dens pre11,,,/aris I (dens 111/Jinus - mriabilis)
- first premolar tooth (wolf tooth variable)
P,. dens Jnn110/aris II - second premolar
tooth
P,. dens /Jremolaris III - third premolar
tooth
P4. dn1s jJremolaris JV - fourth premolar
tooth
Horse. Phmyngeal cavity and entrance to the larynx.
Figure 137
I . trachea - trachea
2. esojJ/wg11s - esophagus
3. 111. cricoaryle11oide11s drmalis - dorsal cri­
coarytenoid muscle
4. 111. crico/Jhmyngew - cricopharyngeal
muscle
5. 111111. esojJhagei !011git11di11afes - longitudi­
nal esophageal muscles
6. 111. thym/Jhmy11geus - thyropharyngeal
muscle
7. arrns JmfalojJ/w1y11geus - palatopharyn­
geal arch
8. 111. hyoj!hmyngeus - hyopharyngeal
muscle
9. fornix jJhmyngis (in seclione) - cut edge of
pharyngeal fornix
I0. /Ja/a/11111 11101fe - soft palate
11. cm1ilago comirnlata - corniculate cartilage
12. jJ!irn 1 °orn1is - vocal fold
l 3. jJ!irn mye/Jiglollirn - aryepiglottic fold
14. ejJiglotlis - epiglottis
15. lonsilla j)(Jfali11a - palatine tonsil
16. radix finguae - root of tongue
17. j)({jJi!la mflala - vallate papilla
18. stylohyoide11111 - stylohyoid
19. ri111a glollidis - rima glottidis
Horse. Middle and inner ear. Right side viewed in front
semi-schematic. (After Ellenberger and Baum.)
Figure 138
I. cm 011111 ty111j)(J11i - tympanic cavity
2. m/ml 111allei - head of malleus
2'. 111a1111bri11111 111al1ei - manubrium of
malleus
3. inrns - incus
4. os fenlirnfare - lenticular bone
5. sla/Jes - stapes
6. a1111fus 1y111jJa11irns - tympanic anulus
7. 111e111bm11a ly111/Ja11i - tympanic mem­
brane
8. la111i11ae osseae ty111/Ja11iwe - osseous tym­
panic plates
8'. celfulae ty111jJa11icae - tympanic cells
°
9. feneslra 1 eslib11fi - vestibular window
I 0. fe11eslm cochleae - cpchlear window
I I. ca11ales se111icirc11lares ossei - osseous se­
micircular canals
12. orificia l'estibularia m11a1i11111 se111icirrnlari1m1 - vestibular orifices of semicircu­
lar canals
13. 1 °eslib11!11111 - vestibule
14. due/us re1111ie11s - ductus reuniens
15. 11. 1 °estib11focochfearis - vestibulocochlear
nerve
16. 111odiol11s - modiolus
17. sca{a ty111jJa11i - scala tympani
18. lamina sjJiralis ossea - bony spiral plate
19. sea/a 1 °eslibufi - s<;ala vestibuli
20. a111Jmllae osseae - osseous ampulla
21. tuba audi/i1'(( - auditory tube
22. fig; inrndis - ligament attaching incus
143
f/orse. Cross section through the head at the rostra! lec- 1 e! of the faciciltrest (cristi1 facia!is). View of rostra! swfare.
Figure 1 '.39
l. rnrtilog" \. /'fJ/i 11<ni -- cartilage of nasal septum
2. crJ1j!11., 111orillm· - bod\· of maxilla
3. dens premolaris superior IV
upper fourth
premolar tooth
lower fourth
4, dens premolaris inferior. IV
premolar tooth
5. mrlir rl('///is Jm·11/llloris Ill - root of third pre­
molar tooth
G. 111<111(/i/111/0 - nrnndible
7. jr,srio .rnjil'l:Jici11/i., mJ!ilis - superficial fascia of
head
8, m, levator labii superioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
'.J. 111. !t·,'<tl,,,- 110.rnl"lii"lis - levator nasolabiali,
muscle
144
I 0. 111. :1:�i1/ll(t/irns - zvgomatic muscle
I I. /)({rs 11/11/oris 111i. h11cci110/uris - molar part of
buccinator muscle
12. pars buccalis mi, buccinatoris et m, depressor labii
inferioris -· buccal part of buccinator muscle,
depressor muscle of lower lip
I :l. 111. rnlt111<·11Sji1ci1·i - cutaneous facial muscle
14. 111. m11i1111s - canine muscle
15. OJ1/!11S li11g11{{1· - bodv of tongue
I G. 111. !trug/11ss11s - hvoglossal muscle·
17. 111 .• �/'//i11g/11Ss11s - genioglossal muscle
18. glom/11/0 s11bli11g110/is - sublingual gland
1<J. ,•1·11/n mslmfo 111i. di_�wlrici - rostral belh· of
digastric musde
20. 111. gl'11iuftr,,idt11s - geniohvoid muscle
21. 111. 111_rlo!troirl1·11s - nwlohvoid muscle
22. rm1111s "h•{'()/oris 11111\·i!lori.( mstmlis 11i. i11/iw,rbi/{{/i.,
- rostral maxillary alveolar branch of· in­
fraorbital nerve
2:l. 11. in/iwirbitolis - infraorbital nerve
24. a. el ;•, /o/!'mlis 1wsi - lateral nasal arterv and
vein
25. a. poloti110 11111jnr 1·! i'i'. J)(/l{{/i11<"' - greater pala­
tine artery and palatine veins
26. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
27. o. 1•/ ;•. Jm1/io1do li11g11<w - deep lingual arten.
and vein
28. 1w11i li11g11oh•.( (n111111s .rn/J/'r(iciolis 1·/ 1w1111S Jm1/i111rl11s) 11i. li11g110/i., - lingual branches (super­
ficial and deep) of lingual nerve
29. rl11c/11.,· 111011rli/111/oris - mandibular duct
30. o. I'/ ,'. wbli11g110/i., - sublingual arterv and
vein
:l I. 11. oh·{'()loris 111011dilml"ris - mandibular
alveolar nerve
32. g/011rl11hw /111crn/1·s - buccal glands
:i:l. Ji!trns ;•1·1111Si 110.w/1·.1 - nasal venous plexus
34. lltN1/11s 11osi ;•1·11/m/is - ventral nasal meatus
:is. 111N1/11s 11mi 11wrli11s - middle nasal rneatus
:l6. 11wo/11s 11mi rlumtfis - dorsal nasal meatus
37. h11/lo crJ11c/111t 1111.wlis ;•1·11/m/is - bulla of ventral
nasal concha
:18. OJ11r/10 110.wlis d1J1w!is - dorsal nasal concha
:!�). cu11chu 11r1.wtlis t·u1/ruli.,. due/us 11awlar-rinutlis
\·entral nasal concha. nasolacrimal duct
40. a. labia/is superior, n. buccalis - vein of upper
lip, buccal nerve
41. a. et v. labia/is inferior - artery and vein of
lower lip
Horse. Cross section through the head at the level of the last molar tooth. View of rostral swface.
Figure 140
I. si1111s 111nri//(lris rostm/is - rostral maxillary si­
nus
2. si1111s 111ari//(lris mud(l/is - caudal maxillary sinus
3. sinus m11c/1ofro11/(lh1 - conchofrontal sinus
4. chor111(1 si11istm - left choana
5. 111('(1/lls ll({Si 1•e11/m/is - ventral nasal meatus
6. 111ea/11s nasi 111edi11s - middle nasal meatus
7. 111ea/11s 11asi d1m(I/;., - dorsal nasal meatus
8. mrtilago Sl'jJ/i 11mi - cartilage of nasal septum
9. dens molaris superior III - upper third molar
tooth
I 0. dens molaris inferior III - lower third molar
tooth
I I. radix den/is molaris II - root of second molar
tooth
I2. ma11dibula - mandible
I 3. crista facialis - facial crest
14. canalis infraorbitalis - infraorbital canal
15. a., v. et n. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital artery,
vein and nerve
16. vomer - vomer
I7. plexus venosi - venous plexus
18. gingiva - gum
19. due/us nasolacrimalis - nasolacrimal duct
20. a. et v. angularis oculi - angularis oculi artery
and vein
21. m. levator labii superioris et m. levator nasolabialis
- levator muscle of upper lip and levator
nasolabialis muscle
22. a. et n. palatinus major - greater palatine artery
and nerve
23. v. faciei profunda - deep facial vein
24. a., v._ et n. buccalis - buccal artery, vein and
nerve
25. due/us mandibularis - mandibular duct
26. vasa et 11. alveolaris ma11dibularis - vessels and
mandibular alveolar nerve
27. a. et v. facialis, due/us parotideus - facial artery
and vein, parotid duct
28. 11. li11gualis - lingual nerve
29. n. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
30. a. et v. subli11g11alis - sublingual artery -and
vein
31. a. et v. profunda li11g11ae - deep lingual artery
and vein
32. corpus linguae - body of tongue
33. m. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
34. 111. hyoglossus - hyoglossal muscle
35. m. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
36. m. mylohyoideus � mylohyoid muscle
37. venter rostralis mi. digastrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
38. m. geniohyoideus - geniohyoid muscle
39. Inn. mandibulares - mandibular lymph nodes
40. ramus buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
41. ramus buccalis ventralis 11i. facialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
42. pars molaris mi. buccinatoris et m. depressor labii in­
ferioris - molar part of buccinator muscle,
depressor muscle of lower lip
43. 111. masseter - masseter muscle
44. 111. cutaneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
45. fascia pterygoidea - pterygoid fascia
46. fascia profu11da - deep fascia
47. fascia superficialis - superficial fascia
48. cavum oris proprium - oral cavity
49. vestibulum-buccale __: buccal vestibule
145
Horse. Cross section through the head at the level of the orbital cavity.
View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 141
.,
1. processus zygomaticus oisis frontalis - .zygomatic
process of frontal bone
2. squama frontalis - frontal squama
3., 3 '. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
4. orbita .:_ orbit
5. arcus zygomaticus - zygomatic arch
6. sinus maxillaris caudalis - caudal maxillary sinus
7. labyrinthus e'thmoidalis - ethmoid labyrinth
8. mandibula -·mandibl_e
9. stylohyoideum - stylohyoid
10. thyrohyoideum ::-- thyrohyoid
11. septum nasi (vomer) - nasal septum (vomer)
12. choana - choana
13. m. masseter - masseter muscle
14. m. pterygoideus media/is - medial pterygoid
muscle
15. pars molaris mi. buccinatoris et m depressor labii in­
ferioris - molar part of buccinator muscle,
depressor muscle of lower lip
16. m. ceratohyoideus - ceratohyoid muscle
17. m. hyoglossus - hyoglossal muscle
18. mm. omohyoidei et mm. stemohyoidei - omohyoid
muscles and sternohyoid muscles
19. m. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
20. palatum molle - soft palate
20 . tunica mucosa palati mollis - tunica mucosa of
soft palate
21.' radix linguae - root of tongue
22. tendo mi. digastrici - tendon of digastric
muscle
23. m. retractor bulbi - retractor muscle of bulb
24. m. obliquus bu/bi dorsalis - dorsal oblique
muscle of bulb
146
25. m. rectus bulbi media/is - medial straight
muscle of bulb
26. m. rectus bu/bi dorsalis - dorsal straight muscle
of bulb
27. trochlea - trochlea
28. m. obliquus bu/bi ventralis · - ventral oblique
muscle o·f bulb
29. m. orbicularis oculi - orbicularis oculi muscle
30. m. levator anguli oculi media/is (m. corrugator super­
cilii) - medial levator anguli oculi muscle
(corrugator supercilii muscle)
31. aponeurosis epicranialis - epicranial aponeurosis
32. fascia superficialis - superficial fascia
33. m. cutaneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
34. lamina lateralis fasciae profundae - lateral layer
of deep fascia
35. lamina media/is fasciae profundae - medial layer
of deep fascia
36. isthmus faucium - isthmus faucium
37. n. infraorbitalis - infraorbital nerve
38. a. infraorbitalis, v. sphenopalatina - infraorbital
artery, sphenopalatine vein
38'. v. faciei profunda .:_ deep facial vein
39. a. malaris - malar artery
40. a. et n. palatinus major - greater palatine artery
and nerve
41. a. et v. transversa faciei - transverse facial arte­
ry and vein
42. v. palatina major - greater palatine vein
43. a., v. et n. buccalis - buccal artery, vein and
nerve
44. n. lingua/is, v. dorsalis linguae - ·lingual nerve,
dorsal lingual vein
·Ei. a.. 1·. ,,1 11. ah-mlaris 111a11dibularis - mandibular
alveolar artery, vein and nerve
46. m111i pte,ygoidei (a. et 1•. 111axillaris) - pterygoid
branches (of maxillary artery and vein)
4 7. 1m11us 111assetericus a. camtidis extemae, 1•. 111asseleri­
ca 1•e,1/ra/is - masseteric branch of external
carotid artery,. ventral masseteric vein
48. a. li11gualis el 1m11us lingua/is 11i. glossoj;hmyngei lingual artery anq lingual branch of glosso­
pharyngeal nerve
49. 11. hyj;oglossus - hypoglossal nerve
50. ductus 11w11dibularis - mandibular duct
51. gla11dula 11w11dibularis - mandibular gland
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
5 7.
a. facialis - facial artery
1•. li11gua/is - lingual vein
/1111. 111a11dibulares - mandibular lymph nodes
due/us J;arotideus - parotid duct
1•. facialis - facial vein
ra111us buccalis do,wlis ni. facia/is - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
58. m111us buccalis 1•e,1/ralis 11i. facialis - ventral buccal branch of facial nerve
59. bu/bus ornli - bulbus oculi
60. cu/is - skin
61. la111i11a barn/is ossis eth111oida/is - basal lamina of
ethmoid bone
147
Horse. Cross section through the head at the level of the mandibular notch.
Vieu:• of caudal swface of section.
Figure I 42
1. processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis - zygomat_ic
process of temporal bone
2. processus coronoideus mandibulae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
3. ramus mandibulae - branch of mandible
4. pars squamosa ossis temporalis - squamous part
of temporal bone
5. ossa parietalia - parietal bones
6. os presphenoidale et sinus sphenoidalis - pthphe­
noid bone and sphenoid sinus
7. discus articularis et capsula articularis - articular
disk and capsule
8. cavum arliculare - articular cavity
9. stylohyoideum - stylohyoid
10. 111. temporalis - temporal muscle
11. pars profunda mi. masseteris - deep part of mas­
seter muscle
12. pars superficialis mi. masseteris - superficial part
of masseter muscle
13. 111. pterygoideus lateralis - lateral pterygoid
muscle
14. 111. pterygoideus medialis - medial pterygoid
muscle
15. 111. tensor veli palatini - tensor muscle of soft
palate
16. m. levator veli palatini - levator muscle of soft
palate
17. m. stylopharyngeus - stylopharyngeal muscle
18. m. hyopharyngeus - hyopharyngeal muscle
19. m. palatopharyngeus - palatopharyngeal
muscle
20. m. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
21. tendo mi. digastrici, m. stylohyoide� - tendon of
digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle
22. m. inlerscutularis - interscutular muscle
23. m. frontoscutularis - frontoscutular �uscle
24. m. cutaneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
25. falx cerebri - falx cerebri
26. corpus medull.are hemispherii - medullary sub­
stance of hemisphere
148
27. substantia grisea neopallii - gray substance of
neopallium
28. ventriculus laieralis encephali - lateral ventricle
of encephalon
29. nucleus caudatus - caudate nucleus
30. a. cerebri niedia - middle cerebral artery
31. chiasma opt/cum - optic chiasma
32. a. cerebri rostralis - rostral cerebral artery
33. sinus cavemosus - cavernous sinus
34. 11. oculomotorius, 11. trochlearis, 11. abducem, 11. oph­
thalmicus, 11. maxillaris - oculomotor nerve,
trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, ophthalmic
nerve, maxillary nerve
35. a. maxillaris, 11. buccalis, plexus venosus subtemporalis
- maxillary artery, buccal nerve, subtempo­
ral venous plexus
35'. a. temporalis profunda caudalis - caudal deep
temporal artery
36. a. alveolaris mandibularis, v. maxillaris - mandi­
bular alveolar artery, maxillary vein
37. 11. alveolaris mandibularis - mandibular alveo­
lar nerve
38. ramus massetericus v. maxillaris
masseteric
branch of maxillary vein
39. sinus sagittalis - sagittal sinus
40. a. lingua/is, ramus lingua/is ni. glossopharyngei
lingual artery, lingual branch of glossopha­
ryngeal nerve
41. a. facialis - facial artery
42. 11. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
43. capsula glandulae ma11dibularis - capsule of
mandibular gland
44. ductus mandibularis - mandibular duct
45. glandula mandibularis - mandibular gland
46. mm. omohyoidei et mm. stemohyoidei - omohyoid
muscles and sternohyoid muscles
47. v. linguofacialis, ductus parotideus - linguofacial
vein, parotid duct
48. 11. massetericus, v. temporalis superficialis - masse­
teric nerve, superficial temporal vein
49. a. et i'. flWISi'fl!O fariei, ra11111s trr111s,·n,11s fariei 11i.
a11ric11/utn11jH1ralis - transverse facial arterv
and vein, transverse facial branch of auri­
culotemporal nerve
SO. 11. ji,cioli., - facial nerve
SI. jmcia J;hwy11gea - pharynge'al fascia
52. ra111i /Jfflygmdei a. et ,'. facialis - pterygoid
branches of facial artery and vein
53. rm11i 111assrlerici a. mrotidis cxtcmae, ·,•. 111ass1·terim
1•e11tmlis - masseteric branches of external ca­
rotid artery, ventral masseteric vein
:i4. t11ba a11ditim - auditory tube
55. la111i11a 111edialis t11bae a11ditii'l/e _:_ medial lamina
of auditory tube
56. dh•ertirn/11111 t11bae r111ditii'III' - diverticulum of
auditory tube
:i 7 . .<1·/1/11111 di,·nlirn/,m1111 - septum of diverticulum
58. 1'jJigluttis - epiglottis
59. mrtilag u thy midl'II - thvroid cartilage
60. con111 mstra!I· mrtil11gi11is thy midea1· - rostral cor­
nu of thyroid cartilage
61. ,·1•11/rirn/11s lmyngis 11wdim111s - median laryn­
geal ventricle·
(i:Z . .fr1sci11 wjinficialis - superficial fascia
149
Horse. Cross section through the head in the region of the external auditory
canal (paro(id region). View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 143
I. 111. te111poralis - temporal muscle
2. 111. obfiquus;<:apitis cra11ialis et imertio mi. c/eidomas­
toidei - cranial oblique muscle of head and
insertion of cleidomastoid muscle
3. pars occipito111a11dibularis mi. digastrifi - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
4. 111. rec/us capitis 1•e11tralis - ventral straight
muscle of head -.
