WEEK 2
TOPIC 2: EKISTICS
Ekistics, the Science of Human Settlements
“Ekistics starts with the premise that human settlements are susceptible of systematic investigation”. Constantinos A. Doxiadis
PRINCIPLES:
1
Maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements of nature, with other people, and with the works of man.
2
Minimization of the effort required for the achievement of man's actual and potential contacts
3
Optimization of man's protective space
4
Optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his environment, and networks
5
Man organizes his settlements in an attempt to achieve an optimum synthesis of the other four principles
EKISTIC UNITS: (4 BASIC GROUPS)
1.
Minor shells or elementary
uits
Man (Anthropos), room, house
2.
Micro settlements
units smaller than, or as small as, traditional town where people achieve
interconnection by walking (housegroup, small neighborhood)
3.
Meso settlements
between traditional town & conurbation whereone commute daily (small polis, small
metropolis, small eperopolis)
4.
Macro settlements
whose largest expression is the Ecumenopolis
EKISTIC UNITS:
1.
Metropolis
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A large city and its suburbs consisting of multiple cities and towns having 1
to 10 million people
Example: Tokyo, Japan
2.
Conurbation
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A group of large cities & their suburbs, consisting of 3 to 10 million people.
Also called urban agglomeration
Example: Guangzhou, China
3.
Megalopolis
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A group of conurbation consisting of more than 10 million people each
Example: Washington, Maryland, Philadelphia, New York City, Boston
4.
Ecumenopolis
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The entire area of the Earth taken up by human settlements
EKISTIC ELEMENTS:
BY FACTORS AND DISCIPLINES
1.
Nature
1.
2.
Anthropos
2. Social Sciences
3.
Society
3. Political sciences and Administration
4.
Shells
4. Technical Disciplines
5.
Economics
Cultural Disciplines
TOPIC 3: Concepts, theories in Urban and Regional Planning
CONCEPT
1.
PROPONENT /
PICTURE
Grid Model /
Hippodamian
Model
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Howard’s
Garden
By Ebenezer Howard
(1898)
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3.
Geddian Trio
Concept
By Patrick Geddes
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4.
City of
Tomorrow
Concept
By Le Corbusier/
Charles Eduard
Jeanneret
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5.
Broad Acre
City By Frank
Lloyd Wright
Concept
By Frank Lloyd
Wright
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Proposes that the center of the city contains the Agora (market place of
goods, ideas, services)
The plan can be laid out uniformly over any kind of terrain since it is
based on angles and measurements
Grid pattern is mathematical and therefore rational
Grid pattern promotes uncomplicated navigation/movement around the
city
Model for this theory is the city of Priene/Piraeus
Brought about the garden city movement
Inspired planned industrial parks studies/prototypes
Characterized by town-country interactions with the working class
having options of either working in crowded polluted cities or large
openspaced farms
Limits town distances to 7km
Limits population growth in urban centers
Characterized by having greenbelts
The first garden city where Howard gardens approaches were applied
was Letchworth in England
Promotes the integration of “folk”, “work” and place, where the people
and their need to reside where their work is accessible
Planning approach promotes evaluation and analysis of current
situation prior to any planning process
Sound plan is a prerequisite to any new development
Development continues and must take into account future trends
“Environment acts, through function upon the organism, and
conversely, the organism acts through function, upon the environment”
– Cities in Evolution
Concept was applied in planning for Tel Aviv, 1925-1929
A concept of regional planning was considered essential in planning for
a community since elements from neighboring areas are likely to affect
its development
“Conurbation” or urban agglomeration was the term used for the
integration of neighboring cities into a single urban sprawl as a result of
advancement in technology and communication.
This concept operates on the assumption that if given a choice, people
would rather live in suburbs than in crowded places
Concept proposes that CBDs should mainly be devoted to skyscrapers
for business and commerce and must not exceed 5% of the city
95% of the city must be devoted to residential and green open spaces
Residential buildings require greenbelt setbacks, and settled on
organic/zigzag-shape blocks
Roads were proposed to be stratified, from vehicle-priority to pedestrian
priority
Le Corbusier’s planning principles were earlier crystalized on his work
“the Athens Charter”
Concept was generally viewed as part of the Functionalism movement
that brought about the “international” style of the 20th century
Promoted a suburban urban setting that was to depend heavily on
automobile for mobility
A limited number of people may occupy a small residential zone around
a transit hub but majority can have residences on manicured lawn lots
due to advancement in communication technology
Promoted a suburban urban setting that was to depend heavily on
automobile for mobility
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Neighborhoo
d Unit
Concept
By Clarence Perry
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7.
Radburn Idea
Clarence Stein
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8.
Human
Settlement
Concept
By Constantinos A.
Doxiadis
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9. Linear City
Concept
Arturo Soria y Mata
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A limited number of people may occupy a small residential zone around
a transit hub but majority can have residences on manicured lawn lots
due to advancement in communication technology
A family requires 1-acre plot as both agrarian and picture-garden open
space
The image of Broad Acre city was an attempt to destroy the grimy,
crowded and blighted image of the American cities during the Great
Depression
The concept aimed at organizing the establishment of new residential
communities to suit the social, administrative and service requirement
of urban setting in a period of rapid industryelated growth
Concept promoted the neighborhood as the basic unit of the urban
residential tapestry
Concept promoted the integration of playground, neighborhood schools
and other neighborhood spaces in response concerns raised by
automobile-dominated streets
Arterial streets were identified in order to define the boundaries of a
neighborhood
Interior streets were stratified modified to be made more safe for
pedestrian use
10% of the neighborhood was devoted to open-space facilities like
playground and parks
Commercial areas were located at the perimeter for better market
exposure while discouraging intrusion into neighborhood by outsiders
Formulated in response to growing vehiclerelated risks to pedestrians
during a period of increasing affordability of vehicles
Characterized by separation of road into strips of different users
Characterized by roads for specific users
Characterized by super blocks
Parks became the core of the neighborhood
Houses were turned around with backside facing the street and front
side facing the neighborhood park
Popularized the cul-de-sac
Concept covers regional city and regional planning and design
Elements interacting within the Human settlement framework include
man, nature, society, shell(shelter and other built-environment and
network)
Dynamics in urban areas are seen as energy mobilized by man
Concept included limitation of cities into fixed areas, separation of
vehicle and human traffic, and limitation to building heights
5 Principles
1. Man must always have contact with nature, other people and
his works & creation
2. It is necessary for a minimized effort for people to go about in
doing things
3. It is necessary for man to optimize his use of his protective
space and adjusts this based on how he keeps contact nature,
other people and work
4. It is necessary to optimize man’s relationship with his
environment (nature, society shelter/built-spaces and
networks)
5. Man organizes his environment
Urban planning approach for elongated population centers, largely
influenced by a transport line or major thoroughfare and geography
Zones are specialized and run parallel to each other
Zones or sectors are mainly for:
○ transport
○ agriculture
○ residents
○ production and communal enterprises (including institutions) ~
generally at road intersections
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10. Mile High City
Concept
By various
proponents
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○ buffer zone for highways
○ park zones
Growth means addition of sectors along the transport line and
elongation of the expanding sector
The linear city is meant to have utilities like electricity, communication
lines and transport
Example: Ciudad Lineal de Madrid
Problems brought by the industrial age to urban centers were
addressed by integrating an orchard and vegetable garden to detached
residence and having wider cities
Row -houses were introduced as well as single detached ones
Response to curb urban sprawl and encroachment of built-environment
into natural ecosystems
Requires advance structural and building utilities technologies
Espouses vertical communities to free certain urban areas for green
spaces
Promotes that communities with supporting facilities and utilities can be
contained in high-rise structures
Most design try to approximate a selfcontained biosphere to enable
sustainability; with own water cycling, food production, air purifying and
waste management facilities
Promotes multiple uses
May necessarily be over-dependent on mechanical transport system of
people and goods due to the multiple-elevation structures
TOPIC 4: URBAN GROWTH MODELS
MODEL
PROPONENT
1.
Ernest Burgess
(1920s),
urban
sociologist
Concentric Zone
Model
WEAKNESS
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2.
Sector Model
Homer Hoyt
(1939), land
economist
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Theory proposes that cities’
social groups are spatially
arranged in a series of
concentric rings
The size of each ring may
vary but the order remains
the same with the
central/core business
district (CBD) at the center
Based on Chicago
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Based on the proponent’s
study of Chicago and New
Castle
Proposes a model for the
internal structure of cities
Proposes that a wedge
arrangement is formed by
various sectors emanating
from a central business
district with radial transport
lines
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Theory is generally
applicable only to flatlands
where concentric
configuration can be
possible. Land value
likewise restrict growth of
certain sectors which may
prevent concentric trend
Theory is too American
where the lowest economic
class tend to converge near
city centers, while the upper
classes tend to stay far from
city pollution and where
residences are integrated
with lawns and other open
spaces
Applies to some towns only
Mainly based on early 20th
century models prior to the
advent of cardependent
communities
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3.
Multiple Nuclei
Model
Chauncy Harris
& Edward
Ullman (1945)
in their book
called “Nature of
Cities”
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Claims that low income
households tend to border
railroad tracks while
commercial establishments
grow along business
thoroughfares
Growth is highly influenced
by the transport system.
