De Villa, Seanz
31,2023
October
Dela Cruz, Jan Sherwin
Local Transportation Issues
1.Traffic congestion
Figure 1. Traffic in Metro Manila (Courtesy: BusinessMirror,2022)
1.1 Introduction
Traffic congestion is a widespread and challenging issue in the Philippines, particularly
in urban areas such as Metro Manila. It is distinguished by a never-ending sea of traffic, snarling
roads and highways, and perpetual gridlock. It is caused by a mix of variables such as excessive
population density, insufficient road capacity, traffic accidents, and peak travel periods.
Congestion can have far-reaching repercussions, such as longer travel times, higher fuel usage,
and increased air pollution. It not only causes human annoyance, but it also has substantial
economic and environmental consequences. Addressing and managing traffic congestion has
become a key concern in urban planning and transportation management as cities continue to
grow. To reduce the impact of congestion and build more efficient and sustainable urban mobility
systems, several techniques such as better public transit, infrastructure improvements, and
congestion pricing are frequently used.
1.2 Causes
●
Overpopulation vs road capacity
This is partly due to the country's dense population, with millions of automobiles,
motorcycles, buses, and jeepneys sharing the same restricted road infrastructure. According
to former Metropolitan Manila Development Authority chair Romando Artes, 300,000
automobiles will be sold in 2021, with 60 to 70 percent of them entering and exiting Metro
Manila each day. The sheer volume of vehicles overwhelms the roadways, which are
sometimes tiny and poorly maintained. Although there are some people who agree to just
build more roads, some views this solution in a negative light. For instance, Sisson (2020)
explains that people keep being reliant on cars which in turn forces people to take longer trips
since distances between their houses and other destinations are greater. In a day, an average
driver put more than 4 miles a day in their vehicles than the miles in 1993.
●
Unreliable public transportation
Figure 1. Long queues for MRT station at North Avenue (Courtesy: Philippine Star,2018)
While public transit is accessible, it is frequently unreliable and overcrowded, forcing many
inhabitants to rely on private vehicles for their daily travels. A study has been conducted by
the Oliver Wyman Forum and University of California which has focused on determining the
quality of the public transit system based on factors such as affordability, waiting time, and
commute speed. Somehow, the Philippines is ranked in the 58th position for the 2022 Urban
Mobility Readiness Index. Moreover, Manila is ranked in the 56th position for Public Transit
and in the 48th position for Sustainable Mobility. According to Luna (2022), low road quality
and insufficient regional road connectivity are among the challenges that public
transportation face. Despite the multimodal strengths such as cycling lanes, Manila still has
some areas to develop such as wait times, station density, speed, and affordability.
●
Insufficient urban expansion
Furthermore, urban expansion has been mostly unplanned, resulting in inefficient land use,
greater distances between vital locations, and longer travel times. Furthermore, while road
construction projects are vital for infrastructure improvement, they frequently exacerbate the
problem due to insufficient coordination and a lack of feasible alternate routes. Traffic
congestion continues to be a persistent issue, affecting the quality of life for millions of
Filipinos and needing a comprehensive, diversified approach to properly solve the issue.
1.3 Effects
Due to traffic congestion, negative effects take place. First, the transportation of individuals and
goods or packages are delayed. This results in the loss of productivity due to constrained time caused
by traffic. Second, there is an economic loss. According to a 2018 report by the Japan International
Cooperation Agency, traffic costs the Philippines P3.5 billion in "lost opportunities" per day. The
figure is predicted to increase by the year 2030. Third, there could be more collisions or accidents due
to frequent braking or stopping of vehicles as well as with the tight spacing. More carbon dioxide
emissions are emitted when stuck in traffic congestion as it still consumes fuel (PHILKOTSE,2020).
The byproducts that come from burning of fuel can have a deteriorating effect on the health of
humans and animals, as well as the environment. MIt can contribute to asthma, lung cancer, and other
respiratory diseases. The air pollution can cause the blood pressure to inflame the arteries, increase
blood pressure as well as the risks for a heart attack and a stroke risk (Kumar, 2023). Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) cause harm to vegetation, causing foliage damage, slowing
growth, and lowering agricultural yields. Carbon dioxide (CO) causes the planet to overwarm by
absorbing the sun’s energy (Supaquick, 2022).