5. 111. longus caj1itis - longus capitis muscle
6. 111. cricojJharyngeus - cricopharyngeal muscle
7. 111. cricoaryte11oide11s dorS({/is - dorsal· cricoaryte­
noid muscle
fl. 111. sfrmuth_rmidn1s - sternothyroid muscle
9. 111. i11/ersC11t11/aris - interscutular muscle
I 0. 111. parietoauriC11laris - parietoauricular muscle
11. 111. srntu/oa11ricularis suj1erficialis - superficial
scutuloauricular muscle
12. 111. scut11/oa11ricularis jHoju11dus - deep scutulo­
auricular muscle
13. 111. cen•icoauricularis J1rof1111dus 111i11or - minor
deep cervicoauricular muscle
14. cartilago swtiformis - scutiform cartilage
15. 111. parotidoauricularis - parotidoauricular
muscle
16. te11do mi. sterno111a11dibularis - tendon of sternomandibular muscle
17. 111. rntaneus faciei - cutaneous facial muscle
18. os occipita/e - occipital bone
19. processus mastoideus ossis tempora/is - mastoid
process of temporal bone
20. /)(/rs basilaris ossis occipita/is - basilar part of
occipital bone
150
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
3Q.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
,•er111is cerebelli - vermis cerebelli
he111isjJheriu111 cerebe/li - cerebellar hemisphere
medulla ob/011gata - medulla oblongata
plex11s choroide11s 1•e11trirn/i quarti - choroid plex­
us of fourth ventricle
,•e11/rirnlus q11artus encepha/i - fourth ventricle
of encephalon
esophagus - esophagus
cartilago cricoidea - cricoid cartilage
cartilago trachea/is I - first tracheal cartilage
111. · stemohy1iide11s et 111. omohyoideus - sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles
cartilago mtriC11!ae - auricular cartilage
gla11d11/a j)(Jro/is - parotid gland
jjlandula 1111111dib11/aris - mandibular gland
due/us 111a11dibularis - mandibular duct
due/us j)(lro/ideus - parotid duct
,'. maxil/aris - maxillary vein
,'. li11guofacia/is - linguofacial vein
a. carotis exlerna - external carotid artery
a. carotis intema, 11. camticus i11tem11s, 11. 1•agus
internal carotid artery, internal carotid nerve,
vagus nerve
1•. emissaria fora111i11is faceri, 11. glossojJharyngeus, n.
accessorius - vena emissaria foraminis laceri,
glossopharyngeal nerve, accessory nerve
11. accessorius (origo) - accessory nerve (origin)
a. meningea cauda/is - caudal meningeal artery
1 °. cerebra/is dorsalis (e111issariw11 111eatus tempora/is)
- dorsal cerebral vein (emissarium to tem­
poral meatus)
43. 11. glossojJhmyngeus - glossopharyngeal nerve
44. 11. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
45. /1111. relrojJharyngei la/em/es - lateral retropha­
ryngeal lymph nodes
46. c01p11s adipos11111 auricu/ae - auricular adipose
body
47. fascia te111poralis - temporal fascia
48. capsula articulationis at/antooccipitalis - capsule
of atlanto-occipital articulation
49 .. stylohyoide11111 - stylohyoid
50. dh,erticu/um tubae auditime - diverticulum of
auditory tube
51. cm'wn laryngis - laryngeal cavity
52. plica uocalis - vocal fold
151
Horse. Dissection of the hea� ventral view. Superficial fascia and cutaneous muscles removed.
Figure 144
1. 111. brachiocephalirns - brachiocephalic muscle
2. 111. sterno111a11dibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
3. 111. sternohyoideus et 111. 011whyoide11s - sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles
4. gla11d11/a j){Jmfis - parotid gland
5. 1•. li11g114acia/is - linguofacial vein
6. d11ct11.1 j!amtideus - parotid duct
7. j){Jrs omj1ito111a11dib11/aris 111i. digastrici - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
8. rm11i 111asseterici a. et i'. /aria/is - masseteric
branches of facial artery and vein
9. n1. masseter - masseter muscle
I 0. a. facialis - facial artery
11. 1•e11/er mstralis 111i. d(i.:�1slrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
12. /1111. 111a11dib11/ares - mandibular lymph nodes
13. a. et i'. facia/is - facial artery and vein
14. 111a11dib11/a - mandible
15. 111. ll()'lol11•11ideus - mylohyoid muscle
16. m. depressor labii inferioris - depressor muscle
of lower lip
I 7. j){J1:r buccalis 111i. b11cri11atoris - buccal part of
buccinator muscle
18. 111. J1te1ygoide11s - pterygoid muscle
19. 1111-11/11111 - chin
152
Horse. Skeletal topography of arteries of head. View of the base of the skull. According to one
corrosion sjJecimen.
Figure I 45
I. a. bosilaris - basilar artery
2. a. cam/is intema - internal carotid artery
3. ra11111s a. nwxillaris ad t11bm11 a11ditim111 - branch
of maxillary artery to auditory tube
4. a. 111e11i11gea media - middle meningeal artery
5. a. 111axillaris - maxillary artery
6. a. /e111j}()m/is Jm1/1111da ca11dalis - caudal deep
temporal artery
7. m11111s jJ/e1ygoide11s a. 111a\'illaris - pterygoid
branch of maxillary artery
8. a. /('111jlomlis Jmif1111da mstmlis - rostral deep
temporal artery
9. a. ahw,laris 111r111dib11laris - mandibular alveo­
lar artery
10. a. s11praorbitalis - supraorbital artery
11. a. ojJhtha/111ica ex/ema - external ophthalmic
artery
12. a. 111axillaris - maxillary artery
13. ra111i a. ojJhtha/111icae rxler11ae - branches of external ophthalmic artery
14. a. 111alaris - malar artery
15. a. infmorbitalis - infraorbital artery
16. a. jJa/atina 111ajor - greater palatine artery
17. a. b11ccalis - buccal artery
18. a. Jmlatina 111i11or - lesser palatine artery
19. a. Jmlatina 111aior - greater palatine artery
20. a. incisim - incisive artery
2 I. a. facialis - facial artery
22. a. labia/is superior - artery of upper lip
153
Horse. Hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages from the left.
Figure 146
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
styfohyoide11111 - stylohyoid
ceratohyoide11111 - ceratohyoid
thymhyoide11111 - thyrohyoid
basihyoide11111 - basihyoid
pmcessus li11g11afis - lingual process
lamina cartifagi11is thymideae - plate of thyroid
cartilage
7. comu mstrafe cartifagi11is thymideae - rostral cor­
nu of thyroid cartilage
8. i11cimra thyroidea caudalis - caudal thyroid inci­
sure
9. comu caudale cartilagi11is thyroideae - caudal cornu of thyroid cartilage
I 0. fi11ea obliqua - oblique line
11. fissura thyroidea - thyroid fissure
12. airtifago a1yte11oidea - arytenoid cartilage
13. cartifago comirnlata - corniculate cartilage
14. mrtila.�" 1-J!iglollirn - epiglottic cartilage
15. lamina cartilagi11is cricoideae - plate of cricoid
cartilage
16. arcus cartifagi11is cricoideae - arch of cricoid car­
tilage
17. cartilago trachea/is - tracheal cartilage
Horse. Laryngeal muscles) left view.
Figure 147
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
154
styfohyoide11111 - stylohyoid
ceratohyoide11111 - ceratohyoid
thyrohyoide11111 - thyrohyoid
processus li11g11afis - lingual process
ej1igfollis - epiglottis
cartilago comirnfata - corniculate cartilage
comu caudale cartilagi11is thyroideae - caudal cor­
nu of thyroid cartilage
cartilagY1 cricoidea - cricoid cartilage
cartifago trachealis - tracheal cartilage
textus co11j1111cti1•11s - conjunctive tissue
111. ceratolryoideus - ceratohyoid muscle
111. thyrohyoideus - thyrohyoid muscle
111. 1•e11tric11/aris - ventricular muscle
111. myte11oide11s lim1s1•ers11s - transverse aryte­
noid muscle
111. 1•oca/is - vocal muscle
111. cricomyte11oide11s {a/era/is - lateral cricoaryte­
noid muscle
111. cricothyroideus - cricothyroid muscle
i11serlio 111i. stemothyroidei - insertion of sterno­
thyroid muscle
111. cricomyle1111ideus dorsa/is - dorsal cricoaryte­
noid muscle
1•e11tric11/us fa1y11gis {a/era/is - lateral laryngeal
ventricle
gla11d11fa thyroidea - thyroid gland
comu mstrafe cartilagi11is tlryroideae - rostral cor­
nu of thyroid cartilage
Horse. Dissection of a portion of the skull dorsal view. (Ear muscles according to Ellenberger and Baum.)
Figure 148
I. 111. cen•icoa11riwlaris j1m/1111d11s 111ajor - major
deep cervicoauricular muscle
2. 111. cen•icoa11ric11laris s11Jmficialis
superficial
cervicoauricular muscle
3. 111. cen•icosrntularis - cervicoscutular muscle
4. 111. scutuloaurirnlaris s11jJe1ficialis dorsalis - dorsal
superficial scutuloauricular muscle
5. 111. srntuloaurirnfaris sujmficialis 111edi11s - middle
superficial scutuloauricular muscle
6. 111. i11terswt11faris - interscutular muscle
7. Jxm fronlalis 111i. fro11/osrnt11laris - frontal part
of frontoscutular muscle
8. Jmrs /e111J1oralis 111i. fro11/oswt11laris
temporal
part of frontoscutular muscle
9. 111. srn/11/oaurirnfaris s11J1e1ficialis accessorius - ac­
cessory superficial scutuloauricular muscle
I0. 111. snt.111loa11riC11laris s11j1erficialis 1•e11tralis - ven­
tral superficial scutuloauricular muscle
11. 111. zygm11aticoa11ric11laris - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
12. 111. jJarieloaurirnlaris - parietoauricular muscle
13. 111. cen•icoa11ric11/aris jJro/1111d11s 111i11or - .minor
deep cervicoauricular muscle
14. auricula - auricle
15. 111. scut11loa11rirnlaris jJro/1111d11s 111i11or
minor
deep scutuloauricular muscle
16. 111. scutufoauricularis J1ro/1111d11s major
major
deep scutuloauricular muscle
17. 111. /e111jJorafis - temporal muscle
18. carlifago sC11tifon11is - scutiform cartilage
19. c01p11s adijJosum a11riC11lae - adipose body of au­
ricle
20. co1p11s adijJ0s11111 exlrajJeriorbitale - extraperior­
bital adipose body
21. ra111i auriculares 11i. cen•icafis II - auricular
branches of second cervical nerve
22. 1w1111s 1•. a11riC11faris caudalis - branch of caudal
auricular vein
23. ra11111s 1•. lelllj}l)ra{is sujmficialis - branch of su­
perficial temporal vein
24. ra11111s i1111sC11laris a. le111j}()ra{is SlljJerficialis - muscular branch of superficial temporal artery
25. 11. fro11talis - frontal nerve
26. 11. i11/ratrochlearis - infratrochlear nerve
27. 1•. angularis 0C11li - angularis oculi vein
28. a. S11j1raorbitafis - supraorbital artery
29. 111. /e1'(1/or a11g11li 0C11li 111edialis (111. cormgalor s11J1er­
ci{ii) - medial levator anguli oculi muscle
(corrugator supercilii muscle)
155
Horse. Horizontal section through the head. View from dorsal swface.
Figure 149
21
33
I. c111Jms 111ed11/lare he111isjJherii - medullary sub­
stance of hemisphere
2. s11bsta11/ia gris('(( ,wojmllii - gray substance of
neopallium
3. fisrnm lo11git11di11alis cerebri - longitudinal fissure of cerebrum
4. co1Jms callos11111 - corpus callosum
5. nucleus ca11dat11s - caudate nucleus
6. fomix - fomix
7. thala11111s o/Jticus - optic lobe of thalamus
body
8. c111Jms jJi11eale - pineal
_
9. colliculus rostmlis tecti 111ese11cejJhali - rostral col­
liculus of tectum mesencephali
10. collicul11s caudalis tecti 111ese11cejJ/111li ..:... caudal col­
liculus of tectum mesencephali
11. ped1111cul11s cerebellaris 111edius - middle cerebel­
lar peduncle
12. jJed1111culus cerebellaris rostmlis - rostral cerebel­
lar peduncle
156
0
31
6
13. i'e/11111 111ed11/lare rostmle - rostral medullan·
velum
14. fossa rho111boidea - rhomboid fossa
15. ,•e/11111 111ed11llare caudale - caudal medullary
velum
16. jJed1111cul11s cerebellaris ca11dalis - caudal cerebel­
lar peduncle
17. jJle.ws choroide11s ,•entriculi quarti - choroid
plexus of fourth ventricle
18. 11wd11/la sjJinalis - spinal medulla
19. fossa s11j)l'(1orbitalis - supraorbital foss·a
20. sejJ/11111 si11u11111 fro11tali11111 - septum of frontal
sinus
21. os frontale - fr�ntal bone
22. sinus frontalis - frontal sinus
23. pars frontalis mi. fro11/oscut11/aris - frontal part
of frontoscutular muscle
24. Jmrs te111J)()m/is 111i. JJ'()11/oscut11/aris - temporal
part of frontoscutular muscle
25. c111Jms adiporn111 e.\'/mj1eriorbitale - extraperior­
bital adipose body
26. 111. te111poralis - temporal muscle
27. Jm,cesrns co/'()11oide11s 1111111dibulae - coronoid pro­
cess of mandible
28. fnocess11s ::rgomalicus ossis temf)()ra/is - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
29. a. el 1•. le111poralis pm/1111da rostmlis - rostral
deep temporal artery and vein
30. 1•. cerebra/is dorsalis et jJle.ws rnbtempomlis - dor­
sal cerebral vein and subtemporal plexus
31. 11wat11s acusticus exfl•m11s - external acoustic
meatus
:l2. a. 111e11i11gea caudalis - caudal meningeal artery
33. cartilagines a11ricula1• - auricular cartilages
34. Jmrs /11'/J'()S(l ossis lt'llljiomlis - petrous part of
temporal bone
35. gla11d11/a parolis - parotid gland
36. 111. parotidoa11ricularis - parotidoauricular
muscle
37. 1•. anricularis caudalis - caudal auricular vein
38. 111. cleido11111stoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
39. os occij,ilale - occipital bone
40. sinus occi/Jitalis <'!'11/mlis - ventral occipital
sinus
41. Ill. lo11gissi11111sa1/Jitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
42. d11m 11wter - dura mater
43. cm·11111 ejJidumle - epidural cavity
+4. dh•erlimlu111 tubae auditime - diverticulum of
auditory tube
45. 1•e11tricul11s latemlis t'IIC('/Jlwli - lateral ventricle
of encephalon
Horse. Base of the cranial cavity showing emergence of cranial nerves.;
Figure 150
/1'
J
\
./
l '
:·.
.,
)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fossa ethmoidalis - ethmoid fossa
chiasma opticum - optic chiasm
11. oculomotorius - oculomotor nerve
11. trochlearis - trochlear nerve
11. maxillaris et 11. ophthalmicus - maxillary nerve
and ophthalmic nerve
5'. 11. mandibularis - mandibular nerve
6. 11. abduce11s - abducent nerve
7. rt. intermediofacialis (n facialis) - intermediofa­
cial nerve (facial nerve)
8. rt. vestibulocochlearis - vestibulocochlear nerve
9. 11. glossopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal nerve
l 0. 11. vagus - vagus nerve
11. radix spinalis 11i. accessorii - spinal root of acces­
sory nerve
11 '. radix cra11ialis 11i. accessorii - cranial root of ac­
cessory nerve
12. 11. hypoglossus - hypoglossal nerve
13. fissura orbitalis et forame11 rotu11du111 - orbital fis­
sure and foramen rotundum
14. sirtus fro11talis - frontal sinus
15. septum si11uu111 fro11talium - septum of frontal
sinus
16. crista galli - crista galli
17. fossa hypophysialis - hypophysial fossa
18. fossa pirifom1is - piriform fossa
19. sulcus 11i. maxillaris - sulcus of maxillary nerve
20. sulcus ni. ophthalmici - sulcus of ophthaimic
nerve
21. i11cisura carotica forami11is laceri - carotid notch
of foramen lacerum
22. foramert lacerum - foramen lacerum
23. porus acusticus in/emus - internal acoustic
opening
24. impressio pantina - pontine impression
25. canalis 11i. hypoglossi - canal of hypoglossal
nerve
26. forame11 magnum - foramen magnum
27. foramen supraorbitale - supraorbital foramen
28. sulcus a. me11i11geae mediae - sulcus for_ middle
meningeal artery
29. mealus temporalis - temporal meatus
30. pars petrosa ossis temporalis - petrous part of
temporal bone
31. os occipitale - occipital bone
32. forame11 ethmoidale - ethmoid foramen
33. processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
34_. porus acusticus ex/emus -:-- external acoustic
opening
35. processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
157
Horse. Brain. View of the dorsal surface and the brain stem from the left.
Figure 151
' ______:!z&):-f(' 14 ( 20 ).,
\\,,t
\_flI
VI/I
,
y11
30 3291
�/
VI
·
158
fl
IX X XI
4:f
1. b11/b11s olfac/ori11s - olfactory bulb
2. fissura longitudinalis cerebri - longitudinal fissure of cerebrum
3. he111ispheri11111 cerebri - cerebral hemisphere
4. he111isjJheri11111 cerebelli - cerebellar hemisphere
5. medulla sj1inalis - spinal medulla
6. mlcus s11jJrasyh,i11s - suprasylvian sulcus
7. s11lc11s ecto111argi11alis - ectomarginal sulcus
8. s11lc11s 11wrgi11alis - marginal sulcus
9. mlcus endo111arginalis - endomarginal sulcus
I0. fissura tramz•ersa cerebri - transverse fissure of
cerebrum
11. 1•er111is cerebelli - vermis cerebelli
12., I :l. tmc/11.1 oj1tirns - optic tract
13. crus latemle trac/11s ojJlici - lateral crus of optic
tract
I4. co1p11s ge11irnlat11111 laterale - lateral geniculate
body
15. c111Jms ge11irnlat11m 111ediale - medial geniculate
body
16. c111Jms mamillare - mamillary body
17. hyj1ophysis cerebri - cerebral hypophysis
18. recessus mj1raj1i11ealis - suprapineal recess
19. crnjms J1i11eale (r. ej1ij1hysis cerebri) - pineal body
(or cerebral epiphysis)
20. collirnlus rostralis - rostral colliculus
21. collirn/11s caudalis - caudal colliculus
22. crus cerebri - cerebral crus
23. tmc/11s cruralis tmm1•e1:rns - transverse crural
tract
24. /Jons - pons
25. jJedunrnli cerebellares in sectione - cerebellar pe­
duncles in section
'.Z(i. Jm/1111m/11s cen,bellaris rostralis - rostral cerebel­
lar peduncle
27. J1ed1111rn/11s cerebellaris 111edi11s - middle cerebel­
lar peduncle
28. jJeduncu/11s cerebellaris caudalis - caudal cerebel­
lar peduncle
29. jJyramis 111ed11/lae oblon;c:atae - pyramid of me­
dulla oblongata
30. corpus lrajJezoide11111 - trapezoid body
3 I. tubercu/11111 faciale 1•e11tra/e - ventral facial tu­
bercle
III-XII. 1111. craniales Ill-XII - third-twelfth
cranial nerves
Horse. Base of brain, showing origin of cranial nerves and vessels.
