Writing
the extended
The structure
of the essay is very important.
use of the evidence
are six required
given
in the "Presentation"
is not necessarily
It helps
students
to organize
the argument,
making
the best
collected.
There
Six required
essay
elements
the order
elements
of the final
work
section.
Please note
in which
they
of the extended
to be submitted.
that the order
should
More
details
in which
these
about
each element
elements
are
are presented
here
be written.
essay:
l. Title page
2. Contents
page
3. Introduction
4. Body of the essay
5. Conclusion
6. References
and bibliography
Title
page
The title
page
the title
should
the subject
the following
information:
question
for which
if a world
word
only
of the essay
the research
into;
include
the essay is registered
studies
(if it is a language
essay also state the theme
essay also state which
and the two
subjects
category
it falls
utilized)
count.
If footnotes
coversheet
have been
should
explanatory
used for anything
include
the footnotes,
other
than
with
referencing,
an explicit
statement
headers.
count
stated
that the stated
on the
word
count
includes
footnotes.
An important
Please note that
the word
name
This is because
of the student
the work
or the school
is assessed
should
note:
not appear
on the title
page
or on any page
anonymously.
The title
The title of your
reader
essay should
an indication
of your
be a clear, focused
research
topic.
It should
Title
not
statement
be phrased
Research
Negative
policy
summative
externalities
on cigarette
of consumption:
packaging
Australian
research,
as a research
which
gives the
question.
question
How effective
cigarette
of your
has the Australian
packaging
been
policy
in reducing
of plain
the negative
79
aEE'EE'.F'
Research
Title
question
externalities
associated
cigarettes
Commodification
study
of social
body
with
and the body-an
representations
relation
to organ
about
ethnographic
To what
extent
the human
attitude
from
hegemonic
of evil as a motivating
force
How
in
drama
The feasibility
of wireless
networking
in a city-wide
of
towards
the negative
organ
donation
the demands
model?
as
of the
The case of organ
in Argentina.
effectively
does Christopher
his view
of evil in DrFaustus?
To what
extent
alternative
context
towards
medical
donation
An exploration
the consumption
can we interpret
laymen
an act of resistance
donation
with
in X?
is wireless
to cabled
Marlowe
networking
networking
present
a feasible
within
a whole-
city context?
Contents
page
A contents
page
must
be provided
numbered.
Please note that
at the beginning
an index
page
of the extended
is not required
essay and all pages
and ifincluded
should
be
treated as if it is not
will be
present.
Introduction
The introduction
the reader
should
the focus
students
to finalize
to expect
should
in particular
should
an indication
make
clear to
of the sources
to be
to be taken.
have a sense of the direction
once the body
in the essay. The introduction
of the research,
into the line of argument
the introduction
Body
what
of the essay, the scope
used, and an insight
While
tell the reader
and key focus
of their
essay, it is sometimes
advisable
of the essay is complete.
of the essay (research,
analysis,
discussion
and
evaluation)
The main
task is writing
argument.
The form
the body
of this varies
be clear to the reader
and how
main
it supports
body
to keep
on track).
what
compromised
the subject
evidence
In some
In structuring
their
in which
their
to expect)
and the conclusion
and any questions
that
that
is important
The examiner
will
not
discovered,
for example,
to understand
essay, students
develops
it has been
the sciences,
sub-headings
must
to finalize
says what
resolved).
to the argument
must
across the assessment
of a reasoned
it should
discovered
within
the
(and will also help the student
take into
consideration
the expected
essay is registered.
it is possible
(which
in the form
where/how
the argument
have not been
read notes
be presented
of the essay but as the argument
subjects,
extended
of the essay is complete,
should
has been
extended
body
Any information
endnotes.
relevant
the argument.
of the subject
Once the main
limitations
what
with
of the essay will help the reader
conventions
reader
of the essay, which
or appendices,
not
has been
the introduction
achieved,
be included
including
in appendices
so an essay that
(which
tells the
notes
of any
or footnotes/
is not complete
in itself will
be
criteria.
80
Conclusion
The conclusion
have not been
findings,
relate
says what
resolved.
it is important
question
and
Students
should
way they
are less likely
later stage.
While
use their
For more
achieved,
students
that there
to the research
References
has been
including
might
draw
is a fina(, summative
notes
of any limitations
conclusions
conclusion
throughout
and any questions
the essay based
that
on their
at the end. This conclusion(s)
must
posed.
bibliography
chosen
to forget
style of academic
to include
information
referencing
a citation.
as soon as they
It is also easier than
on this, refer to the guidelines
trying
start writing.
That
to add references
in the IB document
Effective
citing
at a
and
referencing.
Writing
sessions
81
the essay takes
in a meaningful
time
but if students
way they
should
have used their
be well
prepared
Researcher's
to develop
reflection
their
space and reflection
arguments.