Expansion happens along
roads, rivers and train
routes
Theory claims that a city
grows from several points
and not a single business
district
As various and neighboring
communities and sectors
expand, they merge to form
a single urban area
Aside from commerce and
businesses, PORT,
EDUCATIONAL Institutions,
TRANSPORT HUBS and
even PARKS serve as
NODES
Theory operates on the
claim that people have
acquired greater mobility
due to the advent of cars
Based on San Francisco,
CA
Theory claims that certain
societies require highly
specialize facilities to
operate (i.e. communication
lines)
Certain sectors or activities
cluster because they benefit
from mutual association
Certain sectors or activities
repel each other thus they
cannot be adjacent to each
other
Certain sectors or activities
are possible only on
locations of affordable rent
or fees, otherwise its
profitability will decrease
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Increase in real-estate costs
near transport-hubs/stations
have actually moved low
income residents from
transport corridors, though
not necessarily away from
industries (though
affordability of mass
transport may allow some to
live away from industries or
other work-places)
Assumptions:
● There is a functional
communication network
accessed by many
Weakness:
● Zones and sectors have
levels of heterogeneity and
not necessarily
homogenous
● Theory has no
consideration of geographic
variations based on
assumption that land is
always flat
● Theory is generally too
American, or at least does
not represent oriental
situations
WEEK 4
TOPIC 6: BASIC PLANNING CONCEPTS DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND CITY PLANNING
Industrial Revolution
● Arnold Toynbee used the term “industrial Revolution” to describe Britain’s economic boom
● 1760 TO 1840 shift from agriculture to industry particularly manufacturing
● Rapid urbanization in London-people from the countryside migrated to the city
● The trend spread outside London to the other parts of Europe
Discoveries And Inventions
1.
James Watts
Improved steam engine
2.
Trevithick Stephenson
locomotive
3.
Fulton
Paddle steamer
4.
Swan and Edison
Light bulb
5.
Samuel Morse
telegraph
6.
Graham bell
telephone
7.
Faraday
First electric generator
8.
Gottlieb Daimler and Benz-
motorcycle and motorcar high speed combustion engines
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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shift from agricultural to manufacturing as seen in Europe, particularly in London from 1760 to 1840 and spread to
the United States
Marked the changes in production methods from manual to machine
FIRST WAVE
Many discoveries and innovations were introduced
New chemical manufacturing
Iron production
Mechanized factory system
Rise of trade and commerce
Invention of steam engine
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
● During the industrial Revolution people moved
from villages and towns to the cities where the
factories were located.
● movement of people to cities. Garbage filled the
overcrowded city streets, and disease spread.
● Squad urban environment during the Industrial
Revolution in London 1700th
Electrical telegram
SECOND WAVE
Steel making
Mass production
Assembly line
1. No proper hygene – result to high
incidence of death due to contagious
diseases – cholera, chicken pox,
measles,
2. Crowding
a. Presence of squatters in
abandoned buildings
b. Lack basic utilities
c. Lack of open spaces
3. Juvenile delinquency, labor malpractice,
child labor
PLANNED INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
Francis Cabot Lowell
● Invented first integrated textile mill
● Communities build around factories
● Rise of mill towns
● perfected the mill operations in Watham, Mass. And in 1816, a mill town was built in Harrisville, new Hampshire.
In 1822, he built another mill town in Lowell, Mass. In which he tapped the unused source of labor of the young
English farm girls who came to work in order to earn a dowry
TOWN - From 1863 to 1906, several planned industrial towns were built.
1. “Siedlungen
a. Krupp Fctories of
Essex Gremany
2. Pullman ill, 1879
3. Tony Garnier
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Was started as a town for factory workers
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4. Bournville
a. By Cadbury
Chocolate
company
b. 1889
c. Garden
community
Krupp family was engaged in the production of steel for the construction of
railway
Built the Krupp Housing for its loyal employees who will remain apolitical.
Include housing with parks, sporting ground, school.
Located around the steel works and mines
Gridiron street with long tenement blocks all parallel to one another
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designed an ideal industrial town where zoning was depicted in his early
plan.
In his design, he allotted specific activities in specific places like residential
be located in a plateau, valleys for factories, hospitals in high hills, and
cemeteries having fine vistas, smelting plants and mines be located at a
distance
In 1893, George Cadbury bought a land to be converted into a model
community for his factory workers .
He was concerned with the health and fitness of the workers-problem
during the industrial revolution
Model village included parks and open spaces -encourage walking, indoor
swimming and lake swimming
Sports facilities-football
Social areas-Clubhouses
In the 1900s, the Bournville Trust Fund provided schools, museum,
hospital, public baths
EFFECTS OF MACHINE IN URBAN DESIGN
The invention of machine in the 19th century had a effect on the urban form. Trains and automobiles make
travel easier and more convenient. Automobiles need wider paved street. Trains need station and tracts.
1. Don Soria y Mata
a. Linear City
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in the middle nineteenth century a Spanish
businessman created the first street car and telephone
system. In 1882, he suggested the idea of La ciudad
Lineal or the “Linear City” . The development of the city
should be set along linear utility systems supplying water,
communications and electricity.
2. Peter Kropotkin
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published a book called Fields, Factories and
Workshops or industry combined with agriculture with
manual work. He suggested the use of electricity to allow
town to be built anywhere. He advocated minimal
government intervention and maximum individual
self-sufficiency.
3. Edgar Chambless
a. Motopia
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an American architect who proposed acity with all
vehicles running on rooftops of continuous buildings. He
name the concept Motopia
4. Eugene Henard
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proposed building on stilts, traffic circles,
underpasses, and airplanes landing on rooftops
5. Antonio Sant’Elia
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italian futurist architect providing a frightening
vision during that time: an enormous metropolis implying
either vertical or horizontal circulation (use of above the
ground pedestrian walks/ connectors and vehicular
roads).
6. MEtabolism Group
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Japanese visionary architects who proposed
human habitat under water; cities with unique pyramidal
form.
•
Kishu kurukawa
CONSERVATIONIST AND PARK MOVEMENT
1. George Perkin Marsh
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2. Frederick Law Olmsted-saw
an American who saw the bad effects of
technology to the environment.
Founder of modern conservation movement.
His book on ecology and proper preservation of
land. He criticized the belief of super abundance
and emphasize the restoration of damaged lands.
He contributed to the knowledge of preservation
and park system
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the improper use of land and the labor damaging
the democracy. He saw the increase in population towards
the city. He was concerned with the moral disintegration of
the dwellers. He envisioned an urban park be located in
cities to let city dwellers enjoy nature. Other designers
followed Olmstead like Charles Ellart. George Kessler,
kansas City Park, Jen Jensen who designed the Chicago
Park.
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
Ebenezer Howard
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An English parliamentary stenographer envisioned the formation of workable, livable satellite towns
connected to a central city. He begun to discuss the ideal optimum size of towns and concluded with a cluster
concept: a central city of 58,000 people surrounded by smaller cities “Garden Cities” of 32,000 people
separated by permanent green spaces. Railroads and road linked the towns being self-sustained and
contained. The first Garden City started in 1902 the Letchworth planned by Barry Barker
1. Howard’s Garden
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2. New Town Concept
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Letchworth –first Garden City-Raymond Unwin
planner
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Welwyn Garden City and New Town-2 nd garden
city by Howard
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
Daniel Burnham
Limits town distances to 7km
Limits population growth in urban centers
Characterized by having greenbelts
improve the city through beautification would:
1. Eliminate social ills due to the effect of aesthetics, awareness of
civic loyalty and ,lessen crime
2. American cities be at par with European cities adopting European
style
3. Inviting city center attract investors and people to spend in the city
Chicago “The White City” was planned to host the World’s Columbian
Exposition of 1893 showcasing the concept of the “City Beautiful
Movement”.
Characteristics:
● Tree-lined avenues flanked with civic buildings in white and
neo-classical style
● Streets combined with grid and rotundas
● Water features and landscaped water fronts
● Parks and plazas
1890s-1910s
● The City Beautiful movement wanted to use the political and
economic structures to create cities that we beautiful spacious, and
orderly.
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The city needed to get away from the black soot of the coal and
become more clean and classical
CITY BEAUTIFUL IN THE PHILIPPINES
1.
DEPARTMENT OF Tourism – Copied from Washington D.C.
2.
POST OFFICE – American-style postal service,
I made plans for San Francisco, Manila, Chicago and other cities. His
concept was a city totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a
network of parks and cluster of local building
BROADACRE CITY
Frank Lloyd Wright
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followed Howard. He published “Broadacres” proposing every
family live on a acre of land, later realizing the difficulty of land supply, he
proposed a super high skyscraper the Mile High
CITY OF TOMORROW CONCEPT
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By Le Corbusier/Charles Eduard
Jeanneret
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NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT
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Louis Mumford, Clarence Stein, Henry
Wright and Alexander Bing.
This concept operates on the assumption that if given a choice,
people would rather live in suburbs than in crowded places.
Concept proposes that CBDs should mainly be devoted to
skyscapers for business and commerce must not exceed 5% of the
city
These people realized the peace meal developments on endless
gridiron tracts were wasteful and unnecessary. The common
practice of laying out block pattern streets long before the builder
arrived at the scene. They presented clustered community design
and interspersed of open built-up spaces. They emphasized the
neighborhood concept.
MODERN TIMES
Eliel Saarinen
Ludwig Hilbershanier-
The City”
- he proposed the
decentralization of large
cities.