Figure 152
/'�,,••'::\•/-!!','.:;, "(•
.,,;·:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b11/b11s olfactori11s - olfactory bulb
11. 11/Jliws - optic nerve
11. ornlom11/ori11s - oculomotor nerve
11. trochlearis - trochlear nerve
radix 1110/oria ni. trigemini - motor root of trige­
minal nerve
5'. radix se11soria 11i. trigemi11i, ga11glio11 trign11i11ale sensory root of trigeminal nerve, trigeminal
ganglion
Sa. 11. ojihtlw/111irns - ophthalmic nerve
Sb. 11. maxi{/aris - maxillary nerve
Sc. 11. 11w11dib11laris - mandibular nerve
6. 11. abd11ce11s - abducent nerve
7. 11. i11ten11ediofacialis - intermediofacial nerve
8. 11. 1•estib11/ornchlearis - vestibulocochlear nerve
9. 11. glosso/Jhwy11ge11s - glossopharyngeal nerve
I0. 11. 1'(/gl/S - vagus nerve
I I. radix cra11ialis ni. accessorii - cranial root of ac­
cessory nerve
I I'. radix s/Ji11alis ni. acct'ssorii - spinal root of accessory nerve
I2. 11. hyjiog-foss11s - hypoglossal nerve
I3. /Jed1111rn/11s olfactorius - olfactory peduncle
I 4. tract us olfactorius media/is
medial olfactory
tract
15. tractus offactorius /a/em/is - lateral olfactory
tract
I6. tract us olfactorius i11ft'n11edi11s - intermediate ol­
factory tract
I7. trigo1111m offactori11111 - olfactory trigone
I 8. s11bsta11tia /Jerfim!la rostralis - rostral perforated
substance
I9. /obus jiirifon11is - piriform lobe
20. chias111a o/Jtirnm - optic chiasm
2 I. tract us ojJ/irns - optic tract
22. recesrns 11rurohyj)()jJhysialis et tuber ci11ere11m neurohypophysial recessus and tuber cinere­
um
23. C/)/jius 11wmillart' - mamillary body
24. crus cerebri - cerebral crus
25. pons - pons
26. 111ed11//a ob/011gata - medulla oblongata
27. /11/Jerw/11111 faciale - facial tubercle
28. /Jyramis 111ed11llae ob/1111gatae - pyramid of medulla oblongata
29. c/)/jJI/S tra/Jezoideum - trapezoid body
30:" 111t'd11l/a s/Ji11alis - spinal medulla
31. fissum /011git11di11alis cerebri - longitudinal fis­
sure of cerebrum
32. s11/rns rhi11alis - rhinal sulcus
33. fisrnm lateralis cerebri (syh•ii) - lateral fissure of
cerebrum (sylvian)
A.
B.
C.
a. cam/is i11tema '- internal carotid artery
a. cerebri rostra/is - rostral cerebral artery
a. rn1111111111ica11s caudalis - caudal communica­
ting artery
D. a. 111e11i11gea rostm/is - rostral meningeal artery
E. a. cerebri rostmlis - rostral cerebral artery
F. a. cerebri media - middle cerebral artery
G. a. cerebri /Jroj1111da - deep cerebral artery
H. a. basilaris cerebri - cerebral basilar artery
J. a. cerebe/li ca11dalis - caudal cerebellar artery
K. a. s/Ji11a/is 1•e11tralis - ventral spinal artery
L. a. cerebelli rostralis - rostral cerebellar artery
159
Horse. Skeleton of the neck) left view.
Figure 153
14
15
16
19
22
1. atlas - atlas
2. axis - axis
3.- 7. vertebra cervicalis III- VII - third-seventh
cervical vertebrae
8. co11dylus occipitalis - occipital condyle
9. processus transversus atla11tis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
I 0. foramen a/are at/antis - alar foramen of atlas
11. foramen tramversarium at/antis - transverse fo­
ramen of atlas
160
I
12. processus spinosus axis - spinous process of axis
13. forame11 vertebrate laterale - lateral vertebral fo­
ramen
14. foramen transversarium - transverse foramen
15. processus lramversus axis - transverse process of
axis
16. corpus axis - body of axis
I 7. processus articularis caudalis - caudal articular
process
18. processus qrticularis cra11ialis - cranial articular
process
19. processus tra11sversus - tuberculum ventrale
transverse process - ventral tubercle
20. processus transversus - tuberculum dorsale
transverse process - dorsal tubercle
21. corpus vertebrae - vertebral body
22. costa I - first rib
23. processus transversi vertebrarum thoracicorum
transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
24. processus spinosus vertebrae thoracicae I - spinous
process of first thoracic vertebra
25. ca11alis lramversarius - transverse c:;:anal
Horse. SujJe1ficialmuscles of the neck, left vzew. Cutaneous muscles
and sujJe1ficialfascia remm ed
1
Figure 13-t
I. m. interscutularis - interscutular muscle
2. pars fro11talis mi. fro11toscutularis - frontal part
of frontoscutular muscle
3. pars temporalis mi. fro11/oscutularis - temporal
part of frontoscutular muscle
4. m. temporalis - temporal muscle
5. m. parotidoauricularis - parotidoauricular
muscle
6. m. masseter - masseter muscle
7. m. rhomboideus cervicis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
8. m. sple11ius - splenius muscle
9. pars ceruicalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
I0. pars thoracica mi. trapezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
11. m. serratus ue11tralis ceruicis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
1·2. m. serratus ue11tralis tlwracis - thoracic serratus
ventralis muscle
13. m. omotra11suersarius (m. cleidotra11suersarius) (cleidotransverse
omotransverse
muscle
muscle)
14. m.·cleidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
15. m. stemoma11dibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
16. m. omohyoideus et 111. sternohyoideus - omohyoid
and sternohyoid muscles
I 7. m. cuta11eus colli - cutaneus colli muscle
18. m. subclauius (m. pectoralis cleidoscapularis; pars
prescapularis mi. pectoralis profu11di) - subclavian
muscle (pectoralis cleidoscapularis muscle;
prescapular part of deep pectoral muscle)
19. 111. supraspi11atus - supraspinatus muscle
20. 111. deltoideus - deltoid muscle
21. 111. latissi111us dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
22. 111. triceps brachii - triceps brachii muscle
23. gla11dula parotis - parotid gland
24. v. jugularis - jugular vein
161
/
Horse. Deep muscles of the neck, left view. First layer.
Figure 155
\
I. 111. le111poralis - temporal muscle
2. 111. orri/>ilohy11ide11s - occipitohyoid muscle
3. 111. obliquus rn/>ilis cra11ia/is - cranial oblique
muscle of head
4. Jxm occipito111a11dib11/aris 111i. digastrici - occipitomandibular part of digastric muscle
5. 111. 111asseter - masseter muscle
6. 111. sple11i11s - splenius muscle
6a. 111. splenius capitis - splenius capitis muscle
66. apo11e11rosis mi. sj>le11ii - aponeurosis of sple­
nius muscle
6c. 111. sple11i11s cen•icis - splenius cervicis muscle
7. insertio mi. lo11gis�i111i capitis - insertion of lon­
gissimus capitis muscle
8. m. l011g11s caj>ilis -: longus capiris muscle
9. 111. rh11111boideus - rhomboid muscle
I 0. 111. sternol�voideus et 111. 011whyoide11s - sterno­
hyoid muscle and omohyoid muscle
162
I 1. 111. sten111111a11dib11laris - sternomandibular
muscle
12. pars ,•entralis 111i. srnleni 111edii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
13. pars dorsalis 111i. srnleni medii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
14. 111. i11terlra11n•ersari11s - intertransverse muscle
I 5. 111. sermlus ,.•entralis cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
16. 111. serra/11s 1•e11tralis thoracis - thoracic serratus
ventralis muscle
I 7. 111. serra/11s dorsalis cra11ialis - cranial serratus
dorsalis muscle
18. m. s11J>msj>i11at11s - supraspinatus muscle
19. m. i11frasj>i11at11s - infraspinatus muscle
20. 111. subclm•ius (m. />ccforalis deidoscajmlaris; pars
J>rescapularis 111i. pectoralis profundi) - subclavian
muscle (pectorali..5 cleidoscapularis muscle;
prescapular part of deep pectoral muscle)
21. 111. triceps bmchii - triceps brachii muscle
22. m. /eres 111i11or - teres minor muscle
23. rnrtilago scapulae :_ cartilage of scapula
24. funirn/us 1111chae - nuchal funiculus
25. fascia thorarnl11111ba/is - thoracolumbar fascia
2G. 1•. jugularis - jugular vein
Horse. Deep muscles of the neck, left vi�w. Second layer.
Figure 156
,I. 111. se111isjJi11alis cajJitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
2. 111. /011gissi11111s capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
longissimus atlantis
3. II/. /011gissi11111s atla11tis
muscle
longissimus cervicis
4. Ill. /011gissi11111s cen.•icis
muscle
5. 111111. i11tertra11S1•e11arii - intertransverse
muscles
6. 111. /011g11s ca/Ji/is - longus capitis muscle
7. 111. sjJi11alis - spinalis muscle
8. 111. /011gissi11111s thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
9. 111. i/iocosta/is thoracis - iliocostalis thoracis
muscle
I 0. Jxm dorsalis 111i. sca/e11i medii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
11. /Jars ,•e11tralis mi. sca/e11i 111edii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
12. 111111. intercosta/es extemi - external intercostal
muscles
13. 111. obliq1111s capitis cra11ia/is - cranial oblique
muscle of-head
14. 111. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
15. 111. obliq1111s capitis cauda/is - caudal oblique
muscle of head
16. 111. sternohyoide11s et 111. stemothyroideus - sterno­
hyoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle
1 7. f1111iw/11s 1111chae - nuchal funiculus
18. pars occijJito111a11dib11/aris mi. digastrici - occipitomandibular part of digastric muscle
19. trachea - trachea
20. esojJhag11s - esophagus
21. processus trm1s,•ers11s ,•ertebrae cen•icalis IV transverse process of fourth cervical vertebra
22. processus tra1151•ers11s ,•ertebrae cen•icalis VI transverse process. of sixth cervical vertebra
23. rnsta I - first rib
24. 111a1111bri11111 stemi - manubrium of sternum
25. jJrocessus ln111si•ers11s at/antis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
163
1-lorse. DeejJ muscles of the neck) left l'Zel{'. Third layer.
Figure 1 S 7
I. imertio mi. semispinalis capitis - insertion of se­
mispinalis capitis muscle
2. origo mi. semispinalis capitis - origin of semispi­
nalis capitis muscle
major dorsal
3. m. rec/us capitis dorsalis major
straight muscle of head
minor dorsal
4. 111. rec/us capitis dorsalis minor
straight muscle of head
5. 111. rec/us capitis dorsalis intermedius - intermedi­
ate dorsal straight muscle of head
6. m. obliquus capitis cranialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
7. m. rectus capitis /a/era/is
lateral straight
muscle of head
8. m. rec/us capitis ventralis
ventral straight
muscle of head
9. irisertio mi. longissimi at/antis - insertion of lon­
gissimus atlantis muscle
I0. m. longw capitis - longus capitis muscle
11. imertio mi. longissimi capitis - insertion of lon­
gissimus capitis muscle
164
12. insertio mi. cleidomastoidei - insertion of clei­
domastoid muscle
13. m. obliquus capitis caudalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
14. m. multifidw cervicis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
15. mm. intertransversarii dorsales cervicis - dorsal
cervical intertransverse muscles
16. mm. intertransversarii medii cervicis - middle cer­
vical intertransverse muscles
I7. mm. intertransversarii ventrales cervicis - ventral
cervical intertransverse muscles
18. pars cervicalis mi. longi colli - cervical part of
longus colli muscle
19. processus articularis cranialis vertebrae cervicalis VII
- cranial articular process of seventh cervi­
cal vertebra
20. processus transversus . vertebrae cervicalis VJ transverse process of sixth cervical vertebra
21. pars thoracica mi. longi colli - thoracic part of
longus colli muscle
22. pars dorsalis mi. scaleni medii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
23. i11sertio par/is ventralis mi. scaleni medii
insertion of ventral part of scalenus medius
muscle
24. m. longissimus cervicis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
25. mm. levatores cos/arum - levator muscles of ribs
26. m. spinalis cervicis - cervical spinal muscle
27. m. spinalis thoracis - thoracic spinal muscle
28. origo mi. splenii - origin of splenius muscle
29. m. multifidus dorsi - multifidus dorsi muscle
30. funiculus nuchae - nuchal funiculus
31. lamina nuchae - nuchal lamina
32. lig. supraspinale - supraspinal ligament
33. ligg. interspi11alia - interspinal ligaments
34. fascia thoracolumbalis - thoracolumbar fascia
Horse. Najx of the neck. Left Z'zew.
Figure 158
I.
atlas -
'.2. a\ is -
:l.
4.
atlas
axis
,·1·1klm1 (r•r;•irnli.,, I'll -
bra
7.
seventh cervical verte­
/I/"f/ffss11s .1jJilll/WS ,•1•1"/r-brrw tl,r1mcic1w I -
process of first thoracic vertebra
first rib
spinous
/1/"f/cesws s/Ji//lmts ;•r·1kbrrw //,l/mcirn1· I'll -
nous process of seventh thoracic vertebra
spi­
ji111irn/11s 1111cl,01· -
nuchal funiculus
hood· of nu
j)(lrs rnrullaris figm111•11/i 1111rl,1w -
chat ligament
supraspinal ligament
nuchal lamina
11. bursa .\llbf(�a111r·11l1/SO 1111dwfis - bursa sublinga­
mentosa nuchalis
12. 1)//rsa s11bfiga11w11l1/SO .\lljJrmjli11afis - bursa suhli
gamentosa supraspinalis
9.
5. ms/a pri11w -
G.
8.
I 0.
fig s11pms/1i11ofe fm11i110 1111clwe -
165
Horse. Cutaneous muscles and nerves of the neck) left view.
Figure 159
I. 111. rntaneusfaciei - cutaneous facial muscle
2. 111. j)(Jro/idoaurirnlaris - parotidoauricular
muscle
3. 111. rnlaneus co/Ii - cutaneus colli muscle
4. m. rnlaneus 0111obrachia/is - cutaneous omobra­
chial muscle
5. II/. rntaneus lrunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
6. ra111us ventra/is ni. cen•icalis II - ventral branch
of second cer;,,ical nerve
7. ramus i•entralis ni. cen•icalis III - ventral branch
of third cervical nerve
8. ramus ventra/is ni. cen•icalis IV - ventral branch
of fourth ,cervical nerve
9. ramus ventra/is ni. cen•icalis V - ventral branch
of fifth cervical nerve
166
I
I
I
10. 1w1111s ,•ei1tra/is ni. cen•ica/is VI - ventral branch
of sixth cervical nerve
10'. 11. wpraclauiwlaris - supraclavicular nerve
11. ra111i wtrmei dorsa/es 11er,•01w11 cen•ica/i11111 - dor­
sal cutaneous branches of cervical nerves
12. rami c11/a11ei dorsales 11er1•01w11 thoracicoru111 dorsal cutaneous branches of thoracic nerves
13. rami cutanei ni. thoracici /a/era/is - cutaneous
branches of lateral thoracic nerve
14. ra111us co/Ii ni. facia/is - colli branch of facial
nerve
15. ra11111s dorsa/is ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
Horse. Dissection of the neck) left view. Deep layer.
Figure 160
J7
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
I :i.
16.
I 7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
snnisj!inafis caj!itis
semispinalis capi tis
muscle
111. l011gissi11111s caJ1itis
longissimus capitis
muscle
111. l011gissi11111s at/antis
longissimus atlantis
muscle
Ill. l011gissi11111s cen.'icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
111. l011g11s caj!itis - longus capitis muscle
j!ars 1•e11tralis 111i. scale11i 111edii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
pars dorsalis 111i. scaleni 111alii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
111. l011gissi111us thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
111. iliocostalis - iliocostal muscle
111. stemohyoide11s et 111. stemothyroideus - sterno­
hyoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle
111. obfiquus caj!itis cra11ialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
111. occipitohyoideus - occipitohyoid muscle
firm occijJito111a11dib11faris 111i. digastrici - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
111. obliq1111s capitis caudalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
/(�- 1111chrll' - nuchal ligament
trachea - trachea
esoj!hagus - esophagus
a. axiffaris - axillary artery
ra11111s J!rescapularis a. cervicalis suj!erficialis prescapular branch of superficial cervical ar­
tery
rr111111.1 deltoideus a. cen•icalis s11j!e1ficialis - deltoid
branch of superficial cervical artery
a. carotis co1111111111is - common carotid artery
a. occijJitalis - occipital artery
Ill.
35
32
21
23. a. carotis intema - internal carotid artery
24. a. carotis extema - external carotid artery
25. a. et 1•. scapularis dorsalis - dorsal scapular arte­
ry and vein
26. a. et 1•. cen•ica/is Jmif1111da - deep cervical artery
and vein
27. 1·. jug11/aris - jugular vein
28. 1•. cejJhalica - cephalic vein
29. v. axillaris - axillary vein
30. j!lex11s brachia/is - brachia! plexus
31. 11. phre11icus - phrenic nerve
32. tnmcus 1•agosy111pathicus - vagosympathetic
trunk
33. 11. /aryngeus rec11rre11s - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
34. ra111us dorsalis ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
35. ra111i ventrales 11en•o1w11 ceruica/iwn
ventral
branches of cervical nerves
36. ra111i dorsales 11en•oru111 cen•icaliwn - dorsal
branches. of cervical nerves
37. truncus ly111plwticus trachea/is - tracheal lymph
trunk
38. !1111. ceruicales profundi craniales - cranial deep
cervical lymph nodes
39. /1111. cervicales prof1111di 111edii - middle deep cer­
vical lymph nodes
40. /1111. cervicales jmJf1111di ca11dales - caudal deep
cervical lymph nodes
41. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
167
Horse. Skeletal topography relative to the vessels, nerves, trachea, and esophagus of the neck. Left view,
showing only the principal veins and arteries.
Figure 161
1.
2.
:l.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
I CJ.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
atlas - atlas
,•e1kbm n·n•imlis /' - fifth cervical vertebra
,·r·1klm1 t!u,mcim II - second thoracic vertebra
,•r·1klm1 thomcim JI' - fourth thoracic vertebra
ms/a II - second rib
slem1n11 - sternum
tmdwo - trachea
l'.11,f!lwg11s - esophagus
wr - heart
r1urto - aorta
//'/111(11.1· Jmli11011alis - pulmonary trunk
tm11ms bmchior,p/1(1/irns - brachiocephalic
trunk
a. oxi!laris - axillarv arterv
11. rnruti., m1111111111i., - common carotid arterv
a. ,./ ,'. thor(/('im i11IN 11r1 - internal thoracic ar­
tery and vein
o. thomcim ntema - external thoracic arten·
o. el ,'. smjmlari., dorsolis - dorsal scapular arte­
rv and vein
a. ,./ ,'. ,·1·rll'lm1/is - vertebral arterv and vein
11. el,·. CN,·irnli., J!m/i111d(/ - deep cervical arterv
and vein
11. mm/is i11/er11r1 - internal carotid arterv
a. ()('Cij!ilalis - occipital artery
r1111111.1 orciJ;italis - occipital branch
a. nw11i11gN1 m11dali.1 - caudal meningeal arterv
a. rnmtis nte/'1/a - external carotid arterv
,'. m,•11 m11dalis - caudal vena cava
,·. rn,•a crn11ialis - cranial vena cava
,•.j11gularis - jugular vein
168
28. rm11w Jm·.,mjmlaris - prescapular branch
2CJ. ,wn11s dr-ltoidn1.1 - deltoid branch
:rn. ,·. (/\illaris - axillarv vein
'.l 1. 11. rer,·imlis mjia/icialis - superficial cervical
arterv
J2. ,·. ffj!lwlim - cephalic vein
:U. tm11rns si·n1J)(/f/,ims (jHm thomcim) - svmpathe­
tic trunk (thoracic part)
:l4. lm11rn.1 ,·a.�osr111Jmthirns - vagosvmpathetic
trunk
JS. 11. ,'l(�//s - vagus nerve
36. 11. lan·11.w·11s 1Frnrr1·w - recurrent larvngeal
nerve
:l7. ln111rn.1 .11·111/mlhirn.1 - svmpathetic trunk
:rn. g/11. cen·imth,m1cirn111 - cervicothoracic gan­
glion
:lCJ. rm1111s co111n11111irn11.1 ad 11. ,·ag11111 (a11.w s11bdm•i11)
- communicating branch to vagus nervl'
(ansa subclavia)
40. 11. ,'Niebmlis - vertebral nerve
41. 11. j!hrn1irn., - phrenic nerve
42. 1w1111s co/Ii 11i. jr1ci11/is - colli branch of facial
nerve
4:l. 11. cr·n·irnlis If - second cervical nerve
44. rm11w dorsalis 11i. acces.rnrii - dorsal branch of
accessorv nerve
4:'i. m111i dorsales 11n,·on1111 cen·ica/i11111 - dorsal
branches of cervical nerves
46. rm11i ,•r·11trnles 11a,•01w11 ren·irnli11111 - ventral
b1·anches of cervical nerves
47. j!ln11s bmrhialis - brachia! plexus
rn. 1111. tl,omrici - thoracic nerves
Horsf. Suj>e1ficial and adjacent regions of the neck. Oblique vzew, cranial lateral.