Presentation
The extended
subject
essay should
from
it should
which
strive
font
page
the topic
to maintain
To help achieve
font,
supervisor,
look.
formally written research paper,
is suggested.
to on-screen
marking
or school
name
on the title
page,
page
headers,
appendices
or
not be more
than
10 MB. (Note
that the RPPF
is uploaded separately and is not part of
extended essay in the required format will help set the tone of the essay and will aid
the
for on-screen
page
The title
page
should
assessment
include
by examiners.
the:
of the essay
research
question
subject
for which
a world
studies
word
the essay is registered
(if it is a language
essay also state the theme
and the two
essay also state which
subjects
it falls into; if
category
utilized)
count.
Word
counts
The upper
limit
Please
note:
means
that
Given
academic
essay is a
file size of the essay.)
Title
title
the extended
style, appropriate to the
academic
pages
the file size must
Submitting
that
formatting
conducive
and formal
(mandatory)
acknowledgment
the overall
Given
a professional,
size and spacing
no candidate,
in a clear, correct
is drawn.
this, the following
numbering
readability
be written
is 4,000
Examiners
beyond
across
Supervisors
automatic
the word
nature
all criteria.
made
and students
limit
than
For example,
limit
beyond
recognition
more
4,000
the 4,000-word
of a cut-off
and should
Please refer to the following
words
criteria,
in criterion
will be treated
should
essays.
not to read or assess any material
of the assessment
the 4,000-word
evaluation
for all extended
are instructed
essays containing
the holistic
penalize
words
be aware
point
will be compromised
students
that
will
who
write
B, any knowledge
as if it were
limit
not present;
be treated
the e-upload
for assessment.
in excess of the word
across
and understanding
as if the point
of extended
Students
all assessment
in excess of the word
in criterion
should
limit
C, analysis,
criteria.
will self-
discussion
they
or
made.
essays will facilitate
that
This
demonstrated
had not been
ensure
limit.
the
remain
within
edit accordingly.
guidance
on what
content
should
be included
in the word
count.
82
e
Not included
in the word
The introduction
The contents
page
The main
Maps, charts,
diagrams,
Included
in the word
count
body
The conclusion
Tables
Quotations
Equations,
Footnotes
and/or
endnotes
that
are not references
formulas
count
annotated
illustrations
and calculations
Citations/references
numbered,
footnotes
(whether parenthetical,
or endnotes)
The bibliography
The Reflections
on pjanning
and progress
form
Headers
A note forstudents
Students
writing
writing
their
in Chinese, Korean
extended
andJapanese:
essay in Japanese,
Korean
should use the following
or Chinese
conversions.
Japanese:
Korean:
1 word
1 word
Chinese:
When
typing
characters
count
=
approximately
in Chinese,
and
work.
or Japanese
in the word
The word
A note aboutacknowledgments
contain
(upper
limit
8,000 characters)
page
no "identifiers",
student's
school
so it does
not contribute
word
count.
count
characters
processing
Students
should
(upperlimit
4,800
software
is likely to include
are asked to not
only take into
characters)
account
include
the number of
in the word
punctuation
the number
of characters
typed.
and dedications:
An acknowledgment/dedications
it must
characters
1.2 Chinese
Korean
punctuation
for assessed
2 Japanese
1 word
=
1 word
approximately
=
identifiable.
may be included
for example,
people
in the EE if this is important
should
not be detailed
An acknowledgment/dedications
to either
the word
count
neatness
are important,
page
to the student,
in any way that
is not a formal
makes
requirement
but
the
of the EE,
or assessment.
Illustrations
Presentation
and overall
well set out and used effectively.
labelled
and can be interpreted
Any labelling
significance
considered
83
should
contain
of the map, chart,
Graphs,
with
and it is essential
diagrams,
tables
that
illustrative
and maps are effective
material,
only
if they
ifincluded,
are clearly
ease.
the minimum
diagram
as part of the essay discussion
information
or illustration.
and thus
to ensure
It must
included
the examiner
understands
not include
commentary,
in the word
count.
the
as this will
be
is
All such material
acknowledged
made
The use of photographs
annotated
be advised
essay must be directly related to the text and
into the extended
appropriate.
and/or
should
discussion
is incorporated
where
are captioned
Students
that
and other
and are used to illustrate
to use illustrations
with
point made in the extended essay.
a specific
caution
is acceptableonly if they
images
use may detract from the
as excessive
They should only be used if they are relevant and appropriate to a point being
in the essay.
as part of the argument
of the essay.
Tables
The use of tables
must
should
be considered
not be used in an attempt
carefully
to circumvent
only really appropriate in certain subjects. Tables
and are
the word
limit.
Headers
Students
may wish to use the header
This may help
retain
Footnotes
Footnotes
this must
limit,
count
for referencing purposes and if this is the case will not be included
in the word
are advised
count.
to avoid
using
is contained
In order
in a footnote
to avoid
footnotes
confusion
or endnotes
and is not a reference,
or endnote
exceed the word
and unwittingly
than for referencing purposes
other
it is appropriate.
quotation
use of footnotes
is in a language
to be included
in the word
As footnotes
all information
in the main
An essay that
count
is for the placement
than
the language
are not an essential
with
of registration).
quotation
(where
the original
This use of footnotes
would
not need
direct
relevance
part of the extended
to the analysis,
essay students
discussion
must
and evaluation
take care to
of their
essay is
of it.
to evade
the word
limit
across the assessment
as they
of the original
count.
body
attempts
be compromised
the word
other
and endnotes
that
contained
will
may be used
of the essay. Ifinformation
be included
One appropriate
ensure
question, so that it appears on each page.
research
and endnotes
students
unless
for their
focus.
and endnotes
in the word
function
by including
criteria.
important
Please note that
material
footnotes
in footnotes
or endnotes
and endnotes
are added
to
are encountered.