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proposed that cities be laid
in relation to the prevailing
wind so as to prevent
smokes from factories to
penetrate into the cities.
Richard Neutra
Rush City Reformed”
- -which depicts a modern
city using modern
transportation system to
avoid congestion.
Le Corbusier
combined modern city form with
modern technology. He showed
how massive design problem could
be handled by large group of high
and low buildings: in effect brought
cubism to large scale architectural
composition for planning large
scale development.
WEEK 5
TOPIC: CONCEPTS OF LAND
CONCEPT OF LAND
Reversible Uses
cases when the inherent features and characteristics of the land have not been considerably altered
or modified such that the soil horizon, landform, and structure remain intact so that the land can be
reverted to its former use or original condition.
Irreversible Uses
when land is subject to applications which brought about changes, alteration or modifications so
much so that it preempts the original use or it is physically impossible to restore the land to its
previous state or condition.
Multiple Land Uses
combining different land uses, whether reversible or irreversible, in an orderly and desirable pattern
because:
1. Land is finite and supply is finite
2. Demand is ever increasing
3. Competition is there
4. Land can indeed have more than one use and uses can be combined in different ways.
Compatible and
Incompatible Land
Uses
a related concept of multiple uses of land is the compatibility of uses. Some land uses are innately
incompatible while others are completely compatible. Compatible uses can coexist harmoniously and
effectively in an orderly management
Highest and Best Use
of the Land
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The use of land which generates the maximum profit without negative consequences
especially on the environment
Land should be used in such a manner consistent with its natural qualities to maximize its
productivity and also adhere to the principles of sustainable development.
Simply put, it is utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both man and environment.
TOPIC: CHALLENGES AND ISSUES IN PLANNING
URBAN SPRAWL
1.
unplanned growth of cities due to the rapid
increase of population, migration, natural birth
Problems of urban sprawl
1. Loss of agricultural lands to urban use
2. Poor siting of residential and other land use
activities resulting to long distance travel
3. Urban blight/ decay
4. Poor/inefficient delivery of social services
2.
Land ownership
Private developers buy lands
● as a form of investment with future use of the property,
○ the shape and size are not according to the
direction of urban growth.
● as a property protected by Bill of Rights in the
Constitution.
○ “no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and
property without due process of law……
Encourage land speculation-buying land with the
hope the price will increase in the near future
3.
Sectoral Resource Management
Each sector does its own thing with its respective
resources
4.
Absence of a National Land use Policy/law to
establish integrated land use development direction
for the entire country
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Loss of prime agricultural land
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Inefficient land use and zoning, leniency in the
execution of laws pertaining to
reclassification/conversion of agricultural lands
The proposed National Land Use Act of 1978 (NLUA)
has undergone so many deliberations by Congress and
until now it has not been accepted as a law
This act will serve as an integrated institutional land use
set-up to come up with an integrated allocation and
management of land use activities for the entire country
Approaches to mitigate the issues/challenges related to land
use planning
1. Metropolitanization
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involving DENR and the local Government units
respectively
Underutilized/inefficient use of land
Especially tracts of urban vacant lands where
development is impossible due to its ownership
condition
METROPOLITAN AREAS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. Metro Manila
2. Metro Cebu
3. Metro BLIST (Baguio)
4. Metro Davao
5. Metro Iloilo
6. Metro CAMADA (Dagupan)
7. Metro Cagayan de Oro
8. Metro Naga
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Cities and municipalities that are dependent to the central
city results to less efficient due to the competing in the
delivery of social services. An integrated planning and
administration approach among cities and municipalities
for services not only to be attended /addressed with the
city/municipality but goes beyond to the adjacent/identified
integrated areas
2. The integrations of such services and areas will help each
city/municipality share the burden of management, regulation, use
of land under one identified metropolitan authority.
ADVANTAGES IN FORMING METROPOLITAN AREAS
● The
metropolitan
area
assumes
one
politicalgeographical body managed by an Authority
ex: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
● Identifying social goals, delivery of social services are
identified by the Authority
● Local government officials still maintain their powers
except for component cities
Areas where coordinated services are delivered/
managed by the Metropolitan Authority
Delivery of basic services like
1. Transport planning
2. Land use planning
1. Police and fire protection
2. Garbage disposal
3. Flood control
4. Sewage collection
5. Water supply
6. Electric power
7. Telecommunications
Approaches to mitigate the issues/challenges related to land use Planning
Urban Renewal
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Due to the presence of open spaces, mostly agricultural lands that are
available for land conversion, urban renewal in not fully used in improving
the conditions of urban areas
In order to check urban sprawl, decaying inner cities need to be revitalized.
Through “renovating” the older cities of urban blight, will attract investors,
provide citizens with healthy living environment that will help them be
productive and socially active
Incentives are given to private investors to locate their businesses in the
defined areas. The businesses will serve as catalyst for socio-economic
change of the area
Example: Taguig BGC
WEEK 6
TOPIC: FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANNING
What is planning?
Plan noun
● 1st : a physical representation of doing something.
● 2nd: method of doing something or orderly
arrangements of parts of an objective.
To Plan, planning and planner
● ‘to arrange parts of’
● ‘to realize the achievement of’
the making of an orderly sequence of action that will lead to
the achievement of a stated goal or goal
Gentrification
● the process whereby the character
of a poor urban area is changed by
wealthier people moving in,
improving housing, and attracting
new businesses, typically displacing
current inhabitants in the process.
Main Techniques
● Written statements
● Supplemented by statistical projections
● Mathematical representation
● Quantified evaluations and diagrams illustrating relationships between different parts of the plan
● Physical blueprints of object.
TYPES OF PLANNING
Architectural
Planning
a process o making a plan for architecture, and the documentation of written and graphic descriptions of the
architectural elements of a building project including sketches, drawings and details.
Comprehensive
Planning
●
used by land use planners to describe a process that determines community goals and aspirations in
terms of community development.
● It is a long-range planning and policy analysis through the preparation, maintenance and
administration of the Comprehensive Plan.
Comprehensive Planning Process:
1. Identifying issues
2. Stating goals
3. Collecting data
4. Preparing the plan
5. Creating preliminary plans
6. Evaluating alternatives
7. Adopting a plan
8. Implementing and monitoring the plan
Land Use Plan
branch of public policy which
encompasses various disciplines
which seek to order and regulate
the use of land efficiently and
ethically.
Land
use
planning
encompasses
the following disciplines:
Functions:
● most basic level land use planning is to involve zoning and
transport infrastructure planning.
● Land use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring
that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy
and population as well as to protect the environment.
●
●
●
●
●
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Architecture
Environmental planning
Landscape architecture
Regional Planning
Spatial planning
Sustainable Development
- Transportation Planning
- Urban design
- Urban planning
- Urban Renaissance
- Urban renewal
Social Planning
a process that helps communities
identify strengths and weaknesses
and determine ways to improve
the quality of life in the community.
Economic
Planning
process by which key economic decisions are made or influenced by central governments.
Financial
planning
●
●
●
Interactional process
● investigation, discussion, and agreement by a number of people
in the preparation and carrying out of a program
Function
● to improve conditions of needs in the community.
● involves the action of a formal political, legal, or recognized
voluntary body.
process of making a budget, a plan for spending and saving future income.
allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some
income for short-term and longterm savings.
also be an investment plan, which allocates savings to various assets or projects expected to produce
future income, such as a new business or product line, shares in an existing business, or real estate
Events Planning
●
●
process of planning a festival, ceremony, competition, party, or convention.
includes budgeting, establishing dates and alternate dates, selecting and reserving the event site,
acquiring permits, and coordinating transportation and parking.
Strategic
Planning
●
process of defining tactics, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this
strategy, including its capital and people.
Analysis techniques that can be used in strategic planning:
1. SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats )
2. PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis)
3. STEER analysis (Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory
factors)
4. EPISTEL (Environment, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Economic and Legal)
●
Regional
Planning
●
refers specifically to economic planning with a view to the development of regions which, for one
reason or another, are suffering serious economic problems, as demonstrated by indices such as high
unemployment or low incomes in relation t the rest of the nation.
Transportation
Planning
●
●
involved with the siting of transportation facilities (generally streets, highways, sidewalks, bike lanes
and public transport lines).
Transportation planning historically has followed the rational planning model of defining goals and
objectives, identifying problems, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and developing the
plan.
Classical
planning
Classical Planning
Geddesian process: survey-analysis-plan
● Patrick Geddes work of method, which became part of the standard sequence of planning
● Survey of the area as it was, followed by systematic analysis of the problem, followed by production of
the plan
Deficiencies of SURVEY-ANALYSIS-PLAN
● Linear approach. No point of checking if the goals and objectives are met
● plan in the singular, no preliminary, alternative plans to be evaluated against each other and the best
plan is selected
● The planning process ends in the implementation. Once implemented a plan or policy may turn out to
be ineffective or it may have undesirable effects which we have not foreseen.
Systems
Approach
Planning
1960s -two distinct planning theories emerged
1. Systems view’ of planning
● Theory of the object that town planning seeks to plan, namely. Environment, now seen as a
system of interconnected parts.
2. ‘Rational process’ view of planning
● Theory about the process of planning and, in particular, of planning as a rational process of
decision-making.
➔
➔
●
●
Both theories presumed a deep conception of planning and control which sociologist Patrick Geddes
System view of planning was described in highly abstract, technical and mathematical terms.