1.4 Solutions
●
Lessen cars on road
To reduce vehicles on road, services such as carpooling and ridesharing should be
encouraged especially during peak hours by giving out incentives. Moreover, some roads
can restrict cars from entering to encourage walking and cycling. And lastly, park and
ride facilities should be built near transit hubs to help people switch to another mode of
transportation in their journey.
●
Adapting to sustainable transportation
Baguio city has taken the initiative to create a sustainable culture of cycling. One pedal at
a time, this city hopes to decongest its steep and limited road space. Following the
increased usage of bicycles for transportation since the pandemic, with Baguio cyclists
reaching over 800 per day, according to the 2022 Citizen Bike Count Program, the
Baguio City government has created designated bike lanes and "shared road" routes to
make cycling safer. This caused the carbon footprint of Baguio to be over 126,148 tons of
CO2 or a little over 20% of the city’s entire emissions profile in 2018 in the transport
sector.
2. Road safety
2.1 Introduction
Road safety is a top priority that is centered around preventing accidents, injuries, and fatalities
on our roads. It includes a wide range of methods and practices intended at protecting the safety
of all users, whether they be pedestrians, cyclists, or motor vehicle drivers. Obeying traffic laws,
wearing seat belts, utilizing helmets for cyclists and motorcyclists, and avoiding distractions like
texting while driving are all important components of road safety. Road safety efforts must
include education, enforcement, and engineering, all of which work together to reduce the
frequency and severity of traffic accidents. Road safety is not only focused on the collisions
between vehicles or vehicles and pedestrians but also on the environmental effects as well. Noise,
dust, and vibrations are the three most detrimental effects of road construction and management.
Noise is most noticeable during road construction, although it can also be heard to a lesser extent
during maintenance operations. During the construction of gravel roads and unbound aggregate
layers, dust is produced. Excess dust production can be reduced through a variety of methods,
including watering, the use of alternative materials, and the use of dust binders near residences.
Vibration can be created by uneven road surfaces and can have serious consequences and
concerns for homes near the source (Roadex, n.d.).
2.2 Causes
High accident rates, poor road conditions, insufficient traffic law enforcement, a lack of
pedestrian facilities, and insufficient road safety education are all challenges in the Philippines in
terms of road safety. The country is dealing with an alarmingly high number of road accidents,
which are frequently linked to careless driving, excessive speeding, and the presence of
motorbikes and tricycles. Furthermore, many roads suffer from poor upkeep, as evidenced by
potholes, insufficient signage, and inadequate lighting, all of which contribute to accidents. These
difficulties are exacerbated by the sometimes-slack enforcement of traffic rules, which permits
many drivers to disregard regulations with impunity. Furthermore, there is a worrisome absence
of pedestrian facilities and safe crossing zones, placing walkers' lives, notably children's lives, at
danger. Due to the national roads prioritizing vehicle movement more than people movement,
safety of pedestrians is at risk. Sidewalks are diminished, footbridges and underpasses replace
pedestrian crossings. Many other Filipinos' health, mobility, and safety are jeopardized to benefit
the 6% of Filipinos who own cars (Siy, 2023).
2.3 Effects
Road traffic fatalities are on the rise in the Philippines. According to data from the Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA), road traffic deaths climbed by 39% from 7,938 in 2011 to 11,096 in
2021. Road traffic accidents are the top cause of death among Filipinos aged 15 to 29, as well as a
major killer among youngsters. The number of deaths rose to 11,096 in 2021, coinciding with the
end of lockdowns and movement restrictions. Road traffic injuries account for around 2.6% of the
country's GDP (Joint News Release, 2023).
2.4 Solution
Figure 3. Bike lanes with safety barriers (Courtesy: NIÑO JESUS ORBETA)
●
Dedicated lanes for pedestrians and cyclists to help people move more efficiently in a
road space.
●
To reduce the “urban heat island effect”, roadside trees need to be grown to also reduce
carbon footprint.