Figure I G'.Z
I. /'/'•,.in mlli d,mulis -- dorsal region of neck
mlli lrt!l'mlis - lateral region of neck
:z.
:l. /'/::-;,, Jm•.ffa/111/aris - prescapular region
4. rrgi,, mlli ,•1·11/m/is - ventral region of neck
;). rnlrnsj11g11!rtris - jugular sulcus
G. rr·gi,, inli·nrnjmluris - interscapular region
7. r1·gi,, smpuluris - scapular region
B. n·gi,, trici/1italis - tricipital region
9. rl'gi,, bmd1ii - brachia! region
I 0. /'(·gi,, rnbiti - cubital region
] I. rr•gi,, Jm·slnnalis - presternal region
] :z. H'"i,, m1/1•bmd1iulis - antebrachial region
J :i ..,-,;/,m JH•ct,,mlis )///'/liu11w - median pectoral
sulcus
14. r1·gi,, artirnla/i,,,1is l111111ni - region of humeral
articulation
I 5. rn/rns JH•C/f/m/is latnalis - lateral pectoral sulcus
/'/:;,;,,
169
Horse. Skeleton. Oblique view, cranial lateral.
Figure 163
1. atlas - atlas
2. axis - axis
3.- 7. 1•ertebra cen•imlis Ill- Vil - third-seventh
cervical vertebrae
8. Jnocessus J1aracrmdylaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
9. os frontale - frontal bone
I 0. orbita - orbit
11. ma11dibula - mandible
12. jirocessus s/1i11osus 1•ertfbme thoracicae II - spinous
process of second thoracic vertebra
13. cos/a /1ri111a si11istra - left first rib
14. cos/a J1ri111a dextm - right first rib
15. stemum - sternum
16. scajmla dexlm - right scapula
16'. scajiula si11istra - left scapula
I 7. humerus dexter - right humerus
I 7'. humerus sinister - left humerus
18. ulna - ulna
19. radius - radius
20. ossa cr11j1i - carpal bones
21. os melacarj1ale II (si11islno11) - second metacar­
pal bone (left)
22. os 111elacarjiale IV (dextnon) - fourth metacarpal bone (right)
23. os 111etacmj1a/e Ill - third metacarpal bone
24. jilwla11x jiroximalis - proximal phalanx
25. jihalanx media - middle phalanx
26. jihala11x dis/a/is - distal phalanx
27. tuber coxae - coxial tuber
28. os femoris - femur
29. jialel/a - patella
30. fibula - fibula
31. tibia - tibia
32. ossa tarsi - tarsal bones
33. os 111etatarsale Ill - third metatarsal bone
34. J1hala11ges 111embri jieh•ini - phalanges of pelvic
appendage
170
Horse. Muscles of the neck and adjacent parts. Oblique view, cranial lateral.
Cutaneous muscles and fascia removed
Figure 164
I. 111. bmchioce/Jha/irns - brachiocephalic muscle
2. 111. sten11n11a11dib11/aris - sternomandibular
muscle
3. Jmrs cen•icalis mi. lm/Je::ii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
4. Jx1rs thoracirn mi. lra/Je::ii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
5. m. sjJ/e11i11s - splenius muscle
6. m. serra/11s 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
7. 111. subclm•ius (111. jJec/ora/is deidoscapularis; Jmrs
/Jrescapularis mi. jJectoralis Jmif1111di) - subclavian
muscle (pectoralis cleidoscapularis muscle;
prescapular part of deep pectoral muscle)
8. 111. s11pras/Ji11at11s - supraspinatus muscle
9. 111. deltoideus - deltoid muscle
I 0. m. stemohyoideus et 111. stenwthymideus - sterno­
hyoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle
11. 111. /atissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
12. caput l011g11111 111i. trici/Jilis brae/iii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
13. caput /aterale mi. trici/Jitis brae/iii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
14. 111. /Jectoralis desce11de11s - descending pectoral
muscle
15. ,11. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
16. 111. jJec/ora/is tra11s1'ers11s - transverse pectoral
muscle
17. 111. extensor cmpi radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
18. 111. extensor digitalis co111m1111is - common digital
extensor muscle
19. 111. extemor digitalis latera/is - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
cervical rhomboid
20. 111. r/11n11boide11s cen•icis
muscle
21. ,'. j11g11laris - jugular vein
22. 111. nwsseter - masseter muscle
171
Horse. Cross section through the neck at the level of the second cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 165
21.
1. a.\'is - axis
2.
:1.
-1-.
5.
6.
7.
B.
111. 1fft11s rnJ1itis d11rn,lis 11wi11r - major dorsal
straight muscle of head
111. sj>le11i11s - splenius muscle
111. se111i.1j1i11alis m/1itis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
111. ,,!J/iq11w mJ1itis m11dali.,· - caudal oblique
muscle of head
111. llllllti/1d11s cr-n•icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
111. l1111gissi111m rnpiti.,· - longissimus capitis
muscle
111. l1111gissi11lll.1· at/antis - lo11gissimus atlantis
muscle
172
9. 111. /,,11g11s co/Ii - longus colli muscle
I 0. 111. l1111g11s rn/1itis - longus capi tis muscle
11. 111. bmchior1'j1halimi· - brachiocephalic muscle
12. 111. 11111,,hy11id('//s - omohyoid muscle
13. 111. sl!,m11111a11dil)/{laris - sternomandibular
muscle
1 t 111. s/1·n,11thrmid1·11., ...:.. s1ernotl1\Toid muscle
15. 111111. s/('m11hy11idei - sternohyoid muscles
16. !'.W/1lwg11s - esophagus
17. tmr/1('(J - trachea
18. glm1d11/a thymir/('(J - thvroid g_land
19. lm11rns ,'a,�osr111Jmthirn., - vago
, svmpathetic
trunk
20. a. crm,tis n11111111111is - common carotid arterv
'.22.
11.
lr1n•11.�1-11s ll'Cl(1F1·11s - laryngeal recurrent
nerve
i'.
111rnillaris - maxillarv vein
2:3 ..�la11d11/a J>r,mti., - parot.id gland
24. ,'.
li11.�1111/r1ril1/is - linguofacial vein
2:i. 1w1111s rf,,r.wlis 11i. occ1-ss,,rii - dorsal branch of
accessorv nerve
2/i. 1w111,s ,·1-11/m/is 11i. Off!'.1.rnrii - ventral branch of
accessory nerve
27. J1ft.111s ,'!'l'lf'hmlis i11IN1111.1· - internal verteb ra l
� plexus
28. 11. f'i ,'. i'f'l'l!•hm/i., - vertebral arterv and vein
2 < ). 11/f'r/11/la .1J1i11a/i., - spinal medulla ·
:rn. /\�. 1111duw - nuchal ligament
:: I. 011/)11.,· adij1um111 11ud1w· - nuchal adipose boch·
Horse. Cross section through the neck at the lez:e! of the cranial end of the fourth cen ical 1. ertebrc1. Vieu rd'
caudal smface of section.
1
1
1
Figure 1 G6
1.
2.
3.
4.
vertebra cervicalis IV - fourth cervical vertebra
m. rhomboideus - rhomboid muscle
m. splenius - splenius muscle
m. semispinalis capitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
5. m. longissimus capitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
6. m. longissimus at/antis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
7. m. multifidus ceruicis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
8. mm. intertransuersarii - intertransverse
muscles
9. m. brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic muscle
m. longus colli - longus colli muscle
m. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
m. omohyoideus - omohyoid muscle
m. stemomandibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
14. mm. stemohyoidei et mm. stemothyroidei - sterno-
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
15.
16.
1 7.
18.
19.
20.
hyoid muscles and sternothyroid muscles
m. cutaneus colli - cutaneus colli muscle
lig. nuchae - nuchal ligament
esophagus - esophagus
trachea - trachea
medulla spinalis - spinal medulla
a. et v. cervicalis profunda - deep cervical artery
and vein
2 I. m111m dona/is 11i. (f'/'1'imli., /J' - dorsal branch
of fourth cervical nerve
22. m11111s dunali.1 11i. tt/'Cessorii - dorsal branch of
accessorv nerve
<)')
.::.d.
a., ,'. el 11. 1•r•1khmli.1 - vertebral anen·, vein
and nerve
24. rt. mm/is ru1111111111is - common carotid artery
25. ,·. jugulari., - jugular vein
26. 11. !t1n·11,w·u.1 rr·n11n·11.1 - lar\'ngeal recurrent
nerve
27. lm11rns i'flgusr111/){{f/,irn.1 - vagos\·mpath
, etic
trunk
28. onjms adij10.1w11 - adipose bodv
29. jrrsria m/>n/icialis - superficial fascia
:10 . .fr1.1cia pm/i111d11 - deep fascia
173
Horse. Cross section through the neck between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae. View of caudal
swface of section.
Figure 167
I. jm1cess11s arfiClllaris rnuda!is ,•ertebrae cen•ica!is IV
- caudal articular process of fou1:th cervical
vertebra
2. pmcessus articu!aris crmlia!is ,•ertebrae cer,•ica!is V cranial articular process of fifth cervical ver­
tebra
3. extre111itas crania/is ,•ertebrae cer,•ica!is V - cranial
extremity of fifth cervical vertebra
4. 011jms ,•ertebrae cn,•ica!is IV - body of fourth
cervical vertebra
5. discus i11te1wrtebralis - intervertebral disk
6. f1111iC11fw 1111chae - nuchal funiculus
7. /a111i11a 1111chae - nuchal lamina
8. 111. rho111boide11s - rhomboid muscle
9. 111. splenius - splenius muscle
174
I0. 1n se111is/Ji11a/is capitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
11. 111. 11111/tifidus cen•icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
12. 111. /011gissh1111s rn/Jitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
13. 111. !011gissi11111s r//lantis - longissimus atlantis
muscle
14. 111. serratus i'entra/is cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
15. 111111. i11tertm11n•ersarii - intertransverse
muscles
16. 111. brachiocejJha!iC11s - brachiocephalic muscle
17. 111. /1111g11s cajJitis - longus capitis muscle
18. 111. !011g11s rn//i - longus colli muscle
19. 111. onwhyoidms - omohyoid muscle
20. 111. ster11011w11dib11/aris - sternomandibular
muscle
21. 111111. stemohyoidei et 111111. stemothy roidr-i - sternohyoid muscles and sternothyroid muscles
22. C//ljJl/s adijJow111 1111chae - nuchal adipose body
23. 111. C11la11ew mlli - cutaneus colli muscle
24. 111. lmjJeziw - j)([rs cen•irnlis - trapezius muscle
- cervical part
25. fascia sujmficiafis et .fc,scia Jm1/i111da - superficial
and deep fascia
26. a. et ,'. cer,•ica/is /J1'0/1111da - deep cervical artery
and vein
27. 1w1111s dorsa/is ni. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
28. cm•11111 arliCllfare - articular cavity
29. 111ed11fla spi11alis - spinal medulla
30. dum mater sjJinafis - spinal dura mater
31. plexus ,•ertebrafis in/emus - internal vertebral
plexus
32. a. et 1'. 1•ertebralis - vertebral artery and vein
33. esojJhagus - esophagus
34. trachea - trachea
35. i'. j11g11faris - jugular vein
36. tm11ws mgosy111/Ja/hiws - vagosympathetic
trunk
37. a. cam/is rn1111111111is - common carotid artery
38. 11. laryngeus l'fflllTfllS - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
Horse. Cross section through the neck at the level of the seventh cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 168
1. ,,ertebm ce1-,,icalis V!J - seventh cervical verte­
bra
2. 111. r/11m1boide11s cen,icis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
3. 111. tmJ1eziw - Jx11, cen,icalis - trapezius muscle
- cervical part
4. 111. spleuius - splenius muscle
5. 111. S£'111is/1i11alis ca/1itis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
6. 111. serm/11s 1'e11/m/is cer1'icis
cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
7. 111. s/1i11alis - spinalis muscle
8. 111. l011gissi11111s capitis
longissimus capitis
muscle
9. 111. l011gissi111w at/au/is
longissimus atlantis
muscle
I0. 111. l011gissi111w cen'icis
longissimus cervicis
muscle
I I. 111. 11111/tifidus cer1,icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
12. 111111. i11/ertm11Si'e1Jarii - intertransverse
muscles
13. 111•. 0111olm11S1'ersari11s (111. deidotm11S1'ersari11s) omotransverse muscle (cleidotransverse
muscle)
14. 111. iliocos/a/is cer1,icis - cervical iliocostal
muscle
15. 111. l011g11s rnlli - longus colli muscle
16. 111. scale1111s 111edi11s - scalenus medius muscle
17. 111. 011whyoidew - omohyoid muscle
I 8. 111. deid,mwsloideus - cleidomastoid muscle
19. 111. C11/a11e11s rn//i - cutaneus colli muscle
20. 111. slenun11a11dib11/aris - sternomandibular
muscle
21. 111. slenwhyoidew el 111. stemothyroideus - sternohyoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle
22. esoj1hag11s - esophagus
23. trachea - trachea
24. a. el 1'. i'erlebmlis - vertebral artery and vein
25. a. el 1'. cen'ica/is Jmif1111da - deep cervical artery
and vein
26. 111ed11/la s/1i11alis - spinal medulla
'27. plt,xus i'ertebmlis i11tem11s - internal vertebral
plexus
28. lru11C11s 1·agosy111JwlhiCl/s - vagosympathetic
trunk
29. a. cam/is rn1111111111is - common carotid artery
30. 11. lr11y11gn,s 1ff11rrem - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
31. i'. jugularis - jugular vein
32.
33.
34.
35.
crnpus ad1jJ0s11111 1111dwe - nuchal adipose body
f1111iCl/l11s 1111dwe - nuchal funiculus
la111i11a 1111chae - nuchal lamina
m11111s dorsalis 11i. accessorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
175
Horse. Cervical segment of vertebral column, dor!al (left? and ventral (right) views.
Figure 169
I.-VII. ,•ertebrae cerl'icalesl- VII- fi.rst-seventh
cervi.cal vertebrae
I. atlas - atlas
II. axis - axis
1. arcus dorsalis atla11tis - dorsal arch of atlas
176
2. processus tra11sversus atla11tis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
3. forame11 alare - alar foramen
4. for:amen vertebrate laterale at/antis - lateral ver­
tebral foramen of atlas
5. forame11 transversarium - transverse foramen
6. tuberculum ventrale atla11tis - ventral tubercle of
atlas
7. fossa at/antis - atlantal fossa
8. arcus ventralis at/antis -ventral arch of atlas
9. fovea articularis cra11ialis - cranial articular fovea
10. foramen nutricium - nutrient foramen
11. dens axis - dens of axis
12. facies articularis cranialis axis - cranial articular
surface of axis
13. processus spi11osus - spinous process
14. foramen vertebrate laterale axis - lateral verte­
bral foramen of axis
15. foramen transversarium (orificium caudale) tranverse foramen (caudal orifice)
16. processus tra11sversus axis -transverse process of
axis
1 7. processus articulares caudales - cauda� articular
processes
18. processus articulares craniales - cranial articular
processes
19. processus transversi - tubercula dorsalia - trans­
verse processes - dorsal tubercles
20. processus lransversi - tubercula ventralia - trans­
verse processes - ventral tubercles
21. tuberculum ventrale caudale vertebrae cervicalis VJ
- caudal ventral tubercle of sixth cervical
vertebra
22. extremitas caudalis vertebrae cervicalis VII - cau­
dal extremity of seventh cervical vertebra
23. fovea costalis caudalis - caudal costal fovea
24. foramen transversarium (orificium · craniale)
transverse foramen (cranial orifice)
25. processus spinosi - spinous processes
26. eris/a ventralis - ventral crest
Horse. Head and supporting articulations) dorsal view. Opened vertebral canal after removal of the cranial
z·ault and the dorsal arches of the first and second cervical vertebrae. (According to Kolda.)
Figure 1 70
I. Jmn lmsilaris o.uis occi/Jitalis - basilar part of
occipital bone
'2.. mmt!is 11i. lnj>oglossi - canal of hvpoglossal
nerve
:1. (()JU(rlus ocoj1itolis - occipital condyle
4. jJmu·ss11s /Htmmndr/oris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
5. /i1m1111•11 1tla/'I' - alar foramen
6. jim11111·11 1·1•1'11-bm/1· latcmlc at/antis - lateral ver­
tebral foramen of atlas
7. J!mcr•ss11s tm11s,•trs11s atlmttis - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
8. ji,rm111·11 tmm,·Nsari11111 at/antis - transverse fo­
ramen of atlas
(J. jin'('{t artirnlaris m11dalis - caudal articular fo­
vea
I 0. jrtcits artirn/aris cmnialis axis - cranial articular
surface of axis
I I. jim1m1·11 1·1·rt,,/na!f' la!t-mlr· o\is - lateral verte­
bral foramen of axis
l '2.. ji1m1m'11 tm11s,·ersaril1111 {{\is - transverse fora­
men of axis
13. Jm1Cf'sws tm11s.•c1111s {{\is - transverse process of
axis
14. ntrn11itas rnndalis axis - . caudal extremity of
axis
15. rn;,rnlr1 artirnlati1111is at/antolirrtjiitalis - capsule
of atlanto-occipital articulation
16. lz�. lafl'mle - lateral ligament
I 7., 18. rnjmtla artirnlr1ti,,11is otlr111toaxialis - capsule
of atlantoaxial articulation
19. /(�; a/arf' latemk - lateral alar ligament
'20. /(�; a/are media/,, - medial alar ligament
'21. fig; ajiicis dmtis - ligamentum apicis den tis
'2.'2.. /ig; l011git11di1;,i1,, d,malc - dorsal longitudinal
ligament
'23. rnJ>wla arlirnlati1111is atlr111/1111rrijiitalis - capsule
of atlanto-occipital articulation
177
Dog: SujJe1ficial regions of the head (German shepherd.)
Figure 1 71
I. n_�;,, /"'ri,·/(1/i_, (;·,-rtn) - parietal region (cro" ,,-,
'.L ,-1,gio 11'111/wmlis -:- temporal region
:l. rr'.,i(} fro11talis (fi·(}11s)
- frontal region (fore.
headi
�.
4-., 5. r1,gio 11asalis (11aws) - nasal region (nose)
4. d(}rs11111 11mi - bridge of nose
:)_ n:![io 11aris - region of nostril
178
,,_ ,-,,g;,, i11/im,rbitalis - infraorbital region
7. l"l'gio ::_1;,01110/im - zvgomatic region
8. rl'gi(} (}rbitafis - orbital region
9., 10. rl'gi(} l)J"(l{i_, - oral region
9. labium superius - upper lip
I 0. labium inferius - lower lip
11. 111c11t11111 - chin
12., 13., 14. b11cm, ,-,,gio b11cmlis - cheek, region of
cheek
12. r!'gi(} 11111.rilfaris - maxillary region
13. regi(} 11wfaris - molar region
14. regio 111a11dib11laris - mandibular region
I 5. rr,gi(} 11111ssl'fnim - masseteric region
I G. regio j)(fmfitf1,a - parorid region
I 7. a11rirnfa - auricle (ear)
Dog: Left Z'zew of skull.
Figure 1 72
--,a.