◆ General system theory is the idea of things as a systems.
◆ System is something composed of interconnected parts
● a complex whole
● parts are interconnected and so interdependent
As we think of living organism as systems, we can also view functioning human-made entities, such as cities and regions,
as systems.
Considering cities as a complex of system therefore planners needed to understand how cities work
■ Once cities viewed as inter-related systems of
activities and places , it follows that a change to
one part of the city will cause changes to some
other part
Norbert Wiener
●
FATHER OF
CYBERNETICS
●
●
Norbert Wiener developed the field of cybernetics, inspiring a generation of scientists to think of
computer technology as a means to extend human capabilities
proposed that the study of automatic control system was only part of much larger science of
cybernetics.
principle is also a key feature of life forms from the simplest plants to the most complex animals, which
change their actions in response to their environment.
TOPIC: INTRO TO LAND USE PLANNING
Land Use Planning
● Refers to a document embodying a set of policies accompanied by maps and similar illustrations , which represent the
community desired pattern of population distribution and a proposal for the future allocation of land to the various land-using
activities.
● Refers to the rational and judicious approach of allocating available land resources to different land using activities and for
different functions consistent with the overall development vision/goal of a particular city.
Land Use
● Refers to the manner of utilization of land, including its allocation, development and management.
Objectives
● To promote efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of land ensure the highest and best use of land
● To direct, harmonize and influence discussions and activities of the private and public sectors relative to the use and
management of lands
● To reconcile land use conflicts and proposals between and among individuals, private and government entities relative to the
present and future need for the land
● To promote desirable patterns of land uses to prevent wasteful development and minimize the cost of public infrastructure and
utilities and other social services
● To preserve areas of ecological, aesthetic, historical and cultural significance
Classifications of Urban Land Use
A.
RESIDENTIAL
It is where people live. The type of housing in an area is based on residential density, defined
by the number of housing units in a unit of land
● low-density - single family homes, semi-detached homes, and duplexes
● medium-density - town houses, low-rise apartments
● high-density - high-rise apartments
Typical Types of Residential Communities
● Subdivision
● Apartments
● Condominium
● Socialized/Economic Housing
B.
COMMERCIAL
land that is set aside for commercial activities includes any land use that is used for buying,
selling, or trading goods and services
category includes all types of wholesale, retail and service activities serving areas larger than
neighborhoods
Commercial Areas
Central Business District (CBD)
1. Major CBD
● shopping, service area with largest dept. and variety stores, specialty
shops, business and professional services, hotels, theaters, etc.
2. Minor CBD
● market as main feature (types: wholesale market, wet and dry market);
residential-commercial or mixed-use development.
● Commercial Strip - extension of CBD
● Neighborhood center - local sources or staple and convenience goods
and services: built around supermarket with convenience stores; population
served: 7,500-20,000.
Types of Commercial Centers
● Major CBD
● Commercial Strips
● Minor CBD
● Neighborhood Centers
C. INSTITUTIONAL
Land that covers the major public and semipublic uses like educational, cultural, religious,
health, protective and government services.
● It is occupied by schools, hospitals, government offices, and places of worship.
D. INDUSTRIAL
Land that is used for industry businesses; Factories, warehouses, power plants, or places of
resource extraction (like mines).
● It includes manufacturing, refining, fabricating, assembly, storage, parking and other
incidental uses including food processing, cottage industry, sawmills, rice mills, steel
mills, chemical processing
E. TRANSPORTATION
Land that is used for moving people and goods from one place to another.
● Includes: sidewalks, roads, highways, subways, streetcars, railroad tracks, freight
yards, airports, marinas and any other land that is used for transportation.
F. OPEN SPACE
●
●
●
G. UTILITIES AND FACILITIES
Land Classification
●
●
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●
Land Reclassification
●
●
Land that is now vacant, or left in a natural state (like a woodlot), or land that is for
recreational use (parks, playgrounds, community centres)
Parks/Playgrounds and other Recreational Areas the space requirement may be
computed with the use of space standards based on population or area of the
municipality or city
so called “non-functional open spaces” and includes lands reserved for greenbelts
and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved for specific or functional
purposes.
Utilities like clean water distribution and waste water collection
Solid waste management
Communications utilities
involves the assessment of unclassified lands under the public domain which include
surveying, classifying, studying and mapping areas into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral
and national parks;
National government/DENR; congress delineates limits of forestlands and national parks.
subsequent classification, allocation and disposition of lands of the public domain, classified
as alienable and disposable into specific uses;
National Government/DENR in coordination with LGUs.
Land Sub-classification
●
●
is the act of determining and assigning the uses of classified public lands;
National government/DENR
Zoning
is the legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial jurisdictions of cities and
municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their regulation, subject to the limitations imposed
by law or competent authority;
Land Use Conversion
is the act of putting a piece or parcel of land into a type of use other than that for which it is currently
being utilized
WEEK 7
TOPIC: LAND USE PROCESS
HLURB GUIDELINES
HLURB GUIDELINES (HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD)
STEP 1:
Organize
● assemble the
personnel
●
●
STEP 2:
IDENTIFY
STAKEHOLDERS
●
Steps:
1.
2.
3.
SB – sangguniang Bayan- city council
SP - sanggunian Panlalawigan Provincial Council
Recognize and engage participants who can play an active role in the planning process
Identify stakeholders by key planning and development sectors or coverage
Prepare an action plan for approaching and involving each person or group
Develop and implement an Information and Education Campaign (IEC) plan
Outputs:
1. List of interest groups or individuals for identified key CLUP outcome or result areas and
objectives
2. Action plan with strategies for approaching and involving stakeholders
3. Information and Education Plan
STEP 3:
SET THE VISION
●
Define the future you want. The vision shall serve as the driving force that will move the entire
city or municipality towards the achievement of a common development direction and also guide
the succeeding stages of the planning process
Steps:
1. Review the vision, goals and objectives of the existing CLUP
2. Formulate the vision statement
3. Present the refined version statement of the Local Development Council for endorsement to the
Sangguniang Panlungsod/ Bayan for subsequent adoption
4. Adopt the vision
5. Disseminate the adopted vision to the general public.
Outputs:
1. Existing vision reaffirmed, revalidated or revised
2. Vision statement formulated and agreed upon
3. Feedback from Local Development Council
4. Adopted vision by Sangguniang Panlungsod/ Bayan
5. Official vision statement disseminated
STEP 4:
ANALYZE THE
SITUATION
STEP 5:
SET THE GOALS
AND OBJECTIVES
●
Identify the issues, potentials and future development needs and spatial requirements of the city/
municipality. Assess the situation using both technical and participatory methods.
Steps:
1. Review current CLUP, PPFP and relevant national and sub- national plans
2. Update situation analysis and conduct new assessments
3. Validate new findings with stakeholders
4. Determine the current and projected needs
5. Determine land supply.
Outputs:
1. . Review of accomplishments of current CLUP based on key result areas.
2. Refinement of baseline data based on stakeholder feedback
3. Current and projected needs per sector
4. Land supply for development
●
Formulate achievable goals and objectives, outcomes and output indicators that are responsive
to the issues, needs and potentials of the municipality/ city.
Steps:
1.
Review the vision statement and the major problems and opportunities identified in the situation
analysis
2. Formulate the general goals and objectives
3. Identify the key outcome and output indicators
4. Validate and adopt the identified development goals, objectives and key outcomes at the city/
municipality and community level
Outputs:
1. Analysis of vision, major problems, issues and potentials
2. General goals and objectives (multi-sectoral)
3. Key outcome and output indicators
4. Validates goals and objectives and outcome and output indicators
Sample Outcome and Output Indicators for Sustainable Environment
STEP 6: ESTABLISH
DEVELOPMENT
THRUST AND
SPATIAL
STRATEGIES
● Translate the vision and situation analysis into a desired physical form
Steps:
1. Generate and evaluate the options for strategic development thrust
2. Formulate development strategies to pursue the preferred development thrust
3. Evaluate and select the most suitable development and spatial strategies
4. Prepare the Structure Plan based on spatial strategies
Outputs:
1. Preferred development thrust Development strategies for the preferred development thrust
2. Preferred development and spatial strategies
3.
Structure plan to provide the overall framework of the CLUP (schematic diagram with short
narratives
TYPES OF BUFFER IN PRODUCTION AREAS
● Agriculture and Forestland/Timberland Buffer Areas
Residential Planned Development with Open Space Buffer
● Industrial/Residential Buffer Areas
Urban/ Suburban Residential with Rural Residential Buffer
These buffer areas are required to separate residential land uses from designated business park/
industrial areas where noise from vehicles and equipment, the use of hazardous materials in
manufacturing process, truck traffic, and otherwise heavy traffic volumes would be incompatible with
nearby residential uses.
● Sensitive Habitat Buffers
Buffer areas may be required o separate pockets of sensitive habitat areas such as steam/creeks or river
corridors, wetlands, sensitive species habitats and urban greenery/open spaces, from any type of urban
development that is inside identified production and multiple land uses
● Public Facility Buffers
These buffer areas are required to protect the long- term viability of critical public facilities such as solid
waste transfer and disposal sites, sewage treatment plants, and airports that may be significant nuisance
characteristics.
Public facility buffer areas are intended to separate residential, commercial and other land uses
continuously or frequently occupied by people from the uses stated above.