Section 2: International Transportation Issues
1. Natural Disasters
1.1 Introduction
Natural catastrophes offer a tremendous challenge to international transportation infrastructure,
potentially having far-reaching consequences for global trade and mobility. Earthquakes,
hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, and wildfires can all affect critical infrastructure such as highways,
ports, airports, and trains, resulting in significant economic and logistical consequences. Because
they frequently rely on a complex web of interconnected routes and facilities, international
shipping and aviation networks are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. These disasters
can cause supply chain disruptions, increased transportation costs, delays in commodities
delivery, and, in extreme circumstances, food and fuel shortages.
1.2 Causes
Natural disasters are inevitable phenomena that have no underlying causes related to human
activities. For instance, earthquakes happen when subsurface rock unexpectedly cracks and
moves quickly along a fault. The seismic waves that cause the ground to tremble are caused by
this quick release of energy. This is also manifested from the deformation of rocks from either
side of the fault (Michigan Tech, n.d.). As for tsunamis, they are triggered by huge earthquakes
on the seafloor, which occur when slabs of rock rapidly slide past each other, causing the
overlying water to move. The ensuing waves travel away from the epicenter of the earthquake.
1.3 Effects
When natural disasters strike, they can have a detrimental impact on carriers, lanes, supply chain,
and freight costs. There are some factors that are involved in this impact: rates, capacity, fuel,
disruptions, delays. In rates, the freight rates will increase due to a diminished capacity with
forcing to sacrifice some equipment or carriers refusing to move to their points of destination.
Since capacity is limited, the cost becomes higher. Moreover, fuel is affected since the disruption
of oil refining. If oil plants go idle, retailers will run out of inventory which will result in losing
revenue and opportunities. Disruptions such as power outages and facility shutdowns will create
delays since the inbound freight is not yet prepared for delivery (Partnership, 2018). Moreover,
natural disasters are overwhelming as it affects relief operations. For example, air traffic control
can be hindered as well as surveillance to manage the arrivals of aircrafts after an earthquake. The
runway for aircrafts needs to be cleared of debris and any type of obstruction as well as to be
repaired from any damages otherwise it would not be operational for aircrafts to use
(Schlumberger, 2015).
2. Political Instability
2.1 Introduction
Political instability is the inherent propensity of a government to collapse due to disagreements or
escalating, sometimes violent, battles between rival political parties. Political instability can also
develop when governments and policies change quickly, increasing the chance of following
instability. Economic growth and political stability are also inextricably linked. The uncertainty
associated with an unstable political environment can reduce investment in a country and slow
economic development. Additionally, poor economic performance may lead to government
collapse and political unrest. These conditions are a persistent and leading cause of the political
instability that we see around the world (AG Global Strategies, n.d.) . The specter of political
instability casts a long and ominous shadow over international transportation, posing significant
challenges and risks to the global movement of goods, people, and information.
2.2 Causes
Economic disparities, corruption, ethnic and religious conflicts, authoritarianism, political
changes, external involvement, environmental stressors, social media disinformation, institutional
deficiencies, and historical grievances are all sources of political instability. These linked factors
influence the dynamics of instability in different places, necessitating comprehensive policy
approaches to conflict avoidance and long-term stability.
2.3 Effects
With political instability in effect, links between countries could be strained. For instance,
tensions between countries could disrupt trade deals with partners around the world as well as
international shipping. This happened between the United States of America and China fighting over the
South China Sea. Moreover, a protectionist policy to promote domestic products by restricting trade
between countries by taxing imported products. For example, President Trump suggested imposing a 35%
tax on Mexican goods and a 45% tariff on Chinese imports. He mentioned leaving the Trans-Pacific
Partnership Agreement in order to enhance domestic production and thereby defend American
employment. To protect the environment, regulations are established on greenhouse gas emissions which
affects the cost of trucks.