1. dentes incisivi superiores - upper incisors
2. dens caninus superior - upper canine tooth
3. dens premolaris superior I - upper first premo­
lar tooth
4. dens premolaris superior IV - upper fourth
premolar tooth
5. dens molaris superior I - upper first molar
tooth
6. dentes incisivi inferiores - lower incisors
7. dens caninus inferior - lower canine tooth
8. dens premolaris inferior IV - lower fourth
premolar tooth
9. dens molaris inferior III - lower third molar
tooth
I 0. JnoC!'SJ//S ::1:�m11atirns ,mis fm11/a/is - zygomatic
process of frontal bone
I I., 12. arms ::1:�·0111(1/irns - zvgomatic arch
I I. Jm1ress11.1 lr'IJl/}(Jm/is ,mis ::1:�0111atici - temporal
process of zygomatic bone
12. jJmrr'SJ//s ::J'!;/J1J1alir11s ossi-< /n11j)(Jm/is - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
13. fossa sacci lacrilllalis - fossa of lacrimal sac
14. orbita - orbit
15. /osm rm1i11a - canine fossa
I6. fom,111'11 i11fmorbita/r, - infraorbital foramen
17. /i11('({ ln11/Jomlis - temporal line
18. eris/a orbitolelllj)(Jm/is - orbitotemporal crest
19. eris/a ,wrha!' - nuchal crest
20. crisla lflllj)(Jm/is - temporal crest
21. _f,m1111!'11 wjm1111astoid1'11111 - su pramastoid fo­
ramen
stylomastoid fora'.22. ji,rr11m'11 st)'io111asloid1,11111
men
23. J}(JntS arnstirns ,,x1cm11s - external acoustic
opening
24. COll(/r/11s orci/Jitalis - occipital condyle
25. jJmcessus IY'imarlirnlaris - retroarticular process
26. bu/la (r111Jm11im - tympanic bulla
27. jJmC/'SS/1S pararo11ddaris - paracondyloid process
28. ji11w11i11a lllt'llialia - mental foramen
29. pmcr,sws c,11·01/(}id!'lls 111a11dib11/ae - cornnoid process of mandible
30. fossa 111ass!'lnim - masseteric fossa
31. ·rrisla 1111,;rnMris - muscular crest
:12. jJmC!'SSI/S rr111d)'iaris - condyloid process
:l3. jJmress11s a11g11/aris - angular process
179
Dog Left i zew of skull. Bone outlines demarcated by color. Dolichocephalic skull (greyhound).
1
Figure 173
I.
- maxilla
- frontal bone
3. os lorri11w!!' - lacrimal bone
111arillo
7.
'.a!. "S.fiw1to/,,
4.
/m11i1w j>1'1j!!'lldirnloris "·'-'is jJ(l/oti11i
cular plate of palatine bone
5. 11.1 ::ygo1110/irnJ11 - zygomatic bone
6. os 11oso!!' - nasal bone
180
perpendi-
- incisive bone
- parietal bone
os i111!'1j)((rieto/,, - interparietal bone
I 0. 11s 1!'111/Hmtf,, - temporal bone
squamous part
I Oa. J>ors sq110111oso o.\Sis /(')11/Jomlis
of temporal bone
8.
9.
os i11cisi;•11111
I
Ob.
11s J>oriet,tf,,
1 Oc.
J>mc,,sws 111osloid!'lls wsis /(')11/!omlis
process of temporal bone
/)((rs (1·111/J1!11irn o.\Sis ll'Jllj>omlis
of temporal bone
I I. os ocri/Ji/ol!' - occipital bone
12. 111m1dib11l0 - mandible
- mastoid
t)lmpanic part
D og Median section of skull.
Figure I 7 4
5
1.
frontal bone
parietal bone
:l. us i11t,-1J)(lril'tafl' - interparietal bone
4, os 11usof,, - nasal bone
5. si11/(,\_jim1/o/is - frontal sinus
Ci. (1J11d10 11!1.\"!llis do1:\"!llis - dorsal nasal concha
7, 0.1 1'11d,,111rhi11of,, 11 (c,mdu, 11,,,dia) - second en­
doturbinate (middle concha)
8. (/.\ ,-11d,,turhi11oh- lll - third endoturbinate
9. o., 1·11!/,,/urbi/l(rf,, /J' - fourth endoturbinate
10. iljiN/um 110.1,,,11,niffori.1 - nasomaxillary aper­
ture
1 O', ,,s m11d 1((' 110.1afi.1 ,·1·1ilmfi.1 - ventral nasal con­
chal bone
11. rff1•.1.1u.1 111a.\ilfari.1 - maxillarv recessus
1 '.2. ji11auu·u .1jJ/l(w1ji1 fati11uu1 - sphenopalatine fo­
ra men
13. 1111,a//(,\ 110.\!1jihmr11,w·11., - nasopharyngeal mea­
tus
14. 0.1 i11ri.1i,·u((1 - incisive bone
I:}, jimn-.1.111.1 /1"foli11m 1111niffa1' - palatine process
of maxilla
o.,-_li-011/ofl' -
'.2. "-' J1ori!'lok -
16.
f({/11i110 huri::011/a/is ossis /){{folini - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
I 7. _fim1111i110 l'lf111111idofio - ethmoicl foramina
18, fm11iuo rribmso ,,ssis ,,1f1111oidofi.1 - cribrose plate
of ethmoid bone
19. rn110/is 11/1/io-s - optic canal
20. {f)1jms 11.ui.1 Jm-.,pl11w1idofis - body of presphe­
noid bone
20'. 011p11s msis bmisj1he11uidofis - body of basisphe­
noid bone
'.2 l. _/is.111m ,,,-/Jitafis - orbital fissure
22. _fi1m1111'11 m/11/1(/11111 l'I _li,mu1/'11 oforl' mslmf,, - fo­
ramen rotundum and rostral alar foramen
23. _fim,1111'11 ,,,,al,, - oval foramen
24. rn110/is sinus lrr111s,·1-n-i - canal of transverse si­
nus
25.
1111'0/us le111JJ11ralis, //'11/11ri11111 rnebdfi 11.H/'11111
-
temporal meatus, tentorium cerebelli osseum
26. _lim11urn .111Jm1111asluidl'l111 - supramastoid fo­
ramen
27. crista jiarlisj!l'lmso1' - crest of letrous part
28.
29.
30.
:ll,
:12.
:l:\.
34,
:Li.
36.
:n.
::8.
:l9.
40.
41.
canal of trigerninal nerve
superior
orifice of condvlar canal
/}(Im., oruslirns inll'l"l!l!S - internal acoustic
opening
jim!llll'II jug11fol"I' - jugular foramen
urifiriu111 iu/i-rius rn11ofis m11dr/oris - inferior ori­
fice of condvlar canal
rn1111/ 11i. hrjJ1Jg/,,.1.1i -- canal of hvpoglossal
nerve
fissura petrobasilaris - petrobasilar fissure
_ji1m1111-11 rnmlirn111 i11tl'l"1111u1 - in ernal carotid
foramen
Im/fr, tr111jJ1111im - tvmpanic bu Ila
jm,rl'ssus jJomm11dr/oris - paracondvloid process
den/l's i11rish·i - incisors
dl'lls a111i1111s - canine tooth
dl'/1//-s 1110/01"1'.1 - molar teeth
dl'11/1-s /1r1'11111/o/"/'S - premolar teeth
rnnofis ni, lrig!'l11i11i -
urifiriu111 .111jJl'l"i11s u111ofis mnd!'foris -
181
Dog. Skull, vzew of dorsal swface.
Figure l 7 5
---
13
!,-..
,1
�r �
'
16
/·
5
15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
occipital bone
interparietal bone
(IS jHlril'tall' - parietal bone
/HIIJ sq11a11111rn ()J"Sis /1'111/}l)m/i., - squamous part
of temporal bone
()sfmntalt, - frontal bone
(IS :yg0111atirn111 - zygomatic bone
(IS larrinwll' - lacrimal bone
11/ffYifla - maxilla
(IS narnll' - nasal bone
(IS ()ffi/Jitall' -
()5 inll'lj}((ril'tall' -
182
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
incisive bone
lambdoid suture
rrista sagittalis ,,xtnna - external sagittal crest
mtum mm11alis - coronal suture
/in('({ tnnj}()m/is - temporal line
mtum i11tl'ljim1talis - interfrontal suture
arms ::yg()111atirns - zvgomatic arch
Jnorl'sws ::J;1;0111atirns ossis .fmntali.,
zygomatic
process of frontal bone
(IJ i11risi1'11111 -
mtum la111bd11idr,a -
18. J1mrl'SS/IS fmntalis ()Ssis :\;�mnatici - frontal process of zygomatic bone
19. 11wrg() orbitalis - orbital margin
20. s11/11m inlnnamlis - internasal suture
21. .f,m1111t'II infm()rbita/t, - infraorbital foramen
22. fis.wm j}((/atina - palatine fissure
23. rnnalis i11it'ri11cisii•11s - interincisive canal
24. dt'm cm1i1111s - canine tooth
25. d!'nit's inrisii·i - incisors
Dog Skull i.. 1 entral view.
Figure 1 76
I. condrl11s occijiilalis - occipital condyle
2. forr11111'11 111agn11111 - foramen magnum
3. _(,,ssa mmlrlaris ,·enlmlis - ventral condylar fos­
sa
4. Jm1t11bem11tia occij1ilalis <'xlema - external occi­
pital protuberance
5. cm111/is 11i. hJ1)1)g/ossi
canal of hypoglossal
nerve
6. J1mce.u11s JHmtrn11drlaris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
7. jim11111'11j11g11laH' - jugular foramen
8. /){/rs basilaris ossis omj1italis - basilar part of
occipital bone
9. form111'/l s(rlo11wsloid1'11111 - stylomastoid fora­
men
10. jiortts ar11slic11s 1'.rler1111s - external acoustic
opening
11. bu/la (J't11jim1irn - tympanic bulla
12. jisrnm jielml)'lllj){/11ira - petrotympanic fissure
13. 111eri/11s /1'11tj1omlis - temporal meatus
14. ji,mnu,11 a1rolic11111 <'Xit'm11111 - external carotid
foramen
15. jimffsws 11111srnlaris - muscular process
16. fom111rn omle - oval foramen
17. _(,m11111'n a/are rn11dale - caudal alar foramen
18. frm1111e11 a/arr' ms/role - rostral alar foramen
19. fissum orbitalis - orbital fissure
20. rn11rtlis 0/1/irns - optic canal
21. J1mcessus rf'lmartirnlaris - retroarticular process
22. .fi,srn 111a11dibularis - mandibular fossa
23. crnjws rmis basisjihenoidalis - body of basisphe­
noid bone
24. m1jim ossis Jnn/1/1/'uoidalis - body of presphe­
noid bone
25. OS j1//'l)'J;Oide11111 - pterygoid bone
26. lm11i11a jil'1jle11dirnlaris ossis J){/lati11i - perpendi­
cular plate of palatine bo_ne
27. lm11i11a lwri::011/a/is rmis j){/lati11i - horizontal
plate of palatine bone
27 ,,
..
28., 29. r11-c11s ::_1;i;m11atirns - zygomatic arch
28. J1mC1'ssm ::_)"31J111atirns rmis te111J1omlis - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
29. J1mcess11s te111J1omlis rmis ::_1;i;o111atici - temporal
process of zygomatic bone
30. frm11111'11 j){/lati1111111 nwj11s - major palatine foramen
31. s11/rns j){/lati1111s - palatine sulcus
32. fisrnm j){/latiua - palatine fissure
33. rn1Jms rmis i11cisi.·i - body of incisive bone
34. cmwlis interi11cisi.·11s - interincisive canal
:15.
:l6.
:l 7.
C.
I,.
t11berrnh1111 11111srnlafl' - muscular tubercle
_(,m111u'11 rth111oidrt!e - ethmoid foramen
rhoanae - choanae
drn., rnni1u1s - canine tooth
dens ill(isi,·us I - first incisor
I-, drns incisi.•11s II - second incisor
I:.. dens i11cish·11s Ill - third incisor
M ,., M,. denies 1110/ares I et II - first and second
molar teeth
P,. - P•. denies J1rnuolofl's I-IV - first-fourth
premolar teeth
183
Dog Dissection of the /iead. Supe1ficial layer with cutaneous muscles. Left view.
Figure I 77
\
I
"'
I. 111. jim1/11.1C11/11/aris (111. jim,talis) - frontoscutular
muscle (frontal muscle)
2. 111. i11/nsC11/11/aris - interscutular muscle
3. car/1'/aJ.;1, sc11tzjfJJ·111is - scu tif on11 c�rtilage
4. 111. /t•;•alor a11g11/i oc,t/i 1111·dirtlis (111. flJ1n1g(l/11r s11pn­
ri/ii) - medial levator anguli oculi muscle
(corrugator supercilii muscle'
5. 111. 11rbirnlaris r,rn/i - orbicularis oculi muscle
6. 111. 1"/'/mr/11r a11g11/i ornli /a/,.m/is - lateral retrac­
tor muscle of angle of evL
. 11hl'rm11il·s (7) 7., 8. 111. ::1;:;r1111atirns (8) 1•/ 1·i11s jJ(lr/1•1
zygomatic muscle (8) and its aberrant
pans (7)
184
9. 111. orbirnlaris oris - orbicularis oris muscle
I 0. 111. 1110/aris - malar muscle
parotidoauricular
I I. 111. /"n.,/itlu1111rirnl"ri.,
lllll'iCk
I'..!. �/1111(/11/0 /H11·u/i, - parotid gland
13. 111. ::·1;�0111rrtima11riC11laris -'- zygomaticoauricular
muscle
14. rm1111s ::1gu111alirn.1 11i. (l11rirn/r,jHtljJl'bmlis - zygo­
matic branch of auriculopalpebral nerve
15. 111. '/r•;•a/r,r 110.wla/Jia/i., - levator nasolabialis
muscle
16. ji,//irnli jJi/rm1111 si111ros111w11 - follicles of senso­
ry hairs
I 7. 111. C11la11r·us mlli - cutaneus colli muscle
18. 1w1111s rnla11r·11s (ni. rn;•imlis II ) - cutaneous
branch (of second cervical nerve)
19., 20. 111. sj1hi11rlf'r flJ!!i Sllj)('ljirialis - superficial
sphincter colIi muscle
20. 111. s/Jhinc/n f1Jllipri111iti;•11s - primitive sphinc­
ter colli muscle
21. m11111s r11/r11u•11.1 11i. cn;•imlis Ill - cutaneous
branch of third cervical nerve
22. ;•. j11g11/aris c.r/1•n,a - extenial jugular vein
2:1. 1m111di/m/a - mandible
Dog: Dissection of the head. Second layer. Cutaneous muscles and fascia removed. Left view.
Figure I 78
I. ,·. 011g11/oris ornli, 111. fr,,,ator 11asolobialis - angularis oculi vein, levator nasolabialis muscle
2. ,'. dorm/is 11mi - dorsal nasal vein
:l. ,·. lo/no/is nosi - lateral nasal vein
4. m. levator labii superioris - leva'.tor muscle of
upper lip
5. m11111s lmrm/is dorso/is ni. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
6. 111. m11i1111s - caninus muscle
7. v. labia/is superior - vein of upper lip
8. i'. j{ICiolis - facial vein
9. 111. orhirn/oris oris - orbicularis oris muscle
I 0. Jiors buccalis 111i. b11cci11at11ris
buccal part of
buccinator muscle
I I. pan 11111/oris 111i. lmccina/oris
molar part of
buccinator muscle
12. 1w1111s lmcmlis ,•e,1/mlis ni. facialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
13. m111w co1111111111irn11s inter ra1110s bucrnles - com­
municating branch between buccal branches
14. 11. buccalis, v. labia/is inferior - buccal nerve,
vein of lower lip
I 5. m11111s /rr111s;•e1111s fociei 11i. a11rirn/o/n11Jiomlis transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal
nerve
I6. 111. /e111J,11mlis - tern poral muscle
I 7. a. 1'/ ,'. //'111/}(Jm/is .111/mficialis - superficial tem­
poral artery and vein
18. 11. 011rirnlopalpebmlis
auriculopalpebral
nerve
19. arms ::ygo111olirns - zygomatic arch
20. ra11111s polj,ebmlis ,·enlmlis 11i. a11rirnlo/mlpebmlis ventral palpebral branch of auriculopalpebra\ nerve
21. 111. 111asseler - masseter muscle
22. d11t111s /iomlide11s - parotid duct
23. rnrlilogo a11rirn/ae - auricular cartilage
24. glandu/a Jmmlis - parotid gland
25. 111. /Htmlidoo11rirnloris
parotidoauricular
muscle
26. m11111s co/Ii 11i. facia/is, ,·. 1110.ri/loris - colli branch
of facial nerve, maxillary vein
27. glom/11/a 111a11dib11/oris - mandibular gland
28. /1111. 111ru1dib11/ores - mandibular lymph nodes
29. ;•euln mslmlis 111i. digaslrici - rostral belly of
digastric muscle
30. 10. 111ylohyoide11s - mylohyoid muscle
3 I. ,'. s11b11w11/o/is - submental vein
32. ,', li11guolis - lingual vein
33. 111. stemohyoidms - sternohyoid muscle
34. orcus hyoide11s - hyoicl arch
35. ,', /i11g1wfacialis - linguofacial muscle
36. 111. cleir/1,cen•irnlis - cleiclocervical muscle
37. 111. stemooccipitalis - Sterno-occipital muscle
38. 111. s/emo111astoide11s - sternomastoid muscle
39. 11. ce,-,,im/is JI - second cervical nerve
40. 11, cen•im/is Ill - third cervical nerve
41. ,'. j11g11/oris 1'.rlemo - external jugular vein
42. 111a11dib11/o - mandible
43. ,,sfmntale - frontal bone
185
Dog Dissection of the head. Deep layer. Left half of mandible removed. Left vzew.
Figure 1 79
I. 111. /m1J){Jm!is - temporal muscle
2. o. !'/ ,'. l!'111j1om!is Sllj)('Jficio!is - superficial tem­
poral artery and vein
3. Jm1cess11s ::)'go111otirns ossis /!'111j111mlis - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
4. 11. li11g11a!is - lingual nerve
5. ,.. !'I 11. oh•mlaris 111011dib11faris - mandibular al­
veolar vein and nerve
6. 11. fr1ciolis, ,'. 1111nillaris - facial nerve, maxillary
vein
7. 1•e11tn ca11do/is 111i. digastrici - caudal _belly of
digastric muscle
8. glmu/11/0 ::)'g11111otim - zygomatic gland
9. ,,. !'I 11. b11crnlis - buccal vein and nerve
10. d11ct11s g/011d11/oe ::_1'!,;111110/ica!' 11u!i11ris - duct of
major zygomatic gland
11. fossa 111a11dib11!oris - mandibular fossa
12. glam/11/a mb!i11g110/is 11J111111s/11111otirn, d11c/11s sJ1bfi11g11a!is - sublingual gland - single orifice,
sublingual duct
13. a. nwxil!oris, d11ct11s 111m1dib11/oris - maxillary ar­
tery, mandibular duct
186
14. o. fi11g110/is, 11. h)1)1Jg/oss11s - lingual artery, hypoglossal nerve
15. 111. J1tnx�oid!'11s - pterygoid muscle
16. 11. 1111rirn{o/1'111jJomfo - auriculotempara! nerve
17. 1w1111s ,'entmfis ni. etn•irn!is I - ventral branch
of first cervical nerve
18. rnrtilag,, 011rirn!o!' - auricular cartilage
19. 111. strlog/11ss11s, ,'. subli11g110/is - styloglossal
muscle, sublingual vein
20. ,'. pmf1111do fi11g110!' - deep lingual vein
21. 111. gmi11h)'oidl'11s - geniohyoid muscle
22. 111. ge11i11g/11srns - genioglossal muscle
23. 111. 111y/11hy11id!'11s - mylohyoid muscle
24. a. et 11. i11fm11rbito/is - infraorbital artery and
nerve
25. !i11g110 - tongue
26. /1111irn 11111msa b11cmfis - mucosa of cheek
27. 111. d!'id11c!'n·im!is - cleidocervical muscle
28. 111. stn11oocci/Ji/o/is - Sterno-occipital muscle
29. 111. sler111111111s/11idl'lts - sternomastoid muscle
30. o. 11cciJ1itolis, o. mm/is inl!'ma, 11. acc1,ssori11s - occi-
31.