Growth Pattern Options
● The local government units may select or decide on any of the spatial development concepts or
combination thereof that will put emphasis or underscore the identified development thrusts and
the corresponding spatial strategy.
Option 1: Multi-Nodal Urban Form
Option 2: Concentric Urban Form
The multi-nodal from redirects development away
from the urban core or the city center towards
identified urban growth areas to nodes.
● It approximates Lynch's Galaxy form
characterized by clusters of development
with each cluster having its own
specialization.
● The major center provides specialized
facilities and provides to its nodes and
acts as its external linkage to the other
centers of the city or municipality. The
nodes support the major center as its
captive
market
while,
providing
The concentric urban form reflects an outward
expansion of urban development from the city
center or core induced by construction of new
circumferential and radial roads. This spatial
pattern matches the Core City of Kevin Lynch
which has the unique characteristic of
concentrating development into one continuous
body originating from the center or core.
●
●
STEP 7:
PREPARE THE LAND
USE PLAN
neighborhood facilities and services to its
area of influence.
Under this urban form, a number of
additional mixed-use growth areas will
be developed outside the Poblacion area
or the existing center of development.
It shows a development channel fanning
out from a given center where points of
activities are interconnected by radial
and circumferential road systems which
are potential development corridors.
• Translate the vision, goals and objectives, development thrust, and spatial strategies into a land use
plan.
Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
Outputs
Determine land requirements and supply
Design the basic land use scheme
Formulate the policies that will govern
the specific land and water uses
Identify the key strategic programs and
projects to support implementation of
Land Use Plan
1. Total Sectoral land requirement. Strategies for
addressing land requirements
2. Proposed Land Use Map Tabulation of existing
and proposed uses. Proposed network of major
and secondary roads
3. Land and water use policies
4. General listing of consolidated programs and
a. projects.
7.1.1 If the supply is adequate for the quantified needs and requirements, determine if modifications or
adjustments are necessary.
7.1.2 If the demand is lower than the supply, the planner/s may decide on the appropriate uses) of the
remaining land supply to ensure the achievement of the development thrust.
STEP 8:
DRAFT THE
ORDINANCE
●
Translate the Land Use Plan into an integrated Zoning Ordinance (ZO) and complementary
ordinance
Steps:
8.1 Define the title and purpose of the integrated Zoning Ordinance
8.2 Designate specific zones in the city based on the CLUP
8.3 Identify and agree on regulations for each zone or district
8.4 Identify areas where Co-Management Agreement and Inter-LGU cooperation and coordination as well
as Indigenous Political System can apply
8.5 Determine any innovative techniques or designs; miscellaneous provisions and mitigating measures to
include variance and exception provision
8.6 Identify or define provisions to administer and enforce ZO.
8.7 Formulate other key provisions of the ZO.
INNOVATIVE LAND USE AND URBAN DESIGN RULES
1. Pedestrian Oriented Development Overlay Zones - are planning tools that provide better
pedestrian access to commercial and residential areas and transit stops through compact
development, mixed- use, traffic calming and pedestrian-transit orientation.
2. Transit Oriented Development Overlay Zones - are planning tools that concentrate commercial
and residential growth around transit centers to maximize access to public transit.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Urban Growth Boundaries- are planning tools that promote more efficient, orderly and compact
development while preserving community character and natural resources, and stimulating
community and economic development.
Infill Development Overlays - are planning tools for the redevelopment of underutilized land
bypassed by continuous development.
Mixed-use Zones - provides greater housing variety, density and reduce travel distances, and
serve a variety of functions which are essential for vibrant urban areas. This concept is often
used with Pedestrian and Transport Orientation, Urban Growth Boundaries and Infill
Development.
● The city of Makati has designated residential zones, all commercial zones and all
institutional zones for mixed use in its Land Use Plan.
Transition Zoning - defines special regulations that can only apply to boundaries between
incompatible uses or developments that can help connect two very different zones.
Design Standards and Neighborhood Compatibility - are urban design rules tat control the
appearance of buildings to establish a district and coherent character for a place.
Façade Zones - are urban design rules that focus on the control of publicly accessible parts of
the building such as storefronts or facades instead of controlling the design of the entire building.
Setbacks, Open Spaces and Yards
Driveway With and Curb Cuts
Building Height
Floor Area Ratios - as opposed to height regulations can regulate both the density and height of
buildings in a given area, allowing the developer some leeway in the distribution of the floor area
and the form of the building
Transfer of Development Rights - zoning technique that can redirect future development
potential from one location to another in a way that it is fair and equitable to the involved property
owners.
Preservation - can allow controlled development while retaining desirable environmental site
features such as natural topography, hydrology, biodiversity, as well as erosion and
sedimentation control and views.
Urban Envelopes - are three-dimensional boundaries that can set the maximum developable
volume by setting a fixed height and clear boundaries for development.
Affordable Housing Agreements - Certain percentage of development for affordable housing
keeping communities diverse and affordable.
Adopt a neighborhood - allow private organizations to display discrete advertising in an area as
long as they attend to the maintenance, cleaning and other neighborhood revitalization projects.
STEP 9: CONDUCT
PUBLIC HEARING/
CONSULTATION
STEP 10: REVIEW,
ADOPT AND
APPROVE THE CLUP
AND ZO
STEP 11:
IMPLEMENT THE
CLUP AND ZO
ORDINANCE
• Conduct a comprehensive review, adoption and approval/ ratification of the CLUP/ ZO.
●
Set prerequisite measures to realistically implement the CLUP and ZO
STEP 12: MONITOR
AND EVALUATE
• Assess how fully and effectively the plan is being carried out and implemented
TOPIC: LAND USE PLANNING INSITUTIONAL SET-UP
Highly urbanized cities
a minimum population of (200,000 inhabitants, as certified by the National Statistics Office, the latest
annual income of at least P50,000,000.00 based on 1991 constant prices, as certified by the city
treasurer per Section 452 of Republic Act 7160).
Independent Component
Cities
cities whose charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials. Independent
component cities shall be independent of the province. Cities include Dagupan City, Ormoc City,
Santiago City, Naga City, and Cotabato City.
Component Cities
are cities which do not meet the above requirements shall be considered component cities of the
province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located within the boundaries
of 2 or more provinces, such city shall be considered a component of the province of which it used to
be a municipality. Examples of component cities are Laoag City, Tuguegarao City, Tarlac City, Batangas
City, Legazpi City, and Roxas City.
PROP0SED NATIONAL LAND USE
ACT OF 1978 - proposed law creates a
national land-use authority that will draft
and oversee a national land-use plan
that will classify land according to use:
protection (for conservation), production
(for agriculture and fisheries),
settlements development (for residential
purposes), and infrastructure
development
LAND USE POLICIES/LAWS
1.
local Government Code
(LGC) 0f 1991
●
●
●
2.
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
HOUSING ACT (UDHA)
1992
●
●
●
3.
NIPAS NATIONAL
INTEGRATED
PROTECTION AREA
SYSTEM (1992)
●
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Adopt a comprehensive land use plan for the municipality: Provided, That the
formulation, adoption, or modification of said plan shall be in coordination with the
approved provincial comprehensive land use plan )
Reclassify land within the jurisdiction of the municipality, subject to the pertinent
provisions of this Code; (ix) Enact integrated zoning ordinances in consonance with
the approved comprehensive land use plan, subject to existing laws, rules and
regulations; established fire limits or zones, particularly in populous centers; and
regulate the construction, repair or modification of buildings within said fire limits or
zones in accordance with the provisions of this Code;
(x) Subject to national law, process and approve subdivision plans for
residential, commercial, or industrial purposes and other development
purposes, and collect processing fees and other charges the proceeds of which
shall accrue entirely to the municipality: Provided, however, That, where approval by
a national agency or office is required, said approval shall not be withheld for more
than thirty (30) days from receipt of the application. Failure to act on the application
within the period stated above shall be deemed as approval thereof
In coordination with the National Economic and Development Authority and the
National Statistics Office, provide data and information for forward-planning by the
local government units in their areas, particularly on projections as to the population
and development trends in their localities and the corresponding investment
programs needed to provide appropriate types and levels of infrastructure, utilities,
services and land use patterns; and
Assistance in obtaining funds and other resources needed in the urban development
and housing programs in their areas or responsibility.
The National Housing Authority, upon request of local government units, shall provide
technical and other forms of assistance in the implementation of their respective
urban development and housing programs with the objective of augmenting and
enhancing local government capabilities in the provision of housing benefits to their
constituents;
zoning plan in adjoining areas for the preservation and control of activities that may
threaten the ecological balance in the protected areas;
To cause the preparation of and exercise the power to review all plans and proposals
for the management of protected areas;
To promulgate rules and regulations necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act;
To deputize field officers and delegate any of his powers under this Act and other
laws to expedite its implementation and enforcement;
To fix and prescribe reasonable NIPAS fees to be collected from government
agencies or any person, firm or corporation deriving benefits from the protected
areas;
To exact administrative fees and fines as authorized in Section 21 for violation of
guidelines, rules and regulations of this Act as would endanger the viability of
protected areas; \
To enter into contracts and/or agreements with private entities or public agencies as
may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act;
To accept in the name of the Philippine Government and in behalf of NIPAS funds,
gifts or bequests of money for immediate disbursements or other property in the
interest of the NIPAS, its activities or its services;
To call on any agency or instrumentality of the Government as well as […]”
4. IPRA INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S
RIGHTS ACT 1997
ecological, environmental protection and the conservation measures, pursuant to national and
customary laws; the right to an informed and intelligent participation in the formulation and
implementation of any project, government or private, that will affect or impact upon the
ancestral domains and to receive just and fair compensation for any damages which they
sustain as a result of the project; and the right to effective measures by the government to
prevent any interfere with, alienation and encroachment upon these rights;
5. AFMA AGRICULTURE,
FISHERIES, MODERNIZATION
ACT 1997
the penalty as provided for under Republic Act No.7160 Section 13. Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Plan (AFMP). — The Department, in consultation with the farmers and fisher
folk, the private sector, NGOs, people's organizations and the appropriate government
agencies and offices, shall formulate and implement a medium- and long-term comprehensive
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan. The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization
Plan shall focus on five (5) major concerns: a. Food security; b. Poverty alleviation and social
equity; c. Income enhancement and profitability, especially for farmers and fisher folk; d.