Section 3: Transportation Policies
1. Build Build Build Program
1.1 Description
President Duterte launched the "Build, Build, Build" (BBB) Program, which aims to increase
infrastructure expenditure and promote businesses that will result in robust growth, job creation,
and improved Filipinos' lives (Mawis, 2018). From 2017 to 2022, the government plans to spend
P8 to P9 trillion on infrastructure projects. The "Build, Build, Build" program also contains a
traffic-decongestion strategy that aims to construct high-quality highways/expressways, bypasses/diversion roads, flyovers, interchanges, and underpasses, as well as enlarge national roads
and bridges. The Metro Manila Logistics Improvement Program, the Philippine High Standard
Highway Network Program, and the Luzon SPINE Expressway Network (LSEN) Program are
among the key projects. It also includes the construction or improvement of access roads to
specified tourism attractions, industrial trade corridors, roll on/roll off ports/seaports, railway
stations, airports, and classroom construction under the Department of Education's Basic
Education Facilities Fund. In addition, the program aims to provide livable, sustainable, and
resilient communities through an integrated water resources management program, disaster risk
reduction and climate change adaptation, infrastructure support for marginalized sectors, and the
construction of bike lanes/facilities and pedestrian infrastructure.
1.2. Policy Effectiveness
Despite the setbacks, the program itself has achieved to provide jobs for Filipinos and to expand
the capacity of transportation infrastructures. According to DPWH data as of May 2022, Build
Build Build projects provided 6.5 million jobs to Filipinos between 2016 and 2022, with 1.6
million people working from March 2020 to the end of 2021 - at the height of the pandemic.
40,080 kilometers of roads were built, enlarged, renovated, and/or rehabilitated during Duterte's
administration. All these roads improve access to tourist attractions, farm-to-market highways,
and improved connections to seaports, airports, and railway stations, resulting in more efficient
supply chains and economic activity. In addition, 6,854 bridges were built, enlarged, or fortified.
The Inter-Island Linkage/Mega Bridge Program, for example, proposes to connect Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao through the construction of long and short-span bridges in critical
provinces. Six railway projects, including the LRT-1 Cavite Extension, the LRT-2 East
Extension, and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) Clark Phase 1, are also under
construction (Du,2022). In the case of the LRT-2 extension of Marikina-Pasig and Antipolo
stations, ridership has increased from 11.84 million in 2021 to 31.64 million due to easing of
COVID-19 protocols. And travel time has also been reduced for most commuters who either live
at Antipolo or at Marikina. It takes 30-40 minutes to travel from Recto to Antipolo which is about
3 hours on bus or jeepney. It has also helped reduce traffic congestion along Marcos highway
since the LRT-2 has increased its daily average capacity from 240,000 passengers to 320,000
passengers (Business World,2021).
1.3 Policy Challenges
Aside from the disruptions in construction activities, the government and its development
partners faced significant fiscal challenges when it came to raising funds for crucial infrastructure
projects. These challenges were exacerbated by the need to allocate resources to more urgent
COVID-19 responses, such as healthcare and digital infrastructure. Additionally, the limited
capacity of major infrastructure agencies to effectively utilize funds, combined with substantial
losses experienced by the country's leading businesses due to the health crisis, raised doubts about
the feasibility of many public-private partnership (PPP) projects falling under the BBB program.
In addition to focusing on improving the actual provision of infrastructure, the government should
also prioritize implementing policy reforms that create a favorable environment for both public
and private investments in the infrastructure sector, particularly in the post-pandemic era. These
reforms should include the enactment of the Public-Private Partnership Act, the National
Transport Policy, amendments to the Right-of-Way Law, and the Sustainable Transportation Act
(Mira,2020)
1.4 Recommendations
To improve the Philippines' "Build, Build, Build" initiative, it is critical to prioritize projects
based on economic effect, transparency, and accountability. Encourage public-private
collaboration, expedite regulatory processes, and invest in skill development. Assess
environmental and social implications, uphold high quality standards, and investigate novel
financing sources. Ensure regional and rural growth, integrate technology, and prepare for natural
calamities. Involve local communities, plan for long-term maintenance, and review and adjust the
program on a regular basis to changing needs and circumstances.
1.5 Implementation Strategies
Several main implementation tactics can be considered to improve the effectiveness of the Build,
Build, Build program. To begin, there should be an emphasis on enhancing project planning and
management to streamline infrastructure project implementation. Transparency and
accountability are critical in project finance and procurement processes to avoid corruption and
misallocation of funds. Furthermore, encouraging collaboration among government agencies,
private-sector partners, and local communities is critical to project success. The development of a
trained workforce, as well as the application of sophisticated building techniques and technology,
can shorten project deadlines and lower costs. It is also critical to conduct extensive
environmental and social impact assessments to reduce any negative effects on local ecosystems
and communities.