32.
33.
34.
:l5.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
pita! artery, internal carotid artery, accessorv
nerve
tm11c11s ,'ag11sr111pathic11s, o. cam/is C111111111111is, ,'. j11g11faris i11f1,ma - vagosympathetic trunk, com­
mon carotid artery, internal jugular vein
111. /011gissi11111s rtf/011/is - longissimus atlantis
muscle
111. /011g11s caj1itis - longus capitis muscle
111. rff/11s mpitis lal!'m!is - lateral straight
muscle of head
111. hy11J1h111J11gms - hyopharyngeal muscle
111. thy m/!hmyngeus - thyropharyngeal muscle
111. thymhyoid!'lls - thyrohyoid muscle
sterno111. sl!'mohyoid1,11s, rnrtilogo thymid!'o
hyoid muscle, thyroid cartilage
arrns hyoidr'IIS - hyoid arch
111. cricothy mid!'lls - cricothyroid muscle
g/011d11!0 thi·l'oidm - thyroid gland
111. sl!'nJ1ilhymide11s - sternothyroid muscle
tmchea - trachea
,'. thymid!'o rn11dolis - caudal thyroid vein
Dog: Sagittal section through the head in the median plane.
Figure 180
1. m frontoscutularis et m. interscutularis --:- fronto­
scutular muscle and interscutular muscle
2. calmria (os parieta/e) - calvarium (parietal
bone)
3. sinusfrontalis - frontal sinus
4. os nasafr, - nasal bone
5. rnndw nasalis dorsalis - dorsal nasal concha
6. mndw nmalis ,'entmlis - ventral nasal concha
7. endot11rbinafe Ill - third endoturbinate
8. cartilago se/1/i nasi - cartilage of nasal septum
9. labium superius - upper lip
10. dfl1tes inrisii'i - incisors
11. labium inferius - lower lip
1 2. pala/11/11 d1mm1 - hard palate
13. J){/latu111 mo!{,, - soft palate
14. aJ1n fing1{(1e - apex of tongue
15. ro1jJ//s finguae - body of tongue
16. fibmr' frmgitudinafes sujm:firiales mi. lingua/is j!m­
jJrii - superficial longitudinal fibers of
lingualis proprii muscle
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
· 24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
111. genioglossus - genioglossal muscle
/II. geniol�roideus - geniohyoid muscle
111. mylohyoide11s - mylohyoid muscle
mandibula - mandible
sinus sagittafis - sagittal sinus
hemisjJheri11111 rerebri - cerebral hemisphere
C/JljJ//s rnffosu111, fomix et sej1!1m1 telenrej!hafi - cor­
pus callosum, fornix and septum of telence­
phalon
adhesio interthala111im - interthalamic adhesion
rerebelfu111 - cerebellum
j)(}J/S - pons
111ed11/fa obfongata - medulla oblongata
atlas - atlas
111cd11/fa sjJinalis - spinal medulla
dura 11wtersj!inalis - spinal dura mater
axis - axis
111. rfftus mj!itis ,'entralis - ventral straight
muscle of head
111. longus mlfi - longus colli muscle
J4. 111. rect11s caj1itis dona/is - dorsal straight muscle
of head
35. liga11wntu111 n11rhrw - nuchal ligament
36. rhiasma ojJtic11111 - optic chiasm
37. hJ1)()J!hysis - hypophysis
38. ej1igfottis - epiglottis
39. 1•entriw/11s lrnyngis latemlis - lateral laryngeal
ventricle
40. j!lim ,•oralis - vocal fold
41. cartifago rricoidea - cricoid cartilage
42. esoj1lwgus - .esophagus
43. tmc/wa - trachea
44. 111. stemohyoide11s, cartifago thyroidrn - sterno­
hyoid muscle, thvroid cartilage
1:-i. hl/.lih_roidl'/1111. 11rrns liroideus - bod\' of hvoid
bone. h'"oid arch
46. rn,•11111 j1/w1yngis - pharyngeal cavity
47. osti11111 jJhmyngeum tubae - opening of pharyn­
geal tube
48. choana - choana
187
Dog: Cross section through the head at the level of the mandibular coronoid process.
Figure 181
I. 111. fm11/osrnt11/oris (111. jim1tolis) - frontoscutular
muscle (frontal muscle)
'.2. ji,srio 111i. 11'111/}(Jra/is - fascia of temporal
muscle
3. si1111sfm11tofis - frontal sinus
4. o. !'I,'. il'lllj)l)m/is wj){'):Jiciolis - superficial temporal artery and vein
5. 111. /1'111jiomlis - temporal muscle
6. orrns ::\'.�011wlicus - zvgomatic arch
7. rm1111s lmrrnlis dona/is 11i. .fi1rio/is - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
8. 111. 1110.u('/n - masseter muscle
9. 111011dilmla - mandible
I 0. jiof11s mstmfis 1•11ffjihofi - rostral pole of ence­
phalon
1 l . .fit/1 ral'bri - falx cerebri
12. 111111. Im/bi I'/ 111. rl'lrac/or Im/bi - bulbar muscle,
and retractor bulbi muscle
188
I :l. 11. oj1ticus - optic nerve
14. 11. 11w.rilfori.1; glm1r/11l0 ::i;�·o111otirn - maxillary
nerve, zygomatic gland
15. o. 111,nif/oris, 11. lmcrn/is - maxillary artery, buc­
cal nerve
I G. 11. oh-mlaris 111r111r/ih11/aris, 11. 111ylo!()'oid('lf.\, ,'. b11rca­
fis - mandibular alveolar nerve, mylohyoid
nerve, buccal vein
I 7. glandula sublingualis monostomatica, ductus mandi­
bularis - sublingual gland - single orifice,
mandibular duct
I B. 11. li11g11olis, d11r/11s rnbli11g1w/i.1· - lingual nerve.
sublingual duct
I 'I ;,!utr,111,1 (111. rnla11,·11., _l arir·i i-1 rnlo111·11s ml/i), d11rlu.,
Jiamtidl'us - platvsma (cutaneous facial mus­
cle and cut,meus colli muscle). parotid duct
:.!ll. 111. jJll'lygoid('11S (lo!l'm!is l'I 11wdiolis) - ptervgoid
muscle Oateral and medial)
'.21. si1111s sj1h('11oidalis - sphenoid sinus
'.22. chom"1 - choana
'.2J. j)(f/0/11111 11101/1' - soft palate
24. ist/111111s.fr111ci11111 - isthmus faucium
25. radix li11g110(' - root of tongue
'.26. o. l'I ,'. J1mji//lda li11g11or· - deep lingual artery
and vein
'.27. 111. grniohyoid('J/S - geniohyoid muscle
28. 111. d(�wtrirns - digastric muscle
'.29. ,'. s11b/i11g110/is, 111. st)'!oglosrns - sublingual vein,
styloglossal muscle
111. hyogloss/1.\, 11. h)jJ/1glos.111s - hyogl.ossal
muscle, hypoglossal nerve
31. o. i'/ i'. facialis, ra1,111s b11ccolis ,'('11/m/is 11i. foria/i., facial artery and vein, ventral buccal branch
of facial nerve
111. 111ylohyoidms - mylohyoid muscle
Dog Cross section through the head at the level of the temporomcmdibular articulation.
Figure 18'.2
I. mh·ririo (os jJori!'lole) - calvarium (parietal
bone)
'2. si11us sogittolis - sagittal sinus
:l. Jml1111rnl11s ol/r1c/uri11s - olfactorv peduncle
4. /ii/r ({'ffbri - f alx cerebri
5. co1JnH 11wd11/lrm' /,('111i.,jJh1·rii
medullary substance of hemisphere
6. 11. ojJlirn.,· - optic nerve
7. 11. opl,t/l(f/111icus, 11. ,,rn/01111/lorins, 11. tmdilmris !'I 11.
obdncr·m - ophthalmic nerve, oculomotpr
nerve, trochlear nerve and abducent nerve
B. sinus cat'<Tllosus, n111111s rnwsto111nlit11s "· corotis i11lr'r11r11· r'/ o. l/jJht/l({/111irn!' - cavernous sinus, anas­
tomotic branch of internal carotid artery and
of ophthalmic arterv
<)_ o. 11u1.rilloris, 11. 111rnilloris - maxillarv arterv,
maxillary nerve
I0. 111. jim1/osrnt11loris (111. ji-1/11/afo) r·I 111. i11/t'1:w-ut11loris
- frontoscutular muscle (frontal muscle) and
interscutular muscle
I I. 111. t,•111/)(lm/is - tern poral muscle
I '2. o. et,·. t,·111/Jomlis .\1/jJl'r/iciolis - superficial tem­
poral arterv and vein
1 :t Juot<'.HIIS .:_1:!.!,olll{t/it11s ossis lr-111/Jon,/1,
zvgornatic
process of temporal bone
14. 111a11dilmla - mandible
15. 111. jJf('l_-1:�1,id1·11s loll'm!is
lateral ptervgoicl
muscle
16. 111. ptni:�1/id('//s 111!'dioli., - medial pterygoid
muscle
I7. 111. 1110SS!'/N - masseter muscle
18. 111. d(�aslrirns - digastric muscle
I 9. glo11d11la wUi11g11alis mo,,,,s{l/111({/irn, 111. strlo.�ll/.1S/1s
- sublingual gland - single orifice, stvlo­
glossal muscle
20. o. lingua/is, 111. U'1-r1/l//,yoid!'"s - lingual artery,
ceratohyoid muscle
'21. m11111s lmccr,li., dorsolis 11i. jr,ciolis, duc/u.,· parotidt'/1.\
- dorsal buccal branch of facial nerve\ pa­
roticl duct
22. 111111. rnlrnwi _fr1cir·i r·I Cl/Iii, rr111111s bnccalis,·r·ntmlis "i.
.fr1ci11lis - cutaneous facial and cutaneus colli
muscles, ventral buccal branch of facial arte­
rv
2:l. r1. el,'. .facioli., - facial artery and vein
'24. ,'. li11g11olis, 111. 111rlohr11id('//s - lingual vein, mv­
lohyoicl muscle
25. 111. grnil//,\•1Jir/('lls, c1·m/l//,)'l/id1·11111 - geniohyoid
muscle, ceratohyoid
26. cl,001111 - choana
27. 11, 111011dilmlaris. ,·. 1110.rillaris - mandibular
nerve, rnaxillarv vein
28. p11lot11111 1111J!l1· - soft palate
29. ('jJihroide11111, Ill. S{)'!1Jj)/,{lly11g('lls - epihyoid, sty­
lopharyngeal muscle
30. rn,•11111 jJhmyngis - pharyngeal cavitv
:l I. d11c/11s 111r11ulilmloris, 11. h)'j}()g/1/.\"SIIS - mandibular
duct, hypoglossal nerve
:12. disrns orlirnlaris - articular disc
189
Dog Brain. View of dorsal surface. (Cortex divided into functional
areas according to Campbell.)
Figure 183
8
E
'l.1.r-":�-10
�1'::��:£_-11
I. Im/bus olfactori11s - olfactory bulb
2. m11111s mstmlis ji.m1me jisl't//losrh·irw - rostral ra­
mus of pseudosylvian fissure
3. fisrnm l1111git11di11alis Ct'1·dJri - longitudinal fissure of cerebrum
4 . .11t!c11s crt1ciat11s - cruciate sulcus
5. rn/rns rnro11alis - coronal sulcus
6. s11/rns rnj!m.(rh·i11s mstmlis - rostral suprasvlvian sulcus
7. wlrus 111argi1wlis - marginal sulcus
8. sulrns 1·rtosyh·i11s - ectosylvian sulcus
9. wlrns rnpmsrh·ius 11wdi11s - middle suprasylvi­
an sulcus
190
l 0.
I I.
12.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I.
II.
!11'lllisj1heri11111 rerebelli - cerebellar hemisphere
,'<'nttis cerebelli - vermis cerebelli
s11/c11s 1111.wtus - ansate sulcus
r11w1 1110/orio - motor area
area se11Sorira - sensory area
area a11ditose11S11rira - auditosensory area
area porietolis - parietal area
area ojJlirn - optic area
gyms i11tersyh·i11s - intersylvian gyrus
gyms l'Cfosyh•ius 111edi11s - middle ectosylvian
gyrus
Ill. gyms /'C/0111orginolis :._ ectomarginal gyrus
IV. gyrt1s 111orgi110/is - marginal gyrus
Dog: Base of �rain) showing origin of eranfrtl nerves.
Figure 184
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
b11fh11s offartori11s -- olfactory bulb
11. optirns - optic nerve
11. or11/01110/ori11s - oculomotor nerve
11. lrorhf{'(lris - troch !ear nerve
11. trigl'111i1111s - trigeminal•nerve
11. abd11ce11s - abducent nerve_
11. i11/N1111'diofaciafis (11. .fr1riafis) _- intermediofa­
cial nerve (facial nerve)
8. 11. 1·r·stib11fomc/,/{'(lris - vestibulocochlear nerve
9. 11. gfossopharrngr-m - glossopharyngeal nerve
10. 11. 1•ag11s - vagus nerve
1 I. 11. accessorius - accessory nerve
I I'. mdi.,· sjJinafis ni. acc!'ssorii - spinal root of ac­
cessory nerve
12. 11. f(J1}()gfossus - hypoglossal nerve
I :l. Jwf1111mf11s offarlorius - olfactorv peduncle
14 ..m/rns rhino/is fatemfis - lateral rhinal sulcus
15. ji1.ua fatl'mfis - lateral fossa
16. chias111a optirn111 - optic chiasm
17. lmrtm oJJtirns - optic tract
18. hi1}(/JJhrsis - hypophysis
19. ro1j111s 111a111iffarf' - mamillary body
20. fobus pirifon11is - piriform lobe
21. rms rNebri - crus cerebri
22. J}(/11s - pons•
23. r111j111s lm/H•::oidf'11111 - trapezoid body
24. jJ)'lmnis 1111'd11f/rl(' ob/011,i;atrw
pyramid of medulla oblongata
25. ffr!'bef/11111 - cerebellum
26. fissum fo11gitlf(/i11afis CN!'bri
longitudinal fissure of cerebrum
191
Dog Skeletal tojJograjJhy of arteries of head, left view. Drawn from a corrosion specimen.
Figure 183
I. a. carotis communis - common carotid artery
2. ramus dorsalis a. infraorbitalis - dorsal branch
of infraorbital artery
3. ramus ventralis a. infraorbitalis - ventral branch
of infraorbital artery
4. aa. mentales - mental arteries
5. a. carotis extema - external carotid artery
6. a. carotis intema - internal carotid artery
6'. sinus caroticus - carotid sinus
192
7. a. occipitalis - occipital artery
7'. ram us anastomoticus a. vertebra/is cum a. occipitali
- anastomotic branch of vertebral artery
with occipital artery
8. a. auricularis caudalis - caudal auricular artery
9. rami glandulares - glandular branches
I 0., 12. a. /aria/is - facial artery
1 1. a. lingua/is - lingual artery
13. a. temporalis superficialis - superficial temporal
artery
14. a. te11!poralis profunda roslralis - rostral deep
temporal artery
internal ophthalmic
15. a. ophthalmica interna
artery
external ophthalmic
16. a. ophthalmica extema
artery
1 7. a. nwsseterica - masseteric artery
18. a. transversa faciei - transverse facial artery
19. a. subling11alis - sublingual artery
20. a. maxillaris - maxillary artery
21. a. malaris - malar artery
Dog: Palate and dorsal wall of upper pharynx.
Figure 186
I. lu. rl'lrojJhmyugl'IIS latl'mlis - lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes
2. 1'. u,axillaris - maxillary vein
3. a. carotis l'Xiema - external carotid artery
4. glaud11!a maudib11!aris - mandibular gland
5. gla11d11!a parotis - parotid gland
6. m. digaslrirns - digastric muscle
7. ductm J)(lro/idms, m11111s b11cca/is l'l'llim/is ni. facialis
- parotid duct, ventral buccal branch of fa­
cial nerve
8. 111. 111a.ueter - masseter muscle
9. 111a11dib11!a - mandible
I 0. a. et l'. facial is - facial artery and vein
I I. b11ffa - cheek
12. fomi.r jJhmyngis - pharyngeal fornix
13. mea/11s 11asophmy11g,,11s (chuauae) - nasopharvngeal meatus (choanae)
14. fossa lonsillaris - tonsi liar fossa
15. palat11m mo/le - soft palate
16. mgae J)(/latinal' - palatine ridges
1 7. mphe palati - palatine raphe
18. j)([jJilla iucisii'(J - incisive papilla
19. denies molarl's - molar teeth
20. drntes Jnnno!rlJ'l'S - premolar teeth
21. dfl1s rrmi1111s - canine tooth
22. dmll's iucish·i - incisors
193
Dog Dorsal t•iew of pharyngeal cavity and base of tongue.
Dorsal wall and soft palate incised and jJulled ajJart.
Figure 187
I. tmchm - trachea
g
esophagus
3. ,•estilm/11111 r•.rn/Jhagi - esophageal vestibule
4. mrtilogo (//y/!'J/l)idm - arytenoid cartilage
5. adit11s lmyngis - opening of larynx
6. .fim,i.r pho1y11gis - pharyngeal fornix
7. rnrti/ac�o romirnfata - corniculate cartilage
8. arrns palatophm,-11g¥·11s - palatopharyngeal arch
9. /10/0/11111 )l{o/1!' (in s1·ctio1w) - soft palate (in sec­
tion)
'.Z. 1·.rn/Jha m -
194
10. jr1cir•s nasalis fmloti 1110/lis - nasal surface of soft
palate
I 1. tomi//o f!oloti11a - palatine tonsil
I '.Z. /1/irofi,s.,·01· /rmsilloris - fold of tonsillar fossa
13. mdi.r li11g1101· - root of tongue
14. /Ht/Ji/lo ,·allato - vallate papilla
15. wlr11s 111Nli(//111s /i11g11rw - median sulcus of
tongue
1 6. 1-J1iglottis - epiglottis
Dog: Skeleton of the neck, left vzew.