Global competitiveness; and e. Sustainability.
WEEK 8
TRANSPORT PLANNING
ISSUES AND IMPERATIVES FOR INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING FOR METRO MANILA
A.
B.
C.
Urbanization Trend in Metro Manila
● High population growth rates and
in-migration
● 13 percent of the country’s population are
packed in only about 0.2 percent of the
country’s land area
● Metro Manila dominates the economy
accounting for 43.5 percent of the country’s
GDP in 2000
● The effect of rapid urbanization of the
metropolis spilled over the adjoining
municipalities
● Comprised of 17 cities and municipalities
DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
● Uncontrolled development that has
encouraged urban sprawl, or low density
development (residential) at the outer areas
● Proliferation of low-income households, i.e.
‘informal settlers’, in the inner city areas
INCREASING TRAVEL DEMAND
● Drastic increase in motorized trips in Metro
Manila
○ 10.6 million trips (1980)
○ 16.95 million trips (1996)
● Serious increase in car ownership
○ 10% (1980)
○ 20% (1996)
● Metro Manila Vehicle Registration
(1981=2005)
○ Metro Manila accounts for around
30% of all registered vehicles
○ Increase in number of Utility
Vehicles (UV) and Tricycles
● Traffic Accident Situation
○ Metro Manila accounts for one-third
of the country’s recorded number of
fatalities from road accidents in
2002
○
○
○
●
●
FORMAL
INFORMAL
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Generally medium to large size
Fewer ‘colorum’
Audited book keeping
Formal contracts for staff, minimum wages, training of
staff
Pays taxes on regular basis in accordance with audited
books
Regular schedules and on-board communications
Garage and provision for (regular) maintenance
Allow for depreciation in fleet and regular renewal
Management information systems to allow for financial
planning and management
About 25 percent to 40 percent of
all pedestrians killed or seriously
injured were under 15
This is bound to worsen with the
implementation of traffic
management schemes that favor
high speed and weaving
maneuvers and poor protection of
pedestrians crossing the streets
National cost of traffic accidents
had been estimated to constitute
2.6% of the Gross Domestic
Product of the Philippines in 2005.
Public Transport Trend
○ Increasing travel demand
○ Share of public transport is still high
but this may not be sustained in the
future
○ Low quality road-based public
transport services
○ Lack of integration between road
and rail-based transit services
Formal vs Informal Transport
Generally small to medium size, many owner operators
More ‘colorum’
No regular bookkeeping
Where staff is employed mostly on boundary system
Tax evasion or tax avoidance, bribing
Ad-hoc scheduling
Ad hoc or no repair facilitie
Stretch operational life beyond life –time
“Back of the envelope” calculations
PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING ISSUES
● Increasing travel demand
● Increasing demand for new paratransit modes e.g. FX
Taxi
● Increased preference for higher quality modes
● Increasing ownership and use of private modes,
namely car and motorcycle
● Low quality of road-based PT services – Oversupply
– Inadequacy in planning and operations
management
WEEK 8
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
• Transportation helps shape an area's economic health and
quality of life.
• Transportation is how people and goods get where they are
going.
• This can happen by car, truck, bus, foot, bicycle, railroad, or
airplane.
• It influences patterns of growth and economic activity by
providing access to land.
• Is the field involved with the sitting of Transportation facilities.
• Transportation planning plays a fundamental role in the state,
region or
community's vision for its future.
•It includes a comprehensive consideration of possible
strategies; an evaluation process that encompasses diverse
viewpoints; the collaborative participation of relevant
transportation-related agencies and organizations; and open,
timely, and meaningful public involvement.
TRANSPORATION PLANNING
PROCESS
Transportation planning includes a number of steps:
•Transportation planning is a
cooperative process designed to
foster involvement by all users of
the system, such as the business
community, community groups,
environmental organizations, the
traveling public, freight operators,
and the general public, through a
proactive public participation
process
• Monitoring existing conditions;
• Forecasting future population and employment growth, including assessing projected land
uses in the region and identifying major growth corridors;
• Identifying current and projected future transportation problems and needs and analyzing,
through detailed planning studies, various transportation improvement strategies to address
those needs;
• Developing long-range plans and short-range programs of alternative capital improvement
and operational strategies for moving people and goods;
• Estimating the impact of recommended future improvements to the transportation system on
environmental features, including air quality; and
• Developing a financial plan for securing
TRANSPORATION PLANNING PROCESS
1.
Goals &
Objectives
●
●
●
●
Reflect National, State and local values
Should be specific and quantifiable
Develop performance measures and evaluation criteria
Used in:
○ Identification of deficiencies
○ Evaluation of alternatives
○ Establishment of priorities
2.
Organization
●
●
●
●
●
No specific structure required
Forum for transportation decision making
Cooperative partnership among stakeholders
Establish regional priorities to achieve regional goals
Clearly defined rolls and responsibilities
3.
Technical Tools
●
●
●
●
Aid in data analysis and forecasting of future conditions
Help answer "What if" questions
Provide information to the decision makers
Examples
○ travel demand forecasting models
○
○
○
4.
Public & Other
Agency
Involvement
●
economic/land use forecasting models
pavement management system
air quality emissions models
●
●
●
Early and continuous opportunities for public input
○ average citizens
○ affected public agencies
○ private transportation providers
○ transportation agency employees
○ transportation disadvantaged
Keep public informed
Inform decision makers of public views
Demonstrate explicit consideration of public input
5.
Financial Plan
●
●
●
●
●
Assures that plan and program are in balance with revenues
Identifies what can be built with existing revenues
Identifies funding shortfall
Can include strategies to meet shortfall
Can include innovative funding options
6.
Data
●
●
●
Timely and accurate data is essential to the process
All of the technical tools rely on data
Examples
○ roadway inventory
○ traffic volumes
○ Population
○ Employment
○ travel surves
○ commodity flows
7.
Identify and
Analyze Issues
and Deficiencies
(Current & Future)
Issues:
● Physical Condition
● Functional Usage
● Maintain Existing vs System Expansion
Deficiencies(current and future):
● Capacity/Congestion
● Pavement Condition
● Safety
● Mobility
8.
Develop &
Evaluate
Alternatives
Establish Priorities
●
●
●
Develop Alternative Solutions
Evaluate Sets of Solutions
○ Consistent with Revenues
○ Using Goals and Objectives
Establish Preliminary Priorities
●
●
●
●
●
20 Year Horizon - Update every 3 to 5 years
"Best" long and short range improvements
from alternatives analyzed
Priorities consistent with Goals and Obiectives
Financially constrained in urbanized areas
10. Prepare & Adopt
S/TIP
●
●
●
●
Prioritized list of projects to be implemented over 3 years
Updated at least every 2 years
Projects must be consistent with the transportation plan
TIP/STIP must be financially constrained
11. Implement
●
●
●
Build projects in the plan and program
Operating agencies are responsible
Planning staffs track implementation
9.
Prepare and Adopt
LRP
WEEK 9
PHILIPPINES ENVIRONMENT LAWS
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9175
"Chain Saw Act of 2002"
AN ACT REGULATING THE OWNERSHIP, POSSESSION, SALE, IMPORTATION AND USE OF
CHAINSAWS, PENALIZING VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9168
Philippine Plant Variety
Protection Act of 2002
AN ACT TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO NEW PLANT VARIETIES, ESTABLISHING A
NATIONAL PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION BOARD AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147
Wildlife Resources
Conservation and
Protection Act
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE
RESOURCES AND THEIR HABITATS, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9072
National Caves and Cave
Resources Management and
Protection Act
AN ACT TO MANAGE AND PROTECT CAVES AND CAVE RESOURCES AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003
(ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000)
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,
CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES,
DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING
FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT
OF 1999
Pursuant to the provisions of Section 51 of Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the
"Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999," and by virtue of Executive Order No. 192, Series of 1987, the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources hereby adopts and promulgates rules and
regulations.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8550
Philippine Fisheries Code of
1998
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF
THE FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES, INTEGRATING ALL LAWS PERTINENT
THERETO, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8485
Animal Welfare Act of 1998
AN ACT TO PROMOTE ANIMAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS
"THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998".