Appendices
Appendices
are not an essential
information
contained
all information
in the main
with
body
within
direct
them,
relevance
of a questionnaire
an exemplar
of permission
category1
essay and examiners
in the assessment
to the analysis,
of it. Appendices
an exemplar
group1,
part of the extended
should
therefore
or interview
will not read them,
of the essay. Students
discussion
be avoided
must
and evaluation
except
or use any
take care to ensure
of their
in the following
that
essay is contained
instances:
questions
letters
essays: copies
of poems
or short
stories
(ofless
than
three
pages)
84
group
1, category
3 essays: excerpts
language
acquisition,
speeches,
etc
language
acquisition,
an external
mentor
newspapers,
category
1 and 2: excerpts
category
3: excerpts
letter,
raw data or statistical
from
where
tables
advertisements
from
or copies
one has been
for experimental
and transcripts
newspapers,
of poems
advertisements,
or short
stories
of speeches
of
transcripts
(less than 3 pages)
used
sciences
(this should
not include
any analysis or
conclusions).
Students
should
continuity
not continually
of the essay and examiners
Reliance
lrrespective
modelled
on external
of the subject,
on an academic
Examiners
will
examiners
in their
appendices,
though
the point
has not been
(critical
thinking),
depending
Specimen
must
85
not
materials
the
contained
being
made
be a complete
which
of independent
can exist and be understood
or accompanying
in an external
must
piece
material
source
be contained
when
research,
on its own,
without
such as DVDs.
assessing
an essay. Material
in the essay itself to be considered
by
of it.
As with
Specimen
paper,
links, such as hyperlinks,
assessment
as this may disrupt
to refer to them.
essay should
journal/research
to the argument
in an appendix
resources
not access any material
is pertinent
presented
are not required
the extended
the need to access external
that
refer to material
ifinformation
central
made
to the argument
and as such could
on the quality
of the other
is included
affect
different
in the external
criteria,
link, it is treated
for example,
criterion
as
C
analyses.
materials
used in, or produced
be submitted.
Photographic
by, investigations
evidence
do not form
may be submitted
part of the extended
in place
of such material.
essay and
Academic
integrity
Research
practices
when
working
on an extended
integrity.
The essay must
provide
the reader
of view
through
bibliography,
accurate
which,
Producing
accurate
part ofthe
extended
regardless
the sources
used.
be treated
as a potential
For further
information,
may be in-text
this
listed in the
and full references
the minimum requirements.
ensure
is a skill that
ideas and points
of quotations,
or footnotes,
used, must
and it shows
requirement
breach
sources
students
should
be seeking
to refine as
Documenting the research in this way is vital: it allows readers
process.
for themselves,
with
the precise
and a bibliography
essay writing
the evidence
to comply
which
with
of the system
references
to evaluate
Failure
citations,
reflect the principles of academic
essay must
will
the student's
be viewed
understanding
as academic
importance of
of the
misconduct
therefore,
and will,
of IB regulations.
see Academic
integrity
citrng and referencing.
and Effective
Bibliography
A bibliography
not cited
is an alphabetical
in the body
the introduction
list of every
of the essay but were
source
used to research
important
or in an acknowledgment.
in informing
The bibliography
and write
the approach
must
that are
the essay. Sources
taken
list only those
should
sources
cited in
be
cited.
Citations
A citation
citation
is a shorthand
method
or footnote/endnote.
A citation
source
How sources
numbers
should
of direct
again,
provides
normally
quotations.
it is important
a reference
This must then
bibliography.
easily.
of making
the reader
are cited
be given
For some
varies
when
be linked
with
with
in the body
to the full reference
accurate
references
the particular
referencing
printed
material
that
there
must
be consistency
as an in-text
at the end of the essay in the
so that
referencing
styles this will also be in the citation,
to emphasize
of an essay, either
he or she can locate
style that
has been
and this is especially
in others
the
chosen.
so in the case
in the full reference.
of method
when
citing
Page
Once
sources.
Referencing
A reference
is a way ofindicating
A reference
provides
because
they
data that
References
must
from
different
many
all the information
acknowledge
has been
to the reader,
needed
the sources
in an orderly
to find
form,
the source
used, and enable
the reader
where
information
material.
has been
References
to consult
must
the work
obtained.
be cited
and verify
the
presented.
be given
whenever
sources,
someone
including
books,
else's work
is quoted
magazines,
journals,
or summarized.
newspapers,
References
emails,
can come
internet
sites and
interviews.
There
are a number
appropriate
in some
the student
decide
of different
academic
styles available
disciplines
for use when
but not others.
on a style for the particular
subject
writing
research
The supervisor
papers;
or school
of the essay. It is important
most
librarian
are
should
to remember
help
that
86