Figure 188
29
1.-7. ,.,,,kbrrw ffn•irn/,,s I- VII - first-seventh
cervical vertebrae
I. atlas - atlas
'.2. aris - axis
8. /1mrt'SS11S lm11s,·t'1,11s 0//011/is - transverse pro­
cess of atlas
9. /nort'SSl/s lm11s1•en11s ,n·is - transverse process of
axis
I 0. />mffsms lmw,•e1-si - t11bnr11l0 dorsolio - trans­
verse processes - dorsal tubercles
11. />mcessm lml/Si'f'l'.li - tubnrnlo i't'nlmlio - trans­
verse processes - ventral tubereles
I 2. lo///i110 1·e11tmlis JJmresrns lmns.·,,ni i't'riebmt' Cf'n•i­
rnlis l'I - ventral plate of transverse process
of sixth cervical vertebra
13. />mc,,.uus orlirnfrm,s rm11ir1ks - cranial articular
processes
14. jJmffssus orlirnlort'S mudoles - caudal articular
processes
15. JJmrt'/SIIS lm11s,•,,rs11s ,·ntelmu, c,,n•icalis I'll transverse process of seventh cervical verte­
bra
16. /mJCt•srns sjJinmi - spinous processes
17. (om111r'11 ,•ertebmfr, lolf'mlr· ot/011/is - lateral vertebral foramen of atlas
18. orrns ,·r·11tmlis 0//011/is - ventral arch of atlas
19. JJrores.ws s/>i11orns aris - spinous process of axis
20. />mrt·nus sjJi110s11s ,•t·1klmw tlwmrirne I - spinous
process of first thoracic vertebra
'.21. /Jroffssus /m11s,•t·n11s ,·,•1-tr-bmr· t!tomrirn,, I - trans­
verse process of first thoracic vertebra
22. f111•r·o OJJlolis lm11s,•,,i:,-a{is - transverse costal fovea
23. jr,,.,·o mstolis mudalis - caudal costal fovea
'.24. .fr,;•t'a cos/a/is rm11iolis - cranial costal fovea
25. iw"6·l11s orcijJitolis - occipital condyle
26. Jm1ffsS11s />omc111uldari.,· - paracondyloid process
27. arrns ::)::;,11110/irns - zygomatic arch
28. 11/0lldilmla - mandible
29. rn11olis lmm,'1'r.mri11s - transverse c<1.nal
195
Dog. Dissection of the neck. Superficial layer after removal of cutaneous muscles. Left l'zew.
Figure 189
I. 111. t1·111pomlis - temporal muscle
'.2. 111. J)(/mfidoa11rirnlari.1
parotidoauricular
muscie
3. gla11d11/a J)(/ro/is - parotid gland
4. m11111J bucra/is dona/is 11i. /aria/is - dors�il buccal
branch of facial nerve
5. 111. 111mscln - masseter muscle
6. 1w1111s b11rrnlis ,·e11tmlis 11i. jttcialis - ventral buc­
cal branch of facial nerve
7. ,'. facia/i.,; 111. digastrirns - facial vein, digastric
muscle
8. 111. 111ylohroidt·m - mylohvoid muscle
<J. /1111. 1111111dilmlan·s - mandibular lvmph nodes
10. rami cutanei nervorum cervicalium - dorsal cuta­
neous branches of cervical nerves
196
11. gla11d11/a 111a11dib11/ari.1, m11111s mlli 11i. .facialis
mandibular gland, colli branch of facial
nerve
12. ,'. li11g111ifacialis. 11. slemohroidf'/rs - linguofacial
vein, sternohvoid nerve
13. i'. 1111,xillaris - maxillarv vein
14. ,'. jll/{tdaris 1·.rtn11a, 111. stn11oc1'jJ//(/lirns - external
jugular vein, sternocephalic muscle
14., 16., 1 7. m. stemocephalicus - s-cernocephalic
muscle
15. 111. c/1·idw1·1Tiaili.1 - cleidocervical muscle
1 G. 111. s/NlltHJCCijJilalis - Sterno-occipital muscle
. I 7. 111. .,km1m111.1foid1•11.1 - sternomastoid muscle
18. 111. cleidobrachialis, n. supraclavicularis ventralis cleidobrachial muscle, ventral supraclavi­
cular nerve
1 'l. /)(/n ccn·imlis 111i. fm/Je::ii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
'...'O. m11111s dona/is 11i. acffs.wrii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve
21. 111. s11/Jms/Ji11a/11s - supraspinatus muscle
22. 111. 1m10/rri11s,•1·narius - omotransverse muscle
'.!:\. /Hm smjmlaris 111i. d,,/toid1·i
scapular part of
deltoid muscle
acromial part of
'.24. /)(/rs arr11111ialis 111i. dcltoid1·i
deltoid muscle
'.!.-,. 11. ccn·irnlis ll - second cervical nerve
'.!Ii. II. c1·n·irnlis Ill - third cervical nerve
'.!7. n. cervicalis JV (n. supraclavicularis dorsalis et iuter­
medius) - fourth cervical nerve (dorsal and
intermediate supraclavicular nerve)
Dog: Dissection of the neck. Deep layer; left vzew.
Figure 190
------
I. 111. rh1!/11boidr·11s n·n·iris - cervical rhomboid
muscle
2. 1n rho111boideus caJ1itis - rhotnboideus capitis
muscle
3. 111.•1ji/('l(i11s (mjiitis) - splenius (capitis) muscle
cervical serratus
4. 111. serralus ;•r·11tmlis rn;•icis
ventralis muscle
5. 111. snmlus ;•r•11tmlis tlwmris - thoracic serratus
ventralis muscle
middle
6. /J/. i11tn/m11s;•r•rsari11s mcdius cn,·iris
cervical intertransverse muscle
7. 111. i11tnlm11.r.•r·1-sari11s ;•n1tmlis ren•icis - ventral
cervical intertransverse muscle
8., 9. 111. smle1111s dona/is - dorsal scalenus muscle
I0. 111. sm/('1111s 11wdi11s - scalenus medius muscle
11. 111. l011g11s mjiilis - longus capitis muscle
12. 111. ste1m1111mtoide11s - sternomastoid muscle
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
111. rlr•ido111r1stoidms - cleidomastoid muscle
111. slemooccijiilalis - Sterno-occipital muscle
111. lm1J1omlis - temporal muscle
111. 111a.ueln - masseter muscle
111. l011gissi11111s mjiitis - longissimus capitis
muscle
111. d�iiftslrirns, ;•. 111a.rillaris - digastric muscle,
maxillary vein
glm1d11/a thyroid('(/ - thyroid gland
tmch('{/ - trachea
111. stemothrmidms - sternothyroid muscle
111. stemoliroidms - sternohyoid muscle
esophagus, ;•. j11gularis interna - esophagus, in­
ternal jugular vein
a. mmtis com11w11is, lrunrns ;•agosr111J1athicus common carotid artery, vagosympathecic
trunk
'.Z,"i. ,·. jug11/aris nlr·rna - external jugular vein
'.Z6. ,'. re/1/1((/im, a. c,•r;•im/is rnJ1n/iria/i., - cephalic
vein, superficial cervical arterv
'.Z7. "· 1•/ ,'. arillaris - axillary arterv and vein
:ZB. 111. 1fflm thomris - straight muscle of thorax
'.Z<J. 111. jifflomli.,· Wjil'ljicialis - superficial pectoral
muscle
111. jl(•ctomlis Jm,fi111d11s (111. jiff/om/is 11.1n·11rlc11s) deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral
muscle)
31. /1/r·rns bmrhialis - brachia! plexus
:12. 11. u-r;•imlis I - first cervical nerve
3:3. 11. fflTimlis II - second cervical nerve
:14. 11. cn;•imlis If' - fourth cervical nerve
:is. ms/a jiri111a - first rib
:w.
197
Dog. Deep layer of the muscles of the neck. Left view.
Figure 191
I. 111. rec/us caj,itis dorsalis 111ajor - major dorsal
straight muscle of head
2., 2'. 111. obliq1111s ca/Ji/is cranialis - cranial oblique
muscle of head
3. 111. obliquus cajJitis cm:dalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
4. 111. rectus ca/Ji/is lateralis - lateral straight
muscle of head
5. 111. digastricus - digastric muscle
6., 6'., 6". 111111. i11tertrm1s1•ersarii dorsales cen•icis
dorsal cervical intertransverse muscles
7. 111111. i11tertram1•e1,arii 111edii cen•icis - middle cer­
vical intertransverse muscles
8. 111111. i11tertr(11151•ersarii 1•e11trales cen•icis - ventral
cervical intertransverse muscles
198
9. 111. sjJinalis cen•icis - spinalis cervicis muscle
I 0. 111. sjiinalis et se111isj1i11alis thoracis - spinalis et
semispinalis thoracis muscle
I 1. origo mi. /ongissimi cajJitis et 111i. comjilexi - origin
of longissimus capitis muscle and of com­
plexus muscle
12. 111. /011gissi11111s cen•icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
13. pmcessw spinosus axis - spinous process of axis
14. 111. serratus 1•e11tralis cen•icis (imertiones) - cervical
serratus ventralis muscle (insertion)
15. 111. 11111/tifidus cen•icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
16. 111. longus capitis - longus capitis muscle
17., 18. 111. scale1111s dorsalis - dorsal scalenus
muscle
19. 111. scale1111s 111edi11s - scalenus medius muscle
20. 111. intercostalis ex/emus - external intercostal
muscle
21. ligmnentwn nuchae - nuchal ligament
22. cos/a pri111a - first rib
23. jJmcessus tra11s1•ers11s at/antis - transverse process of atlas
24. esophagus - esophagus
25. trachea - trachea
26. gla11d11/a thymidea - thyroid gland
Dog. Cross section through the neck at the level of the second cervical vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 192
I. 111. d111111b11ide11s mjiilis - rhomboideus capitis
muscle
2. 111. sj1/e11i11s (cafiilis) - splenius (capitis) muscle
3., 3'. 111. sei11isjii11alis ca/1ilis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
3. 111. bh•e11/er Cl't"i'icis - biventer cervicis muscle
3'. 111. um1jilex11s - complexus muscle
4. 111. rec/us cajiilis dorsalis major - major dorsal
straight muscle of head
5. 111. cleidocen•ica/is - cleidocervical muscle
6. 111. stemooccijiitalis - sterno-occipital muscle
7. 111. cleidr1111astoide11s'- cleidomastoid muscle
8. 111. stet1111111asloide11s - sternomastoid muscle
9. 111. obliq1111s caj1itis caudalis - caudal oblique
muscle of head
10. 111. /011gissi11111s caj1itis (et atla11tis) - longissimus
capitis (et atlantis) muscle
11. 111111. i11tertrr111si•ersarii cen•icis - cervical intertransverse muscles
12. 111. 0111otm11s1•ersari11s - 6motransverse muscle
13. 111. /011g11s cajiitis - longus capitis muscle
14. 111. /011g11s co/Ii - longus colli muscle
15. esojihagus - esophagus
16. a. carotis co1111111111is, tn111cus 1'{1gosy111j)({t/tic11s
common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
17. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland
18. 111. stemothyroidew - sternothyroid muscle
19. 111. stemohyoidew - sternohyoid muscle
20. i'. jugularis extema - external. jugular vein
21. 111111. cu/anei (jilatys111a et 111. sphiucler co/Ii su/1e1fici­
alis) - cutaneous muscles (platysma and su­
petficial sphincter colli muscle)
22. Jilexus uertebmlis i11tem11s, a. ,•ertebralis - internal
vertebral plexus, vertebral artery
23. 1•ertebrg cen•icalis II (axis) - second cervical vertebra (axis)
24. trachea - trachea
25. 1•. ,•ertebmlis - vertebral vein
26. 11. laryngeus recurrens, i'. j11g11/aris intema - recur­
rent laryngeal nerve, internal jugular vein
27. rm1111s thyroideus ,,. brachiocejilwlicae - thyroid
branch of brachiocephalic vein
28. i'. thyroidea caudalis - caudal thyroid vein
199
Dog: Cross section through the neck at the level of the third cervical vertebra. View of caudal
swface of section.
Figure 193
1. 111. rho111boidl'lls cn,·icis l'I 111. rlun11buide11s rnJ!ilis cervical rhomboid and rhomboideus capitis
muscle
2. 111111. mtr111ei co/Ii - cutaneus colli muscles
3. 111. bmd1iocepholirns (111. clr·idufl'n•irn/is)
brachiocephalic
muscle
(cleidocervical
muscle)
4. 111. sln11oorcijJito/is et 111. clr•ido111astoide11s - sternooccipital and cleidomastoid muscle
5. 111. ster11011wstoidew - sternomastoid muscle
6. 111. 01110/m1m"fl:<ori11s - omotransverse muscle
7. ligwnrn/11111 1111chrw - nuchal ligament
8., 9. 111. m11isjJi110/is mJJitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
200
8. 111. bi,•1·11/a cn,·iris -- b1vcn1n cervicis muscle
9. 111. co111f!ln11., - co111ple.\us muscle
10. 111. 11111/tifi'r/11., ar;•ici., · - multifidus cervicis
muscle
11. 111. sj,i110/is cn,•icis - spinalis cervicis muscle
12. 111ed11/lo .1jJi110/is - spinal medulla
1 :3. 111. /011gissi11111s m/Ji/is (et ot/011/is) - longissimus
capitis (et atlantis) muscle
14. 111. /,111gissi11111s cn,·iris - longissimus cervicis
muscle
15. 111. il//er/m11ii'enori11s dona/is
dorsal intertransverse muscle
16. 111, i11tertram1•n,ori11.1 111Nli11s - middle inter­
transverse muscle
17. 111. i11fr·rtrm1s,·rT.wri11s ,•r·11tra/is - ventral inter­
transverse muscle
18. 111•.1jJk11ill.\ (mj,ili.,J - splenius (capitis) muscle
19. 11/. .1nm/11.1 ,·e11tmlis cen·icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
20. 111. /011g11s m//i - longus colli muscle
21. 111. lrm.�11.1 mJ,iti., - longus capitis muscle
22. 111. srn/fli/1.\ 11wdi11s - scalenus medius muscle
2:l. o. rum/is m1111111111is, tmnrns 1·ogos)'111j)(Jfhic11s common carotid artery, vagosvmpathetic
trunk
24. 1'. j11g11/ori.1 intr·mo - internal jugular vein
25. tmd1m - trachea
26. ,'. j11g11loris r·xtemo - external jugular vein
27. ,•ntebm ffn•imlis Ill - third cervical vertebra
28. 111. slemo/J)'oide11.1 el 1n stenwthymide11s - sterno­
hyoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle
29. pln11s ,•nfrbmlis intem/1.\ - internal vertebral
plexus
30. o. et ,'. 1•ntebmlis - vertebral arterv and vein
:1 I. 11. lmy11gr·11s rl'C//rrr·ns - recurrent laryngeal
nerve
:12. ,'. !h)'mideo m11dolis - caudal thvroid vein
:\'.2'. r•.wjJhog11s - esophagus
Dog: Cross section throug/1 the neck at the lez•el of the fifth cervical vertebra. View of caudal
swfacP of section.
Figure 194
I. 111. rhu11i//()id,·w l'N,·icis l'I 111. d1m11boid('J1.1 .rn/Jiti, cervical rhomboid and I homboideus capi tis
muscle
2. 111111. rnta11('i mlli (JJ/atrrn111 l'I 111. .1phi11c/l'I' mlli .\/1jJn/1cia/i.,.J - cutaneus colli muscles (platysma
and superficial sphincter colli muscle)
3. /){/n Cl'l',·irnlis 111i. tmpcii - cervical part of trapezius muscle
4. 111. sjJ/('//ius (rnpitis) - splenius (capitis) muscle
5. 111. bii·1·11/1'1' <'l'l'i'icis - biventer cervicis muscle
6. 111. um1JJ//'\(IS - complexus muscle
7. lig 11111e11/(1111 11"dwt - nuchal ligament
8. 111. 111(1/fi/frlus cn,•icis - multifidus cervicis
muscle
9. 111..1jJi11alis CN,·ici.1· - spinalis cervicis muscle
10. 111. sl'l'm/(1.\ ,•1•11/m/is cN,·icis - cervical serratth
ventralis muscle
11. 111. lo11gissi11111., u•r;·i,·i, ·- longissimus cer\'ici,
muscle
} '.2.
lJ!. /011J.!,"l's.,i11111s <vJ>ili,\ f / Ill. l011,1;,1s,\iJJ/II,\ ot/011ti1
--
longissi mus capitis muscle and longissimus
atlantis muscle
13. tmdu·a - trachea
14. (II. 01110/m11s;•l'rsarius - omotransverse muscle
15. 111. stnnohyoidl'"S r·I 111. stn1wthymideus - sterno­
hyoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle
16. 111. stemocl'j1lwlirns - sternoceph,dic muscle
17., 18. 111. bmc/1iocl'jJhalirns - brachiocephalic
muscles
17. 111. dl'ido111ostoid1•(1S - cleidomastoid muscle
18. 111. dl'idoa•n•i((J/is - cleidocervical muscle
19. 111111. i11tert1w1s,·1·1:1arii - intertransverse
muscles
20. 111. f,,ng(ls cu/Ii - longus colli muscle
21. 111. l011gus rnpitis - longus capiti.s muscle
2:2. 111. s((J/1'1111s 111Nlius - scalenus medius muscle
:23. arius ;•1·1/r-l1m,· Cl'r,·imlis II' - arch of fourth cervical vertebra
24. 111N{ul/a .1pi11ali.1 - spinal medulla
25. ,'('l'/l'bm cn,·imli., !' - fifth cervical vertebra
26. u. cl,'. ,•('1-/ebm/i., - vertebral artery and vein
27. ,'. jugularis i11IN11a, 1·.1n/1hagu.1, 11. lmy1131•m r1•rnrr,•11s
. - internal jugular vein, esophagus, laryngeal
recurrent nerve
:28. a. rnmtis rn1111111111i.1, /J'1111cus mgos1•111J1athicus common carotid artery, vagosympathetic
trunk
29. ,'. juguluris 1•.\/i•ma - external jugular vein
30. ,'. th)'midm ((Juda/is - caudal thyroid vein
201
Dog. Topographic anatomy of the.vessels zn the caudal cervical-and thoracic area) left view.
Figure 195
1. uertebra ceruicalis V - fifth cervical vertebra
2. uertebm cervicalis VI - sixth cervical vertebra
3. vertebra ceruicalis VII - seventh cervical vertebra
4. 1 >ertebra thoracica I - first thoracic vertebra
5. vertebra thoracica II - second thoracic '(ertebra
6. a. et v. cervicalis J1rof11nda - deep cervical artery
and vein
7. a., v. et n. 1•ertebralis - vertebral artery, vein
and nerve
8. 11• costoceruicalis, trunrns costocervicalis, ganglion cer­
vicale medium - costocervical vein, costocervi­
cal trunk, middle cervical ganglion
9. trunws sympathicus - J1ars tlwracica - sympa­
thetic trunk - thoracic part
9'. truncus sy111/1athicus - pars cen•icalis - sympa­
thetic trunk - cervical part
202
1 0. gin. cen•icotlwracicum - cervicothoracic
ganglion
11. r111sa subclm•ia - ansa subclavia
1 2. o. smjmloris d,molis, 11. ce1Tirnlis VIJJ - dorsal
scapular artery, eighth cervical nerve
13. a. carotis co1111111111is si11istra - left common ca­
rotid artery
13'. a. carotis co1111n1111is dextra - right common ca­
rotid artery
14. tnmcus vagosympathicus - vagosympathetic
trunk
14'. 11. l'Gg11s - vagus nerve
15. 11. /aryngew recurrens - laryngeal recurrent
nerve
16. u. j11g11laris i11tema - internal jugular vein
17. v. j11g11laris extema - external jugular vein
18. a. cer1 >ica/is supe,ficialis - superficial cervical
_
artery
19. a. el ,,. axillaris - axillary artery and vein
20. ,,. brachioceplwlica sinislra - left brachiocepha­
lic vein
21. a. subclm•ia sinistra - left subclavian artery
22. trnncus brachiocephalirns - brachiocephalic
trunk
23. aorta - aorta
24. a. el 1•. thoracica i11tenw - internal thoracic ar­
tery and vein
25. 1•. cam cra11ialis, 11. phrenicus - cranial vena
cava, phrenic nerve
25'. radices ni. phre11ici - roots of phrenic nerve
26. esophagus - esophagus
27. trachea - trachea
28. 11. cen•ica/is V - fifth cervical nerve
29. 11. cervicalis VJ - sixth cervical nerve
30. 11. ceruica/is VII - seventh cervical nerve
31. cos/a prima - first rib
32. cos/a sec1111da - second rib'
33. stem11111 - sternum
Dog. Topographic anatomy of the vessels in the caudal cervical and thoracic area) right view.