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8435
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERIES MODERNIZATION
ACT OF 1997
An Act Prescribing Urgent Related Measures to Modernize the Agriculture and Fisheries Sectors
of the Country in Order to Enhance Their Profitability, and Prepare Said Sectors for the
Challenges of the Globalization Through an Adequate, Focused and Rational Delivery of
Necessary Support Services, Appropriating Funds Therefore and For Other Purposes.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371
The Indigenous Peoples Rights
Act of 1997
AN ACT TO RECOGNIZE, PROTECT AND PROMOTE THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES/INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, CREATING A NATIONAL COMMISSION
OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, ESTABLISHING IMPLEMENTING MECHANISMS,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8172
"An Act for Salt Iodization
Nationwide (ASIN)."
AN ACT PROMOTING SALT IODIZATION NATIONWIDE AND FOR RELATED PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8048
"Coconut Preservation Act of
1995“
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE REGULATION OF THE CUTTING OF COCONUT TREES, ITS
REPLENISHMENT, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8041
"National Water Crisis Act of
1995.“
AN ACT TO ADDRESS THE NATIONAL WATER CRISIS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Philippine Mining Act of 1995
Republic Act No. 7900
AN ACT TO PROMOTE THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION
OF HIGH-VALUED CROPS, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Amendment to the Agrarian
Reform Code
Republic Act No. 7907
AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED THIRTY-EIGHT HUNDRED FORTY-FOUR,
AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE "CODE OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
High-Value Crops Development
Act of 1995
Republic Act No. 7900
AN ACT TO PROMOTE THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION
OF HIGH-VALUED CROPS, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Republic Act No. 7586
"National Integrated Protected
Areas System Act of 1992
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF NATIONAL
INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM, DEFINING ITS SCOPE AND COVERAGE, AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Republic Act No. 7308
Seed Industry Development
Act of 1992
AN ACT TO PROMOTE AND DEVELOP THE SEED INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES AND
CREATE A NATIONAL SEED INDUSTRY COUNCIL AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Republic Act No. 7076
"People's Small-Scale Mining
Act of 1991"
AN ACT CREATING A PEOPLE'S SMALL-SCALE MINING PROGRAM AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.
Republic Act No. 3931
AN ACT CREATING THE NATIONAL WATER AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
National Water & Air Pollution
Control Commission Act
Republic Act No. 3571
Prohibition Against Cutting of
Trees in Public Roads, Plazas,
etc
AN ACT TO PROHIBIT THE CUTTING, DESTROYING OR INJURING OF PLANTED OR
GROWING TREES, FLOWERING PLANTS AND SHRUBS OR PLANTS OF SCENIC VALUE
ALONG PUBLIC ROADS, IN PLAZAS, PARKS, SCHOOL PREMISES OR IN ANY OTHER
PUBLIC GROUND.
Batas Pambansa Bilang 58
AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED FIFTY-FOUR HUNDRED AND
SEVENTY-FOUR, AS AMENDED BY REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-ONE HUNDRED AND
FORTY-FIVE (RE: PROHIBITING THE CATCHING, SELLING, OFFERING TO SELL,
PURCHASING ANY OF THE FISH SPECIES CALLED "GOBIIDAE" OR "IPON")
Presidential Decree No. 2001
Withdrawal of Lead in Gasoline
ESTABLISHING A PROGRAM TO GRADUALLY WITHDRAW THE USE OF TETRAETHYL LEAD
IN GASOLINE AND, AS SUBSTITUTE THEREFOR, TO USE ETHANOL.
Presidential Decree No. 1586
Environmental Impact
Statement System
ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM, INCLUDING OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RELATED MEASURES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Presidential Decree No. 1433
Plant Quarantine Law of 1978
PROMULGATING THE PLANT QUARANTINE LAW OF 1978, THEREBY REVISING AND
CONSOLIDATING EXISTING PLANT QUARANTINE LAWS TO FURTHER IMPROVE AND
STRENGTHEN THE PLANT QUARANTINE SERVICE OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY
Presidential Decree No. 1219
The Coral Resources
Development & Conservation
Decree
PROVIDING FOR THE EXPLORATION, EXPLOITATION, UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION
OF CORAL RESOURCES
Presidential Decree No. 1151
Philippine Environmental Policy
Presidential Decree No. 1152
Philippine Environment Code
prevent to the greatest extent practicable, injury and/or damage to plant and animal life and
property, and promote the social economic development of the country
Presidential Decree No. 1067
The Water Code of the
Philippines
A DECREE INSTITUTING A WATER CODE, THEREBY REVISING AND CONSOLIDATING THE
LAWS GOVERNING THE OWNERSHIP, APPROPRIATION, UTILIZATION, EXPLOITATION,
DEVELOPMENT, CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES.
Presidential Decree No. 984
National Pollution Control
Commission
PROVIDING FOR THE REVISION OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3931, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE
POLLUTION CONTROL LAW, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Presidential Decree No. 979
Marine Pollution Decree of
1976
PROVIDING FOR THE REVISION OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 600 GOVERNING
MARINE POLLUTION
Presidential Decree No. 825
Penalty for Improper Garbage
Disposal
PROVIDING PENALTY FOR IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF
UNCLEANLINESS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Presidential Decree No. 813
Amending Certain Sections of (R.A. 4850), Otherwise Known as the "Laguna Lake Development
Authority Act of 1966."
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.
704
Philippine Fisheries Code of
1975
REVISING AND CONSOLIDATING ALL LAWS AND DECREES AFFECTING FISHING AND
FISHERIES
Presidential Decree No. 274
Pertaining to the Preservation, Beautification, Improvement and Gainful Utilization of the Pasig
River, Providing for the Regulation and Control of Pollution of the River and Its Banks in Order to
Enhance Its Development, Thereby Maximizing Its Utilization for Socio-Economic Purposes.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 54
CREATING THE PASIG RIVER REHABILITATION COMMISSION
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 65
AMENDING EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 54, SERIES OF 1999
Act No. 4062
An Act to Reserve to the Philippine Legislature the Disposition of the Waters of the Public Domain
for the Utilization and Development of Hydraulic Power.
Act No. 4003
The Fisheries Act
AN ACT TO AMEND AND COMPILE THE LAWS RELATING TO FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC
RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Act No. 3983
An Act to Protect Wild Flowers and Plants in the Philippine Islands and to Prescribe Conditions
Under Which They May be Collected, Kept, Sold, Exported, and for Other Purposes.
ACT NO. 3572
AN ACT TO PROHIBIT THE CUTTING OF TINDALO, AKLE OR MOLAVE TREES, UNDER
CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PENALIZE VIOLATIONS.
Executive Order No. 247
[PRESCRIBING GUIDELINES AND ESTABLISHING A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR THE
PROSPECTING OF BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC RESOURCES, THEIR BY-PRODUCTS AND
DERIVATIVES, FOR SCIENTIFIC AND COMMERCIAL PURPOSES; AND OTHER PURPOSES]
PROCLAMATION NO. 2146
PROCLAIMING CERTAIN AREAS AND TYPES OF PROJECTS AS ENVIRONMENTALLY
CRITICAL AND WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
SYSTEM ESTABLISHED UNDER PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1586.
Proclamation No. 926
ESTABLISHING SUBIC WATERSHED FOREST RESERVE FOR PURPOSES OF PROTECTING,
MAINTAINING, OR IMPROVING ITS WATERFIELD AND PROVIDING RESTRAINING
MECHANISMS FOR INAPPROPRIATE FOREST EXPLOITATION AND DISRUPTIVE LAND USE,
A CERTAIN PARCEL OF LAND OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN SITUATED IN THE PROVINCE OF
BATAAN, ISLAND OF LUZON, PHILIPPINES.
PD1856 PEISS
ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM, INCLUDING OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
RELATED MEASURES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Section 1.
Policy of the state:
Section 2.
Environmental Impact Statement System
covers:
….to attain and maintain a rational and
orderly balance between socio-economic
growth and environmental protection.
●
●
●
all agencies and instrumentalities
of the national government,
government-owned or controlled
corporations,
private corporations, firms and
entities, for every proposed project
and undertaking which significantly
affect the quality of the
environment.
Section 3.
lead agency DENR
●
●
●
●
●
●
Section 1.
Policy of the state:
DENR-Department of
Environment and Natural
Resources
PEISS- Philippine
Environment Impact
Statement System
EIS-Environmental Impact
Statement
EIA- Environmental Impact
Assessment
ECA-Environmentally Critical
Area
ECP-Environmentally Critical
Project
DENR’s Basic Policy and Operating Principles of the PEISS
● to implement a systems-oriented and integrated approach to the EIS system to ensure a rational
balance between socioeconomic development and environmental protection for the benefit of
present and future generations.
Operating Principles of the PEISS
a. The EIS System
● assess the direct and indirect impacts of a project on the biophysical and human environment
● ensure impacts are addressed by appropriate environmental protection and enhancement
measures.
b. The EIS System aids Proponents in incorporating environmental considerations in planning their
projects as well as in determining the environment’s impact on their project.
c. Project Proponents are responsible for determining and disclosing all relevant information necessary
for a methodical assessment of the environmental impacts of their projects;
d. The review of EIA Reports by EMB shall be guided by three (3) general criteria:
1. That environmental considerations are integrated into the overall project planning
2. that the assessment is technically sound and proposed environmental mitigation measures
are effective,
3. that the EIA process is based on a timely, informed and meaningful public participation of
potentially-affected communities;
4. Effective regulatory review of the EIA Reports depends largely on timely, full, and accurate
disclosure of relevant information by project Proponents and other stakeholders in the EIA
process;
5. The timelines prescribed within which a decision must be issued apply only to processes
and actions within the Environmental Management Bureau’s (EMB) control and do not
include actions or activities that are the responsibility of the Proponent.