2. EDSA Carousel Bus Lane
2.1 Description
The EDSA Carousel, commonly known as the EDSA Busway, is a bus rapid transit (BRT)
system that connects to a variety of Metro Manila bus lines. It travels on a designated lane beside
EDSA and other highways, protected from regular traffic for the bulk of its length by concrete
barriers and steel bollards on the innermost lane. EDSA Busway is Metro Manila, Philippines'
most efficient, economical, comfortable, and safe bus service. Because of the widespread
community quarantine imposed in Metro Manila because of the COVID-19 epidemic in the
Philippines, interim operations began on June 1, 2020, replacing the previous bus lines along
EDSA. On July 1, 2020, full operations began. Certain stops are temporarily served by curbside
bus stops, even though they are primarily designed to be served by stops along the median (Bus
Carousel,2022). Currently, the prescribed fines imposed on drivers of motor vehicles, whether
publicly or privately owned, for violating the "Exclusive City Bus Lane/Bus Carousel Lane" are
P1,000 for each offense; however, there is a perceived need to increase the fines and penalties of
its violation to become an effective deterrent measure. As of this October 2023, the first offense
has been increased to P5000. Further violations will result into higher fees and a prolonged
suspension of driver’s license (Daily Tribune,2023). Only city buses and emergency vehicles
such as ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars are allowed to enter the lane.
2.2. Policy Effectiveness
Before stricter fines have been implemented or so, vehicles who are not permitted to enter the bus
lane still violate the rule despite repeated warnings from MMDA. LTO chief Vigor Mendoza
stated that: “It is now a practice of abusive motorists to use the EDSA bus lanes. We recognize
the limited manpower of the MMDA to strictly enforce traffic laws and while the LTO has the
same problem, we will tap some of our enforcers to reinforce personnel of the MMDA,” (Villeza
et.al.,2023). Thus, discipline is not strictly implemented due to the lack of traffic enforcers to
manage the traffic flow of the bus lane. Despite the challenge of enforcing discipline among
abusive motorists, there have been significant impact on the EDSA Carousel Bus Lane. For
instance, commuter travel time has decreased compared to the old system. It also has reduced
vehicular density especially on buses which has achieved both goals of efficiency and reliability.
Thus, the reserved bus lane has achieved to reduce traffic congestion and to improve reliability
and comfort among passengers. Its only challenge is to instill strict law enforcement on abusive
motorists who are not permitted to drive along the bus lane.
2.3 Policy Challenges
One of the benefits of the EDSA Carousel Bus Lane is the reduced traffic congestion yet it has a
drawback on the income/livelihood of bus drivers. An Internal Affairs Officer named Juliet De
Jesus has cited that the bus volume was reduced from 3,000 units to 550 units, and it caused bus
operators to lose money due to the lesser demand. Moreover, bus operators have operating
expenses to worry about (Rosales,2023).
2.4 Recommendations
Several changes are suggested to improve the EDSA Carousel Bus Lane in the Philippines. To
begin, strictly police dedicated bus lanes to prevent private car infringement. Extend the bus
lane's coverage to include more routes and destinations, providing a comprehensive alternative to
private mobility. Bus shelters and terminals should be improved for passenger comfort and safety.
To boost the appeal of public transportation, invest in contemporary, eco-friendly buses, maybe
with dedicated bus rapid transit (BRT) networks. Implement a dependable ticketing and payment
system, including digital possibilities. To maintain efficient flow, improve traffic management
and signal synchronization along the corridor. Finally, involve the public and stakeholders to
obtain feedback and continuously improve the system.
2.5 Implementation Strategies
To enhance the EDSA Carousel Bus Lane, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. This includes
strict enforcement of traffic regulations and public education to promote compliance.
Infrastructure improvements, such as well-designed bus stations and technology like priority
signals, are vital. A modern and well-maintained bus fleet, along with integrated ticketing
systems, can make the bus lane more appealing. Public-private partnerships should be considered
for funding and sustainability, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation are essential to identify
areas for improvement.
3. Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUV/MP)
3.1 Description
The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) is the government's solution to
both the country's escalating transportation challenges and its future transportation demand. The
Department of Transportation (DOTr) issued Department Order No. 2017-011, also known as the
Omnibus Guidelines on the Planning and Identification of Public Road Transportation Services
and Franchise Issuance (OFG), on June 19, 2017, launching the PUVMP. The program's goal is
to completely reform the country's public transportation system, making commuting and public
transportation operations more dignified, humane, and on par with global norms. The program
also aspires to make life easier for all Filipinos by establishing a safer, more efficient,
dependable, convenient, cheap, climate-friendly, and environmentally sustainable transportation
system in the country.
3.2. Policy Effectiveness
"The PUV modernization program is a game-changer for our sector," said Deveza, spokesman for
Abmap, of the PUVMP's positive impact on the Philippine manufacturing industry. "It not only
addresses the transportation needs of our citizens but also fuels economic growth by creating
more than 3,000 jobs and increasing added value contribution on the manufacturing sector”
(Perez,2023). With its implementation from 2017 up to its status, the program has achieved its
goals such as improving the comfortability and reliability of passengers by providing wider,
cleaner, and safer spaces than traditional jeepneys. It also held up to its promise to have fair
regulations and to bring disciplined and competent drivers who are given regular salaries with
corresponding employment benefits. According to current government figures, 98,801 of the
150,000 jeepneys and 72% of the 19,000 UV Express units targeted for renovation have been
merged. There are currently 6,814 contemporary jeepneys on the road (Mantaring,2023) .
3.3 Policy Challenges
One of the significant challenges of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program is the
greater financial challenges most jeepney driver will face once their traditional jeepneys have
been phased out. According to the policy brief, contemporary jeepneys, which now cost roughly
P2.8 million, will have to be borne by jeepney drivers and operators. Despite being constructed
locally, new jeepneys are expensive due to the usage of imported parts and equipment acquired
from large firms outside, according to the report. According to the research note, costs increased
dramatically from P1.4 million to P1.6 million in 2018 to P2.5 million to P2.6 million in 2020.
According to the report, expenditures are expected to grow to P2.8 million by 2023, while a
regular jeepney costs between P200,000 and P400,000."On average, a jeepney operator earns
between P2,500 and P3,000 per day." Expenses such as fuel, maintenance, and jeepney driver
payments (usually around P500) diminish that income. "The cost of a modern jeepney is
significantly higher than the cost of a traditional jeepney and far exceeds the financial capacity of
jeepney drivers and operators," according to the policy brief (Bautista, et.al.,2020)
3.4 Recommendations
Several ideas should be explored to improve the Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) Modernization
Program in the Philippines. To begin, work with transportation stakeholders to guarantee
extensive consultation to address issues and foster industry buy-in. To simplify the shift to
upgraded vehicles, provide financial aid and incentives to PUV operators and drivers. To make
contemporary PUVs more accessible and cheaper, provide a transparent and effective financing
mechanism. Create an all-encompassing regulatory framework that encompasses safety standards,
emissions, and operating guidelines. To lessen environmental effect, prioritize eco-friendly and
energy efficient PUVs. Implement strict enforcement and monitoring systems to guarantee that
modernization standards are met. Invest in the essential infrastructure, such as modernized
terminals and routes, to ensure the program's success and to offer Filipinos with a more
comfortable and efficient public transportation system.
3.5 Implementation Strategies
A multifaceted strategy is required to improve the PUV Modernization Program. First, a
comprehensive financial support mechanism should be established to assist PUV operators and
drivers in shifting to new vehicles. Subsidies and low-interest loans are examples of this. To teach
stakeholders about the benefits of modernization and assure their collaboration, effective
communication and public awareness initiatives are required. Collaboration with manufacturers
and suppliers can assist ensure that new PUVs are available and affordable. Regulatory changes
should be implemented to simplify the registration and licensing of upgraded cars. Furthermore,
the program can benefit from strong enforcement procedures to guarantee that modernization
objectives are met. The PUV Modernization Program can successfully modernize the Philippines'
public transportation system by implementing these strategies.
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