Figure 196
19
1. 1•ertcbra cen•icalis V - fifth cervical vertebra
2. 1·t'rlcbra cen•icalis VI - sixth cervical vertebra
3. 1•ertcbra cen•icalis VII - seventh cervical vertebra
4. ,•ertebra thoracica I - first thoracic vertebra
5. ,•ertebra thoracica fl - second thoracic vertebra
6. a. el 1•. cen•icalis J1rofu11da - deep cervical artery
and vein
7. a., 1'. et 11. 1•ertebralis - vertebral artery, vein
and nerve
8. a. i11tercostalis suj1re111a, lru11cus sympathirns - su­
preme intercostal artery, sympathetic trunk
9. ga11glio11 cen•icothoraciw111 - cervicothoracic
ganglion
10. 1•. costocen•icalis, a. scapularis dorsalis - costocer­
vical vein, dorsal scapular artery
I 1. rmsa subclal'ia - ansa subclavia
12. 11. cen•icalis V - fifth cervical nerve
13.
14.
15.
16.
I 7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
11. cen•ica/is VI - sixth cervical nerve
11. cen•icafis VII - seventh cervical nerve
11. cen•icalis VIll - eighth cervical nerve
11. thoracicus I - first thoracic nerve
11. phre11iws (et radices 17') - phrenic nerve
(and roots 17 ')
esophagw - esophagus
a. subclavia si11islra - left subclavian artery
trachea - trachea
tnmcus brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
trunk
1•. caua cranialis - cranial vena cava
11. mgus - vagus nerve
truncus mgosympathicus - vagosympathetic
trunk
11. laryngeus rernrrens - laryngeal recurrent
nerve
26. a. carotis co111111u11is, 1•. jugularis i11tema - com­
mon carotid artery, internal jugular vein
27. u. brachiocej1halica dextra - right brachiocephalic veiri
28. 1'. jugularis extema - external jugular vein
29. 1•. cephalica - cephalic vein
30. a. cen•icalis wjmficialis - superficial cervical
artery
31. a. et u. axillaris - axillary artery and vein
32. stemum - sternum
33. cos/a J1rima - first rib
34. costa secunda - second rib
35. a. et v. thoracica i11tema - internal thoracic ar­
tery and vein
36. a. subclavia dextra - right subclavian artery
37. g/11. cervicale medium - middle cervical gan­
glion
203
Cat. Skull left z•zew.
Figure l 97
13
/
,,..,
18
·..-�-:--:· :.:·}�•J.�
. _J
15
30
28
. ..:,_•:'
20. eris/a lempomlis - temporal crest
porus amstirns exlem11s
external acoustic
opening
22 . .fora1ne11 slylo111asloide11111 - stylomastoid foramen
23. b11/la 1y111jir111iw - tympanic bulla
24. /om, sacci lacri111alis - fossa of lacrimal sac
25. J1mcesms coro11oide11s 1na11dib11/ae - coronoid process of mandible
26. J1mcess11s Coll({)'!aris - condyloid process
27. .fossa masselerim - masseteric fossa
28. JnoC/'SSIIS a11g11/aris - angular process
29. .fom111i11a 11u•11lalia - mental foramina
30. denies i11cish•i - incisors
31. denies mnini - canine teeth
32. denies Jm•1nolares - premolar teeth
:13. denies 11111/rm·s - molar teeth
21.
1.
facics exlerna sq11a111ae .fronlalis -
face of frontal squama
2.
facies lm1J1oralis ossis fronlalis -
3.
pars orbilalis 1,ssis .fronla/is -
face of frontal bone
external sur­
temporal sur­
orbital part of
frontal bone
4. 111argo orbilae -· orbital margin
5.
J1mcPsS11s Z)"30111atims <JSSis .fro11lalis
zygomatic
pi·ocess of frontal bone
6. li11ca le111J1omlis - temporal line
7. J1mcess11s .fronlalis <JSSis Z)"30111alici - frontal pro­
cess of zygomatic bone
8. OS Z)'.!,{()J}/(llio11n - zygomatic bone
204
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
I 9.
maxilla
incisive bone
os 11asale - nasal bone
Jinrn11e11 in.fmorbilalc - infraorbital foramen
os Jiarielale (w/1'(/ria) - parietal bone (calvarium)
os i11le,jiarielale - interparietal bone
sq11<11na ocrijiilalis - occipital squama
rrisla n11chrw - nuchal crest
mn<6•!11s occijiilalis - occipital condyle
/}(/rs sq11wnosa ossis /e111J1omlis - squamous part
of temporal bone
arrns ::rgomalims - zygomatic arch
maxilla -
os incish•111n -
Cat. Skull l'Zelt' of 1..•entral swface.
Figure I 98
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1 2.
fi,m1111-11 111(tgm1111 - foramen magnum
sq1101110 1Jffij1itolis - occipital squama
((J11(6•l11s 1Jffij1itolis - occipital condyle
J1mC('Srn.1· jiomm11r(rloris - paracondyloid pro­
cess
jimC/'sws 111as/1Jid,,11s 1Jssis le111Jmmlis - mastoid
process of temporal bone
jion basiloris 1Jssis occi/1ito/is. - basilar- part of
occipital bone
_(1Jrm11t'II j11g11ioff - jugular foramen
b11//o tr111po11irn - tympanic bulla
/)(Int.I or11slirns <'.t/('m11s - external acoustic
opening
11s basi.1j1l11'1111idol<' - basisphenoid bone
rn110/is 11111JC11!1Jt11bori11s - canal of muscular
tube
J1mc,,sS11s rt'lmorlirnloris - retroarticular process
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
/imo 111011(/i/mlori.1· - mandibular fossa
IJi'Oi<' - oval foramen
/1((11111/m j1/er\:�11id,-11s - pterygoid hamulus
/JS jir<'sj1lr<'1111idol,, - presphenoid bone
Jimc<'ssw ::\:�,,1110/irns 11.ui.,· jiw,talis - z,·gomatic
process of frontal bone
18. J1mu·sS11s .fm11tolis ossis ::rgm11olici - frontal pro­
cess of zygomatic bone
l9. c/10,111(1 (111('(1/11s 11os11J1!rtrr\'11,�ew) - cho�na (naso­
pharyngeal meatus)
20. os j)({/ati1111111 - palatine bone
/11m111e11
21. .f11m111<'11 J10/ati1111111 111oj11s - greater palatine fo­
ramen
22. J1mCt'sS11s j)({/oti1111s lll((.\"illo<' - palatine process
of maxilla
23. fiss11m J10/oti11a - palatine fissure
24. d<'lli<'s i11cisi.·i - incisors
25. d<'IIS rn11i1111s - canine tooth
26. d!'lts Jm'lllolaris1I - second premolar tooth
27. rle11s J1r!'l110/oris ./II - third premolar tooth
28, de11s Jm'/1111/oris IV - fourth premolar tooth
29. df'11s 111!1/oris - molar tooth
205
Cat. Dissection of the head. Superficial layer after
removal of cutaneous muscles. Left view.
Figure 199
I. 111. te111poralis - temporal muscle
2. a. et 1•. te111poralis s11pe1ficialis - superficial tem­
poral artery and vein
3., 4. 11. a11riculopalj1ebralis - auriculopalpebral
nerve
5. arcus zygonwticus - zygomatic arch
6. ra11111s buccalis dorsalis 11i. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
7. due/us J1arutide11s - parotid duct
8. 111. 111asseter - masseter muscle
206
9. ra11111s buccalis ue11tralis 11i. facialis - ventral buccal branch of facial nerve
I 0. 111. c/eidocen•icalis - cleidocervical muscle
11. n. auricularis magnus - great auricular nerve
12. 11. cervicalis II - second cervical nerve
13. 111. stemooccipitalis - sterno-occipital muscle
14. 111. stemomastoideus - sternomastoid muscle
15. 1•. jugularis exte;1w - external jugular vein
16. u. li11g11ofacialis - linguofacial vein
17. gla11d11/a parotis - parotid gland
18. 1•. auricularis caudalis - caudal auricular vein
19. gla11dula 111a11dibularis - mandibular gland
20. ramus co/Ii ni. facialis, 1•. 111axillaris - cervical
branch of facial nerve, maxillary vein
21. /1111. 111a11dib11/ares - mandibular lymph nodes
22. t'. facialis - facial vein
23. gla11dulae buccales - buccal glands
24. 111. digastriws - digastric muscle
25. v. labialis inferior - vein of lower lip
26. arcus hyoideus - hyoid arch
27. 111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
Cat. Dissection of the head Deep layer after removal of part
of mandible. Left view.
Figure 200
1. 111. /e111J1omlis - temporal muscle
2. a. et 1•. te111j)()ra/is superficialis - superficial temporal artery and vein
3. arcus zygomalirns - zygomatic arch
4. 111. 111asseler - masseter muscle
5. 111a11dib11/a - mandible
6. 111. pterygoideus - pterygoid muscle
7. glandula parolis - parotid gland
8. gla11d11/a 111a11dib11/aris - mandibular gland
9. 1'. 111axillaris, 11. facialis - maxillary vein, facial
nerve
10. 111. styloglossus - styloglossal muscle
11. glandula s11bli11g11alis 1110110s/0111alica - sublingual
12.
13.
14.,
15.
16.
17.
18.
gland - single orifice
duc/11s 111a11dib11/aris, a. carolis exlema - mandibu­
lar duct, external carotid artery
111. digastrirns - digastric muscle
14'. a. li11g11alis, 11. hyj)()g/ossus - lingual artery,
hypoglossal nerve
111. ge11iohyoide11s - geniohyoid muscle
111. 111ylohyoide11s - mylohyoid muscle
111. hyoglossus, 1•. li11g11ali"s - hyoglossal muscle,
lingual vein
111. ge11iogloss11s - genioglossal muscle
19. duc/11s s11bli11g11alis 11wjo1; 11. li11g11a/is
major
sublingual duct, lingual nerve
20. lingua - tongue
21. gla11d11/a mblii1g11alis pulysto11wtica - sublingual
gland - many orifices
22. ·arcus hyoideus, a. facialis - hyoid arch, facial
artery
23. 111. stemolryoideus - sternohyoid muscle
24. 111. cleidocen•icalis - cleidocervical muscle
25. 111. stemooccijJilalis - sterno-occipital muscle
26. 111. s/emo111astoide11s - sternomastoid muscle
207
Cat. Dissection of the neck. Deep layer, left view.
Figure 201
'
\
I. 111. sple11i11s fflTiris - splenius cervicis muscle
2. Ill. rho111boide11s fflTiris - cervical rhomboid
muscle
3. 111. rlum1boideus rapitis - rhomboideus capitis
muscle
4. 111._ serrr(lus 1•e11tralis cen�cis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
:J. 111. ,serra/115 1·e11tralis. (horaris 7 thoracic serratus
. ventralis muscle
G. 111111. i11tertra;1s,•ersarii 111edii ren•i;i.\ - middle cer­
vical intertransverse muscles
7. 1111. ren•irales, 111111. i11tertra11s1·1·rsarii_ 1·e11trales ren•icis
- cervical nerves, ventral cervical intertrans­
verse muscles
7'. n. thoracicus longus - long thoracic nerve
8., 9. m. srak11us dorsalis - dors<jl scalenus-muscle
208
I 0.
11.
12.
13.
14.
I :'i.
16.
17.
18.
111. sralr1111s medius - scalenus medius muscle
plexus brachia/is - brachia! plexus
gla11dula j)({ro/is - parotid gland
bu/la tymj!a11ira - tympanic bulla
gin. cen•irale cm11iale - cranial cervical gan­
glion
tmnrns 11. mmtidis i11/N11a1· et a. _occiJ;italis - trunk
of internal carotid artery and of occipital ar­
tery
a. facialis,, 11. h)1)()glossus - facial artery, hypo­
glossal nerve
111. digastrirns, a. li11gualis �. digastric muscle,
lingual artery
a. ram.'is co111111u11is,. 11. 1•ag11s - common carotid
artery, vagus nerve
19. gla11d11la thyroidea - thyroid gland
20. 111. sternohyoide11s - sternohyoid muscle
21. 111. sternotl�)'mideus, trachea - sternothyroid
muscle, trachea
22. tru11C11s S)'/11/)({/hirns, ,'. jugularis i11terna - sympa­
thetic trunk, internal jugular vein
23. esoj;/wgus - esophagus
24. 11. J;hre11irns, ,'. j11g11/aris ex/Nna - phrenic nerve,
external jugular vein
25. a. et ,'. axillaris - axillary artery and vein
26. 111. rec/us thoraris - straight muscle of tho;·ax
27. thymus, cos/a Jnii11a - thymus, first rib
28. 111. J;ec/ora!is Jm1Ji111d11s - deep pectoral muscle
29. 111. J;fffora!is _suji{'/ficia!is - superficial pectoral
muscle
·
Rabbit. Skull left uzew.
Figure 202
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
nasal bone
incisive bone
111axifla - maxilla
hm1111/m ossis lacri11/(/li.r - hamulus of lacrimal
bone
1JI lacri111all' - lacrimal bone
b11fla ah•,,1Jfari.1· /1/(/\'illrw - alveolar bulfa of
maxilla
J>mffsrns .rnj>morbitafis mslmfis
rostral supraorbital process
J>ma,sws .rnjnwl/'bitalis m11dafi., - caudal su­
praorbital process
m 11a.\(/f t, -
os iwisi.·11111 -
9. ji,r,11111,,1 ,,1/11111Jidafr, - ethmoid foramen
I 0. m J)(Jri,,taf t, - parietal bone
11. J>mr!'.u11,,· ::1;�w11a/irns 1J.uis /('JJ/j>omli., - zygomatic
process of temporal bone
12. .w111r1111a 1Jffij>ilafis - occipital squama
13. />oms ·arnslirns r·xlN1111s - external acoustic
opening
mastoid
14. J>mcr·.u11.1· 111m/1Jir/r·11s (/.uis tr•111pr,mfi.,
process of temporal bone
� '5. bi,lfa tr111j>m1irn - tympanic-bulla
16.
J>mr,,.u11s J1amcr,11rfrlriri.
cess
-
·paracondvloid pro­
1 7. arcus zygomaticus (processus temporalis ossis zygomo­
tici) - zygomatic arch (temporal· process of
zygomatic· bone)
18. erislo jr,rialis - facial crest·
19. 1JJ(111dib11fo - mandible
20. rfl'11lr's i11risii·i - incisors
21. fom111i11a 111r·11talio - mental foramina
22. Jm,rl's.ws a11g11/aris 111m1dib11/rw - angular pro­
cess of mandible
209
Rabbit. Dissection of the head and adjacent cervical part. Superficial layer after removal of cutaneous muscles.
Left uiew.
Figur� 203
•
'\
'
I
I
I
jl I I
j,,
.
i' '
'1!jj/
·-
I. 111. zygo111aticus - zygomatic muscle
2. 111. zygo11wticoauriwlaris - zygomaticoauricular
muscle
3. 111. parotidoauricularis
parotidoauricular
muscle
4. pars /a/era/is 111i. 111aselNis - lateral part of mas­
seter muscle
5. Jmrs 111edialis mi. 111aseleris - medial pa1:t of
massete1· muscle
6. 111. lemtm· labii m/Jerioris - levator muscle of
upper lip
7-. pars occipito111a11dib11laris 111i. digaslrici - occipito­
mandibular part of digastric muscle
8. 111. 111alaris � malaris muscle
9. 111. i11fraorbitalis - infraorbital muscle
I 0. glr111d11lae buccales drmales - dorsal buccal
glands
I I. glr111d11la 111asselerica - masseteric gland 1
210
· 22.
12. glr111d11lae buccales i'entrales - ventral buccal
glands
13. /1111. buccales - buccal lymph nodes
14. a. et i'. facialis - facial artery and vein
15. /1111. 111m1dib11lares rostrales - mandibular rostral
lymph nodes
16. glr111d11la parotis - parotid gland
1 7. glrmdula 111a11dibularis - mandibular gland
18. ra11111s buccalis dorsalis ni. facialis - dorsal buccal
branch of facial nerve
19. m11111s buccalis 1•e11tm/is ni. facialis - ventral buc­
cal. branch of facial nerve
20. m11111s 111argi11alis 111a11dib11lae facialis - marginal
branch of mandible facial
21. m11111s co1111111111icans q1i.· auricuiote111pomlis ad 11. fa­
riale,11, i'. lransversa facialis - communicating
branch of auriculotemporal nerve, transverse
facial vein
2:1.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
:l2.
:l:l.
i'. r111rirnlaris caudalis, 11. a11ric11/aris 111ag1111s caudal auricular vein, great auricular nerve
ra111i c11ta11ei 11er1•on1111 ce11•icali11111 - cutaneous
branches of cervical nerves
1w11w wlli 11i. facialis - colli branch of facial
nerve
i'. j11g11laris - jugular vein
i'. li11g1111facialis, !1111. 111a11dib11lares caudales - lin­
guofacial vein, caudal mandibular lymph
nodes
pars cen•icalis 111i ..traJ;nii - cervical part of trapezius muscle
111. lj!le11i11s - splenius muscle
111. cleid0111astoide11s - cleidomastoid muscle
111. 0111otrc111sversari11s - omotransverse muscle
111. stemo111astoideus - sternomastoid muscle
111. stmwhyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
1w1111s dorsalis 11i. acressorii - dorsal branch of
accessory nerve·
Rabbit. Dissection of the neck. Superficial layer after removal of cutaneous muscles. Left view.
Figure 204
16
I. 111. /H1rotidoa11rirnlaris - parotidoauricular
muscle
2. 1'. a11ric11/aris ca11da/is, 11. 011ric11/aris 111ag1111s
caudal auricular vein, great auricular nerve
3. gla11d11/a pamtis - parotid gland
4. 11. facialis - facial nerve
5. 111. 111asseter - masseter muscle
6. ,,. 111axi/laris - maxillary vein
7. 1•. li11g110Jacialis - linguofacial vein
8. 1'. j11g11/aris - jugular vein
9. 111. c/eido111astoide11s - cleidomastoid muscle
I 0. 111. sterno11/(/stoide11s - sternomastoid muscle
11. 111. slt'mohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
12. pmcesws tra11s1•ers11s at/antis - transv.erse pro­
cess of atlas
13. 111. sjJ/e11i11s - splenius muscle
14. 111. serra/1/S 1•e11tra/is cen•icis - cervical serratus
ventralis muscle
15. JH1rs cen•icalis 111i. tra/Jezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
I 5'. a/io111·11msis 111i. tmpe::ii - aponeurosis of trapezius muscle
16. j}{Jrs thoracica 111i. tm/Jezii - thoracic part of trapezius muscle
17. 111. s11praspi11at11s - supraspinatus muscle
18. 111. i11fms/Ji11at11s - infraspinatus muscle
19. 111. bosih11111eralis (111. liw1s1•ersoscap11laris) - basi­
humeral muscle (transversoscapular muscle)
20. 11. s11praclm•icularis - supraclavicular nerve
21. 111. r/111111boide11s cen•icis � cervical rhomboid
muscle
22. 11. accessorius - accessory nerve
23. 1111. cen•ica/es II et Ill - second and third cervical nerves
24. s/Ji110 scajmlae - spine of scapula
25. origo 111i. tra/Jezii - origin of trapezius muscle
26. JH1rs scajmlaris 111i. deltoidei - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
27. Jmicesws s11/Jra//(/111at11s - suprahamatus process
28. /JmJ clm•irnlaris 111i. deltoidei - clavicular part of
deltoid muscle
29. m. 0111otmns1·ersari11S (111. /e1•ator scapulae major) omotransverse muscle (major levator muscle
of scapula)
30. articulatio h11111eri - humeral articulation
31. ckt1'ic11/a - clavicle
211