Section 2.
Environmental
Impact Statement
System covers:
“process that involves predicting and evaluating the likely impacts of a project (including cumulative impacts)
on the environment
● Construction,
● Commissioning,
● Operation
● and abandonment.
EIA includes
● designing appropriate preventive,
● mitigating, and
● enhancement measures addressing these consequences to protect the environment and the
community’s welfare”.
Purpose of EIA
● to enhance planning and guide decision-making -a requirement to integrate environmental concerns
in the planning process of projects at the feasibility stage.
● Through the EIA Process, adverse environmental impacts of proposed actions are considerably
reduced through a reiterative review process of project siting, design and other alternatives, and the
subsequent formulation of environmental management and monitoring plans.
● A positive determination by the DENR-EMB REVISED PROCEDURAL MANUAL FOR DAO 2003-30
2 results to the issuance of an Environmental Compliance Commitment (ECC) document, to be
conformed to by the Proponent and represents the project’s Environmental Compliance Certificate.
● The release of the ECC allows the project to proceed to the next stage of project planning, which is
the acquisition of approvals from other government agencies and LGUs, after which the project can
start implementation.
The EIA Process in Relation to the Project Cycle
● The EIA study shall determine the environmental impacts of the project and shall provide
recommendations/guidance at various stages of the project cycle.
● It is during the Feasibility Study (FS) stage when a Proponent defines its range of actions and
consider project alternatives,
● thus, it is the most ideal stage in the project cycle wherein the EIA study will have most added value.
EIA documents are ideally prepared when prospective proposals are more concrete than mere
concept and are preferably available before the project has reached a stage of investment or
commitment towards implementation.
● Proponents are in fact directed under Malacanang Administrative Order No. 42 to conduct
simultaneously the environmental impact study and the project planning or Feasibility Study (FS).
The PEISS is supplementary and complementary to other existing environmental laws.
Other Laws/Policies Related to Water Environment
● Presidential Decree 1151 (1977) The Philippine Environmental Policy
● Presidential Decree 1152 (1977) Environment Code of the Philippines
● RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
● RA 6969 Toxic and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Act of 1993
● PD 1586 (1977) Environmental Impact Assessment
● PD 274 and PD 281 Rehabilitation of Pasig River
● DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-14 Series of 2004 Creating the Environmental Partnership Program to support
Industry Self-Regulation towards improved Environmental Protection
● DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-26 Series of 2003 Revised Industrial Ecowatch System
● LLDA Rehabilitation Program (Launched in 1996)
● Environmental Users Fee System (Launched in January 1977 by the LLDA)
● Implementation of the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project (M BEMP)
●
●
Implementation of the Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Presidential Decree No 856 (1976) Sanitation Code of the Philippines
P.D. 1181
THE POLLUTION CONTROL LAW
(supplements the provision of P.D.
984)
Providing for the control and prevention of vehicular pollution & establishing the maximum
allowance emissions of specific air pollutants from all types of vehicle.
Section 16, Article II of the 1987
Philippine Constitution
The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
harmony of nature.
Feasibility Study
As early as the project’s Feasibility Study (FS) stage, the EIA process identifies the likely
issues or impacts that may be covered later by regional environmental permits and other
regulatory bodies’ permitting requirements
Every Development has
Environmental Impact
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Air quality
Noise
Water quality
Waste management
Land contamination
Ecology
Fishery
Visual appearance
Cultural heritage
Hazards to life
EIA process fills in the gap and provides appropriate cover for environmental protection and enhancement-related actions. For
example, the planting of greenbelts is not a requirement under any environmental law but is included in the ECC as a contractual
obligation and commitment of the project Proponent to the DENR
The EIA Process in Relation to
Enforcement of Other Laws
●
●
●
●
The EIA Process in Relation to Other
Agencies’ Requirements
●
●
The PEISS is supplementary and complementary to other existing environmental
laws.
As early as the project’s Feasibility Study (FS) stage, the EIA process identifies
the likely issues or impacts that may be covered later by regional environmental
permits and other regulatory bodies’ permitting requirements.
In addition, where there are yet no standards or where there is a lack of explicit
definitions in existing laws, the EIA process fills in the gap and provides
appropriate cover for environmental protection and enhancement-related actions.
For example, the planting of greenbelts is not a requirement under any
environmental law but is included in the ECC as a contractual obligation and
commitment of the project Proponent to the DENR
It is inherent upon the EIA Process to undertake a comprehensive and integrated
approach in the review and evaluation of environment-related concerns of
government agencies (GAs), local government units (LGUs) and the general
public.
The subsequent EIA findings shall provide guidance and recommendations to
these entities as a basis for their decision making process.
NATIONAL EIS SYSTEM
TOPIC 4; ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL AREAS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL PROJECTS
The system:
coverage &
procedures
▪It requires completion of an EIA and preparation of an EIS report for any Environmentally Critical Project
(ECP) or any project located in an environmentally critical Area (ECA)
LEVEL 1
The criteria on "Characteristics of the Project or Undertaking" is
used to determine if a project or undertaking is "COVERED" or
"NOT COVERED".
The criteria (Set A) to determine coverage are as follows:
● Size of the project
● Cumulative nature of impacts vis-@-vis other project
● Use of natural resources
● Generation of wastes and environmental-related
nuisance
● Environment-related hazards and risk of accidents
LEVEL 2
After a project is deemed to be covered, it is then classified
using the criteria in Set B and Set C as 'CATEGORY A*,
'CATEGORY B' or "CATEGORY C'.
In terms of location of the Proiect. the criteria (Set B) are:
● Vulnerability of the project area to disturbances due to
its ecological importance, endangered or protected
status
● Conformity of the proposed project to existing or
approved land use
● Relative abundance, quality and regenerative capacity
of natural resources in the area, including the impact
absorptive capacity of the environment
And for the nature of the potential impact/s, the criteria (Set C)
are:
● Geographic extent of the impact and size of affected
population
● Magnitude and complexity of the impact
● Likelihood, duration, frequency and reversibility of the
project
ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL PROJECT (ECP)
●
●
●
●
HEAVY INDUSTRIES
RESOURCE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
GOLF COURSE PROJECTS
ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL AREAS (ECA)
●
●
NATIONAL PARKS, WATERSHED, WILDLIFE
PRESERVES, AND SANCTUARIES DECLARED BY
THE LAW
TOURISTS SPOTS
●
OTHERS SUCH AS HOTEL, AIRPORT, PORTS,
SHORLINE FORTIFICATIONS, PROCESSING
PLANTS, AND MILITARY DEVELOPMENT
●
●
●
●
Areas declared by law as
national parks, watershed
reserves, wildlife
preserves, and
sanctuaries
HABITATS OF ENDANGERES OR THREATENES
SPECIES
AREAS TRADITIONALLY OCCUPIED BY IP’S AND
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES
AGRICULTURAL LANDS
AREAS FREQUENTLY HIT BY CALAMITIES
The laws referred to by this provision are Pres. Decree No. 705, as amended, otherwise called as the
"Revised Forestry Code", Republic Act No. 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System
(NIPS) Act, and other issuances including international commitments and declarations.
A "national park" is defined under Section 4(c) of the NIPAS Act as "a forest reservation essentially of
natural wilderness character which has been withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form of
exploitation except in conformity with approved management plan and set aside as such exclusively
to conserve the area or preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants
therein and to provide enjoyment of these features in such area."
A "wildlife sanctuary" is defined under Section 4(m) of the NIPAS Act as "an area which assures the
natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic
communities or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human
manipulations for their perpetuation."
All other protected areas covered by NIPAS shall likewise be included in this category.
PROJECTS NOT COVERED UNDER THE EIS SYSTEM INCLUDES:
●
“DENR DETERMINES WHETHER A PROPOSAL IS
●
AN ECP OR WILL BE IMPLEMENTED AS ECA; IF
THE BOTH CONDITIONS APPLY,THEN THE
PROPOSAL REQUIRES TO SECURE AN ECC”
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSTMENT:
●
● Designed to safeguard the environment and natural
resources in the fast-growing industrialization and
urbanization.
● TO ASSESS THE OVERALL IMPACT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
PROPOSED BY THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
SECTOR
REVIEW PROCES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL PROJECTS:
PROJECTS THAT ARE NOT ECPS OR NOT
LOCATED IN ECA
TO IDENTIFY THE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS AND
BENEFITS TO THE COMMUNITY
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
“The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balance and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony
of nature.”
EIS - Environmental Impact Statement
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
Philippine policies that includes protection to the environment against future deterioration
1. PD 1151 (1977)
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
2. PP 2146 (1981)
Proclaiming Certain Areas And Types Of Projects As Environmentally Critical And Within the Scope Of The
Environmental Impact Statement System
3. PD 1586 (1978)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
4. AO 42 (2002)
-RATIONALIZING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)
SYSTEM AND GIVING AUTHORITY, IN ADDITION TO THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, TO THE DIRECTOR AND REGIONAL DIRECTORS OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU TO GRANT OR DENY THE ISSUANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATES
1. ECP AND ECA
Environmentally critical
projects and Environmentally Critical
Areas